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Temperature Scales
continuation…
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Heat Capacity
The amount of heat to be supplied
to an object to produce a unit
change in its temperature.
Another term for heat capacity is
Thermal Capacity. SI unit is J/K
Q = CT Q m = mass
C=
T
For gases:
where:
C = heat capacity
Q = heat Excel Review CenterDigital
Q= thermometer
ΔT = change in temperature
Q = mcp T
Specific Heat
The ratio of the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by
one unit of temperature to the
amount of heat required to raise
Normality
the temperature of a similar mass
of a reference material, usually
water, by the same amount.
Sometimes defined as the heat
capacity per unit mass.
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GENERAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES
my.excelreviewer.com Thermodynamics Part 2
Thermal
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Expansion L ∆L
There are two types of expansion, either linear or volume. For solids, both expansion
types are significant. For liquids and for gases, it’s usually the volume expansion that is
meaningful.
Linear Expansion Volume Expansion
Linear expansion is the change in length Volume expansion is the change in volume
per degree of temperature change. per degree of temperature change.
L = LT V = VT
where: where: Excel Review Center
α = coeff. of linear expansion (°C-1) β = coeff. of linear expansion (°C-1)
L = initial length (m) V = initial volume (m3)
∆L = change in length (m) ∆V = change in volume (m3)
∆T change in temperature (°C) ∆T change in temperature (°C)
The coefficient of volume expansion, β, and the coefficient of linear expansion, α, for the
same material can be related through the following formula: β = 3α
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Heat is internal energy in transit from one
body of matter to another by virtue of a
temperature difference between them.
Common units of heat:
calorie (cal) – amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1°C.
kilocalorie (kcal) – amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of 1
kg of water by 1°C
British Thermal Unit (BTU) – amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 lbm of water by 1°F
Q = mcT Q C Specific Heat
For monoatomic gases,  = 1.67 QL = mL
c= = For diatomic gases,  = 1.40. where:
mT m
where: QL = latent heat (J, cal, BTU)
Molar specific heat capacity, cM is
c = specific heat m = mass of system (g or kg)
the product of molecular weight
C = heat capacity L = latent heat constant
and the specific heat of the
Q = heat
For water at standard atm pressure
substance.
ΔT = change in temperature
CM = (MW)(c)
Excel Review Center Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity is a
physical property of matter defined as the
Unit is BTU/lb-mol°F or J/kmol°C
amount of heat to be supplied to an object
Constant volume
Latent Heat to produce a unitSensible
change in its heat
mcv T
process It is the quantity of heat that
temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is
It is he quantity of heat
jouleabsorbed changes the temperature of the
per kelvin (JK)
Constant pressure or released by a substance substance without changing its
process undergoing a change of state, phase.
such as ice changing to water or
where: The total heat, QT, entering a
water to steam, at constant
cv = specific heat capacity at substance is the sum of the
temperature and pressure. Also
constant volume latentrates
heat and the sensible heat.
known as heat of transformation. “The of effusion
cp = specific heat capacity at
Latent heat of fusion – solid to of two different
constant pressure
liquid and vice versa
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escaping,QA = QL +B,
T and
QSare
Latent heat vaporization – inversely proportional
For gases cp is always cp
liquid to gas and vice versa to the square roots of
greater than cv. The =
cv Latent heat of sublimation – solid theirExcel
molar masses.”
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ratio is given through .
to gas without becoming
liquid and vice versa Excel Review CenterExcel Review Center