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Kosmos-2: A Phrase Grounding Model from Microsoft

Research

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress in the past

decade, especially in the field of natural language processing (NLP).
However, most of the existing NLP models are limited to understanding
and generating text, without considering other modalities such as
images, videos, or speech. Moreover, these models often lack common
sense and world knowledge, which are essential for human-like
intelligence.

To address these challenges, a team of researchers from Microsoft

Research Asia, Microsoft Research Redmond, and Microsoft AI and
Research have developed a novel model, which aims to ground
multimodal large language models to the world. It is a general AI model
that can learn from diverse data sources and perform various tasks

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across modalities. It is based on the unifying framework of

Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP), which leverages both visual and
linguistic information to enhance the model’s representation and
reasoning abilities. This new AI model is called 'kosmos-2'.

What is kosmos-2?

Kosmos-2 is a multimodal large language model that can understand

and generate natural language as well as images, videos, and speech. It
is trained on a massive corpus of multimodal data. Kosmos-2 is named
after the Greek word for “world” or “order”, which reflects its goal of
grounding language models to the world and achieving general AI.

Key Features of kosmos-2

Kosmos-2 has several key features that make it unique and powerful
among existing multimodal models. Some of these features are:

● Large-scale multimodal pre-training: Kosmos-2 is pre-trained on

a large-scale multimodal corpus of over 1.8 billion samples,
covering text, images, videos, speech, captions, metadata, and
web pages. This enables kosmos-2 to learn rich and diverse
representations and knowledge from various data sources.
● Unified vision-language framework: Kosmos-2 adopts the
vision-language pre-training (VLP) framework as its backbone,
which integrates both visual and linguistic information into a unified
model. VLP allows kosmos-2 to leverage cross-modal attention
and self-attention mechanisms to enhance its representation and
reasoning abilities.
● Multimodal fusion and generation: Kosmos-2 can fuse multiple
modalities into a single representation and generate new content
across modalities. For example, kosmos-2 can generate an image
from a text description or a video from a speech transcript.
Kosmos-2 can also perform multimodal alignment and retrieval

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tasks, such as finding the most relevant image or video for a given
text query or vice versa.
● Task-adaptive fine-tuning: Kosmos-2 can be fine-tuned on
various downstream tasks across modalities with minimal
task-specific modifications. Kosmos-2 can also leverage
task-specific data augmentation techniques to improve its
performance and generalization.

Capabilities/Use Cases of kosmos-2

Kosmos-2 has demonstrated impressive capabilities and use cases

across different modalities and domains. Some of the examples are:

● Image captioning: Kosmos-2 can generate natural language

descriptions for images that are accurate, fluent, and informative.
Kosmos-2 can also handle complex scenes with multiple objects
and actions.
● Video question answering: Kosmos-2 can answer natural
language questions about videos that require understanding both
the visual content and the temporal dynamics. Kosmos-2 can also
handle questions that involve reasoning over multiple video clips or
external knowledge.
● Text summarization: Kosmos-2 can generate concise and
coherent summaries for long texts that capture the main points and
salient details. Kosmos-2 can also handle different types of texts
such as news articles, scientific papers, or stories.
● Image generation: Kosmos-2 can generate realistic and diverse
images from natural language descriptions that match the user’s
intention. Kosmos-2 can also handle complex descriptions with
multiple attributes or constraints.
● Video generation: Kosmos-2 can generate realistic and dynamic
videos from natural language or speech descriptions that match

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the user’s intention. Kosmos-2 can also handle complex

descriptions with multiple events or actions.
● Speech recognition: Kosmos-2 can transcribe speech into text
with high accuracy and low latency. Kosmos-2 can also handle
different languages, accents, and domains.
● Speech synthesis: Kosmos-2 can synthesize natural and
expressive speech from text with high quality and naturalness.
Kosmos-2 can also handle different languages, voices, and
emotions.

How does Kosmos-2 work?

