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DIFFERENT FIRE-FIGHTING TECHNIQUES

& PREVENTION ONBOARD AS EXPERIENCED
BY CELTECH COLLEGE CADETS

BY:

BATAS, EDGARDO R.
BERNAL, PATRICK ACE V.
CAPATI, KELVIN AIRA C.
DELOA, RON KAISSER D.
DIZON, MARCO L.
GABRIANA JR., ROMARVI LUKE S.
MAGBUJOS, MARK LESTER C.
SANTOS, HOWARD JAY M.
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CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Fire at sea is much different from fire on land. If a fire breaks out in an
office building, there is a danger, but there is always a chance of escape. When you
get out of the building, you are safe. At sea, it is totally different, because the ship
is surrounded by water and in most case, far from land. The only escape is by
means of a lifeboat or a life raft. Bad weather may still make you in great danger
even you have been evacuated from a blazing ship onto a lifeboat. Many of the
greatest maritime tragedies have involved fire, especially fire onboard passenger
ships: the Morro Castle, the Lakonia, and the Scandinavian Star are all examples.
Hundreds of lives were lost in these accidents.Fire is one of the major causes of
total loss. Statistics shows that fire and explosion amounts to one fourth of the
maritime casualties of total loss.

According to Mohit, Fire Protection (2012), one of the main causes of

accidents on-board ship is fire. This is because of the prescence of excess quantity
of flammable oils and other combustible materials. A ship is only allowed to sail if
it is inspected by the fire safety authorities. Fire consists of three (3) elements (also
called as “fire tetrahedron”); heat, fuel and oxygen. A fire naturally occurs when
the elements are present and combined in the right mixture, meaning that fire is
actually an event rather than a thing. Fire detection systems are designed to
discover fires early in their development but still, the best way to deal with fires on-
board ships is to prevent them rather than letting them occur. Fires on-board can be
prevented by finding and rectifying leakages of fuel oil, lubricating oil and exhaust
gases. Whether it be high temperature surface in an engine room, a short circuit in
an electrical system, careless preparation in the galley, smoking or other domestic
sources of fire or a reaction in the cargo itself, fires can occur anywhere on the ship
anytime. Detecting hazards are therefore the key to saving lives.

Fire on ships are extremely dangerous to human lives.We must increase fire
safety by improving the design of the ship and using new technologies. The crew
in the first place should be provided with a safe ship by design. This would then
lead to as low asreasonably possible risk levels being able to be maintained
throughout the operational life of that ship. Matthewson (1994)
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The study aimed to determine the different fire-fighting techniques &

prevention onboard as experienced by CELTECH college cadets. This could
deepen by the paradigm which is composed of the Input-Process-Output frame to
elaborate and easily understand the process of the research using the illustration.

The input shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age,
gender, vessel, months of service, and international/domestic. It also includes how
may the different fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard as experienced by
CELTECH college cadets be described in terms of preparation, equipment/tools,
location, procedure. The challenges encountered by CELTECH college cadets on
different fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard. The overall assessment on
different fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard as experienced by
CELTECH College cadets? The significant difference on different fire-fighting
techniques & prevention onboard as experienced by CELTECH College cadets
when group according to profile.

The process includes analysis of the database on their experience through an

online survey questionnaire, and statistical treatment.

The output signifies the different fire-fighting techniques & prevention

onboard as experienced by CELTECH College cadets
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Input Process Output
1.What is the
demographic profile of
the respondents in terms
of?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Vessel
1.4 Months of service
1.5 International or
Domestic
2. How may the different
fire-fighting techniques
& prevention onboard as
experienced by
CELTECH college
cadets be described in Google Forms
terms of:  Questionnaire
2.1 Preparation Different fire-
2.2 Equipment or tools
 Letter
fighting techniques
2.3 Location
2.4 Procedure & prevention
Statistical Tools onboard as
3. What are some  Frequency and experienced
challenges encountered Percent By CELTECH
by CELTECH college distribution college cadets
cadets on different fire- was identified.
fighting techniques &  Weighted mean
prevention onboard?
4. What is the overall
assessment on the
different fire-fighting
techniques & prevention
onboard as experienced
by CELTECH college
cadets?
5. Is there a significant
difference on the
different fire-fighting
techniques & prevention
onboard as experienced
by CELTECH college
cadets when group
according to profile?
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the different fire-fighting techniques &

prevention onboard as experienced by CELTECH college cadets.

Particularly, it seeks to describe the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of?

1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
1.3. Vessel
1.4. Months of service
1.5. International or Domestic

2. How may the different fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard as

experienced by CELTECH college cadets be described in terms of:

2.1. Preparation
2.2. Equipment or tools
2.3. Location
2.4. Procedure

3. What are some challenges encountered by CELTECH college cadets on different

fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard?

