PAPER

"Ethical Concepts and Principles"

teaching lecturer: Roikestina silaban,SS,M HUM

arranged by:

Analeria manao

Dian nianti ndruru

Faculty of healt sciences

Nursing major
University Audi indonesia
MEDAN
T.A 2022/2023
 Foreword
Praise be to Allah SWT who has given us the convenience so that we can finish this paper on

time. Without his help, of course we would not be able to complete this paper properly

We certainly realize that this paper is far from perfect and there are still many errors and

deficiencies in it. For this reason, we expect criticism and suggestions from readers for this

paper, so that this paper can later become a better paper. Then if there are many mistakes in this

paper we apologize profusely. We also thank all parties, especially the subject lecturers

English

So, hopefully our paper can be useful, thank you

Medan 27 juni 2023

 list of contents

FOREWORD ................................................ .................................................. ....... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................... .................................................. ...........3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................. .................................................. .................4

1.1 Background .................. .................................................. ........................................ 4

1.2 Problem Formulation ...... .................................................. ...........................................4

1.3 Purpose .... .................................................. .................................................. ..............

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ................................. .................................................. .................. 5

2.1 Definition of Nursing Ethics ........................... .................................................. ... 5

2.2 The Concept of Nursing Ethics ............................................. ........................................5

2.3 Principles in Ethics Nursing ............................................... .............. 7

2.4 Problems in Applying Ethical Concepts and Principles ........................... .................. 9

CHAPTER III CLOSING ............................... .................................................. ....................10

3.1 Conclusion .................. .................................................. ................................... 10

3.2 Suggestions ... .................................................. .................................................. ......... 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................. .................................................. ....................... 11

 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background

Nursing ethics is a guideline for nurses in providing nursing care so that all actions taken still

pay attention to the good of the client. Nursing ethics contains elements of sacrifice, dedication,

devotion, and the relationship between nurses and clients, doctors, fellow nurses, and oneself.

The ethics of the nursing profession is a tool for measuring moral behavior in nursing. In

preparing this measurement tool, decisions are made based on the code of ethics as a standard

that measures and evaluates the moral behavior of nurses. In general, the purpose of professional

ethics in nursing is to create and maintain client trust in nurses, trust among fellow nurses, and

public trust in the nursing profession. ), Justice (Justice), No harm (Nonmaleficience), Honesty

(Veracity), Keeping promises (Fidelity), Confidentiality (Confidentiality), Accountability

(Accountability).

1.2 problem formulation

1. What is meant by nursing ethics?

2. What is an ethical concept in nursing practice?

3. What are the principles of nursing ethics?

4. What are the problems that occur in the application of ethical concepts and principles in

nursing practice
 1.3 Objectives

1. To fulfill the duties of a nursing ethics course.

2. For case discussion reports.

3. To be able to know and understand ethical concepts and principles in nursing practice

4. To be able to apply ethical concepts and principles in nursing practice.

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Nursing Ethics

One of the rules governing the nurse-patient relationship is ethics. Ethics comes from the

Greek word, namely ethos which means customs or habits. Ethics relates to the considerations of

decision makers, whether an action is right or not because there are no laws or regulations

regarding what must be done.

Ethics is a discipline that begins with identifying, organizing, analyzing, and deciding human

behavior by applying principles to determine good behavior in a given situation. The ethics of

various professions are defined in a code of ethics that originates from human dignity and rights

(those who have an attitude of acceptance) and the beliefs of the profession.

Nursing ethics is a philosophy that directs the moral responsibility that underlies the

implementation of nursing practice. Nursing ethics is owned and implemented by all nurses. All

nurses must comply with the agreed code of ethics. In carrying out nursing practice, a nurse must

make a decision in an effort to provide nursing care to clients. Decisions are taken based on the

consideration and ability of scientific reasoning and ethical reasoning, good things for client

nursing services are measured from the point of view of their own beliefs, societal norms, and

professional standards.

2.2 The concept of nursing ethics

1) Advocacy

Basic philosophy and ideals of nursing which involve active assistance of nurses to

.
individuals to freely determine their own destiny. Basically a role The nurse as a patient
advocate is to provide information and provide assistance to the patient for any decision to the

patient

In providing assistance there are 2 roles, namely action and non-action, in the action role the

nurse's job is to provide confidence to patients that they have rights and responsibilities in

making their own choices or decisions and are not influenced by other people. In the non-action

role the nurse refrains from influencing the patient's decisions.

2) Accountability

Accountability contains two components, namely responsibility and accountability. Actions

taken by nurses seen from nursing practice, ethical codes and laws can be justified.

Accountability is viewed in a hierarchy starting from the individual level,

institutional/professional level, and social level.

At the individual level individual accountability is reflected in the decision-making process

of nursing ethics, competence, commitment and integrity. At the institutional level,

accountability is reflected in the philosophy and objectives of the nursing field or nursing audit.

At the professional level, accountability is reflected in the standards of nursing practice. At the

social level, accountability is reflected in the laws governing nursing practice.

3) Loyalty

Is a concept that includes sympathy, caring, and reciprocal relationships with those who are

professionally associated with nurses. Loyalty is an element forming a human combination that

pays attention to and strengthens members of the nursing community in achieving goals. Loyalty

can threaten nursing care if members of the profession/colleagues perceive loyalty as more

important than the quality of nursing care.

