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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1: Important Articles of the Constitution 3

Unit 2: Important Constitutional Amendments 14

Unit 3: Some Interrelated Amendments 25

Unit 4: Schedules of Constitution 28

2
 Unit Important Articles of the Constitution
1

● The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land that lays down the framework for the
governance of the country.
● It was adopted on 26th January 1950, and since then, it has been the guiding force for the functioning
of Indian democracy.
● The Constitution is a comprehensive document that sets out the fundamental principles, rights, duties,
and powers and obligations of the government and the citizens.
● It also defines the structure, functions, and powers of the various organs of the government, i.e., the
Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Every law enacted in India must be in conformity with the
Constitution.
● The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world, containing 448 articles, 12
Schedules, and over 100+ amendments.
● It reflects the rich cultural, social, and political diversity of India and is the foundation of the country's
democratic and secular values.
● The Important Articles of the Constitution are listed as under:

Important Articles of the Constitution

Union and its Territory

Article- 1 Name and Territory of the Union

Article- 2 Admission or Establishment of New States

Article- 3 Formation of New States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing
States

Citizenship

Article- 5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution

Fundamental Rights

Article- 12 Definition of the State

Article- 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights

Article- 14 Equality Before Law

Article- 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

Article- 16 Equality of Opportunity in matters of Public Employment

Article- 17 Abolition of Untouchability

Article- 18 Abolition of Titles

Article- 19 Protection of certain Rights regarding Freedom of Speech, etc.

3
Article- 20 Protection in respect of Conviction for Offences

Article- 21 Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

Article 21A: Right to Elementary Education

Article- 22 Protection against Arrest and Detention in certain cases

Article- 23 Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour

Article- 24 Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc.

Article- 25 Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion

Article- 26 Freedom to manage Religious Affairs

Article- 27 Freedom as to Payment of Taxes for promotion of any particular Religion

Article- 28 Freedom as to attendance at Religious Instruction or Religious Worship in certain

Educational Institutions

Article- 29 Protection of interests of Minorities

Article- 30 Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions

Article- 33 Power of Parliament to modify the Fundamental Rights in their application to forces,
etc.

Article- 34 Restriction on Fundamental Rights while Martial Law is in force in any area

Article- 35 Legislation to give effect to some of the provisions of Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles of State Policy

Article- 36 Definition of the State

Article- 37 Application of the Directive Principles

Article- 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of Welfare of the People

Article- 39 Certain Principles of policy to be followed by the State

Article- 39A Equal Justice and free legal aid

Article- 40 Organisation of Village Panchayats

Article- 41 Right to work, to Education, and to Public Assistance in certain cases

Article- 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

Article- 43 Living wage, etc. for workers

Article- 43A Participation of workers in Management of Industries

Article- 43B Promotion of Co-operative Societies

Article- 44 Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens

Article- 45 Provision for early childhood care and education to Children below the age of six years

4
Article- 46 Promotion of Educational and Economic interests of Scheduled Castes, scheduled
tribes and other weaker sections

Article- 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve Public Health

Article- 48 Organisation of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Article- 48A Protection and improvement of Environment and safeguarding of Forests and Wildlife

Article- 49 Protection of Monuments and Places and objects of National Importance

Article-50 Separation of Judiciary from Executive

Article- 51 Promotion of International Peace and Security

Fundamental Duties

Article- 51A Fundamental Duties:

1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem;
2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the National Struggle for
Freedom;
3. to uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity of India;
4. to defend the country and render National Service when called upon to do so;
5. to promote Harmony and the Spirit of Common Brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
6. to value and preserve the rich Heritage of the country’s Composite Culture;
7. to protect and improve the Natural Environment including forests, lakes, rivers
and wildlife and to have Compassion for living creatures;
8. to develop Scientific Temper, Humanism and the Spirit of Inquiry and Reform;
9. to safeguard Public Property and to Abjure Violence;
10. to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so
that the Nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
11. to provide opportunities for Education to his Child or Ward between the age of six
and fourteen years. (Added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).

President and Vice-president

Article- 52 The President of India

Article- 53 Executive power of the Union

Article- 54 Election of President

Article- 55 Manner of election of President

Article- 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President

Article- 63 The Vice-President of India

Article- 64 The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman of the council of states

Article- 66 Election of Vice-President

Article- 73 Extent of Executive Power of the Union

5
 Union Ministers and Attorney General

Article- 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President

Article- 76 Attorney-General for India

Article- 78 Duties of the Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President,
etc.

