MATCHING HEADINGS TO PARAGRAPHS

History of Drug Use in Sport

A These days, the use of drugs to improve athletic performance is
banned by most sporting organizations, due to long-term damage to
heath plus the need to ensure equality of opportunity for all athletes.
The list of banned substances includes, various stimulants, hormones,
chemicals and steroids, as well as blood doping and the use of
substances to mask drug use.

B Historically, athletes have always searched for diets or training

methods that would give them an advantage. It is said that the ancient
Olympics were abandoned because of problems caused by drug use.
The winners received rich rewards, so drug use and cheating were
common. Similarly, drugs were used in other ancient competitions,
such as by the Roman gladiators (professional fighters)

C There is evidence of drug use by athletes in the early 1800s, such as

laudanum (opium) in an endurance walking race in 1807. Towards the
end of the century, racers were given cocaine-based treatments to
enable them to keep going in brutal 6-day cycling races. The winner of
the 1904 Olympic marathon was given injections of strychnine, a deadly
poison, and a glass of brandy in the last stages of the race to ensure he
could finish. Although he nearly died and never raced again, at that
time, the use of drugs for long-distance races was considered positive,
rather than being seen as either unfair or damaging to health

D By the 1920s, the cyclists in the Tour de France were publicly

commenting on the drugs they used to get them through the week. The
rule book distributed in 1930 even reminded riders that they would not
be officially supplied with drugs in other words, they would have to find
their own. It is also believed that amphetamines were first used in sport
at the 1936 Olympics.
E Weightlifters were beginning to use anabolic steroids by 1954, for
bulk and strength. Over the period from 1956 to 1972, statistics for
Olympic shot putters showed their weight increased by 14%, compared
to 7% for a group of runners. When a research team tried to set up a
study on the effect of steroids, they could not find a control group of
weightlifters and throwers who were not using these drugs. In 1962,
players in the English soccer league commented publicly on their use of
amphetamines. In other words, there was still no sense of a need to
conceal their drug use.

F The International Amateur Athletic Federation made drug use illegal

in 1928. However, as there were no effective tests available at that
time, this ban on drug use was only based on a policy of trusting the
athletes honesty Much later, in 1966, the governing bodies of soccer
and cycling banned illegal drug use; the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) did the same the following year. The 10C tested
athletes for the first time at the 1968 Olympics.

G During the 1970s, anabolic steroids were added to the list of banned
substances as a test for these had become available. The opening of
official secret police records in 1993 showed that doping had been a
systematic state policy in East Germany for the past thirty years, often
without the knowledge of the young athletes involved. Many still suffer
from the effects, both physical and mental, of this extensive drug use.
In the late 1990s, the use of human growth hormones (HGH) became
widespread, followed by the use of EPO (erythropoietin) in blood
doping. By 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was formed.

H Although the ability to test effectively for drugs always seems to lag
behind the development of new forms of performance-enhancing
drugs, more and more drug cheats are now being detected. It is clear,
though, that many athletes are still prepared to take the risk of being
caught. Major sporting occasions such as the Tour de France and the
Olympics regularly result in top athletes being stripped of their awards
due to drug use A silver medalist had to give up her medal after the
2008 Olympics. In addition, even a horse was caught A bronze medal
winner was removed from his team after his horse tested positive for a
banned substance.

I Gives that new drugs and practices such as stem-cell doping

are constantly being developed, it is a struggle for WADA to come up
with a test to detect each new substance. It is estimated that the many
different types of blood booster alone make up a $12 billion market.
However, most people believe it is essential to research illegal
substances, develop detection tests, and continue testing athletes to
find drug cheats. Educating the next generation of young athletes about
the dangers of drug use is also vital.

QUESTIONS 1-7.
THE READING PASSAGE HAS NINE PARAGRAPHS, A-I. WRITE A LETTER
FOR EACH OF THE BODY PARAGRAPHS, B-H, THAT EACH OF THE
HEADINGS. PARAGRAPH A AND I ARE NOT USED.

1. __________ DRUG USE IN 1920s AND 1930s

2. __________ BANS IMPOSED BY SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS
3. __________ DRUG USE IN MID-1900s
4. __________ ANCIENT OLYMPICS
5. __________ DRUG USE IN LATE 1900s
6. __________ ENDURANCE RACES
7. __________ RECENT DRUG CHEATS
QUESTIONS 8-13.
FILL IN THE GAPS IN THE TABLE, USING WORDS OR DATES
FROM THE READING PASSAGE. USE NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS AND/OR A DATE FOR ANY GAP.

QUESTIONS 14-20.
DO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS AGREE WITH THE INFORMATION
GIVEN IN THE TEXT? WRITE TRUE, FALSE OR NOT GIVEN.

14. THE MAJOR REASONS FOR BANNING DRUG USE IN SPORTS ARE
MORAL AND MEDICAL.
15. SOME BANNED DRUGS DO NOT ACTUALLY IMPROVE SPORTING
PERFORMANCE.
16. DRUG USE IN SPORT IS NOT JUST A MODERN PROBLEM.
17. IN THE MID-1990s, WEIGHTLIFTERS AND CYCLISTS USED THE SAME
TYPE OF DRUGS.
18. THE DRUG BAN IMPOSED BY THE INTERNATIONAL AMATEUR
ATHLETIC FEDERATION WAS NOT VERY EFFECTIVE.
19. THE EAST GERMAN ATHLETES WERE NOT GREATLY AFFECTED BY
THE DRUG TAKING THEY EXPERIENCED.
20. THE DRUGS GIVEN TO HORSES IN OLYMPIC COMPETITION ARE THE
SAME AS THOSE FOR HUMAN ATHLETES.

ANSWERS
1.D
2. F
3. E
4. B
5. G
6. C
7. H
8. 1807
9. COCAINE-BASED TREATMENTS
10. 1930
11. (ANABOLIC) STEROIDS
12. 1928
13. (LATE) 1990s
14. TRUE
15. TRUE
16. TRUE
17. NOT GIVEN
18. TRUE
19. FALSE
20. NOT GIVEN