PERSONNAL PRONOUNS AND POSSESIVES

We use personal pronouns (I, me, he, him, etc.) to replace names or nouns when it is clear what they refer to. We
use possessives (my, your, her) when it is not necessary to name the person the thing belongs to.
 
We use personal pronouns to avoid repeating nouns.
 Mum's calling. She’s  in Turkey.
How’s Daisy? Give her my love.                 
You used she because it’s the subject and her because it’s the object.
Very good. Here’s the list of all the personal pronouns and possessive adjectives:
 

Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun

I me my mine

you you your yours

he him his his

she her hers hers

it it its -

we us our ours

they them their theirs

We use pronouns to avoid repetition when it is obvious what we are talking about.
Is this your bike? > No, that one’s mine. (= my bike)
Those red gloves are yours; the blue ones are hers. (= her gloves)

Can I use two pronouns together?

Yes, for example:

The man in the shop gave me them free.

So, what do I need to be careful about?

Well, sometimes we use me when it might seem logical to use I. We also use it sometimes to refer to people.
I love house music > I do too / Me too.
Who’s that? > Me. / It’s me. / It’s Fran.
Sometimes we use they instead of he or she, them instead of him or her and their instead of his or hers.
When you meet your new teacher, they will give you the books.  
If anyone asks where I am, tell them I’m in Istanbul this week.
Someone left their gloves in the classroom.
I thought someone was singular.
Yes, you’re right, but nowadays we avoid using he for people in general, and he or she is very long, so we use they instead,
especially when we’re speaking.
Can you also say:

“The English cricket team lost again. They  were rubbish.”? 

Yes. We sometimes use they for single nouns which refer to groups of people.
What about animals?
 We usually use it/they  for animals, but  when people are talking about their own pets, they use  he  or she. 
The dog must be thirsty. Give him some water.
Yes, one thinks that animals are just like people, doesn’t one?

Ah, we don’t use one to mean everyone very much. It sounds very old-fashioned and too formal. We use you to mean people in
general.
You can see the sea from the top of that mountain.    (you = people in
general)
But the Queen uses one?
That's true. But, I haven’t met the Queen and  you should use you!
- See more at: http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/personal-pronouns-and-
possessives#sthash.8m4DYq8L.dpuf

Possessive Pronouns
Ejemplo

My This is my house.
Your This is your book.
His This is his bicycle.
Her This is her dress.
 Its This is its (the cat's) home.
Our These are our suitcases.
Your These are your seats.
Their These are their books.
Ejemplo

Mine This book is mine

Is this book 
Yours
yours?
His This bicycle is his.
Hers The dress is hers.
Its The house is its(the cat's).
Ours The suitcases are ours.
Yours These seats are yours.
Theirs This pencil is theirs.

1. En función de artículo determinativo del sujeto

Gramaticalmente funciona como un artículo determinativo del sustantivo al que acompaña, por lo tanto siempre
va antes del objeto.
o Ejemplos:

My car is blue. (Mi coche es azul.)

His house is big. (Su casa es grande.)

2. En función de pronombre
Gramaticalmente funciona como un pronombre en función de complemento directo.
o Ejemplos:
The blue car is mine. (El coche azul es mío.)
 The big house is his. (La casa grande es suya.)
Nota: Estos ejemplos responden a la pregunta, "¿De quién es?.
 El genitivo "-s" no se ha de confundir con los pronombres posesivos. Así podemos decir:
Her dress... (Su vestido...[de ella])
O podemos decir:

Andrea's dress... (El vestido de Andrea...)

En ambos casos expresamos un poseedor y un poseído, en este caso el vestido. En la primera frase, el
pronombre posesivo femenino "her" indica que tanto el hablante como el oyente acaban de hacer referencia a
la misma persona. En cambio en el segundo caso, el hablante quiere dar a conocer el nombre del poseedor.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

1. Siempre utilizamos el genitivo para referirnos a personas.
Paul's house... (La casa de Paul...)
Mary's bike... (La bicicleta de Maria...)
2. Cuando nos referimos a cosas o lugares utilizaremos la preposición "of".
The wheel of the bike... (La rueda de la bicicleta...)
Washington is the capital of the United States. (Washington es la capital de los Estados Unidos.)
3. También podemos utilizar el genitivo al final de la oración que acostumbra a ser la respuesta a una pregunta
anterior. En estos casos no necesitamos el nombre.
 Question (pregunta):
Where is your sister? (¿Dónde está tu hermana?)
 Answer (repuesta):
She is at my parent's. (Está en la casa de mis padres.)
o Question (pregunta):
Whose house is this? (¿De quién es esta casa?)
o Answer (repuesta):
 It is Michael's. (Es de Miguel.)