Article- 79 Constitution of Parliament

Article- 80 Composition of the council of states

Article- 81 Composition of the House of the people

Article- 85 Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation and Dissolution

Article- 87 Special address by the President

Article- 102 Disqualifications for membership

Article- 103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

Article- 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of bills

Article- 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

Article- 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Mills

Article- 110 Definition of “Money Bill’

Article- 111 Assent to Bills

Article- 112 Annual Financial Statement (Budget)

Article- 114 Appropriation Bills

Article- 120 Language to be used in Parliament

Article- 121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament

Article- 122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

Article- 123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during Recess of Parliament

Supreme Court

Article- 124 Establishment and Constitution of Supreme Court

Article- 126 Appointment of Acting Chief Justice

Article- 127 Appointment of Ad hoc Judges

Article- 128 Attendance of retired judges at sittings of the Supreme Court

Article- 129 Supreme Court to be a Court of Record

Article- 130 Seat of Supreme Court

6
Article- 130 Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Article- 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from high courts in regard to civil
matters

Article- 134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters

Article- 136 Special Leave to appeal by the Supreme Court

Article- 139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain Writs

Article- 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be Binding on all Courts

Article- 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court

Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Article- 148 Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Governor

Article- 153 Governors of States

Article- 154 Executive power of State

Article- 155 Appointment of Governor

State Ministers and Advocate General

Article- 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor

Article- 165 Advocate General for the state

Article- 167 Duties of the Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the Governor.

State Legislature

Article- 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States

Article- 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States

Article- 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies

Article- 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils

Article- 176 Special Address by the Governor

Article- 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

Article- 182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council

Article- 187 Secretariat of State Legislature

Article- 191 Disqualifications for membership

Article- 192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

Article- 196 Provisions as to Introduction and Passing of Bills

7
Article- 197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to bills other than Money Bills

Article- 198 Special Procedure in respect of Money Bills

Article- 199 Definition of “Money Bills’

Article- 200 Assent to Bills

Article- 201 Bills reserved for Consideration of the President

Article- 202 Annual Financial Statement of the State

Article- 210 Language to be used in the Legislature

Article- 212 Courts not to inquire into Proceedings of the Legislature

Article- 213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

High Courts

Article- 214 High Courts for States

Article- 215 High Courts to be Courts of Record

Article- 225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts

Article- 226 Power of high courts to issue certain Writs

Article- 227 Power of Superintendence over all courts by the High Court

Article- 230 Extension of jurisdiction of high courts to Union Territories

Article- 231 Establishment of a Common High Court for two or more States

Subordinate Courts

Article- 233 Appointment of District Judges

Article- 235 Control over Subordinate Courts

Union Territories

Article- 239 Administration of Union Territories

Article- 239A Creation of Local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for Certain Union
Territories

Article- 239AA Special Provisions with respect to Delhi

Article- 239AB Provision in case of failure of Constitutional Machinery

Article- 239B Power of Administrator to Promulgate Ordinances during Recess of Legislature

Panchayats

Article- 243A Gram Sabha

Article- 243B Constitution of Panchayats

8
Article- 243C Composition of Panchayats

Article- 243D Reservation of Seats

Article- 243H Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats

Article- 243I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position

Article- 243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats

Article- 243K Elections to the Panchayats

Article- 243L Application to Union Territories

Municipalities

Article- 243Q Constitution of Municipalities

Article- 243R Composition of Municipalities

Article- 243S Constitution and Composition of Wards Committees, etc.

Article- 243T Reservation of Seats

Article- 243X Power to impose taxes by, and funds of the Municipalities

Article- 243Y Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position

Article- 243ZA Elections to the Municipalities

Article- 243ZB Application to Union Territories

Cooperative Societies

Article- 243ZI Incorporation of Co-operative Societies

Article- 243ZM Audit of accounts of Co-operative Societies

Article- 243ZO Right of a member to get Information

Article- 243ZQ Offences and Penalties

Article- 243ZS Application to multi-State Co-operative Societies

Article- 243ZS Application to Union Territories

Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Article- 244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

Article- 244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain Tribal Areas in Assam and
creation of Local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both there for.

Centre-State Legislative Relations

Article- 245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

Article- 246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

9
Article- 248 Residuary Powers of Legislation

Article- 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
National Interest

Article- 250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
proclamation of Emergency is in operation

Article- 251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles 249 and 250 and laws
made by the Legislatures of States

Article- 252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of
such Legislation by any other State.