2.3 principles of nursing ethics

The ethical principles that a nurse must have include:

a) Autonomy (Autonomy)

The principle of autonomy is based on the belief that individuals are able to think logically

and make their own decisions. Adults are considered competent and have the power to make

their own, choose and have various decisions or choices that must be respected by others. The

principle of autonomy is a form of respect for someone, or seen as an agreement that is not

forced and acts rationally. Autonomy is the right to independence and individual freedom that

demands self-difference. Professional practice reflects autonomy when nurses respect clients'

rights to make decisions about their own care.

b) Do good (Beneficience)

Beneficience means, just do something good. Kindness, requires prevention of mistakes or

evil, elimination of mistakes or evil and increasing goodness by self and others. Sometimes, in

health care situations, there is a conflict between this principle and autonomy .
c) Justice (Justice)

The principle of justice is needed for equal and fair treatment of other people who uphold

moral, legal and humanitarian principles. This value is reflected in professional practice when

nurses work for the right therapy according to law, practice standards and true beliefs to obtain

quality health services.

d) No harm (Nonmaleficence)

This principle means not causing harm/physical and psychological injury to the client.

e) Honesty (Veracity)
 The principle of veracity means full of truth. This value is needed by health care providers to

tell the truth to every client and to ensure that the client really understands. The principle of

veracity relates to a person's ability to tell the truth. Information must exist to be accurate,

comprehensive, and objective to facilitate understanding and acceptance of existing material, and

to tell the truth to the client about everything related to his condition while undergoing treatment.

Even so, there are several arguments that say there are limits to honesty, such as if the truth is

about the client's prognostic error for recovery or there is a paternalistic relationship that "doctors

know best" because individuals have autonomy, they have the right to obtain full information

about their condition. Truth is the foundation in building a relationship of mutual trust.

f) Keep promises (Fidelity)

The principle of fidelity requires individuals to respect their promises and commitments to

others. Nurses are true to their commitments and keep promises and keep client secrets.

Obedience, loyalty, is a person's obligation to maintain the commitments he makes. Loyalty,

describes the adherence of nurses to the code of ethics which states that the basic responsibilities

of nurses are to improve health, prevent disease, restore health and minimize suffering.

g) Confidentiality

The rule in the principle of confidentiality is that information about the client must be kept

private. Everything contained in the client's health record document may only be read in the

context of the client's treatment. No one can obtain such information unless authorized by the

client with evidence agreement. Discussions about clients outside the service area, telling friends

or family about clients with other health workers should be avoided.

h) Accountability

Accountability is a definite standard that the actions of a professional can be assessed in

situations that are unclear or without exception.

 Those are the 8 principles of nursing ethics that a nurse must have.

2.4 Problems that Occur in the Application of Ethical Concepts and Principles in Nursing

Practice Problems in nursing ethics are generally in the implementation of nursing actions.

Ethical problems that usually occur cause problems with fellow health workers or with patients

besides that it also causes problems between the needs of patients and the expectations of nurses

and the philosophy of nurses (Haryono, 2013). If it does not fulfill the ethical principles of

nursing, it can have an impact on decreasing the level of trust in the nursing profession (Yetti, et

al. 2017). One of the ethical problems in nursing that arises in hospitals is violations of the

ethical principles of autonomy and veracity, in the case of premature babies who die after being

injected by nurses (Achmad & Harahap 2013). In this case there was a violation of the ethical

principle of autonomy, the nurse did not obtain informed consent or approval from the family

before carrying out the injection, and it was not in accordance with the ethical principle of

veracity, namely the nurse did not explain the purpose and type of action taken to the patient.

The same problem was experienced in a case due to negligence by a nurse, the baby's feet

blistered (Purwadi, 2011). This problem is an ethical violation of the principle of non-

maleficence, namely, nursing services provided by nurses endanger the life of the person. This is

contrary to the established ethical principles and code of ethics.

 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION

One of the rules governing the nurse-patient relationship is ethics. Ethics comes from the

Greek word, namely ethos which means customs or habits. Ethics relates to the considerations of

decision makers, whether an action is right or not because there are no laws or regulations

regarding what must be done. Nursing ethics is a philosophy that directs the moral responsibility

that underlies the implementation of nursing practice. Nursing ethics is owned and implemented

by all nurses. All nurses must comply with the agreed code of ethics. In carrying out nursing

practice, a nurse. Must make a decision in the client's nursing service efforts. Decisions are taken

based on the consideration and ability of scientific reasoning and ethical reasoning, good things

for client nursing services are measured from the point of view of their own beliefs, societal

norms, and professional standards.

3.2 SUGGESTIONS

As a prospective nurse, you should be able to understand the concept of nursing ethics in order

to direct the moral responsibility that underlies the implementation of nursing practice later.
 REFERENCES

• Nasrullah, Dede. 2020. Nursing Ethics. Surabaya: UM Surabaya.

• Ardiani, Nurul Devi. 2018. Nursing Ethics Teaching Module. Surakarta: D3 Nursing Study

Program STIKes Kusuma Husada Surakarta.

• Fixes, admin. 2019. Ethical Principles in Nursing. Yogyakarta: Nursing Articles