Reflexive Pronouns (Pronombres reflexivos)

Los pronombres reflexivos se usan cuando el sujeto y el complemento del verbo son lo mismo. En inglés no
se utilizan los verbos reflexivos tanto como en español. En vez de verbos reflexivos, utilizamos uno de los
siguientes pronombres reflexivos.
Ejemplo Traducción ejemplo

Myself
I saw it  myself.

Don't burn yourself!

Yourself

Himself He hurt himself.

Herself She did it herself.

Itself The cat scratched itself.

Ourselves We made it ourselves.

Yourselves Did you paint the house yourselves?

Themselves They were speaking to themselves.

1. Podemos utilizar pronombres reflexivos con la mayoría de verbos transitivos, pero los más comunes son los
siguientes:
blame (culpar, echar la culpa a), 
cut (cortar), 
enjoy (disfrutar), 
help (ayudar), 
hurt (hacerse daño), 
introduce (presentarse), 
prepare (preparar), 
teach (enseñar)...
o Ejemplos:
How did he hurt himself? (¿Cómo se hizo daño?)
We really enjoyed ourselves while on holiday. (Realmente disfrutamos mientras estábamos de vacaciones.)
I blame myself. (Me culpo).

1. Usamos "by" + el pronombre reflexivo para indicar "solo".

o Ejemplos:
I often prefer to be by myself. (A menudo prefiero estar solo).
She learned to read all by herself. (Ella aprendió a leer por sí misma.)

1. Se utiliza "to be" como verbo principal para mostrar el estado o las características de alguien o algo (como un
verbo estativo). También se puede utilizar con las preposiciones de lugar para indicar donde algo está
localizado.
o Ejemplos:
o Con un sustantivo:
I am a teacher. (Soy profesor.)
You aren't a student. (No eres estudiante.)
Is he a doctor? (¿Él es médico?)
o Con una preposición de lugar + un sitio:
She is in New York. (Ella está en Nueva York.)
They aren't at home. (Ellos no están en casa.)
Is the book on the table? (¿El libro está en la mesa?)
o Con un adjetivo:
We are happy. (Nosotros estamos contentos.)
He isn't sad. (Él no está triste.)
Are you tired? (¿Estás cansado?)
2. "To be" se utiliza como un verbo auxiliar para formar el presente continuo y la voz pasiva que se introducirán
en lecciones posteriores. Para más información sobre verbos auxiliares, ver la lección deverbos.
3. Para mostrar que algo existe, combinamos "is" o "are" con la palabra "there". Ver la lección de"There be" para
más información.
4. "To be", como muchos otros verbos, puede ser utilizado con una frase preposicional. Ver la lección de

HAVE GOT
"Have got" a menudo se utiliza en lenguaje coloquial y con frecuencia en la forma corta o abreviada.
Nota: "Have got" sólo se utiliza en el tiempo presente simple. En el pasado, sólo podemos usar "have"
(conjugación: "had").
I have got I've got
 you have got you've got
he has got he's got
she has got she's got
it has got it's got
we have got we've got
they have got they've got
 Ejemplos:
I have got a car. (Tengo un coche.)
You have got two brothers. (Tienes dos hermanos.)
He has got a big house. (Él tiene una casa grande.)
She has got a cold. (Ella tiene un resfriado.)
It has got a ball. (Tiene una pelota.)
We have got brown hair. (Tenemos pelo oreno.)
They have got red bicycles. (Ellos tienen bicicletas rojas.)

HAVE

Nota: No hay ninguna forma corta para "have" en la afirmativa.

I have
you have
he has
she has
it has
we have
they have

QUIZ VERB TO BE AND VERB TO HAVE

FIRST NAME ___________________ LAST NAME____________________________

Q1 of 10: We _______ in the park.

Q2 of 10: David _______ happy. (negative)

Q3 of 10: I _______ ill.

Q4 of 10: _______ you Spanish?

Q5 of 10: My brother and I _______ at home. (negative)

Q6 of 10: Peter and Mark _______ brothers.

Q7 of 10: The cat _______ on the table.

Q8 of 10: It _______ a very nice day.

Q9 of 10: I _______ 13, I am 14. (negative)

Q10 of 10: It ______ 8 o'clock.

Q1 of 6: Write the sentence in the negative: He has got a car.

Q2 of 6: Write the sentence in the interrogative: You have two brothers.

Q3 of 6: Write the sentence in the interrogative: You have got a dog.

Q4 of 6: Write the sentence in the negative: She has a big house.

Q5 of 6: Write the sentence in the negative: We have a cat.

Q6 of 6: Write the sentence in the interrogative: They have dinner at 6 o'clock.