Article- 253 Legislation for giving effect to International Agreements

Article- 254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the legislatures of
States

Centre-State Administrative Relations

Article- 258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases

Article- 258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union

Article- 260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India

Article- 261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings

Centre-State Financial Relations

Article- 265 Taxes not to be imposed save by Authority of Law

Article- 266 Consolidated Funds and Public Accounts of India and of the States

Article- 267 Contingency Fund of India

Article- 268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and Appropriated by the States

Article- 269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States

Article- 269A Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of inter-state trade or
commerce

Article- 270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States

Article- 271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union

Article- 274 Prior recommendation of President required to bills affecting taxation in which States
are interested

Article- 275 Grants from the Union to certain States

Article- 276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments

Article- 283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and Moneys credited to the
Public Accounts

Article- 292 Borrowing by the Government of India

10
Article- 293 Borrowing by States

Right to Property

Article-300A Persons not to be deprived of Property save by authority of law

Trade Commerce and Intercourse

Article- 301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse

Article- 302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse

Article- 305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for state monopolies

Rights and Liabilities of the Government

Article- 297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the
exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union

Public Services

Article- 309 Recruitment and Conditions of Service of persons serving the Union or a State

Article- 312 All-India Services

Article-312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain

Services

Public Service Commissions

Article- 315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States

Article- 320 Functions of Public Service Commissions

Article- 321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions

Tribunals

Article- 323A Administrative Tribunals

Article- 323B Tribunals for other matters

Elections

Article- 324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election

Commission

Article- 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special,
electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex

Article- 326 Elections to the House of the people and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be
on the basis of Adult Suffrage

Article- 329 Bar to interference by Courts in Electoral Matters

Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

11
Article- 330 Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People

Article- 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of the People

Article- 332 Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assemblies of the States

Article- 333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the Legislative Assemblies of the
States

Article- 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes

Article- 338A National Tribes Commission for Scheduled Tribes

Article- 338B National Commission for Backward Classes

Article- 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of Backward Classes

Official Languages

Article- 343 Official language of the Union

Article- 344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language

Article- 348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for acts, bills,
etc.

Article- 350A Facilities for instruction in Mother Tongue at Primary Stage

Article- 350B Special officer for Linguistic Minorities

Article- 351 Directive for development of the Hindi Language

Emergency Provisions

Article- 352 Proclamation of Emergency (National Emergency)

Article- 355 Duty of the Union to protect States against External Aggression and Internal
Disturbance

Article- 356 Provisions in case of failure of Constitutional Machinery in States (President’s Rule)

Article- 358 Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during Emergencies

Article- 359 Suspension of the enforcement of fundamental rights during Emergencies 359A.
Application of this part to the State of Punjab (Repealed)

Article- 360 Provisions as to Financial Emergency

Miscellaneous

Article- 361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukh

Article- 363 Bar to interference by Courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements,
etc.

12
Article- 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to directions given by the Union
(President’s Rule)

Amendment of the Constitution

Article- 368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof.

Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

Article- 369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the
State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List

Article- 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir (Abolished)

Article- 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat

Article- 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland

Article- 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam

Article- 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur

Article- 371D Special provisions with respect Andhra Pradesh to the State of or the state of
Telangana

Article- 371E Establishment of central university in Andhra Pradesh

Article- 371F Special provision with respect to the State of Sikkim

Article- 371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram

Article- 371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh

Article- 371I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa

Article- 371J Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka

🙡❖❖❖🙣

13
 Unit
Important Constitutional Amendments
2

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
● A Constitutional Amendment in India refers to the process of making changes or modifications to the
provisions of the Constitution.
● The Constitution is a living document that outlines the fundamental principles, rights, and rules for
governing the country.
● It provides a framework for the functioning of the government and its various institutions, as well as
the rights and responsibilities of citizens.
● The process of amending the Constitution is a critical feature of the Indian democratic system, as it
allows for changes to be made in response to the changing needs of society.
● A Constitutional Amendment can be initiated by either the Lok Sabha (Lower House of
Parliament) or the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament)

● There are Three different ways in which Constitution of India is Amended:

Simple Majority
•This type of amendment
requires a simple majority
of the members present
and voting in each house
of Parliament.
•For example,
amendments to change the
name of a state or to
increase the retirement age
of judges.
Special Majority
•This type of amendment
requires a special majority
of both houses of
Parliament, which means:
•A two-thirds majority
of the members present
and voting, and
•A majority of the total
membership of each
house.
•For example,
amendments related to
fundamental rights, the
creation of new states, and
changes to the power of
the states and the Union.
Special Majority +
Ratification by States
•This type of amendment
requires:
•A Special Majority of
both houses of
Parliament, and
•The ratification by half
of the state legislatures
by Simple Majority.
•For example,
amendments related to the
distribution of powers
between the Centre and
the states, the
representation of states in
Parliament, and changes to
the Seventh Schedule of
the Constitution.

