DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLISION PREVENTION

SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
ADITYA ANAND(18102109030)
SUNNY KUMAR (19102109040)
RITESH KUMAR (19102109012)
DEVASHISH ANAND (19102109054)

SHIVAM KUMAR (19102109036)

Under the Guidance of PROF. AVINASH KUMAR

(Asst. Professor in Mechanical Department)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NALANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDI, NALANDA
BIHAR, 803108
NALANDA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHANDI, NALANDA

BIHAR, 803108

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Aditya Anand (18102109030), Sunny Kumar (19102109040), Ritesh
Kumar (19102109012), Devashish Anand (19102109054) and Shivam Kumar
(19102109036) have carried out the research work presented in this report Entitled “
Development of a Collision Development System” for the award of Bachelor of
Technology from Nalanda College of Engineering, Chandi, Nalanda Affiliated to Bihar
Engineering University, Patna, Bihar under my supervision. The Report embodies words
of original work and studies are carried out by the students himself and the contents of the
thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to
anybody else from this or other University.

Prof. AVINASH KUMAR Prof. MD. ZISHANUR RAHMAN

(Asst. Professor) (HOD, Mechanical

Engr.) (Supervisor and project Co-Ordinator)

 DECLARATION

We the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report on “Development of a

Collision Prevention System ” is based on my own work carried out during course of our
study under the supervision of Mr. Avinash Kumar.
I assert the statement made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research
work. I further certify that the work contained in the report is original and have been done by
us under the general supervision of our supervisor.
The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of India or Abroad
We have followed the guidelines provided by the University in writing the report.
Whenever we have used the material (data, theoretical analysis and text) from other sources,
we have given due credit to them in the text of the report and giving their details in the

references.

Signature: - Signature: -
Name: - Aditya Anand Name: - Sunny Kumar
Reg. No: - 18102109030 Reg. No.: - 19102109040

Signature: - Signature: -
Name: - Ritesh Kumar Name: - Devashish Anand
Reg. No.: - 19102109012 Reg. No.: - 19102109054

Signature: -
Name: - Shivam Kumar
Reg. No: - 19102109036
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to make a thankful note to give a huge respect to that people who
encourage and helped us most to complete our project in a perfect way.
If we think of some people, without whom this thesis would not have been possible,
then the first name comes to our mind is our supervisor Mr. Avinash Kumar (Asst. Prof.,
Mech. Dept.), NCE, Chandi, Nalanda. We would like to first thank him for his encouraging
remarks to start this journey of making our project and for his belief in our capabilities to do
so. We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to him for believing us
confidently. His vast knowledge helped us in learning and better understanding of the
project.
We would like to make a special note of thanks for Md. Zishanur Rahman, HOD,
Mech. Engr., NCE, Chnadi, Nalanda and Dr. Bhagwan Shri Ram , Our Principal for his
generous guidance, help and useful suggestion.
At last but not the least we want to thank to our workshop in-charge Mr. Dhananjay
Kumar and our lab assistants Mr. Vijay Kumar Sinha, and Mr. Chandan Kumar without
him this project could be quite difficult for us to complete this project. Him great experiences
of work style helped us in many ways.

Signature: - Signature: -
Name: - Aditya Anand Name: - Sunny Kumar
Reg. No: -18102109030 Reg. No.: - 19102109040

Signature: - Signature: -
Name: - Ritesh Kumar Name: - Devashish Anand
Reg. No.: -19102109012 Reg. No.: - 19102109054

Signature: -
Name: - Shivam Kumar
Reg. No: -19102109036
 ABSTRACT
There is a need to observe restricted zones to abstain from intruding. Presently employing humans for this
work is exorbitant and furthermore it is unrealistic for observing a territory 24×7. So, for this reason an
ultrasonic sensor for unauthorized human/creatures or object recognition system can be used. This system
can observe a zone of restricted area and cautions authorities with a buzzer as an alert. This can be
implemented with a microcontroller circuit that is associated with a ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo
engine for monitoring of objects. Interfacing a buzzer and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen for
observing the location status is very effective for this system. The sensor continues observing the prohibited
zones checking the ultrasonic sensor echo. When an object is identified the information of location and
where precisely the object was recognized is sent to the authorities. Accordingly, object detection using
ultrasonic sensor project ends up being a valuable framework for 24×7 observing of a specific region/zone.
The accurate detection of stationary or moving objects by using only one ultrasonic sensor and one Arduino
uno board with suitable algorithms makes this paper unique from referred papers.
TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................{1}