Good luck!
Daily Habits and Routines

Give the students a sheet with various times of the day. For example:

 7.00
 7.30
 8.00
 10.00
 12.00
 3.30
 5.00
 6.30
 8.00
 11.00

Add a list of verbs they are familiar with on the board. You may want to write a few examples on the board. For example:

 7.00 - get up - wake up

 7.30 - eat breakfast – take a shower – comb hair – put on clothes – brushes teeth
 8.00 - go to work
 12.00 – eat lunch
 2.00 – go back to work
 5.00 leave of work – go to home
 7.00 eat dinner
 8.00 watch TV
 9.00 go to bed

Teacher: I usually get up at 7 o'clock. I always go to work at 8 o'clock. I sometimes have a break at half past
three. I usually come home at five o'clock. I often watch TV at eight o'clock. etc. (Model your list of daily
activities to the class two or more times.)

Teacher: what do I often do at eight o'clock in the evening?

Student(s): You often watch TV.

Teacher: when do I go to work?

Student(s): You always go to work at 8 o'clock.

Continue this exercise around the room asking students about your daily routine. Pay special attention to
the placement of the adverb of frequency. If a student makes a mistake, touch your ear to signal that the
student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what the student should have said.

Part II: Students Talk about their Daily Routines

Ask students to fill out the sheet about their daily habits and routines. When students are finished they should
read their list of daily habits to the class.
Teacher: Paolo, please read.

Student(s): I usually get up at seven o'clock. I seldom have breakfast at half past seven. I often go shopping
at 8 o'clock. I usually have coffee at ten o'clock. etc.

Ask each student to read their routine in class, let students read all the way through their list and take note of
any mistakes they may make. At this point, students need to gain confidence when speaking for an extended
period of time and should therefore be allowed to make mistakes. Once the student has finished, you can
correct any mistakes he or she may have made.

Part III: Asking Students about their Daily Routines

Ask students to once again read about their daily routine to the class. After each student has finished, ask the
other students questions about that student's daily habits.

Teacher: Paolo, please read.

Student(s): I usually get up at seven o'clock. I seldom have breakfast at half past seven. I often go shopping
at eight o'clock. I usually have coffee at ten o'clock. etc.

Teacher: Olaf, when does Paolo usually get up?

Student(s): He gets up at seven o'clock.

Teacher: Susan, how does Paolo go shopping at eight o'clock?

Student(s): He often goes shopping at eight o'clock.

Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. Pay special attention to the placement
of the adverb of frequency and the correct usage of the third person singular. If a student makes a
mistake, touch your ear to signal that the student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what
the student should have said.
Daily Routines 
Unsramble the following sentences about Ricardo's routine. Type the sentence in the space given.
1.   wakes/ He / early / up.
 
2.   takes / shower./ a / He 
 
3.   combs / He / hair / his. 
 
4.   puts/on./clothes/his/He 
 
5.   He/breakfast./has 
 
6.   brushes/teeth./He/his 
 
7.   goes/to/bathroom./the/He 
 
8.   wipes/after/the/using/bathroom./He 

 
9.   washes/his/He/hands. 
 
10. goes/He/school./to 
 
11. studies/He/English. 
 
12. leaves/He/school. 
 
13. does/homework./He 
 
14. He/with/play/friends./his 
 
15. has/He/dinner./ 
 
16. goes/bed./He/to 
Present Simple Tense
I sing

How do we make the Present Simple Tense?

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
do base

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.

2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the
auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I, you, we, they like coffee.

He, she, it likes coffee.

- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.

He, she, it does not like coffee.

? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?

Does he, she, it like coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject main verb

+ I am French.

You, we, they are French.

He, she, it is French.

- I am not old.

You, we, they are not old.

He, she, it is not old.

? Am I late?

Are you, we, they late?

Is he, she, it late?

How do we use the Present Simple Tense?

We use the present simple tense when:

 the action is general

 the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
 the action is not only happening now
 the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.

past present future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

 I live in New York.

 The Moon goes round the Earth.
 John drives a taxi.
 He does not drive a bus.
 We meet every Thursday.
 We do not work at night.
 Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the present simple tense for situations
that are not general. We can use the present simple tense to talk about now. Look at
these examples of the verb "to be" in the present simple tense - some of them
are general, some of them are now:

Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.

past present future

 The situation is now.
 
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.

past present future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.

How do we make the Past Simple
Tense?
To make the past simple tense, we use:

 past form only
or
 auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and
regular verbs:

V1 V2 V3
base past past participle

regular work worked worked The past form for

verb explode exploded exploded all regular verbs
like liked liked ends in -ed.

irregular go went gone The past form for

verb see saw seen irregular verbs is
sing sang sung variable. You need
to learn it by heart.

You do not need the past

participle form to make the
past simple tense. It is shown
here for completeness only.

The structure for positive sentences in the past simple tense is:

subject + main verb

past

The structure for negative sentences in the past simple tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb

did base

The structure for question sentences in the past simple tense is:

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

did base
The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did,
he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples
with the main verbs go and work:

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I went to school.

You worked very hard.

- She did not go with me.

We did not work yesterday.

? Did you go to London?

Did they work at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were,
he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and
question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at
these examples:

subject main verb

+ I, he/she/it was here.

You, we, they were in London.