Important
Details
Amendments

1st Amendment • The State was empowered to make special provisions for the advancement of
Act, 1951 Socially and Economically Backward Classes.
• Public Order, Friendly Relations with Foreign States and incitement to an
offence were added as three additional grounds for the “reasonable”

14
 restriction of Freedom of Speech and Expression. These restrictions were
justiciable in nature.
• The Ninth Schedule was added to protect the land reforms and other laws from
the purview of Judicial Review.
• Right to Trade or Business would not be violated in case of State trading and
Nationalisation of any trade or business by the State.

7th Amendment • Reorganisation of the States into 14 states and 6 Union Territories.
Act, 1956 • The existing classification of States as Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D was
abolished.
• Included provisions for the appointment of Additional and Acting Judges
• Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
• The Jurisdiction of the High Courts was extended to include the UTs.

Additional Information

High Courts having Jurisdiction over two or more States

Bombay High Court Maharashtra and Goa

Gauhati High Court Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal

Pradesh

High Court of Punjab and Punjab and Haryana

Haryana

List of UTs and High Court Governing them

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Bombay High Court

Daman and Diu

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala High Court

Lakshadweep

Delhi Delhi High Court

J&K and Ladakh Jammu and Kashmir High Court

Puducherry Madras High Court

Chandigarh Punjab and Haryana High Court

8th Amendment • It extended for the period of 10 years i.e 1970, the reservation of seats for the
Act, 1960 SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha
and the Legislative Assemblies of the State.

9th Amendment • Provided for the cession of Berubari Union in West Bengal to Pakistan under
Act, 1960 the provision of Indo-Pakistan Agreement (1958).

15
10th Amendment • Dadra and Nagar Haveli were incorporated in the Indian Union by this
Act, 1961 amendment. It amended the first Schedule of the Constitution of India.

12th Amendment • Goa, Daman and Diu were incorporated in the Indian Union by this
Act, 1962 amendment.

13th Amendment • Nagaland was given the status of a State along with special provisions made for
Act, 1962 it.

14th Amendment • Puducherry was incorporated in the Indian Union by this amendment.
Act, 1962 • Legislatures and Council of ministers were created for the UTs of Himachal
Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Puducherry.

15th Amendment • High courts could issue Writs to any person or authority even outside its
Act, 1963 Territorial Jurisdiction if the cause of action arises within its territorial limits as
per this amendment.
• Contained provisions for the appointment of Retired Judges of the high courts
as Acting Judges of the same court and enabled the retired judge of a High
Court to act as ad hoc Judge of the Supreme Court.

17th Amendment • Unless the market value of the land is paid as compensation, it prohibited the
Act, 1964 acquisition of land under personal cultivation.
• It modified Article 31A and the Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

18th Amendment • It clarified that the power of Parliament to form a new State also includes a
Act, 1966 power to form a new State or Union Territory by uniting a part of a State or a
Union Territory to another State or Union Territory.

19th Amendment • The system of Election Tribunals was abolished.

Act, 1966 • High Courts were vested with the power to hear Election Petitions.

21st Amendment • Sindhi was included as the 15th language in the Eighth Schedule by this
Act, 1967 amendment

22nd Amendment • Created a New Autonomous State of Meghalaya within the State of Assam. It
Act, 1969 inserted Article 244A in the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

23rd Amendment • It extended for the further period of 10 years i.e.,1980, the reservation of seats
Act, 1969 for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the
Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of the State.

24th Amendment • The Supreme Court in the landmark Golak Nath's Case of 1967 reversed its
Act, 1971 own earlier decisions (Shankari Prasad Case, Sajjan Singh Case) and held that
Parliament had no power under article 368.
• In reaction to this ruling of SC in Golak Nath case, Parliament enacted the 24 th
Amendment Act which gave power to Parliament to amend any part of the
Constitution including Fundamental Rights. The assent of the President to
the Constitutional Amendment Bill was made compulsory.

16
25th Amendment • The Amendment inserted a new Article 31C which ensured that the laws that
Act, 1971 seek to give effect to the Directive Principles contained in Article 39 (b) and 39
(c) cannot be challenged on the ground that it violates Fundamental Rights
under Articles 14, 19 and 31 of the Constitution. It also held that such laws are
beyond the purview of Judicial Review.
• These provisions were questioned in the famous Kesavanand Bharati Case
(1973), and the SC upheld the constitution validity of such laws but ruled that
these laws can be judicially reviewed.

26th Amendment • The Privy Purses and Privileges of the rulers of Princely States was abolished by
Act, 1971 this amendment.

27th Amendment • Special provisions were made for the UTs of Arunachal and Mizoram.
Act, 1971 Authorised Parliament to create a Legislative Assembly and Council of
Ministers for the State of Tripura.
• The administrators of certain union territories were empowered to
promulgate ordinances.