2. WORKING...................................................................................{2}

3. CIRCUIT DESIGN……………………………………………. {4}

4. HARWARE COMPONENTS....................................................{6}

5. RESULTS………………………………………………………

6. FUTURE SCOPE........................................................................{10}

7. CONCLUSION...........................................................................{10}

(i) REFERENCES.........................................................................{11}
 INTRODUCTION
In the present developing world, there are various innovations in very field of work. There are some
instances where you just need small devices to solve large problems. Innovation of small devices are very
essential to save our precious time. There are various resources which are used to develop these devices and
help to solve our problems. In olden days, for measuring the distance between the objects, measuring
devices like scales were used. But now a days digitalization is on peak. Everything is becoming digital. So,
measuring distance between the objects can also be digitalized. With the use of ultrasonic sensors, objects
can be detected and the distance can be measured from the sensors and it can also be displayed using the lcd
screen. Ultrasonic sensor gives a simple route in distance estimation. Ultrasonic Sensor measures the
distance of the items in air through non-contact method. They measure distance without harm and are very
easy to utilize and are reliable. These distance measurement sensors associate with all regular kinds of
mechanization and telemetry components. Industries in a wide scope of ventures uses these sensors where
size or position input is required. Ultrasonic sensors are very effective in detecting the exact location and
angle at which the objects are placed . Ultrasonic sensors can detect the elements of items like stature, width
and breadth, utilizing at least one sensor. The echo time reaction of ultrasonic sensor locator depends on
schedule of movement after trigger heartbeat to the encompassing items relies upon the reflectance attributes
of the article surface. Ultrasonic sensors are broadly utilized for distance estimation purposes.
To calculate the distance of the object from the sensor the following formula can be used: Distance = 0.5 *
time (T) * speed of sound . This technique of measuring the distances using the ultrasonic sensor in air
requires continuous pulse echo system. From the transmission medium, a pulse echo is sent and is to be
reflected by the object which is kept at certain distance.

Basic Principles

Evaporative cooling is a physical phenomenon in which evaporation of a liquid, typically into

surrounding air, cools an object or a liquid in contact with it. Latent heat, the amount of heat that is
needed to evaporate the liquid, is drawn from the air. When considering
 water evaporating into air, the wet-bulb temperature, as compared to the air’s dry-bulb
temperature, is a measure of the potential for evaporative cooling. The greater the di erence
between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporative cooling e ect. When the
temperatures are the same, no net evaporation of water in air occurs, thus there is no cooling e
ect.[4][5][6] A simple example of natural evaporative cooling is perspiration, or sweat, which
the body secretes in order to cool itself. The amount of heat transfer depends on the
evaporation rate, however for each kilogram of water vaporized 2257 kJ of energy are
transferred. The evaporation rate in turn depends on the humidity of the air and its
temperature, which is why
one’s sweat accumulates more on hot, humid days: the perspiration cannot evaporate.

Figure 1.1: Basic process of evaporative cooling

Evaporative cooling is not the same principle as that used by Vapour-compression

refrigeration units, although that process also requires evaporation (although the evaporation
is contained within the system). In a vapour-compression cycle, after the refrigerant
evaporates inside the evaporator coils, the refrigerant gas is compressed and cooled, causing it
to return to its liquid state. In contrast evaporative coolers water is only evaporated once. In a
space-cooling unit the evaporated water is introduced into the space along with the now-
cooled air; in an evaporative tower the evaporated water is carried o in the airflow. Key
evaporative cooling performance descriptors include saturation e ectiveness and unit e ciency.
E ectiveness is defined as:
 Where, ε = E ectiveness (%) tdb = Outdoor dry bulb temperature twb = Outdoor wet bulb
temperature ts = Supply dry bulb temperature In contrast to vapour compression air
conditioners, which generally dehumidify indoor air, evaporative coolers add moisture to the
supply air stream.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

After exploring all the possibilities in the areas in which the temperature level is as high as
that cannot be tolerated for survival of beings and Jalgaon coming under the highest
temperature zone in Maharashtra, we had come to the conclusion that our findings in
making evaporative cooler in split unit would certainly be helpful to the inhabitants of the
area not only for controlling the humidity level in the areas bound for accommodation but
also for the industries where this coolers can be utilized for the commercial purposes.
I hereby give the contextual references of the former scientist in the field who have
completed their research and find it a convenient reference which is attached herewith for
your kind perusal.