- I, he/she/it was not there.

You, we, they were not happy.

? Was I, he/she/it right?

Were you, we, they late?

How do we use the Past Simple Tense?

We use the past simple tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the
past. The event can be short or long.

Here are some short events with the past simple tense:

 The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.
She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
Did you see that car?

past present future

The action is in the past.

Here are some long events with the past simple tense:

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.

The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
Did you watch TV last night?

past present future

The action is in the past.

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or
seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long
the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic
period). We use the past simple tense when:

 the event is in the past

 the event is completely finished
 we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event

Here are some more examples:

 I lived in that house when I was young.

 He didn't like the movie.
 What did you eat for dinner?
 John drove to London on Monday.
 Mary did not go to work yesterday.
 Did you play tennis last week?
 I was at work yesterday.
 We were not late (for the train).
 Were you angry?
PRESENT TENSE QUIZ

Build a sentence using all the words and punctuation marks.

1. in/they/a/house/big/./live
2. do/he/think/comes/where/from/?/you
3. every/goes/to/she/day/nearly/the/./market
4. the/./she/market/day/goes/every/to
5. dog/on/./to/loves/with/play/the/us/our/beach
6. dinner/like/to /cook/yourself/?/you/don´t
7. when/usually/?/free/do/you/time/what/you/do/have
8. over/./in/there/stars/estimate/galaxy/scientists/are/our/200 billion

PAST TENSE QUIZ

Build a sentence using all the words and punctuation marks.

1. ./the/we/in/walked/forest
2. at/the/beach/they/./swam
3. played/./football/the/park/boys/the/in
4. school/rode/to/we/./bicycles/our
5. win/./team/our/yesterday/didn´t/basketball
6. on/./good/we/watched/last/a/night/TV/movie
7. night/to/the/did/go/on/Saturday/concert/you/?
8. Dinner/./had/went/they/a/then/movie/see/they/and/to

FUTURE TENSE QUIZ

1. ?/marry/will/me/you
2. plane/./the/without/us/won´t/leave
3. ,/will/the/forget/keys/won´t/you/you/?
4. lemon/and/have/juice/please/tuna/a/salad/I`ll/,/a/.
5. probably/./wedding/the/in/we/early/December/be
6. the/what/time/meeting/?/shall/for/staff/we/schedule/next
7. ever/I´ll/for/you/love
8. lend/./rate/a/to/but/pay/they´ll/,/the/high/money/have/we´ll/us/interest

GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE QUIZ

1. chess/we/to/play/going/tonight/?/are
2. going/is/stop/./in/a/rain/minute/the/to
3. minutes/is/ready/twenty/dinner/to/./going/be/in
4. not/concert/to/going/are/?/cancel/the/,/they´re/they
5. final/exams/night/I/the/to/every/going/until/study/am/.
6. new/?/finished/be/is/studio/school´s/to/your/when/going/recording

Good luck guys!

Future Simple Tense
I will sing

The future simple tense is often called will, because we make the future simple
tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Future Simple Tense?

The structure of the future simple tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb

invariable base

will V1

For negative sentences in the future simple tense, we insert not between the auxiliary
verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary
verb. Look at these example sentences with the future simple tense:

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I will open the door.

+ You will finish before me.

- She will not be at school tomorrow.

- We will not leave yet.

? Will you arrive on time?

? Will they want dinner?

When we use the future simple tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and
auxiliary verb:

I will I'll

you will you'll

he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll

they will they'll

For negative sentences in the future simple tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not I won't

you will not you won't

he will not he won't

she will not she won't
it will not it won't

we will not we won't

they will not they won't

How do we use the Future Simple Tense?

No Plan

We use the future simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do something
before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at
these examples:

 Hold on. I'll get a pen.

 We will see what we can do to help you.
 Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the
time of speaking.

We often use the future simple tense with the verb to think before it:

 I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

 I think I will have a holiday next year.
 I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction

We often use the future simple tense to make a prediction about the future. Again,
there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some
examples:

 It will rain tomorrow.
 People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
 Who do you think will get the job?
Be

When the main verb is be, we can use the future simple tense even if we have a firm
plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

 I'll be in London tomorrow.

 I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
 Will you be at work tomorrow?

Going to
Intention

We use the special going to construction when we have the intention to do

something before we speak. We have already made a decision before speaking.
Look at these examples:

 I have won $1,000. I am going to buy a new TV.

 We're not going to see my mother tomorrow.
 When are you going to go on holiday?

In these examples, we had an intention or plan before speaking. The decision was
made before we spoke.

Prediction

We often use going to to make a prediction about the future. Our prediction is based
on evidence. We are saying what seems sure to happen. Here are some examples:

 The sky is very black. It is going to snow.

 It's 8.30! You're going to miss the train!
 I crashed the company car. My boss isn't going to be very happy!