32nd Amendment • Special Provisions were made for the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.
Act, 1973

33rd Amendment • The Speaker/Chairman may accept the Resignation of the Members of
Act, 1974 Parliament and the State Legislatures only if he is satisfied that the
Resignation offered is voluntary or genuine.

35th Amendment • The protectorate status of Sikkim was terminated and it was accorded the
Act, 1974 status of an associate State of the Indian Union.
• It added the Tenth Schedule dealing with the terms and conditions of
association of Sikkim with the Indian Union.

36th Amendment • It deleted the Tenth Schedule.

Act, 1975 • Sikkim was made a full-fledged State of the Indian Union.

38th Amendment • It made the following non-Justiciable (not subjected to hearing by Courts):
Act, 1975 o Declaration of Emergency by the President.
o Promulgation of Ordinances by the President, Governors and
Administrators of Union Territories
• The President could make different Proclamations of National Emergency on
different grounds at the same time.

39th Amendment • Placed the disputes relating to the President, Vice-president, Prime Minister
Act, 1975 and Speaker beyond the scope of the judiciary. It was to be decided by such
authority as determined by the Parliament.

40th Amendment • The limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive
Act, 1976 economic zone (EEZ) and the maritime zones of India were to be determined
by the Parliament from time to time.

17
42nd Amendment • Changes in the Constitution:
Act, 1976 ⮚ Extended the protection of 31C from merely 39(b) and 39(c) to
('Mini- implementation of any Directive Principle.
Constitution’, ⮚ Three new words (Socialist, Secular and Integrity) were added to the
based on the Preamble.
recommendations ⮚ A new Part IVA dealing with the Fundamental Duties of the citizens was
of Swaran Singh added.
Committee)
⮚ Added Part XIV A dealing with Administrative Tribunals and Tribunals for
other matters.
⮚ Three New Directive Principles were inserted:
✔ Equal justice and free-legal aid (Art. 39A)
✔ Participation of workers in the management of industries (Art. 43A)
✔ Protection of the environment, forests and wildlife (Art. 48A)
⮚ Five subjects: Education, Forests, Protection of Wild Animals and Birds,
Weights and Measures and Administration of Justice were shifted from
the State List to the Concurrent List.
● Limitations on the Judiciary:
⮚ Constitutional Amendments were made beyond the scope of judicial
scrutiny.
⮚ Power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and
High Courts was curtailed.
⮚ Laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles could not be
declared invalid on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights.
● On Powers of President:
⮚ The president was made bound to act as per the advice of the Cabinet.

● Other Changes:
⮚ The tenure of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was raised from
5 to 6 years.
⮚ Provision for the creation of All India Judicial Service.
⮚ Parliament could make laws to deal with Anti-National Activities.
⮚ Proclamation of National Emergency could be made in a part of the
territory of India.
⮚ One-time duration of the President’s rule in a state was extended from 6
months to one year.
⮚ The Centre could deploy its Armed Forces in any State to deal with a
situation of law and order.

43rd Amendment ● The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in respect of judicial
Act, 1977 review and issue of writs was restored.
● Special powers of the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national
activities were removed.

18
Fundamental
44th Amendment ● It was enacted to reverse some of the provisions introduced by the 42nd
Act, 1978 (Enacted Amendment Act, 1976, including:
by the Janata ● On Powers of Parliament:
Government) ⮚ The Original term of the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies
was restored to 5 years.
⮚ Reference to the British House of Commons in the provisions pertaining to
Parliamentary Privileges was removed.
⮚ Publication in newspapers of true reports of the proceedings of the
Parliament and the State Legislatures was accorded Constitutional
Protection.
● On Powers of President:
⮚ The President could send back the advice of the cabinet once for
reconsideration. However, the reconsidered advice was binding.
⮚ The provision which made the satisfaction of the President, Governor and
Administrators final in issuing Ordinances were removed.
● On National Emergency:
⮚ In case of National Emergency, the term “Internal Disturbance” was
replaced by “Armed Rebellion.”
⮚ The President could declare a National Emergency only on the written
recommendation of the Cabinet.
● On Fundamental Rights:
⮚ The Right to Property under Article 31 was deleted from the list of
Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right under Article 300A of
the Indian Constitution.
⮚ Fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 could not be
suspended during a national emergency.
● On Powers of Judiciary:
⮚ Some of the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts were
restored.
⮚ Provision which curtailed the power of the Court to decide the election
disputes of the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister and the
Speaker of the Lok Sabha was removed.

45th Amendment ● It extended for the further period of 10 years i.e.1990, the reservation of seats
Act, 1980 for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the
Lok Sabha and the Legislative assemblies of the State.

