LI

STENI
NGANDSPEAKI
NGFORFORM FOUR

LI
STENI
NG&SPEAKI
NG

LI
STENI
NGCOMPREHENSI
ONANDNOTE-
TAKI
NG

FEATURESOFORALPOETRY

 Oralpoetr
yrefer
stotheverbalexpressi
onoff
eel
i
ngs,
ideasandt
hought
susi
ng
wordsarrangedint
heirbestpossibl
eorder
.
 I
fsung, i
tisasong.

Feat
uresofOr
alPoet
ry

Or
alpoet
ryhast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

1.I
tiscomposedanddel
i
ver
edbywor
dofmout
h.
2.Li
ngui
sti
caspect
ssuchast
oneandpi
tchar
ecr
uci
ali
nor
alpoet
ryi
nvar
yingt
he
meani
ngandt
hemood.
3.Ther
eisof
tensol
oandchor
uspat
ter
nespeci
all
yinsungpoet
ry.
4.Accompani
edwi
thmov
ementanddance.
5.Theper
for
merdr
essesi
ncost
umesi
nsomesungpoet
ry.
6.Musi
cal
inst
rument
ssuchasdr
ums,
hor
ncanaccompanyt
heper
for
manceofpoet
ry.
7.Rhy
thm orbeat
.Iti
sar
egul
arr
epeat
edpat
ter
nofsounds.I
tcanbesl
ow,
fast
,
moder
ate,
monot
onous,
ordi
sjoi
nted.
8.Vol
ume.Thi
sref
erst
owhet
hert
hesong/
poet
ryshoul
dbel
oudorsof
t.Al
ull
abyshoul
d
besungsof
tl
ywhi
l
ewarsongshoul
dbesungl
oudl
yasi
tengender
scour
ageand
aggr
essi
on.

Feat
uresofPr
over
bs

 Pr
over
bshav
efeat
uressuchas:

1.Theyar
ebr
ief
.

. Theycont
ainwi
sdom.

 Pr
over
bsal
sohav
est
yli
sti
cqual
i
ties.

St
yli
sti
cQual
it
iesofPr
over
bs

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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1
Pr
over
bspossessuni
quest
yli
ti
cqual
i
tiesl
i
ke:

(
a)Mnemoni
cfeat
uressuchasal
l
iter
ati
on,
assonanceandconsonance.

(
b)Par
all
eli
sm.

(
c)El
l
ipsi
s.

(
d)Hy
per
bol
e.

(
e)Par
adox

(
f)Per
soni
fi
cat
ion.

Let
’sl
ear
nthesef
rom t
heexampl
eofpr
over
bs:

(
a)Al
li
ter
ati
on,
exampl
e

For
giv
eandf
orget

(
b)Consonance,
exampl
e,

Pr
act
icemakesper
fect
.

(
c)Assonance,
forexampl
e,

Upendapo,
uendapo.
 
Whereyouli
kei
t,i
swher
eyoumustgo.

(
d)Par
all
eli
sm.

Thi
sisabal
ancebet
weent
wosi
mil
arwor
ds,
phr
ases,
orcl
auses.

Exampl
es

i
. Not
hingv
ent
ured,
not
hinggai
ned.

i
i
. Easycome,
easygo.

(
e)El
li
psi
s

Somewor
dsar
eomi
tt
ed.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage2

2
 Unneededwor
dsar
elef
touti
nor
derf
orust
ofi
l
lwhati
smi
ssi
ng.

Exampl
es

i
. Oncebi
tt
en,
twi
ceshy
.

i
i
. Pennywi
se,
poundf
ool
i
sh.

(
f)Hy
per
bol
e

Ani
deai
sexagger
atedi
nor
dert
oev
okest
rongf
eel
i
ngs,
ort
ocr
eat
east
rong
i
mpr
essi
on.

Exampl
e

Thehal
fismor
ethant
hewhol
e.

(
g)Par
adox

I
tisanappar
ent
lyt
ruest
atementt
hatl
eadst
o,ori
ntent
ional
l
yexpr
essesacont
radi
cti
on
orsi
tuat
ion,
whi
chdef
iesi
ntui
ti
on.

Exampl
es

i
. Thel
ongestwayi
stheshor
testwayhome.

i
i
. Absencemaket
hehear
tgr
owf
onder
.

(
h)Per
soni
fi
cat
ion,
exampl
es,

i
. Hungeri
sthebestcook.

i
i
. Lov
eisbl
i
nd.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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3
ETI
QUETTE

TURN-
TAKI
NG
Beingacycl
icalprocess,
turntakingstar
tswithoneper
sonspeaking,
andcontinuesast
he
speakergi
vescont r
oltothenextindiv
idual
.Thisist
henof
fer
edt oanotherper
sonandthen
backtotheorigi
nalspeaker.Orderl
yconversat
ionhast
otakeplace.

Aturni
sacruci
alel
ementwi
thi
ntur
ntaki
ng.Eachper
sont
akest
urnwi
thi
ntheconv
ersat
ion–
ei
theri
nper
sonoronphone.

Achi
evi
ngSmoot
hTur
nTaki
ng

I
tisachi
evedwi
th:

1.Usi
ngspeci
fi
cpol
i
tephr
ases,
forexampl
e,t
hosef
or,

 I
nter
rupt
ing

 Accept
ingt
het
urnwhenof
fer
edi
t

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage4

4
  Keepi
ngy
ourt
urn

 Get
ti
ngot
herpeopl
espeaki
ng,
etc.

2.Usi
nggestur
estoindi
cat
ey ouhavecompl
etedwhatyouaresay
ingort
hatyouwantt
o
saysomethi
ng.Youdr
opy ourar
m whenyouhavecomplet
edandrai
seitwhenyouwant
tosaysomethi
ng.

3.Var
yingt
hei
ntonat
iont
oshowy
ouhav
eorhav
enotf
ini
shedspeaki
ng.

4.Usenoi
sesl
i
ke‘
umi
ng’
and‘
ahi
ng’
whi
l
ethi
nki
ngsoasnott
olosey
ourt
urn.

Tur
nTaki
ngCues

Therear
evar
iousway
sofsi
gnal
i
ngaf
ini
shedt
urn.Theymi
ghtbei
ndi
cat
edwhent
hecur
rent
speaker
:

1.Asksaquest
ion,
forexampl
e,Di
‘ dyouwantt
oaddanyt
hing?’

2.Tr
ail
sof
f(hi
s/herv
oicebecomesweakert
otheext
enty
oumaynothearhi
swor
ds)

3.I
ndicat
estheyaredonespeaki
ngwit
hacl
osi
ngstat
ement
,forexampl
e,That
‘ ’sal
lI
wantedtosay.
’ It
or’ hi
nkIhavemademypoi
nt.
’

4.Usesmarkerwor
ds(
thoset
hatal
l
owt
heot
herachancet
ospeak)
,forexampl
e,‘
wel
l
…’
or‘
so…’

5.Dropst
hepitchorvol
umeoft
hei
rvoi
ceatt
heendoft
hei
rut
ter
ance.Thi
sist
heuseof
fal
li
ngi
ntonati
on.

6.Usesgest
urest
osi
gnal
thatanot
hercancont
ri
but
e.

Vi
olat
ionsi
nTur
n-Taki
ng

Ther
ear efi
v ewell
knownturn-
taki
ngv i
olati
onsinaconversat
ion.Theyar
e:i
nter
rupti
ons,
over
laps,grabbi
ngthefl
oor
,hoggingthef l
oor,andsi
l
ence.Doy ouknowwhattheyreall
yar
e?I
f
youdon’t
,readtheexpl
anati
onsfortheviolat
ionsint
hatorder
.

1.I
nhi
bit
ingt
hespeakerf
rom f
ini
shi
ngt
hei
rsent
encesdur
ingt
hei
rtur
n.

2.Talki
ngatthesamet
imeasthecur
rentspeaker
.Thi
sisinterrupti
veover
lap.Howev
er,
cooperat
iveov
erl
api
sencour
agedasitshowsyouareinterestedint
hemessage.

3.I
nter
rupt
ingandt
hent
aki
ngov
ert
het
urnbef
orebei
ngof
fer
edi
t.

4.Taki
ngov
ert
hef
loorandi
gnor
ingot
herpeopl
e’
sat
temptt
otaket
hef
loor
.

5.Remai
ningwi
thoutsay
ingany
thi
ngf
orqui
tesomet
ime.

TheLi
stofTur
n-Taki
ngPhr
ase

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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5
Toi
nter
rupt
;

 Bef
oreIf
orget
,…

 Idon’
tli
ket
oint
err
upt
,but….

 Iwoul
dn’
tusual
l
yint
err
upt
,but…

 I
’
m af
rai
dIhav
etost
opy
out
her
e.

 Iwi
l
llety
ouf
ini
shi
nami
nut
e/second/
moment….

 MayIi
nter
rupt
?

Toacceptt
het
urnwhenof
fer
edi
t;

 Thanks.Iwon’
ttakel
ong.

 WhatIwant
edt
osaywas…

Tost
opot
herpeopl
efr
om i
nter
rupt
ingy
oudur
ingy
ourt
urnuse;

 Ihav
ejustonemor
epoi
ntt
omake

 Ihav
enear
lyf
ini
shed

 Bef
orey
ouhav
eyoursay…

 Ihav
en’
tqui
tef
ini
shedmypoi
nty
et

 Iknowy
ou’
redy
ingt
ojumpi
n,but
….

Toof
fert
het
urnt
oanot
heruse;

 ….
,ri
ght
?

 Butt
hat
’senoughf
rom me.

 Cany
ougi
vemey
ourt
hought
son…?

 Doesany
onewantt
osayany
thi
ngbef
oreImov
eon?

 Howabouty
ou?

Tot
aket
het
urnbackaf
terbei
ngi
nter
rupt
ed;

 AsIwassay
ing(
bef
oreIwasi
nter
rupt
ed)

 Togetbackont
opi
c…

 Car
ryi
ngonf
rom wher
ewel
efton…

duncanomondi
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6
Not
e:Thel
i
sti
sendl
ess,
andy
oucancomeupwi
thot
herappr
opr
iat
ephr
ases.

I
NTERRUPTI
NGANDDI
SAGREEI
NGPOLI
TELY
 Engl
i
shi sapol
i
tel
anguage.Fort
hisr
eason,
iti
sadv
isabl
etoi
ndi
rect
lycont
radi
ctaper
son.
I
tisrudetodoi
tdi
rect
ly.

 Al
thoughconver
sat
ioni
satwowaystreet,
int
errupt
ingaspeakerisusual
l
yregar
dedasr
ude.
However,
atti
mesyouneedtoi
nter
rupt.Whenthencanoneinterr
upt?

 Youcanonl
yint
err
uptt
o:

(
a)Askaquest
ion;

(
b)Makeacor
rect
ion;

(
c)Of
feranopi
nion;
and

(
d)Askf
orcl
ari
fi
cat
ion.

I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
ll
ear
nhowt
oint
err
uptanddi
sagr
eepol
i
tel
y.

St
epst
oInt
err
upt
ing

Iti
simpor
tantt
otakenot
eofthefol
l
owi
ngst
epswheni
nter
rupt
ingaspeakerdur
inga
conver
sat
ionordur
ingadi
scussi
on:

1.Si
gnaltot
hespeakert
haty
ouhav
esomet
hingt
ocont
ri
but
ebyi
mpl
ement
ingt
hebody
l
anguagesuchas:

(
a)Maki
ngey
econt
act
;

(
b)Sl
i
ght
lyr
aisi
ngy
ourhand;

(
c)Si
tt
ingf
orwar
dony
ourseat
;

(
d)Qui
etl
ycl
ear
ingy
ourt
hroat
;or

(
e)Coughi
ngqui
etl
y.

2.Wai
tpat
ient
lyunt
ilt
hespeakerpausesori
ncaseofal
ull
int
heconv
ersat
ion.

3.Speakcl
ear
lyusi
ngpol
i
tephr
ases.Thesephr
aseswi
l
lbel
ear
ntl
ater
.

4.Wai
tfort
hespeakert
oacknowl
edgey
ourr
equestt
ospeakbef
orey
oudoso.

5.Af
tery
ouhav
espoken,
thankt
hespeakerandal
l
owt
hem cont
inue.

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7
 6.Takeadeepbr
eat
handcal
myour
sel
fbef
orei
nter
rupt
ingwheny
ouf
eel
angr
yor
annoy
ed.

7.Takecar
etousel
owt
oneofv
oice.

Av
oid:

1.Unnecessar
yint
err
upt
ions.

2.Fi
nishi
ngspeaker
’ssent
ences.

3.I
nter
rupt
ingt
ocor
rectt
hespeakerunnecessar
il
y.

4.Speaki
nghar
shl
yorusi
ngdi
spar
agi
ngcomment
s.

Phr
asesusedi
nInt
err
upt
ion

Bel
owi
sthel
i
stofphr
aseswhi
chy
oucanuset
opol
i
tel
yint
err
uptsomeone:

 MayIsaysomet
hingher
e?

 Iam sor
ryt
oint
err
upt
,but…

 Excuseme,
mayIaddt
othat
…?

 Doy
oumi
ndi
fIj
umpi
nher
e?

 Bef
orewemov
eont
othenex
tpoi
nt,
mayIadd…?

 Sor
ry,
Idi
dn’
tcat
cht
hat
,isi
tpossi
blet
orepeatt
hel
astpoi
nt?

 Idon’
tmeant
oint
rude….

 Sor
ryt
obut
tin,
but…

 Woul
dthi
sbeagoodt
imet
o….
?