In these examples, the present situation (black sky/the time/damaged car) gives us a
good idea of what is going to happen.

Adverbs of indefinite frequency

 100% always, constantly

usually, normally
Examples:
frequently, regularly
 never, seldom, sometimes, often, always
often
Adverbs of indefinite frequency mainly go in MID
position in the sentence. They go before the main 50% sometimes
verb (except the main verb "to be"): occasionally
 We usually go shopping on Saturday. rarely, infrequently
 I have often done that.
 She is always late. seldom

hardly ever
Occasionally, sometimes, often, frequently and usuall
y can also go at the beginning or end of a sentence: 0% never

 Sometimes they come and stay with us.

 I play tennis occasionally.

Rarely and seldom can also go at the end of a sentence (often with "very"):

 We see them rarely.
 John eats meat very seldom.

Adverbs of Frequency
With the present simple, we often use adverbs of frequency to say 'how often' we do
something. Here's a list of common adverbs:

 always
 frequently
 generally
 hardly ever
 infrequently
 never
 normally
 occasionally
 often
 rarely
 regularly
 seldom
 sometimes
 usually

We usually put these adverbs in the middle of the sentence, between the subject and the verb:

 I often go to the cinema.

 She sometimes visits me at home.
 We usually drink coffee.

We can also put them at the very beginning or end of the sentence. This makes them stronger:

 Often I go to the cinema.

 I go to the cinema often.
 But never: 

Here are some other expressions we can use to say 'how often'. All of these longer phrases go at
the beginning or the end of the sentence but not in the middle.

 once in a while: I go to the cinema once in a while.

 every now and again: She drinks wine every now and again.
 from time to time: From time to time I visit my mother.

To say how often something happens, you can use a number or 'several' or 'many', followed by
'times'.( If the number is one, use 'once' instead of 'one time'. If the number is two use 'twice,'
instead of 'two times') Then add 'a' and a period of time:

 I go to the cinema twice a week.

 She takes these tablets three times a day.
  I change the sheets once a fortnight (fortnight = two weeks).
 I meet him several times a year.
 I visit my parents once a month.

We can also use 'every' + period of time:

 every morning
 every day
 every Tuesday
 every week
 every month

A day of the week with 's' at the end (for example 'on Tuesdays') means the same as 'every
Tuesday':

 I take a dance class on Wednesdays.

 I relax on Saturdays.

Preposition Quiz In On At

Take this prepositions quiz - In On At - to check your knowledge of how to use these prepositions with dates
and times. Below you will find a short guide to these prepositions and their use in English.

in - used with months and years

at - used with specific times during the day
on - used with days of the week

Some Prepositions of Place

This diagram shows some of the more common prepositions of place and indicates their
meaning. There follows a sample sentence for each preposition shown.

 There is a cup on the table.

 The helicopter hovered above the house.
 The police placed a sheet over the body.
 He stood in front of the door and rang the bell.
 Ram sat beside Tara in the cinema.
 A small stream runs below that bridge.
 He put the key under the doormat.
 He put his hands behind his back.

Prepositions of Place
 NEXT TO (BESIDE)
Significado: al lado de, junto a
Uso: Tanto "next to" como "beside" se pueden utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u otra dependerá
del hablante y del contexto.
 Ejemplos:
The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank. (El supermercado está junto al banco.)
Sit next to (beside) me. (Siéntate a mi lado.)

BY
Significado: cerca, al lado de, junto a 
Uso: Se puede utilizar en los mismos contextos que "next to" pero el significado de "by" es más como "cerca"
en castellano.
 Ejemplos:
I sit by the window. (Me siento a lado de la ventana.)
Our house is by the river. (Nuestra casa está cerca del río.)

BETWEEN
Significado: entre
 Ejemplos:
The shop is between the bank and the train station. (La tienda está entre el banco y la estación de tren.)
She is standing between Peter and John. (Permanece de pie entre Pedro y Juan.)

BEHIND
Significado: detrás de
 Ejemplos:
The church is behind the school. (La iglesia está detrás de la escuela.)
He is standing behind you. (Está de pie detrás de ti.)

IN FRONT OF vs. OPPOSITE

Significado: contrario, en frente de, opuesto, delante de
Usos: La diferencia entre estas preposiciones la notamos cuando estamos hablando de personas, "in front of"
no implica estar delante y cara a cara, en cambio "opposite" significa delante y cara a cara.
The hotel is in front of the station. 
The bank is opposite the market. 
Laura is standing in front of you. 
She is sitting opposite me

UNDER
Significado: debajo de
The ball is under the chair. 
The dog is under the tree. 

ABOVE
Significado: por encima sin tocar
The clock is above the table. 
Nota: La traducción literal puede llevar a confusión cuando la traducimos al castellano, ya que en castellano
diríamos: "el reloj está colgado en la pared." Si quisiéramos especificar diríamos: "y por debajo en la misma
pared está apoyada la mesa."
BELOW
Significado: por debajo sin tocar
The table is below the clock. 
Nota: Como en el caso anterior, la traducción literal de "below" puede llevar a confusión. En este caso
diríamos que la mesa está apoyada en la misma pared en la que se encuentra el reloj colgado un poco más
arriba.