Split Cooling Unit

Split Cooling Unit consist of three heat exchangers. The temperature of water of the
Evaporative cooler decreases gradually after starting the cooler. This cooled water is
supplied to the Split Cooling Unit. When the air passes through the heat exchanger, it
losses its heat and cooled air of 25oC is supplied to the room without increasing its
humidity. This unit can be used in non coastal region.
 Review of Papers

The following research views are considered for achieve our objective as follows

1. T. Ravi Kiran et.Al in his Study they has focused on energy requirements of the
world and further added that Energy consumption all over the world is increasing
rapidly and there is a pressing need to develop ways to conserve energy for future
generations. Researchers are forced to look for renewable sources of energy and
ways to use available sources of energy in a more efficient way. Conventional
refrigeration based vapour compression air conditioning systems consume a large
portion of electrical energy produced mostly by fossil fuel. A novel dew point
evaporative cooler (DPEC) can sensibly cool the incoming air close to its dew
point temperature. In this paper feasibility of DPEC system is investigated for
various Indian cities for office buildings during day time. Firstly the weather data
of different cities of India is used to find the suitability of dew point technology
for Indian buildings by estimating the cooling capacity of the cooling system for
each city. Secondly energy saving potential of the dew point cooling system w. r.
t. to the conventional compression based air conditioning system for different
cities of India is estimated.

2. J.K.Jain et.Al The evaporative cooler uses one of the oldest principles of air
conditioning known to Man, cooling of air by the evaporation of water. It is the most
common form of house hold cooling found in arid areas. The popularity of
evaporative cooling in such areas is due to its relatively low initial cost and
operational cost compared to refrigerated cooling. Conventional direct evaporative
coolers consist of a water reservoir, a pump that draws water from the reservoir and
discharges it through spray nozzles directly into the air stream or through the cooling
pads. Now a days most of the buildings and offices use conventional air conditioning
systems which are based on vapour compression refrigeration system. These systems
consume substantial power and they may be harmful to environment also. In
developing country like India, majority of population depend on low cost cooling
devices such as direct evaporative cooler. Therefore it is very much needed to develop
improved/more efficient coolers. Several researchers have made attempt to develop
evaporative coolers by way of adding/modifying designs. [2], they have pointed out
that in the regions where wet bulb temperature is low, two stage evaporative cooling
system, which combines indirect and direct evaporative cooling offers energy and cost
saving potential. found that most zones (particularly northern region) of India where
the wet bulb temperature is usually below 25°C, indirect system can achieve comfort
conditions similar to refrigerated systems .Also the comfort offered by indirect
evaporative system is superior to that achieved by direct evaporative system. He
stated that when evaporative cooling technology is evaluated as an energy
 conservation measure rather than the sole source of cooling, the opportunities for
application become unlimited. He found that the coefficient of performance of the
combined evaporative cooling system was at least 20 % greater than those achieved
when employing either the indirect evaporative cooling or direct evaporative cooling
system alone. He analyzed the potential of indirect evaporative cooling in every
climatic condition. a central air-conditioned building through advanced evaporative
cooling systems. He evaluated the performances of cellulosic pads made out of Kraft
and NSSC corrugated papers in three flute sizes, experimentally. he presented their
analysis based on two or three stage evaporative coolers, attempted to study the
regenerative type heat exchanger, which utilizes tank water to further cool the air in
second stage. In the present work a heat exchanger has been added to direct
evaporative cooler. The regenerative evaporative cooler has been fabricated and tested
under Indian climatic conditions. Performance of regenerative system has been
evaluated in terms of overall effectiveness and COP.