Kosmos-2 uses VLP to learn from different types of data, like text,
images, videos, or speech. It has three parts: an encoder, a decoder,
and an aligner. The encoder turns data into hidden states using
transformers that pay attention to both words and images. The decoder
creates new data from hidden states using transformers that pay
attention to both words and images. It also makes one word or image at
a time. The aligner matches data across words and images during
training. It uses contrastive learning to make similar things closer and
different things farther. It also uses masked language modeling to fill in
the blanks in data.

Performance evaluation with other Models

Researchers compare kosmos-2 with other models on different tasks

that use words and images, such as multimodal grounding, multimodal
referring, perception-language tasks, and language tasks. These tasks
measure how well the models can understand and generate content
across modalities, such as text, images, and videos. They claim that
kosmos-2 can achieve impressive zero-shot performance and
outperform previous models that rely on additional components or
fine-tuning.

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source - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.14824v2.pdf

One of the tasks is phrase grounding, which is finding a part of an image

from its words. For example, from the words “A man in a blue hard hat
and orange safety vest stands in an intersection.” and “orange safety
vest”, the model needs to draw a box around the vest in the image.
Researchers test kosmos-2 on Flickr30k Entities [PWC+15] val and test
splits, which have 31,783 images and 244,035 phrases. Above shows
how kosmos-2 and other models do on phrase grounding. Kosmos-2
does very well without training and beats GRILL [JMC+23], which uses a
detector, by a lot. Also, our model beats VisualBert [LYY+19] model by
7.4% R@1 on both val and test splits.

For performance evaluation on other tasks, such as referring expression

comprehension, video question answering, and language understanding
and generation, please refer to the document.

How to access and use kosmos-2?

source - https://44e505515af066f4.gradio.app/

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Kosmos-2 is currently not publicly available, but the researchers have

released a demo website where you can try some of its capabilities
online. The demo website allows you to input text, image, video, or
speech queries and see the corresponding outputs generated by
kosmos-2. You can also browse some of the pre-trained tasks and see
some of the examples and results. The demo website is accessible. You
can also find more information about kosmos-2 at GitHub Website.

Kosmos-2 is also not open-source yet, but the researchers have

released some of the code and data for the vision-language pre-training
(VLP) framework, which is the backbone of kosmos-2. The code and
data are available at GitHub website. You can use the code and data to
pre-train your own multimodal models or fine-tune them on your own
tasks.

Kosmos-2 is intended for research purposes only and is not

commercially usable. The licensing structure of kosmos-2 is not clear
yet, but it may be subject to Microsoft’s terms and conditions.

If you are interested to learn more about Kosmos-2 model, all relevant
links are provided under the 'source' section at the end of this article.

Limitations:

Kosmos-2 is amazing for general AI, but not perfect. It still has some
problems to solve in the future. Some problems are:

1. Data quality and diversity: Kosmos-2 learns from a lot of data,

but the data may not be good or real enough. The data may have
noise, bias, errors, or gaps that may hurt the model’s performance
and generalization.
2. Model complexity and scalability: Kosmos-2 is a very big and
hard model that needs a lot of power and memory to train and run.
The model may not be easy or fast for real use or deployment.

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3. Model interpretability and explainability: Kosmos-2 is a mystery

model that may not be clear or simple to understand or explain
what it does or why it does it. The model may also do wrong or bad
things that may not be seen or caught by humans.
4. Model ethics and social impact: Kosmos-2 is a powerful model
that can make real and different things across words and images,
but it may also cause ethical and social issues or troubles. The
model may make harmful, rude, false, or fake things that may
affect human health, privacy, security, or trust.

Conclusion

Kosmos-2 is a remarkable achievement in the field of artificial

intelligence, and it opens up new possibilities and opportunities for
multimodal learning and generation. It is a step closer to the ultimate
goal of general AI, which is to create machines that can understand and
interact with the world as humans do.

source
research paper - https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.14824v2
research document - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.14824v2.pdf
Hugging Face Paper - https://huggingface.co/papers/2306.14824
GitHub Repo - https://github.com/microsoft/unilm/tree/master/kosmos-2
Demo link - https://44e505515af066f4.gradio.app/
Project link - https://aka.ms/GeneralAI

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