Prepositions of Time
Las preposiciones de tiempo se utilizan para indicar cuando sucedió algo. Como vimos en la lección anterior,
las tres preposiciones más comunes ("in", "at", "on"), pueden ser utilizadas como preposiciones de lugar o
preposiciones de tiempo. A continuación se presentan otras preposiciones comunes de tiempo.

BEFORE
Significado: antes, antes de
Uso: Se coloca detrás de verbos y nombres o sustantivos.
Call me before one. 
They arrived before me. 

AFTER
Significado: después, después de, tras 
Uso: Se coloca detrás de verbos y nombres o sustantivos.
We will see you after the movie. 
I arrived after them. 

DURING
Significado: durante
Uso: Puede ir seguido de verbos y nombres o sustantivos.
Don’t talk during the movie. 
I don’t like to watch television during the day. 

FOR
Significado: durante
Uso: Se coloca detrás de verbos y nombres o sustantivos. Aunque signifique lo mismo que "during" no tienen
exactamente el mismo matiz. Éste se utiliza para expresar un período de tiempo ya sean días, horas, meses o
años.
I lived in England for three years
He studied for the exam for one week. 

Prepositions of Movement or Direction (Preposiciones de

movimiento o dirección)
Las preposiciones de movimiento o dirección se utilizan para mostrar movimiento de un lugar a otro. Estas
preposiciones se usan con mayor frecuencia con los verbos de movimiento y se encuentran después del verbo.

TO
"To" es la preposición de movimiento o dirección más común.
Significado: a, hacia, dirección a (siempre indica movimiento)
Uso: Se utiliza "to" para mostrar movimiento en una dirección específica.
I go to school by bus
You walk to work every day. 
They came to the wedding. 
Sofia flew to Canada. 

ACROSS
Significado: al otro lado de; de un lado a otro
Uso: "Across" se utiliza para indicar movimiento hacia el lado opuesto.
The boat will take you across the river. 
You must walk across the street at the crosswalk. 

ALONG
Significado: a lo largo de
He's walking along the path. 
The street runs along the seafront. 

AROUND
Significado: alrededor de
You must drive around the city center to reach the cinema. 
Let's go for a walk around the park. 

DOWN
Significado: abajo
Uso: "Down" indica movimiento de una posición superior a una posición inferior.
I prefer to ride my bike down the hill. (
We are going down to Florida this summer. 

INTO
Significado: en, dentro de
Don't go into your sister's room! 
We went into the shop on the corner. 

OFF
Significado: más distante, más lejano
Get your feet off the sofa! 
We get off the train at the next stop. 

ONTO
Significado: en, sobre, por encima de, arriba de
We can get onto the bus here. 
The dog got onto the sofa. 

OVER
Significado: sobre, encima de, arriba de
The cat jumped over the dog. 
You must cross over the bridge. 

PAST
Significado: por delante
Walk past the theater on the right and the bank is on the left. 
Go past Main Street and turn left at the next street. 
THROUGH
Significado: a través de, por
Uso: "Through" se usa para mostrar movimiento dentro de un espacio cerrado.
You must turn on your lights when passing through the tunnel. 
She walks through the park on her way to work.

TOWARD(S)
Significado: hacia, con dirección a
Who is that woman running towards us? 
Walk towards the sea and turn left at the first street. 

UP
Significado: hacia arriba
Uso: "Up" se utiliza para indicar movimiento de una posición inferior a una posición superior.
I don't like riding my bike up these hills. 
We climbed up the mountain this morning. 

Adverbs of Frequency Quiz

1 Nancy and I [30%]  __________  go out for coffee together.

2 Andrea lives next door so we  __________  see her.

3 We meet _________  at the Annual General Meeting.

 4 My doctor __________  checks my health  .

5 It [0%]  ___________ rains here in the summer.

6  we ___________ take the dog off his leash at the beach.

7 My sister  ____________ two days of school in a row.

8 My boyfriend and I take vacations together quite ___________ .

9 Andy [10%]  ___________ gets to visit with his cousins.

10 I __________ went to college _________  .

Gerunds Quiz
1 I dislike __________  to the movies by myself.

2 We started ___________  dinner without you.

3 I can't imagine  _________ my own house.

4 I used ___________  that television show all of the time.

5 I always eat breakfast before __________  to school.

6 When do you practice ___________  the piano?

7 My grandmother prefers ___________  science fiction books.

8 You need __________  harder this year.

9 I am used to __________  her in a bad mood.

10 Have you talked to the dentist about __________  your

teeth?