 Excuset
hei
nter
rupt
ion,
but…

 Ihat
etoi
nter
rupt
,but…

 Iknowi
tisr
udet
oint
err
upt
,but…

Howt
oDi
sagr
eePol
it
ely

Theti
psthatf
oll
owwi l
lhel
pyouhandl
edi
sagr
eement
swi
thoutannoy
ingt
heot
herper
soni
na
di
scussi
onordiscussi
on:

1.Acti
velyli
stent
otheotherperson’spoi
ntofview.Thi
shel
psi
nshowi
ngr
espectand
understandi
ngoftheotherperson’
sperspect
ive.

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8
 2.St
aycal
m ev
eni
fyouf
eel
angr
y.

3.Acknowl
edget
heot
herper
son’
spoi
ntofv
iewbef
oret
hebut
s.

4.Di
sagr
eeonl
ywi
tht
heper
son’
sideabutnotheper
son.

5.Usepol
i
tephr
asest
orespect
ful
l
ydi
sagr
ee.

6.Speaki
nal
owt
one.

7.Givesomecr
edencetotheot
herper
son’spoi
ntofvi
ewbefor
echal
lengingi
t.For
example,
say
:It
’spar
tl
ytruet
hatIboughtthi
sphoneatacheappr
ice,but…

Di
sagr
eei
ngPol
it
elyExpr
essi
ons

 Iagr
eeupt
oapoi
nt,
but…

 Iseey
ourpoi
nt,
but…

 That
’spar
tl
ytr
ue,
but…

 I
’
m notsosur
eaboutt
hat
.

 That
’snotent
ir
elyt
rue

 Iam sor
ryt
odi
sagr
eewi
thy
ou,
but…

 I
’
m af
rai
dIhav
etodi
sagr
ee

 Imustt
akei
ssuewi
thy
ouont
hat

 I
t’
sunj
ust
if
iabl
etosayt
hat
..

NEGOTI
ATI
ONSKI
LLS
 Thi
sisthepr
ocessofdi
scussi
onbet
weent
owoormor
edi
sput
ant
s,ai
medatf
indi
ngt
he
sol
uti
ontoacommonpr obl
em.

 I
tisamet
hodbywhi
chpeopl
eset
tl
ethei
rdi
ff
erences.

 I
tisal
sot
hepr
ocessbywhi
chacompr
omi
seoragr
eementi
sreachedwhi
l
eav
oidi
ng

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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9
 ar
gui
ment
.

 Ther
ecouldbeadi f
fer
encebetweenpeoplewit
hdif
fer
entai
msorint
ent
ions,
especi
all
yin
busi
nessorpol
i
tics.Whenthi
shappens,theyhavet
oreachanagr
eement.

 Negot
iat
ionski
l
lswi
l
lbehel
pful
when:

 Haggl
i
ngov
ert
hepr
iceofsomet
hing;

 Negot
iat
ingwi
thy
ourempl
oyere.
g.f
orhi
ghersal
ary
;

 Negot
iat
ingf
orpeace/sol
vi
ngconf
li
ct;

 Negot
iat
ingf
orbet
terser
vices;
etc.

St
agesOfNegot
iat
ion

1.Prepar
ationcomesf i
rst
.Duri
ngthi
sti
me, ensur
eallt
heper
tinentf
actsoft
hesi
tuat
ioni
s
knowninor dertocl
ari
fyyourownposi
ti
on.Itwil
lhel
pinav
oidingwasti
ngti
me
unnecessari
ly.

2.Discussionthenfol
l
ows.Thisi
sthet
imetoaskquest
ions,
li
stenandmakethingseasi
ert
o
understand.Atti
mes,i
tishel
pful
tot
akenotest
orecordal
lpoint
sputf
orward.

3.Negot
iat
etowar
dsawi
n-wi
nout
come.Eachpar
tyhast
obesat
isf
iedatt
heendoft
he
pr
ocess.

4.Agr
eementcomesaf
terunder
standi
ngbot
hsi
des’
viewpoi
ntsandconsi
der
ingt
hem.

5.I
mpl
ementt
hecour
seofact
ion.I
fforexampl
e,pay
ingt
heamount
,ithast
obepai
d.

Poi
ntsEv
eryNegot
iat
orShoul
dConsi
der

1.Askquest
ions,
conf
ir
m andsummarise.Theset
hreeact
ivi
ti
esensur
ethatt
her
eisno
conf
usi
ononwhateachpartywant
s.

2.Acknowl
edgeeachot her
’spoi
ntofvi
ew.Showthaty
ouhavel
ist
enedtoandunder
stood
thei
rper
spect
ive.Showappreci
ati
onoftheot
herper
son’
spoi
ntofvi
ew.

3.Li
stenat
tent
ivel
ytot
heot
herper
son.

4.Respondt
onegat
ivecomment
sandcompl
aint
s.Av
oidconf
ront
ati
onal
language.

5.Behav
einaconf
identway
,butdon’
tber
ude.Makepol
i
tebutf
ir
mrequest
s.

6.Gi
veopti
ons/
alt
ernat
ives.Youcanbot
hwi
nify
our
ecogni
set
haty
oushar
eacommon
gr
ound.

Exer
cise

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10
Youar
epl
anni
ngt
obuyanewmodelcar
.

(
a)Wr
it
edownt
hreer
elev
antf
act
syouwoul
dwantt
oknowbef
oregoi
ngt
obuyt
hecar
.

(
b)Stateanythr
eehi
ntsf
ort
henegot
iat
orsy
ouwoul
dconsi
derwhenhaggl
i
ngov
ert
hepr
iceof
thatcar.

PAYI
NGATTENTI
ON(
LISTENI
NG)
Listeni
ngisdi
ff
erentf
rom hear
ing.Wheny
oul
i
sten,
youunder
standbot
hthev
erbal
andnon
verbali
nformat
ion.

Whyshoul
dyoul
i
sten?Youl
i
sten:

 Toobt
aini
nfor
mat
ion

 Tounder
standt
hemessage

 Forenj
oyment

 Tol
ear
n

I
nthi
ssect
ion,
weshal
ll
ear
nthet
echni
quesofact
ivel
i
steni
ng.

Techni
quesofPay
ingAt
tent
ion

I
nor
dert
obenef
itf
rom at
alkast
hel
i
stener
,youshoul
dtakenot
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngkeyt
ips:

1.keepanopenmi nd.Li
stenwit
houtj
udgi
ngt
hespeakerorment
all
ycri
ti
cizi
ngthei
r
messagetheypass.Youjusthav
etohol
dyourcr
it
ici
sm andwi
thhol
djudgment.

2.Famil
i
ari
zeyoursel
fwit
hthetopi
cunderdiscussion.Audi
encet
endtoli
stenmoreift
hey
havei
deaofthetopi
cbeingdi
scussed.Howt hencanonef ami
l
iar
izehi
mself
/hersel
f
wit
hthesubj
ect?Theycandothi
sby :

(
a)Readi
ngf
rom t
hebooks.

(
b)Readi
ngf
rom t
hei
nter
net
.

(
c)Aski
ngf
ori
deasf
rom t
hosewhoknow.

3.Uset hespeakerresponsestoencour
agethespeakertoconti
nuespeaking.Youwi
l
lal
so
gettheinfor
mat i
ony ouneedifyoudoso.Someoft hespeakerr
esponsesweuse
i
nclude:

duncanomondi
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11
 (
a)Sl
i
ght
lynoddi
ngt
hehead,
butoccasi
onal
l
y.

(
b)Smi
l
eoccasi
onal
l
y.

(
c)Usi
ngsmal
lver
bal
comment
sli
key
es,
uhhuh,
mmmh,
Isee,
etc.

(
d)Ref
lect
ingbacke.
g.y
ousai
d…

4.Takenotesont
hei
mport
antpoi
nts.Thi
scaninit
sel
fbeadi
str
act
or.Youshoul
d
ther
efor
eknowwhent
oandwhennott otakenot
es.

5.Li
stenf
orthemai
nideas.Thesearet
hemosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntst
hespeakerwant
stoget
acr
ossandarer
epeat
edsev er
alti
mes.

6.Wai
tfort
hespeakert
opausebef
oreaski
ngacl
ari
fyi
ngquest
ion.Justhol
dback.

7.Avoi
ddistr
acti
ons.Don’
tlety
ourmindwanderorbedi
str
act
edbyotherpeople’
s
act
ivi
ti
es.I
ftheroom i
stoocoldort
oohotgetthesol
uti
ont
othatsi
tuat
ionifpossi
ble.

8.Si
tpr
oper
ly.Si
tupr
ight

9.Makeeyecont
actwiththespeaker
.wheny
oudot
hisy
ouwi
l
lbeabl
etounder
standt
he
nonver
balmessagestoo.

Si
gnsofI
nact
iveAudi
ence

Youcaneasi
lytel
lwhetheryouraudi
encel
i
stensornot
.Thei
nat
tent
ivel
i
stener
stendt
o
possest
hefoll
owingcharact
eri
sti
cs:

(
a)Fi
dget
ing

(
b)Doodl
i
ng

(
c)Pl
ayi
ngwi
tht
hei
rhai
r

(
d)Looki
ngatacl
ockorwat
ch

(
e)Pi
cki
ngt
hei
rfi
nger
nai
l
s

(
f)Passi
ngsmal
lpi
ecesofpapert
ooneanot
her

(
g)Shi
ft
ingf
rom seatt
oseat

(
h)Yawni
ng

Bar
ri
erst
oEf
fect
iveLi
steni
ng

Ther
earemanyt
hingst
hatgeti
nthewayoflist
eni
ngandyoushouldavoi
dt hesebadhabi
tsso
astobecomeamoreef
fect
ivel
i
stener
.Thesefact
orst
hati
nhi
bitacti
veli
steni
ngincl
ude;

duncanomondi
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12
 1.Lackofi
nter
esti
nthet
opi
cbei
ngdi
scussed.

2.Unf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
tht
het
opi
cunderdi
scussi
on.

3.Fear.Onemi
ghtf
earbei
ngaskedaquest
ionandi
nthepr
ocessf
ail
tol
ookatt
he
speaker.

4.Noi
se.I
ncaseofnoi
set
hel
i
stener
smi
ghtnotgetwhatt
hespeakeri
ssay
ing.

Exer
cise1

Mwangi
Mwani
ki
,theauthorofoneoft
hesett
exty
oust
udy
,iscomi
ngt
oyourschool
togi
vea
t
alkont
het
hemesinhisnovel.

(
a)Howwoul
dyoupr
epar
efort
hisbi
gday
?

(
b)St
atewhaty
ouwoul
ddot
oensur
eyoubenef
itf
rom t
het
alkdur
ingt
hepr
esent
ati
on.

MASTERYOFCONTENT

ORALREPORTS
 Fr
om t
heheadi
ng,
anor
alr
epor
tisspoken,
notwr
it
ten.

 Bei
ngoral
,i
tdoesn’
tmeanwri
ti
ngisnoti
nvol
ved.Aspartofpr
epar
ati
on,
youhav
eto
wri
tenot
esonthetopi
coratl
eastanout
li
neofpoint
s.

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13
  Whenaskedt
opr
esentanor
alr
epor
tyougett
heoppor
tuni
tyt
opr
act
icey
ourspeaki
ng
ski
l
ls.

 Aspokenr
epor
thasv
ari
ousel
ement
sincl
udi
ngani
ntr
oduct
ion,
bodyandconcl
usi
on.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orOr
alRepor
ts

Youcanpr
epar
eby
:

1.Resear
chi
ngont
het
opi
c.Getal
lthef
act
saboutwhati
sknownandunknownbyy
our
audi
ence.

2.Takenot
esont
hef
act
saboutt
het
opi
c.Choosey
ourwor
dsappr
opr
iat
elyi
nthepr
ocess.

3.Pr
act
icet
her
epor
tbef
orepr
esent
ingi
t.Youmay

 Pr
act
icei
nfr
ontofami
rr
or.

 Pr
act
icei
nfr
ontoff
ri
endsorr
elat
ives.

 Vi
deot
apey
ourr
ehear
sal
s.

Mor
epr
act
icei
srequi
redi
fithast
obememor
ized.

4.Pl
anonhowt
odr
essandgr
oom.

5.Pr
eparet
hevisual
aidsi
fyoupl
antousethethem.Sel
ectt
heappr
opr
iat
echar
t,pi
ctur
e,
et
c.t
hatwil
lmakeabstr
acti
deasconcr
ete.

Repor
ti
ng

1.St
andupst
rai
ght
.Yourupperbodyshoul
dbehel
dst
rai
ght
,butnotst
if
f.Donotf
idget
.

2.Makeeyecont
acti
nor
dert
olooksur
erofy
our
sel
fandt
oensur
eyouraudi
encel
i
stens
bet
ter
.

3.Var
yyourt
oneappr
opr
iat
elyandspeakcl
ear
ly.

4.Usegest
urest
omakey
ourpoi
ntswel
lunder
stoodandt
okeept
heaudi
encei
nter
est
ed.

5.Pauseatkeypoi
ntst
olett
hepoi
ntsi
ck.

6.Speakl
oudenoughf
orev
ery
onet
oheary
ou.

7.I
fyouhav
evi
sual
aidsuset
hem appr
opr
iat
ely
.

Exer
cise

Youhaveseent
hiev
esrobbi
ngyournei
ghbor’
shouse.Duringthi
sti
mey ouhaveyourphonet
hat
youhav
eusedtocaptur
eoneofthetworobbers.Thenextdayyouarecal
ledatt
hepolice

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14
st
ati
ont
orepor
tonwhatoccur
red.

(
a)St
ateanyt
hreeway
syouwoul
dpr
epar
etodel
i
vert
hisor
alr
epor
t.

(
b)Whatt
hreedet
ail
swoul
dyoui
ncl
udei
nyourr
epor
t?

(
c)Howwoul
dyoudel
i
vert
her
epor
ttoensur
ethei
nfor
mat
ioni
sunder
stood?