4. What is the overall assessment on different fire-fighting techniques & prevention

onboard as experienced by CELTECH College cadets?

5. Is there a significant difference on different fire-fighting techniques & prevention

onboard as experienced by CELTECH College cadets when group according to
profile?
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Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the different fire-fighting techniques

& prevention onboard as experienced by CELTECH college cadets when they are
grouped according to profile.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study seeks to focus on the different fire-fighting techniques &

prevention onboard as experienced by CELTECH college cadets. It was conducted

with the use of an online survey. The study consists of fifty participants that are all

enrolled in one of the colleges in San Fernando, Pampanga. The participants were

given a set of questionnaires prepared by the researchers. Afterward, the

researchers come up with the assessment procedures where information gathered

was analyzed and evaluated. The researchers aim to conduct the study within the

academic year 2022-2023. This study will be conducted with a limited amount of

financial resources and time framework.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to provide a better understanding about the different fire-

fighting techniques and prevention onboard. Furthermore, it will be beneficial to

the following:
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CELTECH Maritime Teachers. This study will benefit from the respective

CELTECH Maritime teachers since they have already an experienced on-board

ship.

CELTECH College Cadets. The study will help them to have a knowledge

and a background about it. The study will acknowledge them to freshen up their

knowledge about different fire-fighting techniques & prevention onboard. This will

also serve some sort of their evaluation if they learned from their fire protection

training.

Future Researchers. This study can be used as a basis for the future

researchers to conduct a more in-depth study about different firefighting

techniques and prevention onboard.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Firefighting- a person whose job is to extinguish fires.

Combustible - able to catch fire and burn easily.

Leakages –the accidental admission or escape of a fluid or gas through a

hole or crack.

Liferaft - typically inflatable, for use in an emergency at sea.

Morro Castle - was an ocean liner of the 1930s that was built for the Ward

Line for voyages between New York City and Havana, Cuba. The ship was named
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for the Morro Castle fortress that guards the entrance to Havana Bay. On the

morning of September 8, 1934, route from Havana to New York, the ship caught

fire and burned, killing 137 passengers and crew members.

MS Scandinavian Star - originally named MS Massalia, was a car and

passenger ferry built in France in 1971. The ship was set on fire on April 6, 1990,

killing 159 people, and the official investigation blamed the fires on a convicted

arsonist, who died in the fire.

Rectifying – to correct something or make something right.

TSMS Lakonia - was a Greek-owned cruise ship which caught fire and

sank north of Madeira on 22 December 1963, with the loss of 128 lives.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This presents the related literature and studies of both foreign and local

which were reviewed by the researchers to prove the information and give better

view to the cited problem study.

Foreign Related Literature

According to Marine Insight (2012), the best way to deal with fires on

board ships is to prevent them rather than letting them occur. Breaking out of fire in

a place where no fire exists is called “ignition” whereas “flash” is a term use for

fire eruption in a new place as a result of flames from an existing fire in a nearby

place (the ignition source.)

Fires on board ships can be prevented by finding and rectifying leakages of

fuel oil, lubricating oil, and exhaust gases. In a ship’s generator room, the biggest

danger of fire is from a leaky high pressure fuel pipe. Oil leaking from such pipe

can fall on high temperature exhaust manifold or on indicator cocks, which are

sensitive points for catching fire.

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As indicated by Tuberville (2012), “while firefighting system developed to

ensure the crew are able to ensure their safety, and thereby complying with

International Convention of the Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS) requirements,

firefighting capabilities on-board have not kept up with upsizing of container

vessels to ensure the prevention of the vessel itself.”

“The simple fact is that you’ve got ever-larger ship with ever-greater

volume of cargo” says Sean Dalton, chair of the cargo committee of the

International Union of Maritime Insurance, which represents international marine

insurers. Since 2006, the cargo-carrying capacity of the largest ship as doubled. The

heftiest ship can pack 11,000 six-meter-long containers weighting a total of 253

million tons. If these cargo containers where instead loaded onto a train, it would

stretch for 71 kilometers yet they can legally operate with bare-bones crew: just 13

people and sophisticated computer system.

Local Related Literature

As stated by Susan (2014), todays seafarers should be equipped before them

entering the cruise line industry. They have different training activities to equip

seafarers like firefighting, Personal Safety and Social Responsibility (PSSR), Basic

Safety Training, International ship and port facility security (ISPS) code

Familiarization and Crowd and Crisis Management. Ship Familiarization is also

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part of the training. Competent trainers and resource persons were put together in

an intensive training so the trainers will become equipped. A cruise ship worker

should know the terms of security and safety of a passage and crew.

According to NFPA, (2013); and Proulx, (2012) National Fire Protection

Association, have identified fire safety training as a way of increasing public fire

safety knowledge and improving their response to a fire with the aim of reducing

the number of fire-related casualties. In spite of fire safety training programs

currently available, it is unclear why reports indicate a lack of fire safety

knowledge, delayed threat recognition, and delayed evacuation among the general

community, especially among younger and older people.