PREPOSITION IN ON AT QUIZ

1. Let's meet _____ six o'clock.

2. He was born _____ July.
3. I went there _____ 1978.
4. She'll be at work _____ Friday.
5. We met _____ Christmas day.
6. They drove to Rochester ______ September 15th.
 7. We arrived in this country _____ October.
8. I love to go shopping _____ Christmas time.
9. We get up early ______ the morning.
10. Do you dream _____ night?
11. What do you like doing _____ Fridays?
12. He's working on his homework _____ the moment.
13. I lived in the US _____ the 1980s.
14. I'll see you _____ a few weeks.
15. We like going to the movies _____ the evening.

Prepositions of Place Quiz

1 Sign your name _______ the dotted line.

2 My cat is sleeping _________ the bridge.

3 I want to sit __________ you at the theatre.

4 Grandma is reading _________ the backyard.

5 Your glasses are right _________ you.

6 You can pick up your keys __________ the front desk.

7 Let's meet __________ the front door

8 The helicopter is ________ your house.

9 I told you to park  _________ my car.

1 Please stay _________ the police caution tape.

0

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/nombres2.php

Countable/Uncountable Nouns Gap fill

Complete each sentence with one countable noun and one uncountable noun from the list. Each noun
must be used once only:
   battery      bottle      dollars      electricity      furniture      luggage      money      music      songs     
suitcase      tables      wine  

1. The only   in the apartment is a couple of old  .

2. If you'd like to drink some  , we should order

a  .

3. Is there a dark blue    with that   over there?

4. Ten thousand American   is quite a lot of  ,

isn't it?

5. If the   doesn't work, use a   instead.

6. I love playing  , and I've even written three or

four  .

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/few.php

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/adjetivo.php

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/tiempos-continuos.php

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pcontin.php

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/lahora.php

QUESTIONS REVIEW

1. What´s your name? ___________ what? What´s your last name? What´s your full name please?
2. What´s your telephone number please?
3. How do you spell that?
4. Where are you from?
 5. What do you do?

6. What´s your favorite color/music/food?

7. Could you introduce your friend?

8. How old is he/she?

9. What does she/he do?
10. Where is he/she from?

11. What do you do for a living?

12. What´s is your job?
13. Is that your dream job?
14. What`s your dream job?
15. If you had a choice to do anything else, what would you do?

16. How many hours a week does he/she work?

17. What about you?

Gerunds (-ing)
When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is important to
understand that they are not the same.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:

 Fishing is fun.
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a
present participle:

 Anthony is fishing.
 I have a boring teacher.

Gerunds are sometimes called "verbal nouns".

Gerunds as Subject, Object or

Complement
Try to think of gerunds as verbs in noun form.

Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence:

 Smoking costs a lot of money.

 I don't like writing.
 My favourite occupation is reading.

But, like a verb, a gerund can also have an object itself. In this case, the whole
expression [gerund + object] can be the subject, object or complement of the
sentence.

 Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.

 I don't like writing letters.
 My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.

Like nouns, we can use gerunds with adjectives (including articles and other
determiners):

 pointless questioning
 a settling of debts
 the making of Titanic
 his drinking of alcohol

But when we use a gerund with an article, it does not usually take a direct object:

 a settling of debts (not a settling debts)

 Making "Titanic" was expensive.
 The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

Do you see the difference in these two sentences? In one, "reading" is a gerund
(noun). In the other "reading" is a present participle (verb).

 My favourite occupation is reading.

 My favourite niece is reading.
Gerunds after Prepositions
This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!

If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use

an infinitive after a preposition. So for example, we say:

 I will call you after arriving at the office.

 Please have a drink before leaving.
 I am looking forward to meeting you.
 Do you object to working late?
 Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:

 I will call you after my arrival at the office.

 Please have a drink before your departure.
 I am looking forward to our lunch.
 Do you object to this job?
 Tara always dreams about holidays.

The above rule has no exceptions!

So why is "to" followed by "driving" in 1 and by "drive" in 2?

1. I am used to driving on the left.

2. I used to drive on the left.

Gerunds after Certain Verbs

We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the
infinitive form, for example:

 I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:

 I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are usually followed by a verb
in gerund form:

 admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike,
endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can't help,
imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off,
report, resent, risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:

 She is considering having a holiday.

  Do you feel like going out?
 I can't help falling in love with you.
 I can't stand not seeing you.

Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big
change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start

 I like to play tennis.

 I like playing tennis.
 It started to rain.
 It started raining.

Gerunds in Passive Sense

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund
has a passive sense.

 I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)

 This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)

 The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)

The expression "something wants doing" is not normally used in American English.