CHAPTER 3

SELECTION OF EVAPORATIVE COOLER AND DESIGN OF

SPLIT UNIT

Selection of Evaporative Cooler

The Cooler buyer finds it difficult to select the right cooler to suit his requirement because
of his inadequate knowledge about coolers. At present, the market is flooded with
different brands of coolers, each one promising something new with large difference in
prices. This further adds the confusion in the minds of buyer .Therefore the purchase is
lastly made on the outer finish and manufacturer’s recommendations. Except a few, most
manufacturers Themselves are not aware of the cooler technique and the coolers are
manufactured with thumb-rule occupied with minor changes. The following points should
be kept in mind by the purchaser.
1. He should select the proper size of the cooler depending on the room
volume to be cooled. The thumb rule is that the cooling capacity of the cooler
should be equal to the room volume. If the room size is 3m X 4m X 3m = 36 cubic
m., then the fan capacity should be 36 cubic m. / min. This indicated one air
change per minute. There must be cross ventilation whenever the cooler is fixed.
The fixing of the cooler outside the window is best. One air change per minutes is
only with cross-ventilation, otherwise the cooler kept inside the room will increase
the humidity in the room after some time and will make the room more
uncomfortable.
2. The cooler fan and pump should be of correct specifications. Mostly
substandard Fan and pump are used for earning higher profits and even sold at
lower price by the road side manufacturers.
3. Check the internal fitting of cooler fan and pump. The fan blades should be
properly centered in the front panel opening and should be mounted flush with
front panel – for effective cooling.
4. Check the water spray system on the pads. The water droplets should
fall on the pads uniformly for proper wetting of pads. The water should not fall
towards the inner surface of the pad-as in this position, it is likely that the cooler
fan will suck the water droplets and will throw them with the air in the room and
will spoil the carpet etc. The motor of the cooler fan and pump may burn due to
constant water spray.
5. The louvers (air inlets) openings should be maximum possible – to avoid
obstruction in sucking of air. This reduces the pressure loss and power
consumption.
6. The body of the cooler should of proper size to match the air delivery of
the cooler fan . In smaller size body the air will be sucked at higher speed
through the pads and will have less time in contact with the water and will not be
properly cooled. The higher air delivery in smaller cooler body is therefore
meaningless. The body of the air cooler should be made of proper gauge of steel
to avoid vibration and noise.
7. Check the proper earthing of the fan motor and pump motor before
putting the point avoids the shock.

Design of split cooling unit

The Split cooling unit consist of three heat exchangers equally spaced in which
chilled water is supplied from the Evaporative cooler by using a high pressure
submersible water pump of 40W. A fan of 18 W is fitted between the first and
second heat exchanger, as shown in figure. One common rail is attached at the
inlet of split unit which supplies the water to all three heat exchanger at equal
pressure while another common rail is attached at the outlet of heat exchanger
which collects the water from the heat exchanger and supplies to the water tank of
Evaporative cooler.
Assumption:

1) Internal diameter of the tube is 5mm(As per available in market)

2) Gap between heat exchanger is 13cm.

3) Ambient temperature is 42oC.

4) Water temperature at starting of unit is 32oC.

NOTE: Conductivity of Copper is 386w/moC.

CHAPTER 4

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

Introduction
To study the various parameters of split unit over the wide range of DBT, WBT &
RH for inside and outside conditions.

Simple Theoretical Analysis

The cooling efficiency of evaporative air cooling is measured by the saturation
effectiveness or the evaporative saturation efficiency ( ) (ASHRAE Standard,
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 133–2001). It is determined primarily by the measured
temperatures of the air entering and exiting the rigid media using the following
equation:

=100X (Td1-Td2/Td1-Twb)
Where
,
Td1 =inlet dry-bulb temperature ( C).

Td2 =outlet dry-bulb temperature ( C).

 Twb=thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the inlet
air( C); η =evaporative saturation efficiency (%).
The coefficient of performance of split unit and the evaporative cooler is given by
COP= h1-h2/w
Where
h1=heat of air at
inlet h2= heat of
air at outlet w=
workdone

It should be noted that the above equations consider the water vapour and
not the water liquid. The solid media can be considered to simulate a heat
exchanger. Consequently the heat or mass transfer coefficient can be calculated
with T
log mean temperature difference or density difference of water vapour v to

proxy q and in me we obtain.

h=q /AsT

Where, h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

As= total wetted surface area of rigid media (m2); and

T= the log mean temperature difference for a constant water temperature in the heat
exchanger, which is assumed to equal the wet-bulb temperature.
 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The new design is as shown in figure, it consist of following components.

The conventional evaporative cooler.
• A duct consisting of three heat exchangers and a fan to supply air.
• Two submersible pumps

The heat exchangers are supplied with the cooled water from the Evaporative cooler by
using high pressure submersible pump of 40W via flexible pipes. Outlet water from all
heat exchangers is connected to the common rail and it collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler. This water cools Evaporativaly in the Evaporative cooler.