READI
NGFORFORM FOUR

READI
NGSKI
LLS

NOTE-
  MAKI
NG

Howt
oMakeNot
es

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ipswi
l
lcomei
nhandywhenmaki
ngnot
es:

1.Readt
hemat
eri
alcar
eful
l
yandt
hor
oughl
y.

2.Under
li
net
hekeysent
encesasy
our
ead.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pinf
ormi
ngt
het
it
le.

3.Makear
oughnot
eoft
hemai
npoi
ntsi
nal
ogi
cal
sequence.

4.Wr
it
ethef
inal
not
es.

Youshoul
dhav
einmi
ndt
hatanot
e:

1.Shoul
dbeshor
tandt
othepoi
nt.

2.Cont
ainal
lthei
mpor
tantandr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ion.

3.Shoul
dhav
einf
ormat
ionsy
stemat
ical
l
ydi
vi
dedandsubdi
vi
ded.

4.Shoul
dhav
eashor
tti
tl
e.Av
oidl
ongsent
encesast
it
les.

5.Mustbewr
it
teni
npoi
ntsonl
y.

Not
esTempl
ate

TI
TLE…………………….

(
a)………………………………………….

(
b)…………………………………………

(
c)……………………………………….
.

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15
 (
d)……………………………………….
.

STUDYREADI
NG

 Readi
ngforstudyisadetail
edreadingthatrequi
resthereadingspeedtobesloweddown.
 Youmayhav etofract
ureasingleideaorconceptinasent enceatatime,andyoumayneed
togobackoverthetextseveral
times.
 Somesecti
onsofmat eri
almayr equir
ethaty ouunderst
andev er
ysentenceandthaty
ou
knowhoweachsent ence,andsomet i
meseachequat i
on,rel
atestothenext.
.
 Youcoul
dalsot r
ythefoll
owingwhenr eadingforstudy:

1) Mar
kthet
extasy
ougo.Hi
ghl
i
ghtkeyconcept
s,andt
ryt
osor
toutwhi
chi
nfor
mat
ion
wi
l
lbecr
it
ical
tot
hel
essonandassi
gnmentquest
ionsonwhi
chy
ouwi
l
lbewor
king.

2) Usev
isual
images.

 Wheny
outryt
ovi
sual
i
zeasy
our
eadamat
eri
aly
ouwi
l
lunder
standwhaty
ou
r
eadmore.

 Ift
her
ear
ediagramsori
l
lust
rat
ionsi
nyourst
udymat
eri
als,
lear
ntouset
hem t
o
compl
ementthetext
.

 Whent
herei
snodi
agram toi
ll
ustr
ateaprocessoridea,
makeyourown.Your
owndi
agr
am wi
l
lst
ickinyourmindlongaft
erthedescri
pti
vewor
dsarefor
gott
en.

3) Not
enewt
erms.Tr
yingmemor
izi
ngandf
indi
ngt
hei
rmeani
ngs.

SQ3R-Readi
ng/
StudySy
stem

 SQ3Risar eadingcompr
ehensi
ont
echni
quenamedf
ori
tsf
ivest
eps:
sur
vey
,quest
ion,
read,
reci
te/
recal
l,andrevi
ew.

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16
 Fol
lowt hest
epsbelowtolearnhowt
ogat
herasmuchi
nfor
mat
ionaspossi
blef
rom t
he
t
extrequir
ement
sfrom anyclass.

1)SURVEY

 Readthetit
letohel
pyourmindpreparetoreceiv
ethesubj
ectmatt
erathand.
 Readtheintr
oducti
onand/orsummary..
 Obser
v eeachboldf
aceheadingandsubheading.Thi
shel
pssyst
ematizeyourmi
nd
bef
orey
oubegi
ntor
eadandbui
l
dast
ruct
uref
ort
het
hought
sanddet
ail
stocome.
 Checkf
oranygr
aphi
cs,
forexampl
e,char
ts,
maps,
diagr
ams,
whi
char
emeantt
omakea
poi
nt.Don'
ti
gnor
et hem.
 Noti
cereadi
ngai
dsl i
keital
i
cs,bol
dfaceprint
,chapt
erobject
ive,
andend-
of-
chapt
er
quest
ionsar
eall
includedtohelpyousor
t,comprehend,
andr emember.

2)QUESTI
ON

 Thisiswherey ouassistyourmi ndtoengageandconcent rate

 Turntheboldfaceheadingf oreachsect i
onintoasmanyquest ionsasyouthi
nkwill
be
answeredinthatsection.Thebet terthequesti
ons,
thebetteryourcomprehensi
onisli
kely
tobe.Youmayal waysaddf urtherquestionsasyouproceed.Wheny ourmindisact
ivel
y
searchi
ngforanswer stoquest ionsitbecomesengagedi nlear
ning.

3)READ

Readonesect
ionatat
imewit
hyourquest
ionsinmi
ndandl
ookf
ort
heanswer
s.Recogni
ze
whenyouneedtomakeupsomenewquest i
ons.

4)RECI
TE

 Aftereachpart,
stopandrecal
lyourquest
ionsandseeifyoucananswert
hem f
rom
memor y.
 Ifyouar eunabl
etoremember ,
lookbackatthetextagai
n,butdon'
tmovetot
henext
secti
onunt i
lyoucanreci
tetheanswersfr
om theprevi
ousone.

5)REVI
EW

Onceyou'
vefini
shedtheenti
rechapterusi
ngt
heprecedi
ngst
eps,gobackovert
hequesti
ons
youcr
eateforever
yheading.Seeify
oucansti
llanswert
hem.I
fnot,l
ookbackandr
efreshyour
memoryandt henconti
nue.

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17
CRI
TICALREADI
NG
 Cri
tical r
eadingisaninv est
igativ
eact i
vit
y.
 Ther eaderrereadsat exttoidenti
fypat t
ernsofelementssuchasi nf
ormati
on,val
ues,
assumpt ions,andlanguageusaget hroughoutthediscussi
on.
 Theabov eelementsar eti
edt ogetherinaninter
pretat
ion,acl
aim ofanunderl
yi
ngmeaning
ofthet extasawhol e.

WhyCr
it
icalReadi
ng?

Wecr
it
ical
l
yreadsoast
o:

 recogni
zeanauthor
’spurpose 
  
  
  
  
  
 underst
andtoneandpersuasiv
eelement
s
 recogni
zebi
as

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18
I
NTERPRETI
VEREADI
NG

 InI
nterpreti
ver eadi
ng,your eadasel ecti
onofpassagesfrom abook, poem,orotherpi
ece
ofli
terat
uret hathav easimilartheme.
 Oneoft heobjectivesi
st oreadwi t
hf eel
ingandenergy,
bringingouttheemot i
onwrit
ten
i
ntot hepassage.Youbegi nwi t
hani ntr
oandinter
spersetransit
ionsandendwi tha
conclusi
on.
 Readt hepoem bel owf r
om Amer i
caandaboutanAmer i
canwoman.Af teri
tisthe
i
nterpret
ation.

 
  
 

Mot
hert
oSonbyLangst
onHughes

Well,
son,I'
llt
ell
you:
Lif
eformehasn' tbeennocr
yst
alst
air
.
It
'shadtacksinit,
Andspli
nters,

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19
 Andboar
dstor
nup,
Andpl
aceswit
hnocar
petont
hef
loor-
-
Bar
e.

Butal
lthetime
I
’vebeena-cli
mbing'on,
Andreachi
ng' l
andings,
Andturni
ng'corners,
Andsomet i
mesgoi ng'i
nthedar
k
Wheretherehasn'tbeennoli
ght
.

Soboy ,don'ty outurnback.

Don'
ty ousetdownont hesteps
'
Causey ouf indit'
ski nderhard.
Don'
ty oufall now- -
ForI
'sest i
l
lgoi ng',honey,
I
'sesti
llcli
mbi n',
Andlif
ef ormeai n'
tbeennocr yst
alst
air
.

I
nter
pret
ati
on

Ther
earenooneescapesinli
fewit
houtchall
engesthatbri
ngsadnessandsuffer
ing.The
womanwasobv i
ousl
ypoorandnotaswel l
educated. Suf
fer
ingandpersev
eranceappearto
knownoboundar
iesofraceorcl
ass.

 Nowt
ryi
nter
pret
ingt
hemessagei
nthepoem t
hatf
oll
ow.

SEEI
TTHROUGHbyEdgarGuest

Wheny ou'reupagainstat rouble,

 
  
 Meeti tsquarel
y,facet oface;
Li
ftyourchi nandsety ourshoulders,
 
  
  Planty ourfeetandt akeabr ace.
Wheni t'
sv ai
ntotrytododgei t
,
 
  
  Dot hebestt hatyoucando;
Youmayf ail
,butyoumayconquer ,
 
  
  Seei tthrough!

Bl
ackmaybet hecloudsaboutyou
 
  
 Andyourfut
uremayseem grim,
Butdon'
tl
etyournervedeser
tyou;
 
  
 Keepyour
selfi
nf i
ght
ingtr
im.
I
ftheworsti
sboundt ohappen,

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20
 
  
 Spi
teofallt
hatyoucando,
Runni
ngfrom i
twil
lnotsav
eyou,
 
  
 Seeitt
hrough!

Evenhopemayseem butf uti

l
e,
 
 Whenwi thtroubl
esyou'r
ebeset,
Butremembery ouarefaci
ng
 
  Justwhatot hermenhav emet.
Youmayf ail
,butfal
lst
il
lfi
ght
ing;
 
  Don'tgiveup,whate'
eryoudo;
Eyesfront,headhightothefi
nish.
 
  Seeitthrough!

RECOGNI
ZINGATTI
TUDEANDTONE
 At t
itudei stheaut hor’
spersonal f
eelingsaboutasubj ect.
 Toner ef
erst ohowt heauthor,narratororspeakerfeel sorconv eysinf
ormationaboutt
he
subj ect
 Tonei st heuseofst yli
sti
cdevicest orevealthatpersonal feeli
ng.
Whet heri tisfortheanal y
sisofli
teratureorhistori
calessay s,recognit
ionoftoneandits
associat edwor dsisv it
alforeff
ectiveunderstandingoft het ext.
Tonei st hekeyt ounderstandi
ngtheaut hor’satti
tudeanddev elopingthei
ntendedmood.All
student srespondt ot hetoneofthet ext,whethertheyreal i
zei tornot.
Tone/ Att i
tudeWor ds
Theycanbecat egori
zedas:
 Posi tiv
e
 Negat i
ve
 Neut ral
 I ronic
POSITI VE
 ami abl e  brave  cal m  cheery

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21
 compl i
ment ar  ecstati
c  grand  l
oving
y  el
ated  helpful  opti
mi st
ic
 conf i
dent  el
ev at
ed  j
oy ful  passionate
 consi derate  encouragi
ng  ki
nd  soothing
 consol ing  enthusi
ast
ic  l
ear ned
 dipl
omat ic
NEGATIVE
 aggr avated  fl
ippant  i
nsol ent  quar relsome
 agitated  foreboding  i
nsul ti
ng  resigned
 angr y  furi
ous  i
rri
tated  sad
 appr ehensive  gloomy  malicious  sardoni c
 bitt
er  grav e  melanchol y  surly
 brash  hopel ess  mor ose  testy
 caust ic  i
ndi gnant  mour nful  threat ening
 disgust ed  i
nf l
ammat or
y  obnoxi ous  wrat hful
NEUTRAL
 author i
tativ
e  didacti
c  i
nf or
mat i
ve  si
ncere
 candi d  factual  i
nst r
ucti
ve  standar
d
 cli
nical  formal  objecti
ve  ty
pical
 conv ent i
onal  fort
hright  restr
ained  usual
I
RONIC
 caust ic  droll  i
nsolent  pet
ty
 condescendi n  faceti
ous  i
rrev
erent  whi
msical
g  i
ndiffer
ent
ly  patr
onizi
ng  wry
 cont empt uous

Sampl
ePassage

"Fi
fteenyearsagoIcameher ewi t
hLi l
y,
"het hought."Wesatsomewher eov erther
ebyal ake
andIbeggedhert omarrymeal lthrought hehotafternoon.Howt hedr agonf l
ykeptcir
cli
ng
roundus: howclearl
yIseet hedragonf l
yandhershoewi t
ht hesquar esilverbuckleatthetoe.
Allt
het i
meIspokeIsawhershoeandwheni tmov edimpat ientl
yIknewwi t
houtlooki
ngup
whatshewasgoi ngtosay :t
hewhol eofherseemedt obei nhershoe.Andmyl ove,mydesire,
werei nt
hedr agonfl
y;f
orsomer easonIt houghtthatifitsettledthere,
ont hatl
eaf,shewould
say'Yes'atonce.Butthedragonf l
ywentr oundandr ound:itnev ersett
ledany where—ofcour se
not,happil
ynot,orIshouldn'tbewal ki
ngher ewithEleanorandt hechil
dr en."

Thespeaker
'satt
it
udemaybedescr i
bedasnost
algi
c.Thespeakerlooksatthepast,
rememberi
nganaf t
ernoonwhenhe"begged”awomant oaccepthi
smar ri
ageproposal
.Hehas
nost
al c–f
gi eel
ingpleasur
eandlongi
ngforsomet
hinginthepast.

DI
STI
NGUI
SHI
NGFACTSFROM OPI
NIONS

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22
   
Fact
sar estat
ementst
hatcanbecheckedorpr ov
ed.
  
Opi
nionsarestat
ementsthatcannotbepr
ov ed.Theytel
lwhatsomeonet
hinksorf
eel
s.
  