49th Amendment ● The Autonomous District Council in Tripura was accorded Constitutional
Act, 1984 protection.

52nd Amendment ● Disqualification of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the

Act, 1985 ground of Defection.
(popularly known ● A new Tenth Schedule was added that contained provisions relating to this.
as Anti- Defection
Law)

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54th Amendment ● Salaries of the Supreme Court and High Court judges were increased by this
Act, 1986 amendment and it also enabled the Parliament to change them in future by an
ordinary law.

58th Amendment ● Provided for an authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi language and
Act, 1987 gave the same legal sanctity to the Hindi version of the Constitution.

61st Amendment ● The Voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and
Act, 1989 State Legislative Assembly elections.

62nd Amendment ● Reservation of Seats was extended for the SCs and STs and Special
Act, 1989 Representation for the Anglo-Indians was provided for in the Lok Sabha and
the State Legislative Assemblies for the further period of ten years (i.e., up to
2000).

65th Amendment ● A multi- member National Commission for SCs and STs was established in
Act, 1990 place of a Special Officer for SCs and STs.

69th Amendment ● Special status to the Union Territory of Delhi was accorded and it was
Act, 1991 designated as National Capital Territory of Delhi.
● Amendment also created a 70-member Legislative Assembly and a 7-member
Council of Ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi.

70th Amendment ● Members of the Legislative Assemblies of National Capital Territory of Delhi
Act, 1992 and the Union Territory of Puducherry were made part of the Electoral
College for the election of the President.

71st Amendment ● Languages like Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the Eight
Act, 1992 Schedule taking the total number of scheduled languages to 18.

73rd Amendment ● Constitutional Status was granted to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Act, 1992 ● A new Part-IX i.e. “The Panchayats” and a new schedule i.e Eleventh Schedule
containing 29 functional items of the Panchayats were created by the
Amendment Act.

74th Amendment ● Constitutional Status was granted to the Urban Local Bodies.
Act, 1992 ● A new Part-IX-A i.e. “The Municipalities” and a new schedule i.e Twelfth
Schedule containing 18 functional items of the panchayats were created by the
Amendment Act.

75th Amendment ● Rent Tribunals for the adjudication of disputes with respect to rent, its
Act, 1994 regulation and control and tenancy issues including the rights, title and interest
of landlords and tenants were established.

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76th Amendment ● Tamil Nadu Reservation Act of 1994 (which provides for 69 per cent
Act, 1994 reservation of seats in educational institutions and posts in state services) was
included in the Ninth Schedule to protect it from judicial review.
● In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that the total reservation should not exceed
50 per cent.

77th Amendment ● Reservation in Promotions in Government jobs for SCs and STs was upheld.
Act, 1995 ● This amendment nullified the Supreme Court’s previous ruling in this regard.

79th Amendment ● SCs/STs Reservation and Special Representation for the Anglo-Indians in the
Act, 1999 Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies was extended for a further
period of ten years (i.e., up to 2010).

80th Amendment ● An “Alternative Scheme of Devolution” of revenue between the Centre and
Act, 2000 States was drawn based on the recommendations of the Tenth Finance
Commission.
● The Commission recommended that out of the total income from Central taxes
and duties, 29% should be distributed among the States.

81st Amendment ● With this amendment the government could consider the unfilled reserved
Act, 2000 vacancies of a year as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any
succeeding year or years.
● The amendment ended the 50 per cent ceiling on reservation for backlog
vacancies.

82nd Amendment ● Making provisions in favour of the SCs and STs was provided for relaxation in
Act, 2000 qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation,
for reservation in matters of promotion to the public services of the Centre and
the States.

83rd Amendment ● As the total population of Arunachal Pradesh is tribal and there are no
Act, 2000 Scheduled Castes (SCs), therefore the Amendment stopped the State from
making provision for reservation in Panchayats for SCs in the State.

84th Amendment ● The Amendment restricted the change in number of seats in the Lok Sabha and
Act, 2001 the Assemblies till 2026 i.e., for another 25 years.
● This was done to encourage population limiting measures.

85th Amendment ● Provided for “Consequential Seniority” in the case of promotion by virtue of
Act, 2001 rule of reservation for the government servants belonging to the SCs and STs
with retrospective effect from June 1995.

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86th Amendment ● Elementary Education was made a Fundamental Right by this Amendment.
Act, 2002 ● Article 21-A was added to the Constitution.
● Article 45 in Directive Principles was changed to read “The State shall
endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until
they complete the age of six years”.
● A new fundamental duty under Article 51-A which i.e. “It shall be the duty of
every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years”.