In the study of Buted (2014), he cited that the different kinds of training

activities equipped seafarers with basic competencies that a cruise worker should

possess especially in terms of security and safety of passengers and crew.

According to SECTION 10.2.6.4 FIRE DETECTION, ALARM, AND

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, to ensure operational integrity, the fire alarm

system shall have an approved maintenance and testing program which shall be

developed by the ship management in accordance with internationally accepted

standards. Records of conducted maintenance and testing should be maintained and

submitted together with FALAR 3.

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Foreign Related Studies

According to Regulatory Form (Fire Safety) Orders 2012, fire authorities

will be the main agency responsible for enforcing all fire-safety legislation in all

premises. They will target their resources and inspections at those premises that

present the highest risk. All fire authorities will continue to look into complaints

about fire safety, carry out investigations after fires where poor fire-safety

management is discovered and may carry out targeted inspections.

According to Davies (2013), in a boat surrounded by water, fire may be last

on a crew member's list of suspected onboard ship hazards. However, ships are

susceptible to fires due to the amount of heavy machinery found in their boiler

rooms and other areas. While all crew members should be diligent in preventing

fires, the ship's owner is liable for injuries and deaths caused by onboard ship fires.

As indicated by Garri (2013), the main problem in fire prevention, fire-

fighting and safety on board ship is that of knowing the 'enemy' and the

environment where it flourishes. This requires on the one hand technological means

of reducing to an absolute minimum the possibility of fire breaking out and limiting

its capacity to spread, so that there can be automatic intervention, and on the other

proper training of fire-fighting and fire-prevention squads.

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Local Related Studies

According to Lucero-Prisno III (2015), seafaring is the most risky

profession in the world because half a million Filipino seafarers constantly face a

certain scenario e.g. Collision, and Fire on board the ship are always life is stake.

As stated by Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, the safety exercise is mandatory for all

passengers and is invariably carried out at the beginning of every cruise and prior to

the ship leaving the port of embarkation. In this context, we practice scenarios, such

as the important procedure to determine whether all of the passengers are

assembled on the deck.

According to Susan (2012), todays seafarers should be equipped before

enterring the cruise line industry. They have different training activities to equip

like firefighting, Personal Safety and Social Responsibility (PSSR), Basic Safety

Training, International ship and port facility security (ISPS) code Familiarization

and Crowd and Crisis Management. Ship Familiarization is also part of the

training. Competent trainers and resource people were put together in an intensive

training so the trainers will become equipped. A cruise ship worker should know

the terms of security and safety of a passage and crew.

The safety of all passengers and crew members has always been top priority

aboard our ships. All staff members on-board and ashore are genuinely comitted to

this corporate safety philosophy; our leading team on-board is selected on this
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basis. On-board the ships of Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, a competent and qualified crew

are dedicated to the well-being and the safety of all our guests around the clock.

As indicated by Fire Safety Code of the Philippines, initiation of the

required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in accordance with Section

10.2.6.4 of this IRR, by means of any required detection devices or detection

systems, and by means of waterflow alarm in the sprinkler system.

According to The Maritime Training Center of the Philippines, the

firefighting training is designed to give trainees a basic understanding of types of

fire, methods of extinguishing, and on-board firefighting equipment. Including

equipment maintenance, the use of breathing apparatus and search and rescue

skills. The course will advance to train a comprehensive understanding of the

theory of fires as it applies to a shipboard environment, and will include elements

of command and control together with the importance of stability and ship

integrity. The course is structured around a number of practical exercises, rescue

techniques, casualty evacuation practices, live fire exercises, and refilling portable

fire extinguishers.

RELEVANT THEORIES
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Edgar Dale, who was a teacher and a superintendent of schools in Webster,

North Dakota, proposed the Cone of Experience in 1946. Dale's Cone of

Experience is a visual model that is consisted of eleven (11) stages starting from the

concrete experiences situated at the bottom of the cone then it becomes more

abstract as it reaches the cone's peak. According to Dale, the arrangement of the

cone is not after the difficulty but rather on the abstraction and on the number of

senses used. The experiences in each stage can be merged and are interrelated to

nurture more meaningful learning.

The zone of proximal development describes the gap between what a

learner can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with support

and encouragement from a knowledgeable partner. Since the student is "near" to

acquiring certain talents, the term "proximal" refers to them.

As the work is just beyond the individual's capabilities, ZPD is the zone

where training is most advantageous. We need to be given tasks that are slightly

beyond our capabilities in order to learn. arduous tasks encourage the highest level

of cognitive.

Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky conceptualized the Zone of Proximal

Development (ZPD). Vygotsky said that people learn best in a social environment,

where one can construct meaning through interaction with others. In ZPD theory,

an individual can learn more in the presence of a knowledgeable other person.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Teaching
Instruction
1.) To be more prepared the both knowledge
crew in dealing with an and idea needed 1.) Important to follow the
emergency that may arise on board to protocol and respond to the fire
avert accidents.
because of a fire on board the as soon as possible
having effective
ship procedures and 2.) Giving several actions to
measures in take to ensure the safety of the
2.) The aims are to introduce place can save ship and its crew members 3.)
how to lives. the idea Instructed all the members on
of fire safety
prevent damage and reduces the risk board on what to do and how to
firefighting of injury and do it
damage 4.) Giving them ideas to be
3.) To allow for quick properly. aware of the emergencies.
learning about
emergency fire hazards is 5.) Every crew member should
response the key to be provided with clear and
preventing the understandable instructions that
4.) To advise on safety fire from he or she would follow during
occurring. fire
procedures safety education an emergency
and training is 6.) Safety signs are crucial in
not only every work environment
required by law, 7.) Firefighters must have
but it's also an
extremely access to the necessary
important skill equipment.
Figure 1. The Differences and Similarities between
to obtain
Teachingregarding
and Instruction.
the
safety of
employees and Instructi
others who ons
might be on
board.

Different Fire
Assess Fighting
Multiple
Techniques
ment and
Intellegence

Prevention

Techniq
ues
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Chapter III

Research Methodology

As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology

of the dissertation. In more details in this part we, the researchers, will outline the

research design, research locale, research instruments, the procedures and sources

of the project. The instrument used to collect data, including methods implemented

to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument are described.

Research Design

As a descriptive study, it collected detailed and factual information to

describe existing phenomena. It systematically described the situation or area of

interest factually and accurately. It allowed the researchers to carefully describe and

understand the behavior. Additionally, it will determine the different kinds of

technique that will be operated in actual form. This study involved thirty (50)

CELTECH college cadets who are currently studying and in fond of different kinds

of training.

Respondents

The study has fifty (50) respondents directly from the cadet students from

the Mairtime Dapartment of Central Luzon College of Science and Technology.

This method is conducted where each member of a population does not have an
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equal opportunity to become a part of the sample. Each of the student respondents

will be given same questionnaires. And it will only focus on those chosen maritime

students.

Table 1. Central Luzon College of Science and Technology Respondents

Course Frequency Percentage Rank

CELTECH 50 100% 1
college cadets

Table no. 1 shows the frequency, percentage and ranking supplied by the

respondents from Central Luzon College of Science and Technology. It shows that

fifty (50) or one-hundred percent (100%) only belongs to the College of Maritime,

which are our only respondents.

Research Locale

We gathered data at Central Luzon College of Science and Technology

Building 2. It is located at 2 B. Mendoza, City of San Fernando, Pampanga.

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Figure 1. Central Luzon College of Science and Technology – Pampanga

Campus Bldg. 2

Figure 2. Actual Front Photo of CELTECH – Pampanga Campus Bldg. 2

Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the data gathering process, authorization to conduct the study with

the respondents will be secured from their instructor at the moment. Such

permission is necessary in order to establish cooperation with the instructor and

respondents. The questionnaires will be distributed to the respondents after

securing the permit and in order to gather the relevant data. The instruments will be

retrieved after they finished answering.

Research Instrument

The instrument that used was a researcher-made questionnaire to gather the

needed data for the student profile. The profile contains socio-demographic

characteristics of respondents such as age, gender, vessel, international/ domestic

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and the respondent’s knowledge about different fire-fighting techniques and

prevention onboard. The questions will be structured using the Likert format. It is

used to allow the individual to express how much they agree or disagree with the

particular statement. Additionally, this research instrument allowed the research to

carry out this survey approach effectively with the use of statistics for data

interpretation.

Verbal Description

We, the researchers, prepared tables and tallied these according to rank. In

ranking the following were calculate: The table of equivalent used to retract the

weighted mean is as follows:

The following limits and levels were used to categorize the classification of

the respondents and applied according to the table or part given below:

Table 2. The Five-point Likert Scale

Scale Range Interpretation

5 4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.40-4.19 Agree

3 2.60-3.39 Neutral

2 1.80-2.59 Disagree

1 1.00-1.79 Strongly Disagree

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Ranking

Based on the weighted mean, ranking was used to indicate the positional

advantage or relative placement of the different items to describe an order of value

from highest to lowest. The greater the weighted mean, the higher the rank.

Statistical Treatment

The study used the following statistical treatment on the data for appropriate

analysis and interpretation of the data collected.

Percentage

The percentage and weighted mean used to analyze the data on the

respondents’ profile.

Where:

f
Percentage (%) = x 100
N
f = frequency

N = total population

Weighted Mean

Fx
x=
N

Where:

X = Mean

Fx = Total Score

N = total population
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