Opi
nionsoft
encontai
ncluewor dssuchasthink,f
eel
,bel
ieve,
andseem.Other
commoncl
uewor eal
dsar ways,
never
,al
l
,none,
most
,least
,gr
eat
est
,best
,andwor
st.
 Afactissomethingthati
strue.
 Anopiniont
ell
showaper sonfeel
saboutsomet
hing.
 Factscanbepr oven.Opini
onscannot. 
 

Ar
ethef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
sopi
nionsorf
act
s?

1.Gi
raf
fei
sthet
all
estani
mal
.

2.Uhur
uKeny
att
aist
hebestpr
esi
dentev
er.

3.Weusepenst
owr
it
e.

I
NTENSI
VEREADI
NG

ORALLI
TERATURE

ORALPOETRY

 Oralpoetr
yrefer
stotheverbalexpressi
onoff
eel
i
ngs,
ideasandt
hought
susi
ng
wordsarrangedint
heirbestpossibl
eorder
.
 I
fsung, i
tisasong.

Feat
uresofOr
alPoet
ry

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23
Or
alpoet
ryhast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

1)I
tiscomposedanddel
i
ver
edbywor
dofmout
h.
2)Li
ngui
sti
caspect
ssuchast
oneandpi
tchar
ecr
uci
ali
nor
alpoet
ryi
nvar
yingt
he
meani
ngandt
hemood.
3)Ther
eisof
tensol
oandchor
uspat
ter
nespeci
all
yinsungpoet
ry.
4)Accompani
edwi
thmov
ementanddance.
5)Theper
for
merdr
essesi
ncost
umesi
nsomesungpoet
ry.
6)Musi
cal
inst
rument
ssuchasdr
ums,
hor
ncanaccompanyt
heper
for
manceofpoet
ry.
7)Rhy
thm orbeat
.Iti
sar
egul
arr
epeat
edpat
ter
nofsounds.I
tcanbesl
ow,
fast
,
moder
ate,
monot
onous,
ordi
sjoi
nted.
8)Vol
ume.Thi
sref
erst
owhet
hert
hesong/
poet
ryshoul
dbel
oudorsof
t.Al
ull
abyshoul
d
besungsof
tl
ywhi
l
ewarsongshoul
dbesungl
oudl
yasi
tengender
scour
ageand
aggr
essi
on.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofOr
alPoet
ry

Forpur
posesofst
udy
,or
alpoet
rycanbecl
assi
fi
edbasedoncr
it
eri
athatf
oll
ow:

1.Theper
for
meroft
hepoet
ry,
forexampl
e,chi
l
dren’
ssongs
2.Thet
heme,
exampl
es

 Lov
epoet
ry
 Pl
aysongs
 Warsongs
 I
nit
iat
ionsongs

3.Cont
extofper
for
mance,
exampl
es

 Di
rges
 Weddi
ngsongs
 Warpoet
ry

4.Funct
ion,
exampl
es,

 Pr
aisesongs/
poet
ry

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24
  Teasi
ngsongs
 l
ull
abi
es

(
a)LULLABI
ES

 t
heyar
esungbyananny
,si
bli
ng,
aunt
y,et
c.i
nor
dert
o:

1.Sendt
hebabyt
osl
eep.
2.Cal
mthecr
yingbaby
.
3.Gi
vepr
omi
set
othecr
yingbaby
.Thepr
omi
secanbet
hatoneoft
hepar
ent
sis
comi
ngback.

 Theyar
enor
mal
l
ysungsof
tl
ysoast
olul
lthebaby
.
 I
fyouhav
etocl
ap,
orhum,
orwhi
stl
etot
her
hyt
hm,
doi
tsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.
 I
nthecasewher
eachi
l
dcr
ies,
rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.
 Youcanal
sogent
lyt
apt
hebackoft
hebaby
.
 Theyar
enor
mal
l
yshor
t.
 Theyar
eal
sor
epet
it
ive.
 Readt
hesongbel
owandt
henat
temptt
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Sl
eepbabysl
eep

Yourf
athert
endst
hesheep

Yourmot
hershakest
hedr
eaml
andt
ree.

i
. I
dent
if
ytwof
eat
uresofl
ull
abi
esi
ntheabov
esong.

i
i
. Gi
vet
hemai
nreasonf
orsi
ngi
ngt
heabov
esong.

i
i
i. Howwoul
dyoudot
hef
oll
owi
ngasy
ousi
ngt
hesong:

a)Cl
apt
other
hyt
hm oft
hesong.

b)Rockt
hebabyasy
ousi
ng.

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25
 (
b)chi
ldr
ensongs

 Theyar
esungbychi
l
drendur
ingt
hei
rpl
ayt
ime.
 Al
sor
efer
redt
oaspl
aysongs.

Feat
uresofChi
ldr
enSongs

1.Repet
it
ioni
sused.Awor
d,sent
ence,
andev
enawhol
est
anzacanber
epeat
ed.
2.Theyar
eof
tenshor
t.

Funct
ionsofChi
ldr
en’
sSongs

1.Theyhel
pindev
elopi
ngchi
l
dren’
slanguageski
l
lsast
heyl
i
stent
ofami
l
iarwor
dsi
nthe
songs.
2.Hel
pdev
elopchi
l
dren’
sli
stenski
l
ls,
thusconcent
rat
e.
3.Encour
agecr
eat
ivi
tyi
nchi
l
dren.Att
imesy
ouf
indchi
l
drenaddi
ngwor
dst
hatwer
enot
i
nit
ial
l
yment
ionedi
ntheor
igi
nal
ver
sionsoft
hesongs.
4.Somet
eachi
ngcount
ingofnumber
s.

 Nowr
eadt
hesongbel
ow.Youcanpr
act
icesi
ngi
ngi
t.

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

I
nandoutt
hebamboof
orest

Youar
emypar
tner
.

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Beatabeatonmyshoul
der

Youar
emypar
tner
.

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26
 (
c)Teasi
ngSongs

 Sungt
omakef
unofsomeone.

(
d)Rel
igi
ousPoet
ry

 Sungandper
for
meddur
ingr
eli
giousoccasi
ons.
 Sungmost
lyatpl
acesconsi
der
edhol
ygr
ounds.
 Sungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
y.

(
e)Lov
ePoet
ry/
Songs

 Theyar
ebasedonr
omance.
 Sungbyonet
othel
ovedone.
 Theyar
esungsof
tl
yandsl
owl
yast
heyshoul
dpr
esentr
omant
icel
ement
s.
 Theyar
esungt
o:

1.Ex
pressr
omance.
2.Mendt
hedamagedr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenl
over
s.

(
f)Cr
adl
eSongs/
Poet
ry

 Per
for
medt
omar
kthebi
rt
hofachi
l
d.
 I
nmostcases,
achi
l
diswi
shedasuccessf
ull
i
fei
nfut
ure.
 Most
lyper
for
medbywomenandgi
rl
s.
 Dur
ingt
hist
ime,
achi
l
dorchi
l
d’smot
heri
spr
esent
edwi
thgi
ft
s.

(
g)WarPoet
ry

 Per
for
medbywar
ri
orsdur
ingwar
.
 Sungl
oudl
ytoshowbr
aver
y.

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27
  Dur
ingt
hesi
ngi
ng,
weaponsar
ehel
dint
hehandsoft
heper
for
mer
s.

(
h)Hunt
ingSongs

 Hunt
ersper
for
m hunt
ingsongs.
 Sungont
hewayt
oandf
rom hunt
ingt
ri
p.
 Hunt
ingt
ool
scar
ri
edi
nthepr
ocess.
 Justl
i
kewarsongs,
theyar
esungl
oudl
y.
 Theyar
eont
hewayt
ohuntt
oencour
aget
hemsel
vesont
hepossi
bil
i
tyofki
l
li
ngf
att
er
andenoughani
mal
s.
 Al
sot
opasst
imeont
hei
rway
.

(
i)Sat
ir
ical
Poet
ry

 One’
sfol
l
yiscr
it
ici
zedi
nthi
ssong.
 Theyar
emeantt
ohel
pthewi
ckedi
nsomear
east
ochange.

(
j)Epi
cs/
Her
oicPoet
ry

 Theyar
eel
abor
ateandt
alkaboutt
hel
i
vesofher
oesknownt
othecommuni
ty.
 Theher
oicdeedsoft
heher
oesar
ement
ioned.

(
k)Di
rges

 Al
sor
efer
redt
oasf
uner
alsongsorf
uner
alpoems.
 Theyar
esungaf
terl
ear
ningaboutt
hedeat
hofsomeone.
 Canal
sobesungdur
ingt
hef
uner
alcer
emony
.
 Shoul
dal
sobesungsof
tl
ytoshowt
hesadnesst
hatr
esul
tfr
om l
osi
ngsomeone’
s
bel
ovedone.
 I
nsomecases,
weaponsar
ehel
ddur
ingt
heper
for
mance.
 Ther
eist
heuseofapost
rophe.Thi
sisst
yleofaddr
essi
nganobj
ectoradeat
hasi
f
i
tisal
i
veandcanr
espond.

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28
  Whi
l
ewomensi
ng,
menchant
.

(
l)Panegy
rics

 I
nit
sspeci
ali
zedf
orm panegy
rici
sat
ypeofor
alpoet
ryandonemeantt
opr
aise
someone.
 Thepr
aisesongcanbesungbysomeoneel
seorsungbyonef
orsel
fpr
aises.
Somet
imest
hesear
esel
f-
prai
ses
 For
mal
i
zedpr
aisesar
edi
rect
edpubl
i
clyt
oki
ngs,
chi
efs,
andl
eader
s,composed
andr
eci
tedbymember
sofaki
ng’
sof
fi
cial
ent
our
age.
 Onecanbepr
aisedi
ncaseof
:

i
. per
sonal
achi
evementi
nwar;
or
i
i
. Achi
evementi
nhunt
ing.

Whatel
sei
spr
aisedi
naPanegy
ric?

1.I
neast
ernandsout
her
nAf
ri
cacat
tl
efor
m apopul
arsubj
ecti
npr
aisepoet
ry,
and
i
nani
mat
ethi
ngsl
i
kedi
vi
ningi
mpl
ement
sorev
enat
rai
norbi
cycl
ear
eal
so
pr
aised.
2. I
nWestAf
ri
ca,
appar
ent
lyunl
i
keot
herar
eas,
for
mal
prai
sesar
eaddr
essedt
o
super
nat
ural
bei
ngs.

 Lookatt
hepanegy
ricbel
ow.

Ogunki
l
lsont
her
ightanddest
roy
sont
her
ight
.
Ogunki
l
lsont
hel
eftanddest
roy
sont
hel
eft
.
Ogunki
l
lssuddenl
yint
hehouseandsuddenl
yint
hef
iel
d.
Ogunki
l
lst
hechi
l
dwi
tht
hei
ronwi
thwhi
chi
tpl
ays.

Ogunki
l
lsi
nsi
l
ence.
Ogunki
l
lst
het
hiefandt
heowneroft
hest
olengoods.
Ogun-
kil
l
stheowneroft
hesl
ave—andt
hesl
aver
unsaway
.

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29
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hir
ty’
i
wof
a’[
pawns]
—andhi
smoney
,weal
thandchi
l
dren
di
sappear
.
Ogunki
l
lst
heowneroft
hehouseandpai
ntst
hehear
thwi
thhi
sbl
ood.
Oguni
sthedeat
hwhopur
suesachi
l
dunt
ili
trunsi
ntot
hebush.
Oguni
stheneedl
ethatpr
icksatbot
hends.
Ogunhaswat
erbuthewashesi
nbl
ood.

Ogundonotf
ightme.Ibel
ongonl
ytoy
ou.
Thewi
feofOguni
sli
keat
imt
im[
decor
atedl
eat
hercushi
on]
.
Shedoesnotl
i
ket
wopeopl
etor
estonher
.

Ogunhasmanygowns.Hegi
vest
hem al
ltot
hebeggar
s.
Hegi
vesonet
othewoodcock—t
hewoodcockdy
esi
tindi
go.
Hegi
vesonet
othecoucal
—thecoucal
dyesi
tincamwood.
Hegi
vesonet
othecat
tl
eegr
et—t
hecat
tl
eegr
etl
eav
esi
twhi
te.

Oguni
snotl
i
kepoundedy
am:
Doy
out
hinky
oucankneadhi
miny
ourhand
Andeatofhi
m unt
ily
ouar
esat
isf
ied?
Oguni
snotl
i
kemai
zegr
uel
:
Doy
out
hinky
oucankneadhi
miny
ourhand
Andeatofhi
m unt
ily
ouar
esat
isf
ied?
Oguni
snotl
i
kesomet
hingy
oucant
hrowi
nyourcap:
Doy
out
hinky
oucanputony
ourcapandwal
kawaywi
thhi
m?

Ogunscat
ter
shi
senemi
es.
Whent
hebut
ter
fl
iesar
ri
veatt
hepl
acewher
ethecheet
ahexcr
etes,
Theyscat
teri
nal
ldi
rect
ions.

Thel
i
ghtshi
ningonOgun’
sfacei
snoteasyt
obehol
d.
Ogun,
letmenotseet
her
edofy
ourey
e.

Ogunsacr
if
icesanel
ephantt
ohi
shead.

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30
Mast
erofi
ron,
headofwar
ri
ors,
Ogun,
greatchi
efofr
obber
s.
Ogunwear
sabl
oodycap.
Ogunhasf
ourhundr
edwi
vesandonet
housandf
ourhundr
edchi
l
dren.
Ogun,
thef
ir
ethatsweepst
hef
orest
.
Ogun’
slaught
eri
snoj
oke.
Oguneat
stwohundr
edear
thwor
msanddoesnotv
omi
t.
Oguni
sacr
azyor
isha[
dei
ty]whost
il
lasksquest
ionsaf
ter780y
ear
s.
Whet
herIcanr
epl
y,orwhet
herIcannotr
epl
y,
Ogunpl
easedon’
taskmeany
thi
ng.