87th Amendment ● As per the Amendment, the population figures of 2001 Census and not 1991
Act, 2003 Census (84th Amendment Act of 2001) were to be used for the readjustment
and rationalisation of territorial constituencies in the States.

89th Amendment ● National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
Act, 2003 bifurcated into two separate bodies, namely, National Commission for
Scheduled Castes and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

91st Amendment ● There were following provisions regarding Council of Ministers, Defectors, and
Act, 2003 Anti-defection law in the Amendment:
⮚ The total number of ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Central
Council of Ministers to not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok
Sabha.
⮚ A member of either house of Parliament belonging to any political party
who is disqualified on the ground of defection shall also be disqualified to
be appointed as a minister.
⮚ The total number of ministers, including the Chief Minister, in the Council
of Ministers in a State shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the
legislative Assembly of that State. But, the number of ministers, including
the Chief Minister, in a State shall not be less than 12.
⮚ A member of either House of a State Legislature belonging to any political
party who is disqualified on the ground of defection shall also be
disqualified to be appointed as a Minister.
⮚ A member of either House of Parliament or either House of a State
Legislature belonging to any political party who is disqualified on the
ground of defection shall also be disqualified to hold any remunerative
political post.
⮚ The provision of the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law) pertaining to
exemption from disqualification in case of split by one-third members of
legislature party was deleted. It means that the defectors have no more
protection on grounds of splits.

92nd Amendment ● The Amendment brought four more languages in the Eighth Schedule.
Act, 2003 ● These are Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Mathilli (Maithili) and Santhali taking the total
number of languages in the Eighth Schedule to 22.

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93rd Amendment ● With this Amendment the State could make special provisions for the socially
Act, 2005 and educationally backward classes or the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled
Tribes in educational institutions including private educational institutions
(whether aided or unaided by the state), except the minority educational
institutions.

95th Amendment ● SCs/STs Reservation of seats and Special Representation for the Anglo-Indians
Act, 2009 in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies was extended for
another ten years i.e., up to 2020.

96th Amendment ● The “Oriya” language in the Eighth Schedule was substituted with “Odia”.
Act, 2011

97th Amendment ● Co-operative societies were given Constitutional status and following three
Act, 2011 changes were made in the constitution:
⮚ Right to form co-operative societies was made a Fundamental Right.
⮚ A new Directive Principle of State Policy on promotion of co-
operative societies was added (Art 43-B)
⮚ Part IX-B i.e. “The Co-operative Societies” was added in the
constitution.

99th Amendment ● The Collegium System of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High
Act, 2014 Courts was replaced by this amendment with the National Judicial
Appointments Commission (NJAC).
● In 2015, the Supreme Court declared this amendment act as unconstitutional
and void.

100th Amendment ● Acquisition of certain territories by India and transfer of certain other territories
Act, 2015 to Bangladesh (through exchange of enclaves and retention of adverse
possessions) in pursuance of the Land Boundary Agreement of 1974 and its
Protocol of 2011 was made effective by this Amendment.
● The provisions relating to the territories of four states (Assam, West Bengal,
Meghalaya and Tripura) in the First Schedule of the Constitution were
amended.

101st Amendment ● The Amendment introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in the
Act, 2016 country. The amendment has made the following Changes:
⮚ Concurrent taxing powers upon the Parliament and the State
Legislatures to make laws for levying GST on every transaction of
supply of goods or services or both.
⮚ Concept of “Declared goods of special importance” was dispensed
with.
● Provided for the levy of Integrated GST on inter-state transactions of goods
and services.
● Provided for the establishment of a Goods and Services Tax Council by a
Presidential order.
● Made the provision of compensation to the States for loss of revenue arising
on account of introduction of GST for a period of five years.

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 ● Substituted and omitted certain entries in the Union and State Lists of the
Seventh Schedule.

102nd Amendment ● Constitutional status was conferred on the National Commission for Backward
Act, 2018 Classes which was set-up in 1993 by an Act of the Parliament.
● The National Commission for Scheduled Castes was no longer responsible
regarding matters of backward classes.
● As per the Amendment, the President was to specify the socially and
educationally backward classes in relation to a State or Union Territory.

103rd Amendment ● The Amendment provided for a 10% reservation in government jobs and
Act, 2019 educational institutions for individuals from economically weaker sections
(EWS) of society who are not covered under existing reservation categories.
● Reservation is already provided for certain social categories such as SCs, STs and
OBCs but there was no reservation for economically weaker sections of
society. The EWS quota was introduced to address this gap.

104th Amendment ● It ceased the reservation of seats for Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and State
Act, 2020 Legislative assemblies and extended reservations for SCs and STs for up to ten
years.