Working

• Firstly the cooled water from water tank of Evaporative cooler is supplied
to the heat exchangers via common rail. The temperature of water at inlet is
24oC for all heat exchangers.
• When air comes in contact with the heat exchangers, it losses its heat.
• Then cooled air is supplied to the room without increasing its humidity.
• The water at the outlet of heat exchangers is collected in the water tank of
Evaporative cooler.
• The temperatures of outlet water from the third heat exchanger 25.2 oC,
24.7oC from the second heat exchanger and 24.2oC from first heat
exchanger.
 • This cooler recirculates the air from the room so its cooling effect will go
on increasing and it can maintain room temperature upto 25°c. Total power
consumption of the unit is just 130W.

Experimental Procedures
The following procedures will be as follows:
a) The testing model (air - cooler) will be observed steady operation.
b) Three calibrated thermometers will be located at the positions shown in
setup to measure the temperatures
i. t1= Wet bulb temp. of moist air ,

ii. t2= temp. of supply air ,

iii. t = Dry bulb temp. of inlet air.

c) Similarly tw2 wet bulb temp. will be measured
d) The readings will be measured after every one hour
e) This procedure is repeated after every hour until 10 pm.
f) This experiment will be repeated for three cooling mediums, three Medias
which are available commercially.
Our objective is to tests the cooler on coconut coir under same experimental procedure.
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Results
We have got the results as follows:
• The Split unit able to maintain the temperature of upto 25°C so it
reduces the temperature of air by 17°C. The COP of the system is 7.
• The total power consumption of unit is 130 watts.
• The does not increase the humidity of air.

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The experimental investigation above confirmed that split unit demonstrated reasonable
potential for use as a wetted media in evaporative cooling systems. Consequently, it
creates the possibility of new sustainable engineering systems where either cooling or
humidifying is required. As the unit maintain the temperature 25°c and it has low cost
than AC so it will be good replacement for AC.
For the future modifications, if the density of the split unit is reduced then we can achieve
better performance than that achieved. Also, we can increase the thickness of the pad to
achieve good performance.
 REFERENCES

1. T. Ravi Kiran, S.P.S. Rajput “Cooling Capacity and Energy Saving

Potential of Dew Point Evaporative Cooling System for Indian
Buildings” International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research ,
Vol.3, No.1, DEC.2012.
2. J.K.Jain , D.A. Hindoliya “Development and Testing of
Regenerative Evaporative Cooler” International Journal of
Engineering Trends and Technology, Volume3 Issue 6 JUNE 2012
3. Chuck Kutscher and Mark Eastment , “Projected Benefits of New
Residential Evaporative Cooling Systems ” October 2006 •
NREL/TP-550-3934 www.nrel.gov

4. Moein farmahini farahani, Ghassem Heidarinjad, Shahram

Delfani , “A Two Stage System Of Noncutrnal Radiative & Indirect
Evaporative Cooling ” “ENERGY & BUILDINGS ” VOLUME 42 ,
JULY 2010.
5. R.H. Turner , “Research Requirements In The Evaporative
Cooling Field” , Transactions of the ASME Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering, Vol. 103 (May) 89-91.. 3025

6. Rin yun , Yunho Hwang, Reinhard Radermacher, “Comparison of

Performance of a Residential Air Conditioning System Using
Microchannel and Finand-Tube Heat Exchanger” International
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference, Paper 752.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/752
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/consumereriaz9145
7. J. Khedari R. Rawangkul, W. Chimchavee, J. Hirunlabh, A.
Watanasungsuit, “Feasibility study of using agriculture waste as
desiccant for air conditioning system”, The American Society Of
Mechanical Engineers, Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 1617–
1628.
8. Kulkarni.R.K ,Rajput.P.S.“Performance evaluation of two stage
indirect/direct evaporative cooler with alternative shapes and cooling
media in direct stage” International Journal Of Applied Engineering
research, Volume 1, No4, 2011 ISSN -0976-4259 .

9. Mahsa Barzegar, Mohammad Layeghi, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Yahya

Hamzeh and Manouchehr Khorasani , “Experimental evaluation of
the performances of cellulosic pads made out of Kraft and NSSC
corrugated papers as evaporative media”, Energy Conversion and
Management , vol. 54(1), pp 24-29 , 2012.
J.M. Wu, X. Huang, H. Zhang, “Theoretical analysis on heat and mass transfer in a direct
evaporative cooler”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 29, Issues 5-6, April 2009, Pages
980-984.