Thel
i
onnev
eral
l
owsany
bodyt
opl
aywi
thhi
scub.
Ogunwi
l
lnev
eral
l
owhi
schi
l
dtobepuni
shed.

Ogundonotr
ejectme!
Doest
hewomanwhospi
nsev
err
ejectaspi
ndl
e?
Doest
hewomanwhody
esev
err
ejectacl
oth?
Doest
heey
ethatseesev
err
ejectasi
ght
?
Ogun,
donotr
ejectme![
Ogunneedshi
swor
shi
pper
s].(
Gbadamosi
andBei
er1959:
21–2)

,
li
ket
heper
sonal
reci
tat
ionsoft
heHi
manobl
ecl
assofAnkol
einwhi
chaman
cel
ebr
ateshi
smi
l
itar
yachi
evement
s,bui
l
dinghi
spoem onasequenceofpr
aisenames:

IWhoAm Pr
aisedt
hushel
douti
nbat
tl
eamongf
orei
gner
sal
ongwi
thTheOv
ert
hrower
;
IWhoRav
ishSpearI
nEachHandst
oodr
espl
endenti
nmycot
toncl
oth;
IWhoAm Qui
ckwasdr
awnf
rom af
arbyl
ustf
ort
hef
ight…(
Mor
ri
s1964:
42)

5Pr
aisesofki
ngsar
ethemostf
ormal
andpubl
i
cofal
l
,rangi
ngf
rom t
her
elat
ivel
y
si
mpl
eGandapr
aiseoft
hepower
ful
ninet
eent
h-cent
uryki
ngMut
esaci
tedbyt
he
Chadwi
cks:

Thyf
eetar
ehammer
s,

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31
Sonoft
hef
orest[
acompar
isonwi
thal
i
on]
Gr
eati
sthef
earoft
hee;
Gr
eati
sthywr
ath;
Gr
eati
sthypeace;
Gr
eati
sthypower

Looknotwi
tht
oof
ri
endl
yey
esupont
hewor
ld,
Passy
ourhandov
ery
ourf
acei
nmedi
tat
ion,
Notf
rom t
heheatoft
hesun.
Thebul
lel
ephanti
swi
seandl
i
vesl
ong.

St
yli
sti
cDev
icesi
nOr
alPoet
ry/
Songs

 Her
e,weshal
ldi
scusst
woar
easofper
for
mance:

1.Thecont
extofper
for
mance.Keyher
ear
e:

 Wher
ethesongi
sper
for
med.

 Theoccasi
onwhent
hesongi
sper
for
med.

 Tar
getaudi
ence.

 Theper
for
meroft
hepoet
ry.

2.Whatt
heper
for
meri
sdoi
ngashe/
sheper
for
mst
hesong.

 Thesi
nger
/per
for
mercandot
hef
oll
owi
ngashe/
sheper
for
mst
hesong/
oral
poet
ry:

1.Usef
aci
alexpr
essi
onst
odepi
ctt
heemot
ioni
nthepoem orsong.

2.Var
ythet
onet
oshowt
heenot
ioni
nthepoem.Al
sot
oshowt
hespeedofev
ent
s.

3.Usegest
urest
orei
nfor
cet
hewhati
sbei
ngsai
d.

4.Accompany
ingi
nst
rument
sandcost
ume.

St
yli
sti
cDev
icesi
nOr
alPoet
ry

Anor
alpoet
rycanhav
etext
ual
poet
ict
echni
quesl
i
ke:

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32
 1.Sat
ir
e

2.I
rony

3.Sar
casm

4.Fi
gur
esofspeechsuchasi
mager
y,sy
mbol
i
sm,
etc.

5.Humour

6.Suspense

7.Al
l
usi
on

8.Mnemoni
cfeat
uressuchasr
hyme,
assonance,
all
i
ter
ati
on,
consonance,
etc,

PROVERBS

 Apr
over
bisabr
iefst
atementf
ull
ofhi
ddenmeani
ngandwhi
chexpr
esseswi
sdom and
t
rut
h.

 Thet
erm adage,
orwi
sesayi
ng,
issomet
imesusedt
omeant
hesamet
hingasa
pr
over
b.

 I
tisoneoft
heshor
tfor
msofor
all
i
ter
atur
e.Ot
hershor
tfor
msar
etonguet
wist
ers,
r
iddl
es,
andpuns.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofPr
over
bs

 Ther
ear
ethr
eeappr
oachest
ocl
assi
fyi
ngpr
over
bs.

 Pr
over
bsar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
o:

(
a)Thet
heme

(
b)Al
phabet
ical
let
ter
s

(
c)Funct
ionser
ved.

(
d)St
ylesused

(
a)Accor
dingt
otheTheme

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33
 Themat
ical
l
y,pr
over
bscanbecl
assi
fi
edas:

i
. Pr
over
bsonf
ate

i
i
. Pr
over
bsonaut
hor
it
y

i
i
i. Pr
over
bsongr
eed

i
v. Pr
over
bsonl
ove

v
. Pr
over
bsonmar
ri
age

v
i. Pr
over
bsonco-
oper
ati
on

v
ii
. Pr
over
bsonar
rogance

v
ii
i. Pr
over
bsoncommunal
li
fe,
etc.

(
b)Accor
dingt
otheAl
phabet
ical
Let
ter
s

Al
phabet
ical
l
y,pr
over
bscanbecat
egor
izedas:

i
. “
A”pr
over
bsi
fthef
ir
stwor
dsbegi
nwi
thl
ett
er“
A”.

i
i
. “
B”pr
over
bs

i
i
i. “
K”pr
over
bs,
etc.

(
c)Accor
dingt
otheFunct
ionser
vedbyt
hePr
over
b

Funct
ional
l
y,pr
over
bscanbecl
assi
fi
edas:

i
. Caut
ionar
ypr
over
bs,
whi
chwar
nagai
nstwhati
sundesi
rabl
e.

i
i
. Nor
mat
ivepr
over
bs,
whi
chr
einf
orcewhatt
hecommuni
tyconsi
der
saccept
abl
e
anddesi
rabl
e.

i
i
i. Summat
ivepr
over
bs.Theysummar
izei
ssuesandev
ennar
rat
ives.

(
d)Accor
dingt
oSt
ylesUsed

St
yli
sti
cal
l
y,cl
assi
fypr
over
bsas:

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34
 i
. Al
l
iter
ati
vepr
over
bs

i
i
. Onomat
opoei
cpr
over
bs

i
i
i. Repet
it
ivepr
over
bs

i
v. Epi
grammat
icpr
over
bsi
ftheyar
elonger
,andconsi
stoft
wopar
ts.

Pr
over
bCl
assi
fi
ed

Waj
uat
amuy
auasumuumeni
piani
? 

Youknowt
hatsweet
nesski
l
ls,
whyhav
eyougi
venmepoi
son?

Cl
assi
fyi
ngt
hePr
over
b

Al
phabet
ical
ly St
yli
sti
cal
ly Themat
ical
ly Funct
ional
ly

“
W”Pr
over
b I
nter
rogat
ive l
ove Nor
mat
ive

Feat
uresofPr
over
bs

 Pr
over
bshav
efeat
uressuchas:

3.Theyar
ebr
ief
.

4.Theycont
ainwi
sdom.

 Pr
over
bsal
sohav
est
yli
sti
cqual
i
ties.

St
yli
sti
cQual
it
iesofPr
over
bs

Pr
over
bspossessuni
quest
yli
ti
cqual
i
tiesl
i
ke:

(
g)Mnemoni
cfeat
uressuchasal
l
iter
ati
on,
assonanceandconsonance.

(
h)Par
all
eli
sm.

(
i)El
l
ipsi
s.

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35
 (
j)Hy
per
bol
e.

(
k)Par
adox

(
l)Per
soni
fi
cat
ion.

Let
’sl
ear
nthesef
rom t
heexampl
eofpr
over
bs:

(
i)Al
li
ter
ati
on,
exampl
e

For
giv
eandf
orget

(
j)Consonance,
exampl
e,

Pr
act
icemakesper
fect
.

(
k)Assonance,
forexampl
e,

Upendapo,
uendapo.
 
Whereyouli
kei
t,i
swher
eyoumustgo.

(
l)Par
all
eli
sm.

Thi
sisabal
ancebet
weent
wosi
mil
arwor
ds,
phr
ases,
orcl
auses.

Exampl
es

i
i
i. Not
hingv
ent
ured,
not
hinggai
ned.

i
v. Easycome,
easygo.

(
m)El
li
psi
s

Somewor
dsar
eomi
tt
ed.

Unneededwor
dsar
elef
touti
nor
derf
orust
ofi
l
lwhati
smi
ssi
ng.

Exampl
es

i
i
i. Oncebi
tt
en,
twi
ceshy
.

i
v. Pennywi
se,
poundf
ool
i
sh.

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36
 (
n)Hy
per
bol
e

Ani
deai
sexagger
atedi
nor
dert
oev
okest
rongf
eel
i
ngs,
ort
ocr
eat
east
rong
i
mpr
essi
on.

Exampl
e

Thehal
fismor
ethant
hewhol
e.

(
o)Par
adox

I
tisanappar
ent
lyt
ruest
atementt
hatl
eadst
o,ori
ntent
ional
l
yexpr
essesacont
radi
cti
on
orsi
tuat
ion,
whi
chdef
iesi
ntui
ti
on.

Exampl
es

i
i
i. Thel
ongestwayi
stheshor
testwayhome.

i
v. Absencemaket
hehear
tgr
owf
onder
.

(
p)Per
soni
fi
cat
ion,
exampl
es,

i
i
i. Hungeri
sthebestcook.

i
v. Lov
eisbl
i
nd.

Funct
ionsofPr
over
bs

Pr
over
bspl
ayt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
oles:

1.Nor
mat
ivef
unct
ions.Pr
over
bs:

i
. Congr
atul
ate

i
i
. Gi
vesuggest
ions

i
i
i. War
n

i
v. Adv
ise

v
. Request
,et
c

2.Aest
het
icf
unct
ions.Whenweusepr
over
bsi
nspeech,
wemakei
tmor
eappeal
i
ng.

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37
 3.Conv
eywi
sdom.

4.Summar
izeexper
iences.

Act
ivi
ti
es

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eSwahi
li
prov
erbs.Cl
assi
fyt
hem accor
dingt
othecr
it
eri
alear
ntear
li
er.

Aduimpende,
kumchuki
anikumchuki
anduguyako.
 
Love[
your
]enemy,
yourhat
ingi
sli
kehavi
ngyourownbr
other
.

Aduimpendel
eo,yawezekanamkawarafi
kikesho.
 
Loveanenemytoday
;iti
spossi
blet
hatyoumightbecomef
ri
ends
tomorr
ow.

Ali
yekuny
oashungikakupunguzi
akuchana. 
Theonewhocutyourcurlstookawayyourneedofcombi
ng.

Nampendamtupindiani
pendapo.
 
Il
ovesomeonewhenthatpersonl
ovesme.

Asi
oaduisimtu.
 
Apersonwhohasnoenemi
esi
snotahumanbei
ng.

Asiy
ekuri
dhimri
dhi
. 
Pl
easetheonewhodoesnotpl
easey
ou.

Ali
yekur
idhinaweumri
dhi
.
Theonewhoagr eeswi
thy
ou,
agr
eewi
tht
hatper
son.

Chakoki
kiozahaki
kunuki
i. 
Eveni
fyoursorei
sputref
ied,y
oudon'tsmellt
hebadodor.
Youdon'
tseeyourownbadbehav i
ororthatofyourf
amil
yandi
fyouseei
t
youdon'
thatei
sasotherpeopledo.

Mkonowenyeuchaf
uhusafi
shwa,
haukat
wi.
 
Adir
tyhandi
scl
eaned,
notcut.

Chozil
aakupenday
ehutokakwenyechongo.
 
Thet
earsofonewholov
esyouwill
comeev enfr
om abadey
e.

Chukihumchomaanayeihi
fadhi
. 
Hat
eburnsit
spreser
ver
.

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38
 Donotnur
sehat
red,
itwi
l
lhur
tyou.

Daway amenonimeno. 
Theremedyfort
eethi
steeth.
Ti
tfortat
;at
oothforatoot
h

Sumuyanenonineno.
Thepoi
sonofawordis

Dawayamot onimot o. 

Thecureagainstfi
rei
sfir
e.
Fi
ghtfi
rewithfir
e. 

Fi
ti
nai
kidhi
hir
iubay
ahuki
thi
ri
. 
Whent
hequarrel
get
sint
heopen,ev
ilwi
l
lgr
ow.

Hasiki
ilamwadhiniwalalamtiamajimsi
kit
ini
. 
SoandSodoesnotl ist
entothemuezzinnortotheonewhoput
swat
er[
for
theri
tualabl
uti
ons]i
nthemosque.
Herimoy omkubwakulikoakil
ikubwa.
Abighear ti
sbett
ert
hanabi gbrai
n.

Heshimanimoyo.
 
Respecti
soft
hehear
t.

Humpendaj
emtukwakwambiwapenda? 
Howisonetol
oveaper
sonbybei
ngtol
d[to]l
ovesomeone.

Huwezikur
udi
shamahabanamai
sha.
 

Youcannotbri
ngbacklov
eorlif
e.
Under
stood:
Oncetheyhavegone.

Iny
eshapomv ua,
ali
yendanihaj
ali
. 
Whenitr
ains,
theoneinsi
dedoesnotwor
ry.

I
kiwaunawapendawatot
owawengine,
utawapendawakozai
di.
I
fyoulov
eotherpeopl
e'
schi
l
dren,
youwil
llov
eyourownevenmore.

Ki
pendachomoyonidawa. 
Whatthehear
tdesi
resi
sli
kemedi
cinet
oit
.