105th Amendment ● The 105th Amendment Act restored the power of the State Governments and
Act, 2021 Union Territories to identify Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
(SEBCs).

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 Unit
3
Some Interrelated amendments at glance

1. Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution - Official Languages of Republic of India:

2. Reservation of Seats in Parliament and State Legislature - The reservation of seats for the SCs and STs
and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of
the State.

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3. Amendment Acts with effect on Some Notable DPSPs and Fundamental Rights:
42nd Amendment (1976)
44th Amendment (1978)
86th Amendment (2002)
97th Amendment (2011)
4. Constitutional Amendments Related to Education:
•It added a new part, Part IV-A to the Constitution,
which made Fundamental Duties of citizens a part of
the Constitution.
•Three New Directive Principles were inserted: Art. 39A,
Art. 43A and Art. 48A.
•It removed the right to property from the list of
Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right under
Article 300A of the Constitution.
•It added a new provision to Article 21-A to provide free
and compulsory education to all children between the
ages of 6 and 14 years as a Fundamental Right.
•Also made changes to DPSPs under articles 45 and 51-A
•Right to form co-operative societies was made a
Fundamental Right under article 19(c).
•It added a new Article 43-B to the Constitution, which
directs the State to promote the formation of co-
operative societies as a voluntary association of persons
having common economic, social, and cultural interests.
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 5. Constitutional Amendments Related to the Formation of State/Union Territory:

States Related Constitutional Amendments

Andhra Pradesh The State of Andhra Pradesh was created by the Andhra Pradesh and Madras
(Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1952 (7th Constitutional Amendment Act).

Kerala The State of Kerala was created by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (7th
Constitutional Amendment Act).

Dadra and Nagar This Amendment made Dadra and Nagar Haveli as the Union Territory of India.
Haveli (10 Constitutional Amendment Act 1960)
th

Nagaland The State of Nagaland was created on 1st December 1963 by the State of
Nagaland Act, 1962 (13th Constitutional Amendment Act).

Puducherry Puducherry was incorporated in the Indian Union (by the 14th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1962.)

Haryana The State of Haryana was created by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.

Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh was given status of a Status by the State of Himachal Pradesh
Act, 1970.

Manipur, Meghalaya, The States of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were created by the North-
and Tripura Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971.

Sikkim The State of Sikkim was included in the Union of India by 35th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1974 and it was made into a full-fledged State by the 36th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1975.

Mizoram Mizoram was elevated to the status of a State by the State of Mizoram Act,
1986.

Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of a State by the State of
Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986.

Goa, Daman and Diu The Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu was bifurcated into two separate
Union Territories, namely Goa State and UT Daman and Diu by the Goa, Daman
and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987. (12th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1961
incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu in the Indian Union).

Chhattisgarh, The States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand were created in 2000 by
Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, Bihar Reorganisation Act and Uttar
Uttarakhand Pradesh Reorganisation Act respectively.

National Capital 69th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991 accorded special status to the Union
Territory of Delhi. Territory of Delhi and it was designated as National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 revoked the special status granted
and Ladakh to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution and reorganized the
state into two Union Territories - Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.

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 Unit Schedules of the Constitution of India
4

● The Constitution of India contains 12 Schedules, which are essentially lists or tables that provide
important information and details on various subjects such as the distribution of powers between the
Union and the States, the languages of the Union, the emoluments, and privileges of high dignitaries,
and so on.
● The 12 Schedules with their content are listed in the following table:

Schedules Content

First It provides details of the territories of India, including the names of the states and union
Schedule territories and their extent.

Second It contains provisions related to the emoluments and privileges of the President, Vice-
Schedule President, Governors, Judges, and other officials.

Third It contains the forms of oaths or affirmations that are to be taken by public officials.
Schedule

Fourth It deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) to the
Schedule states and territories of India.

Fifth It contains provisions related to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and
Schedule Tribal Areas in India.

Sixth It contains provisions related to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam,
Schedule Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Seventh It contains the three lists: Union List, State List, and Concurrent List. These lists specify the
Schedule powers and functions of the Union government, State governments, and shared powers
respectively.

Eighth It lists the official languages of India, i.e., languages recognized by the Constitution.
Schedule

Ninth It contains laws and regulations that are exempt from judicial review. In 2007, SC ruled
Schedule that the laws and regulations that became part of this schedule post April 24 th ,1973 are
subject to Judicial review.

Tenth It contains provisions related to disqualification of Members of Parliament and Members

Schedule of State Legislatures on the ground of defection.

Eleventh It provides details of the powers and functions of Panchayats (Local Self-government
Schedule Bodies).

Twelfth It provides details of the powers and functions of Municipalities (Urban Local Self-
Schedule government Bodies).

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