Collocations Lists
On this page you can find a few short lists of collocations to give you more of an idea
about them. Many good learner's dictionaries show collocations associated with specific
words. There are also dictionaries of collocations, though these are more difficult to
find.
Some common verbs
have do make
have a bath do business make a difference
have a drink do nothing make a mess
have a good time do someone a favour make a mistake
have a haircut do the cooking make a noise
have a holiday do the housework make an effort
have a problem do the shopping make furniture
have a relationship do the washing up make money
have a rest do your best make progress
have lunch do your hair make room
have sympathy do your homework make trouble

take break catch

take a break break a habit catch a ball
take a chance break a leg catch a bus
take a look break a promise catch a chill
take a rest break a record catch a cold
take a seat break a window catch a thief
take a taxi break someone's heart catch fire
take an exam break the ice catch sight of
take notes break the law catch someone's attention
take someone's place break the news to someone catch someone's eye
take someone's temperature break the rules catch the flu

pay save keep

pay a fine save electricity keep a diary
pay attention save energy keep a promise
pay by credit card save money keep a secret
pay cash save one's strength keep an appointment
pay interest save someone a seat keep calm
pay someone a compliment save someone's life keep control
pay someone a visit save something to a disk keep in touch
pay the bill save space keep quiet
pay the price save time keep someone's place
pay your respects save yourself the trouble keep the change

come go get
come close go abroad get a job
come complete with go astray get a shock
come direct go bad get angry
come early go bald get divorced
come first go bankrupt get drunk
come into view go blind get frightened
come last go crazy get home
come late go dark get lost
come on time go deaf get married
come prepared go fishing get nowhere
come right back go mad get permission
come second go missing get pregnant
come to a compromise go on foot get ready
come to a decision go online get started
come to an agreement go out of business get the impression
come to an end go overseas get the message
come to a standstill go quiet get the sack
come to terms with go sailing get upset
come to a total of go to war get wet
come under attack go yellow get worried

Miscellaneous
Time Business English Classifiers
bang on time annual turnover a ball of string
dead on time bear in mind a bar of chocolate
early 12th century break off negotiations a bottle of water
free time cease trading a bunch of carrots
from dawn till dusk chair a meeting a cube of sugar
great deal of time close a deal a pack of cards
late 20th century close a meeting a pad of paper
make time for come to the point
next few days dismiss an offer
past few weeks draw a conclusion
right on time draw your attention to
run out of time launch a new product
save time lay off staff
spare time go bankrupt
spend some time go into partnership
take your time make a loss
tell someone the time make a profit
time goes by market forces
time passes sales figures
waste time take on staff

Expressions for Agreeing and

Disagreeing
Stating an opinion  In my opinion...
 The way I see it...
  If you want my honest opinion....
 According to Lisa...
 As far as I'm concerned...
 If you ask me...

Asking for an  What's your idea?

opinon  What are your thoughts on all of this?
 How do you feel about that?
 Do you have anything to say about this?
 What do you think?
 Do you agree?
 Wouldn't you say?

Expressing  I agree with you 100 percent.

agreement  I couldn't agree with you more.
 That's so true.
 That's for sure.
 (slang) Tell me about it!
 You're absolutely right.
 Absolutely.
 That's exactly how I feel.
 Exactly.
 I'm afraid I agree with James.
 I have to side with Dad on this one.
 No doubt about it.
 (agree with negative statement) Me neither.
 (weak) I suppose so./I guess so.
 You have a point there.
 I was just going to say that.

Expressing  I don't think so.

disagreement  (strong) No way.
 I'm afraid I disagree.
 (strong) I totally disagree.
 I beg to differ.
 (strong) I'd say the exact opposite.
 Not necessarily.
 That's not always true.
 That's not always the case.
 No, I'm not so sure about that.

Interruptions  Can I add something here?

 Is it okay if I jump in for a second?
 If I might add something...
  Can I throw my two cents in?
 Sorry to interrupt, but...
 (after accidentally interrupting someone) Sorry,
go ahead. OR Sorry, you were saying...
 (after being interrupted) You didn't let me finish.

Settling an  Let's just move on, shall we?

argument  Let's drop it.
 I think we're going to have to agree to disagree.
 (sarcastic) Whatever you say./If you say so.

Sight Words - 1st Grade

       
Study Flash Cards
YourDictionary

Spelling words for first graders.

after
again
an
any
as
ask
by
could
every
fly
from
give
going
had
has
her
him
his
how
just
know
let
live
may
of
old
once
open
over
put
round
some
stop
take
thank
them
then
think
walk
were
when

List of Transition Words

       
Study Flash Cards
YourDictionary

Consider adding some of these transition words to spice up your work and to make the sections flow more
smoothly from one to another.

above all
accidentally
accordingly
after
afterward
also
as a rule
before
besides
by the way
consequently
earlier
especially
finally
for example
for the most part
furthermore
generally
hence
here
however
in brief
in particular
in short
in the meantime
incidentally including lastly
later
likewise
moreover
namely
next
opposite
ordinarily
otherwise
particularly
regularly
similarly
singularly
soon
subsequently
such as
there
thereby
therefore
thus
together with
usually
wherefore