Mkonowakoukichaf
uka,huukat
i.
 
I
fyourhandget
ssoil
ed,y
oudonotcuti
tof
f.

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39
 Wemahauwezi kuepukamenoyakusudi
. 
Goodnesscannotescapet
het
eethofenv
y.

Yakalehayapo. 
Theanci
entthi
ngsarewithusnol
onger
.
Letby
gonesbeby gones.
 

Yamahabandi omaradhiupeo.
 
Thei
ntoxi
cat
ionofl
oveistheworstdi
sease.

RI
DDLES

 Ar
iddl
eisashor
tsay
ingi
ntendedt
omakeonet
ousehi
swi
tsi
ndi
scov
eri
ngt
hehi
dden
meani
ng.

 Fami
l
iarobj
ect
sorsi
tuat
ionsar
eref
err
edt
oinaf
igur
ati
vet
ermsf
orust
ofi
gur
eout
whati
smeant
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofRi
ddl
es

Ri
ddl
esar
ecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
othecr
it
eri
abel
ow:

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40
 1.Si
mpl
i
cit
yorcompl
exi
tyoft
her
iddl
e

2.Obj
ect
sment
ionedi
nther
iddl
e

3.St
yleandst
ruct
ureoft
her
iddl
e

(
a)Si
mpl
ici
tyorCompl
exi
ty

 Asi
mpl
eri
ddl
eisbr
iefandst
rai
ght
for
war
d.

 Ar
iddl
eiscompl
exwheni
tisl
ongandi
spr
esent
edi
naser
iesofpuzzl
es.

(
b)Accor
dingt
oObj
ect
sMent
ioned

 Ar
iddl
ecanbecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
otheobj
ectr
efer
redt
oint
hatr
iddl
e.

 Ar
iddl
ecant
her
efor
ebecl
assi
fi
edas:

 Ri
ddl
eonpeopl
e

 Ri
ddl
eonwast
epr
oduct
,e.
g.humanwast
e

 Ri
ddl
esoncul
tur
alobj
ect
s

 Nat
ural
phenomena,
li
ker
ocks

 Domest
icani
mal
s

 Pl
ant
s

 Bi
rds

 Par
tsoft
hebody

 Andot
her
s

(
c)St
yleandSt
ruct
ure

 Ast
ylei
sal
socr
uci
ali
ncl
assi
fyi
ngr
iddl
es.

 Accor
dingt
othest
yleandst
ruct
ure,
riddl
escanbecl
assi
fi
edas:

(
a)Decl
arat
iver
iddl
esar
epr
esent
edasdi
rectdescr
ipt
ions.

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41
 (
b)Epi
grammat
icr
iddl
es,
whi
char
epr
esent
edasser
iesofpuzzl
es.

(
c)I
diophoni
cri
ddl
esusei
diophones.

(
d)I
nter
rogat
iver
iddl
esar
eposedasquest
ions.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofRi
ddl
es

1.Theyar
eshor
tandbr
ief
.

2.Useper
soni
fi
cat
ion.

3.Useofmet
aphor
.

4.Useofi
diophones.

5.Useofonomat
opoei
cwor
ds.

6.User
epet
it
ion

Ri
ddl
ingPr
ocess

 Ther
ear
etwopar
ti
esi
nvol
ved:
theaudi
ence(
respondent
s)andt
hechal
l
enger
(ort
her
iddl
er)
.

 Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
l
yfourst
agesofar
iddl
i
ngpr
ocess,
butatt
imessi
x.

 Thepar
tsoft
her
iddl
i
ngpr
ocessar
e:

(
1)Ther
iddl
erchal
lengest
heaudience.Thechall
engedif
fer
sfr
om communi
tyt
ocommuni
ty.
Somephrasesusedher
eincl
ude: r
iddl
eri
ddle!
,Ihav
ear i
ddl
e!Et
c.

(
2)Ther
espondent
sacceptt
hechal
l
enge.Thei
nvi
tat
ionsi
ncl
ude:
riddl
ecome!Thr
owi
t!Et
c.

(
3)Ther
iddl
ert
henposest
her
iddl
e.

(
4)Theguessorguesses.Theaudi
encet
ri
est
ocomeupwi
tht
hesol
uti
on.I
ftheyar
eunabl
e,
thent
henextpartf
oll
ows.

(
5)Thechal
lengerasksforapri
ze.Thepr
izecanbeat
ownorci
ty,
oranyot
hert
hing.The
chal
l
engeracceptsthepri
ze.

(
6)Thent
hesol
uti
oni
sgi
venbyt
hechal
l
enger
.

Funct
ionsofRi
ddl
es

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42
 1.Theyent
ert
ain.Ent
ert
ainmentar
isesf
rom t
heobj
ect
stheyr
efert
o.

2.Theyeducat
e.Languagei
staught
.Theenv
ironmenti
sal
sounder
stoodbet
ter
.

3.Theyt
eachv
alues.

4.Hel
pdev
elopt
heabi
l
ityt
othi
nkf
ast
er.

5.Logi
cal
reasoni
ngofpar
ti
cipant
sar
eimpr
oved.

Sampl
eMaasaiRi
ddl
es

Ri
ddl
e Answer

Ki
dung'ang'
atabki
raaar
e I
yi
eol
oipl
i
no
ni
miki
ng'amaro? Youandy
ourshadow.
Thetwoofuscr
ossthewil
derness
wit
houtt
alki
ngt
oeachother.

Edung'ng'
utunyiol
osi
nkoer
umi
sho Enkej
uenker
ai
enebanji
? Thel egofababy
Yourmot
herwal
ksacrosst
hevil
lage (you'l
loft
enseeababy'
slegprotr
udi
ngfr
om the
wit
hsomethi
ngi
ssui
ngout(ofher clothsli
ngorswaddl
ewithwhichmother
sti
e
body)
? thei
ry oungchi
l
drent
otheirback)

Anaaipinabaaonabaanimi
nti
eu Eremet
at
akedoenkasheekikor
isenkor
iong? Becausei
tisaspear
.(t
her
emayhav
ebeensome
Whyar
eyousobrav
ey ety
oucannotsi
tblacksmithswhol
ivedatKi
lgor
isi
ntheol
ddays,
ont
hebackoft
heheif
erfr
om Ki
lgor
is? sothespearmayhavebeenmadeandbrought
fr
om ther
e).

Mugi
eainat
eni
l
asho? Enkawuoombaa
Mybr
ownonewi
thspeedycal
ves? Thebowandar
rows

Ti
ng'
i
ri
amaai
shaki
? Ol
alem opi
kienchashur
Willy
ouobser
vewhi
leIputi
tal
linsi
de Theswordthati
sbeingputi
ntot
hesheat
h
you? (anobv
ioussexual
pun)

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43
Anaaipinabaaonabaani
mit
oni
e Emot
i
enet
onieenti
tonayok? Becauseiti
sthefi
re
Whyareyousobrav
eyetyoucannotsi
t( t
heli
ttl
eblackgi
rli
sthepotwhi
chhast
urned
atthepl
acewher
ethel
it
tl
eblackgir
l bl ackwithsoot)
si
ts?

Anaakei
dur
rakinei
ninanyoki
e? Enki
ma
Theymovedhomesandt
her
edone Thefir
e
wasbor
n? (theMaasai
oft
enbur
nupt
heol
dvi
l
lagewhen
theymove)

Tamanaitei
diaal
ooldoinyi
omat
amanu Nki
yi
aa
tenani
mikit
umoaikata Theear
s
Goroundonesi deoft
hemountai
n (
ear
sdonotmov
e)
whil
eIgor oundtheot
hersi
de,
butwe
shal
lnevermeet .

Ornememanyi
,or
epeeemanyinei
shi
ri
? Enkong'
u
Thereisabarepl
acewher
enooneeverTheey
e
sett
les,andi
fonedi
dso,t
her
ewoul
dbe
cry
ing.Whatisi
t?

Ol
ki
teng'
laiot
iier
ishat
aool
mang'
ati
? Ol
ng'
ej
ep
Ihaveanoxt
hatl
iv
esi
nthemi
dstof Thet
ongue
enemies?

Anaaitennabaaonabaani
minepu Ol
ojong'
ani
kapi
rontoetagor
e? Becausehei
sthef
ly
Whyar eyousuchafastrunneryety
ou
cannotcatchupwi
ththeKav i
rondo
(Luo)whenheisannoyed?

Anaaai
dorr
openkanashei
nonemeet
a Ent
ari
ti
ki
ol
ng'
anayi
oioi
ng'
ataa? Abir
d
Whyisyoursistersover
yshortyet
t
hereisnofruitthati
sbeyondher
r
each?

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PUNS/
WORDPLAY
Apunisafor
m ofwordplayt
hatsuggest
ssever
almeani
ngs,byei
therexpl
oit
ingthemulti
ple
meani
ngsofaword,orsubst
it
uti
ngawordforanot
hersi
mil
arsoundingword,theresul
tof

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45
whi
chi
shumor
ous.

Apuni
sal
soknownaspar
onomasi
a.

Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesofpuns:

(
a)Homophoni
cpuns

Thi
siswher
eawordi
ssubsti
tutedf
oranot
hersi
mil
arsoundi
ngwor
dorwor
dpr
onounced
al
mostint
hesameway.Forexample,

Fi
sher
menar
ereelmen.

Expl
anat
ion:Ther
eisat
wistont
hewor
d‘r
eel
’whi
chi
sor
igi
nal
l
ysupposedt
obespel
t‘r
eal
’
.

Cany
ounowexpl
aint
hepuni
nthef
oll
owi
nghomophoni
cpuns?

1.Whatdoseamonst
erseatf
orl
unch?Fi
shandshi
ps.

2.Iam onaseaf
ooddi
et.Ev
eryt
imeIseef
ood,
Ieati
t.

3.Di
dyouaboutt
heI
tal
i
anchefwi
tht
ermi
nal
il
lness?Hepastaway
.

4.Beaut
yisi
ntheey
eoft
hebeerhol
der
.

5.Whatt
eadohockeypl
ayer
sdr
ink?Penal
tt
ea

6.Whatdoghost
sser
vef
ordesser
t?Iscr
eam.

7.Whatdi
dthet
reesy
atot
heaut
umn?Leafmeal
one.

8.Whatdi
dtheboycatsayt
othegi
rlcatonv
alent
ine’
sday
?You’
repur
r-
fectf
orme.

9.WhatdaydoesanEast
eregghat
ethemost
?Fr
y-day
s.

10.Whydi
dthesci
ent
isti
nst
all
aknockeronhi
sdoor
?Hewant
edt
owi
ntheNo-
bel
lpr
ize!

(
b)Homogr
aphi
cpuns

Homographicpuni
sfor
medbyusingawor
dthathasmul
ti
plemeani
ngs.Youmi
ghtnott
ell
whatexact
lywhatt
hespeakermeans.

Forexampl
e;

Rosei
sthef
lowerofmyl
i
fe.

Expl
anat
ion:Thewor
d‘Rose’
isaf
emal
ename.i
tcoul
dbet
heper
sont
hespeakerl
oves.

I
tisal
soat
ypeoff
lower
.

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46
Theot
herexampl
esar
e;

1.Mymat
hteachercal
l
edmeav
erage.Howmean!

2.Whatdopr
isoner
suset
ocal
leachot
her
?Cel
lphones.

3.Nomat
terhowmuchy
oupusht
heenv
elope,
it’
l
lremai
nst
ati
oner
y.

4.Hav
eyouev
ert
ri
edt
oeatacl
ock?I
t’
sver
yti
meconsumi
ng.

5.Awai
sti
sat
err
ibl
ethi
ngt
omi
nd.

6.Iam r
eadi
ngabookaboutant
i-
grav
ity
.It
’si
mpossi
blet
oputdown.

7.Whatpar
toff
oot
bal
lgr
oundi
snev
ert
hesame?Thechangi
ngr
oom.

8.Iwantt
otel
lyouachemi
str
yjokebutIknowIwi
l
lnotgetar
eact
ion.

9.Whydi
dthebeegetmar
ri
ed?Becausehef
oundhi
shoney
.

10.Di
dyouhearaboutt
heguywhogothi
tint
heheadwi
thacanofsoda?Hewasl
uckyi
t
wasasof
tdri
nk.

Feat
uresofPuns

Punsar
echar
act
eri
zedby
;

1.Theyar
eshor
t.

2.Theyar
ehumor
ous.

Funct
ionsofPuns

Theyser
vef
unct
ionssuchas:

(
a)Teachi
ngpr
onunci
ati
on.Forexampl
e,homophones.

(
b)Enhanci
ngcr
eat
ivi
ty.Onehast
othi
nki
nor
dert
ofor
mthei
rpuns.

(
c)Ent
ert
aini
ng.Whensai
donewonder
swhatt
hespeakeri
ntends,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

Exer
cise

Expl
aint
hepuni
n:

(
a)Iusedt
obeabankerbutIl
osti
nter
est
.

(
b)Abi
cycl
ecan’
tst
andoni
tsownbecausei
tist
wo-
ti
red.

(
c)Idon’
ttr
ustt
hesest
air
sbecauset
heyar
eal
way
supt
osomet
hing.

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47
 (
d)Sant
a’shel
per
sar
eknownassubor
dinat
ecl
auses.

(
e)Themanwhodr
ankbat
ter
yaci
dgotchar
ged.

TONGUETWI
STERS
 Aphraseorasent
encewhichi
shardtospeakf
astbecauseofal
l
iter
ati
onorasequenceof
near
lysi
mil
arsoundsi
sthetonguet
wister
.

 I
tiswort
hnoti
ngthatther
eisusual
l
ytheuseofmnemoni
cfeat
ure(
sounddev
icesorsound
pat
ter
ns)int
hetonguetwist
ers.

 Letusr
eadt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
onguet
wist
ersf
ast
.

 Shesel
l
sseashel
l
sont
heseashor
e.

 Anynoi
seannoy
sanoy
sterbutnoi
synoi
seannoy
sanoy
stermor
e.

 Ki
ndl
yki
tt
enskni
tt
ingmi
tt
enskeepkazooi
ngi
ntheki
ng’
ski
tchen.

SoundPat
ter
nsi
nTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Readt
het
onguet
wist
erbel
owf
ast
.

Shesawaf
ishont
heseashor
eandIam sur
ethef
ishshesawont
heseashor
ewasasaw-
fi
sh.

I
nt hewor ds:she,shoreandsure,thereistherepeti
ti
onoftheconsonantsound/
ᶴ/att
he
beginningoft hewor ds.Thi
sisal l
it
erati
on.
All
iter
ationi stherepeti
ti
onofthei ni
ti
alconsonantsoundinthenearbywords.
Cany oui dentif
yanyot heri
nst
anceofal li
terat
ionintheabovetonguetwi
ster?
2.Readt hisothertonguetwisterandtakenot eofthehighl
ightedl
ett
ers.

Askunksatonast
umpandt
hankt
hest
umpst
unk,
butt
hest
umpt
hankt
heskunkst
unk.

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 Thesoundpat
ter
nher
eisconsonance.

Consonanceistherepet
it
ionofthei
nnerconsonantsoundi
nthenear
bywor
ds.Ani
nner
soundisthatwhichcomesaftert
hefi
rst
.

Ther
eisanot
heri
nst
anceofconsonance.Cany
oui
l
lust
rat
eit
?

3.Repet
it
ion

 I
nmosttonguetwister
s,t
hereisrepet
it
ionofwor
dsorphr
ases.I
n(1)abov
e,t
hewor
ds
‘
saw’
,‘
fi
sh’
,etc.havebeenrepeat
ed.

 Nowpi
ckoutt
hewor
dsandphr
asesr
epeat
edi
ntheset
onguet
wist
ers.

(
a)I
fyoutel
lTom t
otel
lat
onguet
wist
er,
hist
onguewi
l
lbet
wist
edast
onguet
wist
er
t
wist
stongues.

(
b)Thesi
xthsi
ckShei
k’
ssi
xthsheep’
ssi
ck.

4.Assonance

Let
’sl
ookat
:

Howmuchwoodcoul
dawoodchopperchop,
ifawoodchoppercoul
dchopwood?

Ther
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
he/
u:/i
nthewor
ds;
wood,
coul
d.Thi
sisassonance.

Assonancei
sther
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
ds.

Feat
uresofTongueTwi
ster
s

At
onguet
wist
erwi
l
lhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

(
1)i
tisshor
tandbr
ief
.

(
2)I
tisal
l
iter
ati
ve.

Funct
ionsofTongueTwi
ster
s

1.Theyent
ert
ain.Whenoneconf
usest
hepr
onunci
ati
onofsounds,
theaudi
encewi
l
llaugh.

2.Theyt
eachpr
onunci
ati
on.Wecan,
forexampl
e,l
ear
nthepr
onunci
ati
onoft
hesounds/
f/
and/v
/,/
s/and/ᶴ
/etc.

3.Enhancecr
eat
ivi
ty.

Exer
cise1

Wi
thi
ll
ust
rat
ions,
ident
if
ythesoundpat
ter
nsi
n:

(
a)I
t’
snott
hecought
hatcar
ri
esy
ouof
f,i
t’
sthecof
fi
ntheycar
ryy
ouof
fin!

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49
 (
b)I
ftwowi
tcheswer
ewat
chi
ngt
wowat
ches,
whi
chwi
tchwoul
dwat
chwhi
chwat
ch?

(
c)I
fabl
ackbugbl
eedsbl
ackbl
ood,
whatcol
ourofbl
ooddoesabl
uebugbl
eed?

(
d)Iwi
sht
owashmyI
ri
shwat
ch.

Exer
cise2

Readt
hei
tem bel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t:

Wesur
elyshal
lseet
hesunshi
nesoon.

(
a)I
dent
if
ythegenr
e.

(
b)Whi
cht
wosoundshast
hei
tem beenusedt
oteach?

GRAMMARFORFORM FOUR
PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

FUNCTI
ONSOFNOUNSI
NSENTENCES

Thenounf
unct
ionsi
nasent
encear
e:

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50
(
1)I
tcanbet
hesubj
ectofav
erb.Exampl
es,

 Myni
ecechai
rst
hemeet
ings.

“
Myni
ece”i
sthesubj
ectoft
hever
b“chai
rs”
.

 Thedeerat
eal
lmyf
lower
s.

 Thest
udent
sar
edoi
ngassi
gnment
.

 Janei
swashi
ngmycl
othes.

(
2)I
tcanbet
hedi
rectobj
ectofav
erb.Exampl
es,

 Iwi
l
lbuybr
ead.

“
Bread”i
sthedi
rectobj
ectoft
hev
erb”
buy
”.

 Il
i
key
ou.

 Thedogbi
tthepost
man.

(
3)I
tcanbeanI
ndi
rectobj
ectofav
erb,
forexampl
e,

 Hecal
l
edmeHel
en.

“
me”i
sthei
ndi
rectobj
ect
.

 Ti
mot
hyboughtKamj
eshf
ish.

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PRONOUNS

(
a)I
NTERROGATI
VEPRONOUNS

 Weusei
nter
rogat
ivepr
onounst
oaskquest
ions.

 Anint
errogat
ivepronounr
epr
esent
sthatt
hingwedon’
tknowandt
hati
swhyweask
quest
ionaboutit
.

 Ther
ear
efourmai
nint
err
ogat
ivepr
onouns:

 Who

 Whom

 What

 Whi
ch

 Itwor
thnot
ingthatt
hepossessi
ve“whose”canalsobeusedasani
nter
rogat
ivepr
onoun–
commonlyknownasaninter
rogati
vepossessi
vepronoun.

 “
who”
,“whom”
,and“
whose”ar
eusedt
orepr
esentahumanbei
ng.

 “
What
”repr
esent
sat
hing,
butsomet
imes,
aper
son.

I
nter
rogat
ivePr
onounsandCase

 Ani
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouncanei
therbei
nthesubj
ect
ivecaseori
ntheobj
ect
ivecase.

 Whent
hepr
onouni
sint
hesubj
ect
ivecaseweuset
hef
orms,

i
. Who

i
i
. What

i
i
i. Whi
ch

Whocamelast
?
Domni
ccamelast
.

Whichpleasesy ou?
Horrormoviepleasesme?
Thenounsr epr
esentedbysuchpr
onounsar
ethesubj
ect
sint
her
esponse.

 “
What
”and“
whi
ch”canal
sobei
ntheobj
ect
ivecase.Consi
der
:

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 i
. Whathav
eyouseen?

Ihav
eseenanewt
owel
.

“
Anewt owel”i
stheobj
ectofthever
b“seen”
.“What
”thati
srepr
esent
ingi
tint
he
f
ir
stsentencei
salsot
heobject.

i
i
. Whi
chdi
dyouseef
ir
st?

Isawt
hebl
ackcarf
ir
st.

 “
Whom”i
sthecor
rectf
orm whent
hepr
onouni
stheobj
ectoft
hev
erb.Forexampl
e,

i
. Whom di
dyoumeet
?

ImetAbr
aham.

“
Whom”r
epr
esent
s“Abr
aham”
,whi
chi
stheobj
ectoft
hev
erb“
meet
”

i
i
. Whom doy
oul
i
ke?

(
b)RELATI
VEPRONOUNS

 Ar
elat
ivepr
onouni
ntr
oducesar
elat
ivecl
ause.

 Ar
elat
ivepr
onounr
elat
est
othewor
ditmodi
fi
es.Forexampl
e,

Themanwhodi
edl
astni
ghti
smynei
ghbour
.

I
nthi
sexampl
e,t
her
elat
ivepr
onoun“
who”r
elat
est
othenoun“
man”whi
chi
tmodi
fi
es.

I
tal
soi
ntr
oducest
her
elat
ivecl
ause“
whodi
edl
astni
ght
”

 Ther
ear
efi
vemai
nrel
ati
vepr
onouns.Theyar
e:

 Who

 Whom

 Whose

 Whi
ch

 That

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 Who(
subj
ect
)andwhom (
obj
ect
)ar
eusedf
orpeopl
e.

 Whosei
sforpossessi
on.

 Whi
chi
sfort
hings.Thati
sal
sof
ort
hings.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Thecar
,whi
cht
het
err
ori
stsused,
expl
oded.

i
i
. Thedr
iverwhom Ical
l
edy
est
erdaywi
l
lbeher
esoon.

i
i
i. Pat
ient
swhoser
elat
ivesar
eweal
thypayext
ra.

i
v. Thecart
hatl
eftshedr
ivesi
snew.

v
. Thedoct
orwhosephonei
sswi
tchedof
fhasl
eft
.

v
i. Thet
eacher
,whoi
stal
l
,ismycl
asst
eacher
.

v
ii
. Mycousi
n,whosecarhasbeenwashed,
isanengi
neer
.

 Whosecanbeusedwi
tht
hings.Ofwhi
chcanbeasubst
it
ute.Forexampl
e,

Thesecur
it
yof
fi
ceri
slooki
ngf
ort
hephonewhoseowneri
scompl
aini
ng.

Thesecur
it
yof
fi
ceri
slooki
ngf
ort
hephoneofwhi
cht
heowneri
scompl
aini
ng.

Exer
cise

Fi
lli
nthecor
rectr
elat
ivepr
onoun.

1.Iam t
alki
ngt
otheboy_
___
___
___
___bi
kei
smi
ssi
ng.

2.Thel
ady
,__
___
___
___
___Jonat
hanmar
ri
ed,
isseeki
ngmygui
dance.

3.Mr
.Joel
,__
___
___
___
___i
sthenewschool
pri
nci
pal
,hasboughtasecondhandcar
.

4. Thet
ruck_
___
___
___car
ri
edt
hegar
bagewaswhi
te.

5.Thi
sist
hegi
rl_
___
___
___
__comesf
rom Moy
ale.

6.Thet
eacher
,__
___
___
___
__ev
eryst
udentl
i
kes,
isr
eal
l
yki
nd.

7.Weof
tenv
isi
touruncl
einGar
bat
ula_
___
___
___
___
_isi
nIsi
olo.

8.Thecar
,__
___
___
___
___dr
iveri
say
oungman,
isf
rom Ki
tui
.

9.Whatdi
dyoudowi
tht
hemoney_
___
___
___
__y
ourmot
hergav
eyou?

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10.Thechi
l
dren,
___
___
___
___
___
_shout
edi
nthest
reet
,ar
enotf
rom Mwi
ngi
.

11.Lookatt
hedonkey
s__
___
___
___
___
___ar
egr
azi
ngi
nthef
iel
d.

12.Thanky
ouf
orsendi
ngmet
hel
ett
er_
___
___
___
___
___wasv
eryi
nter
est
ing.

13.Iam t
hegi
rl_
___
___
__Geor
gedat
edf
ory
ear
s.

14.Thati
sPet
er,
thepr
iest_
___
___
___hasj
ustbeenor
dai
nedbi
shop.

15.Iputmypenci
l
sinmybag,
___
___
___
__i
sont
hechai
r.

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VERBS

(
a)PARTI
CIPLEPHRASES

 Apart
ici
plewithoneormor
eobj
ect
sormodi
fi
ersf
ormsapar
ti
cipl
ephr
ase.Thesent
ence
bel
owill
ustr
atesthi
s.

Thecateat
ingmeatandf
ishbel
ongst
ome.

I
nthesent
ence,
under
li
nedphr
asei
sthepar
ti
cipl
ephr
ase.

Thepar
ti
cipl
eint
hisphr
asei
s“eat
ing”

Meatandf
ishar
etheobj
ect
s.

 Apart
ici
plephr
asemodi
fi
esnouns.I
ntheexampl
esbel
ow,
thepar
ti
cipl
ephr
asesar
e
under
li
nedwhil
ethewor
dsmodifi
edarei
nboldf
ace.

i
. Washedwi
thsoapandwat
er,
theski
rtl
ookedbr
ight
.

i
i
. Thehouse,
pai
ntedy
ell
owandwhi
te,
appear
ednew.

 Par
ti
cipl
ephr
asesf
unct
ionasadj
ect
ivesi
nasent
ence.

 Apar
ti
cipl
ephrasei
susedt
ocombi
nesent
encest
woormor
esent
ences,
ort
oshor
ten
t
hem.Forexample,

 Thet
eachersati
nhi
sof
fi
ce.Hesentt
hesecr
etar
ytocal
lJonat
han.

Si
tt
ingi
nhi
sof
fi
ce,
thepr
inci
pal
sentt
hesecr
etar
ytocal
lJonat
han.

 If
orgotmypenathome.Ibor
rowedapenf
rom El
i
ant
o.

Hav
ingf
orgot
tenmypenathome,
Ibor
rowedonef
rom El
i
ant
o.

 Theaut
hori
sbei
ngi
nter
viewed.Theaut
hori
saCar
ibbean.

Theaut
horbei
ngi
nter
viewedi
saCar
ibbean.

 Hav
eyour
eadt
hisnov
el?I
twaswr
it
tenbyMar
gar
etOgol
a.

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56
 Hav
eyour
eadt
hispoem wr
it
tenbyMar
gar
etOgol
a?

 Iam av
eget
ari
an.Idon’
teatmeat
.

Bei
ngav
eget
ari
an,
Idon’
teatmeat
.

Exer
cise

Combi
net
hepai
rofsent
encesusi
ngapar
ti
cipl
ephr
ase.Thef
ir
stonehasbeendonef
ory
ou.

(
a)Thest
udent
swor
kedar
oundt
hecl
ock.Theycompl
etedt
hepr
oject
.

Wor
kingar
oundt
hecl
ock,
thest
udent
scompl
etedt
hepr
oject
.

(
b)Thest
udentwasf
rust
rat
edbyl
ackofpr
ogr
ess.Thest
udentdr
oppedoutofschool
.

(
c)Thedogwaswounded.Thedogst
umbl
edt
hrought
hemuddyf
iel
d.

(
d)Themant
hrewoutt
het
elev
isi
on.Thet
elev
isi
onwasbr
oken.

(
e)Mar
thawasl
i
steni
ngt
oloudmusi
c.Mar
thacoul
dnothearherpar
entcal
l
ing.

(
f)Themanwassi
tt
ingi
nthel
i
brar
y.Hewasr
eadi
nganewspaper
.

(
g)Shewal
kedhome.Shemetanol
dfr
iend.

(
h)Thedogwaggedi
tst
ail
.Itbi
tthet
hief
.

(
i)Thet
echni
cianwaswor
kingi
nthel
ab.Hecuthi
sfi
nger
.

(
j)Nj
orogewasr
elaxi
ngonhi
schai
r.Nj
orogef
ell
asl
eep.

(
k)Themanwasdi
sappoi
nted.Hest
ompedhi
sfootandl
eftangr
il
y.

(
b)GERUNDS
 Ager
undi
sanounf
ormedbyaddi
ng“
-i
ng”t
oabasef
orm ofav
erb.Forexampl
e,

Readi
ng

Smoki
ng

Dr
inki
ng

Swi
mmi
nget
c

 Ager
undcanbeusedast
hesubj
ectort
hecompl
ementofasent
ence.Forexampl
e,

 Lear
ningi
simpor
tant
.“Lear
ning”i
sthesubj
ect
.

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57
  Themosti
mpor
tantt
hingi
slear
ning.“
Lear
ning”her
eist
hecompl
ement
.

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58
ADJECTI
VES
(
a)TYPI
CALENDI
NGSOFADJECTI
VES

 Adj
ect
ivesendi
nvar
ioussuf
fi
xes.Thesesuf
fi
xesi
ncl
ude:

1.–abl
eor–i
ble,
forexampl
e,

 Achi
evabl
e  I
ncr
edi
ble

 Capabl
e  Remar
kabl
e

 I
ll
egi
ble  Under
standabl
e,et
c

2.–al
,forexampl
e,

 Funct
ional  Benef
ici
al

 I
nter
nal  Mat
hemat
ical

 I
nfl
uent
ial  Chemi
cal

 Logi
cal  Phy
sical
,et
c

3.–i
c,f
orexampl
e,

 Mani
c  Cubi
c

 Ter
ri
fi
c  Rust
ic

 Hi
stor
ic  Ar
ti
sti
c,et
c

4.–f
ul,
forexampl
e,

 Car
eful  Hopef
ul

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59
  Hel
pful  Gr
atef
ul

 Bashf
ul  Har
mful
,et
c

 Beaut
if
ul

5.–l
ess,
forexampl
e,

 Har
mless  Rut
hless

 Fear
less  Br
eat
hless

 Car
eless  Gr
oundl
ess

 Jobl
ess  Rest
less,
etc

6.–i
ve,
forexampl
e,

 Di
smi
ssi
ve  Per
suasi
ve

 At
tr
act
ive  I
nvent
ive

 Submi
ssi
ve  I
ntui
ti
ve,
etc

7.–ous,
forexampl
e,

 Danger
ous  My
ster
ious

 Di
sast
rous  Cour
ageous

 Fabul
ous  Adv
ent
urous,
etc

 Gor
geous

Exer
cise

Fi
lli
nthecor
rectf
orm ofwor
dinbr
acket
stocompl
etet
hesent
ence.

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60
 1.Theyl
i
vei
na_
___
___
___
___
___t
own.(
beaut
y)

2.Shei
swear
inga_
___
___
___
_shi
rtt
oday
.(sl
eev
e)

3.Gl
ori
aandt
hedr
iverar
e__
___
___
___
_indi
vi
dual
s.(
tal
k)

4.Thedol
lhas_
___
___
___
__ar
ms.(
mov
e)

5.Wehadt
obe_
___
___
___
___
__nott
obeseen.(
car
e)

6.Thewomanwentt
oa_
___
___
___
_rest
aur
ant
.(f
ashi
on)

7.Shei
sav
ery_
___
___
___
___woman.(
att
ract
)

8.Thati
sa_
___
___
___
___
_issue.(
cont
ent
)

9.Doy
our
emember_
___
___
___
_vi
siti
nKeny
a?(
pope)

10.howshel
andedt
hej
obr
emai
ns_
___
___
___
___.(
quest
ion)

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61
(
b)FUNCTI
ONSOFADJECTI
VES
Adj
ect
ivesper
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ionsi
nsent
ences:

i
. Theymodi
fynounphr
ases.

i
i
. Theyf
unct
ionassubj
ectcompl
ement
s.

i
i
i. Theyal
sof
unct
ionasobj
ectcompl
ement
s.

i
v. Funct
ionasapposi
ti
ves.

Adj
ect
ivesasnoun,
Pronoun,
NounPhr
aseModi
fi
ers

Anadj
ect
ivecandescr
ibeanoun,
pronoun,
oranounphr
ase.Forexampl
e,

i
. Myni
ecebr
oughty
ell
owhandker
chi
efs.

i
i
. Thet
inycatat
eal
lthemeat
.

i
i
i. Thest
udent
spi
ckedsomeonest
upi
dtol
eadt
hem.

i
v. Thecookser
vedusbl
andAf
ri
cansal
ad.

Adj
ect
ivesasSubj
ectCompl
ement
s

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62
 Asubj
ectcomplementisaword,phrase,oracl
ausethatf
oll
owsal
i
nki
ngv
erb(
copul
arv
erb
l
ikei
s,ar
e,appear
s,et
c),anddescr
ibesthesubj
ect.

 Adject
ivephr
asest
hatf
unct
ionassubj
ectcompl
ement
sar
eal
soknownaspr
edi
cat
e
adj
ecti
ves.

 Theunder
li
nedwor
dsar
etheadj
ect
ivesdescr
ibi
ngt
hesubj
ect
sinbol
dface:

i
. Thebr
eadt
ast
essweet
.

i
i
. Shei
stal
l
.

i
i
i. Mycoati
sbl
ack.

Adj
ect
ivesasObj
ectCompl
ement
s

 Anobjectcompl
ementi
sawor
d,phr
ase,
oracl
auset
hatdi
rect
lyf
oll
owsandmodi
fi
est
he
di
rectobj
ect.

 Inthesentencesthatf
oll
ow,
thedi
rectobj
ect
shav
ebeenunder
li
ned,
whi
l
etheadj
ect
ives
areinboldface.

i
. Thecar
pent
erpai
ntedt
het
abl
ered.

i
i
. Cat
hol
i
csconsi
dersai
ntshol
y.

i
i
i. Youmaket
hem sad.

Adj
ect
ivesasApposi
ti
ves

 Anapposit
ivei
saword,phr
ase,oraclauset
hatsuppor
tsanot
herwor
d,phr
ase,
orcl
auseby
descr
ibi
ngthatwor
d,phr
ase,orcl
ause.

 I
nthesent
encest
hatf
oll
ow,
apposi
ti
veshav
ebeeni
tal
i
cized.

i
. Theboy
,hungr
yandexhaust
ed,
passedout
.

i
i
. Awar
eofourappr
oach,
thet
err
ori
stf
lee.

i
i
i. Thel
ady
,ri
chandki
nd,
clear
edmybi
l
l.

Cany outel
lwhatt
heymodi
fy?Theymodi
fy“
theboy
”,“
thet
err
ori
st”
,and“
thel
ady
”,
respect
ivel
y.

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63
ADVERBS

(
a)POSI
TIONOFADVERBSI
NSENTENCES
 Ther
ear
ethr
eenor
mal
posi
ti
onsf
oradv
erbsi
nasent
ence:

1.I
nit
ial
posi
ti
on–bef
oret
hesubj
ect

2.Mi
dposi
ti
on–bet
weent
hesubj
ectandt
hev
erb

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64
 3.Endposi
ti
on–af
tert
hev
erb

 Not
icet
hatdi
ff
erentt
ypesofadv
erbsf
avourdi
ff
erentposi
ti
ons.

I
nit
ialPosi
ti
on

Adv
erbst
hatf
avourt
hisposi
ti
onar
e:

i
. Adv
erbsoft
ime,
whencont
rast
ingwi
thapr
evi
ousr
efer
enceoft
ime,
forexampl
e,

Thepast
orar
ri
vedear
lyt
oday
,butt
omor
rowhewi
l
lbel
ate.

“
Tomor
row”pr
ecedest
hesubj
ect“
he”

i
i
. Commentandv
iewpoi
ntadv
erbsl
i
keof
fi
cial
l
y,l
ucki
l
y,pr
esumabl
y,et
c.

Of
fi
cial
l
y,Mr
.Br
owni
sthenewschool
secur
it
yguar
d.

Mi
dPosi
ti
on

Someadv
erbsusedi
nthi
sposi
ti
onar
e:

 Focusi
ngadv
erbsl
i
kej
ust
,ev
en

 Adv
erbsofi
ndef
ini
tef
requencyl
i
keof
ten,
nev
er,
alway
s,et
c

 Adv
erbsofcer
tai
nty
,forexampl
e,obv
iousl
y,pr
obabl
y,et
c

 Adv
erbsofdegr
eesuchascl
ear
ly

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Janehasj
ustbeent
oKer
icho.

i
i
. Iam obv
iousl
ythet
all
estgi
rlher
e.

i
i
i. Iam al
mosthome.

EndPosi
ti
on

 Adv
erbsofti
meandthoseofdef
ini
tef
requencyf
avourt
hisposi
ti
on.Theyar
eli
keev
ery
month,
lasty
ear
,et
c.f
orexample

i
. Iwat
chedt
hegamel
astweek.

i
i
. Theyt
rav
elt
oNai
robi
oft
en.

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65
 Adv
erbsofmannersuchasqui
ckl
y,wel
l
,et
c,al
sof
avourt
hisposi
ti
on.

i
. Shedr
ovet
hecarsl
owl
y.

i
i
. Theat
hlet
eranf
ast
.

Exer
cise1

Rewr
it
ethecompl
etesent
enceusi
ngt
headv
erbi
nbr
acket
sini
tscor
rectposi
ti
on.

1. Char
lesmustt
rav
el.(
also)

2.Shewaski
ddi
ng.(
onl
y)

3.Di
dyoudot
heassi
gnment
?(bot
h)

4.Thepr
iestseesmov
ies.(
har
dly
)

5.Het
alkst
othem.(
car
eful
l
y)

6.Thebagwashi
dden.(
undert
hebed)

7.Theyl
eftt
heschool
.(y
est
erday
)

8.Samant
haf
ell
offt
hebi
ke.(
almost
)

9.Hert
eacherwi
l
lrewar
dherhar
dwor
k.(
probabl
y)

10.Dani
eli
sget
ti
ngt
ransf
err
edt
hismont
h.(
def
ini
tel
y)

Exer
cise2

Thesent
encesbel
owar
ejumbl
edup.Ar
ranget
hewor
dst
omakecor
rectsent
ences.

1.Hav
en’
tlat
elyhi
mtal
kedt
oI

2.I
’
llhi
m soonsee

3.Shehel
paskedi
mmedi
atel
yfor

4.Youwher
enowar
e?

5.Loudl
ybar
kst
hedog

6.Shesecr
etl
yhi
m met

7.Outsneakedhouseoft
heyqui
etl
yout

8.Wonhasn’
tmyl
atel
ycl
ub

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66
9.Car
eful
l
ypl
ayspi
anot
hebr
othermy

10.Speakswel
lEngl
i
shNj
eri

(
b)TYPI
CALENDI
NGSOFADVERBS
 Adv
erbsmodi
fyv
erbs,
adj
ect
ives,
,orot
heradv
erbs.

 Adv
erbsof
tent
ell
how,
when,
wher
e,why
,orunderwhatcondi
ti
onst
hingshappen.

Adv
erbEndi
ngs

 Mostadv
erbsendi
n“-
ly
”.Theyar
efor
medbyaddi
ng–l
ytoanadj
ect
ive.Forexampl
e,

i
. Sof
tl
y

i
i
. Qui
ckl
y

i
i
i. Sl
owl
y

i
v. Gr
adual
l
y

v
. El
ect
roni
cal
l
y

v
i. Car
eful
l
y

v
ii
. Hor
ri
blyet
c

 I
ncompar
ati
veandsuper
lat
ivef
orms,
someadv
erbschanget
hei
rendi
ngs.Forexampl
e

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67
  Runf
ast
eri
fyoui
fyoudon’
twantt
obel
ate.

 Thest
udentwhor
unsf
ast
estwi
l
lbet
heonet
orecei
vet
heawar
d.

 Ther
ear
ethoseadv
erbst
hatendi
n–war
ds,
forexampl
e,

 Towar
ds

 Homewar
ds

 Downwar
ds

 Backwar
dset
c

 Ther
ear
eadv
erbst
hatendi
n–wi
se,
forexampl
e,

 Li
kewi
se

 Ot
her
wise

 Cl
ockwi
se

 Lengt
hwi
seet
c

 Ther
ear
ethoset
hatendi
n–wher
e,f
orexampl
e,

 Nowher
e

 Ev
ery
wher
e

 Somewher
e,et
c

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Iam goi
ngnowher
e.

i
i
. Hedr
ovesl
owl
y.

Exer
cise

Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hecor
rectf
ormsofwor
dsi
nbr
acket
s.

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68
 1.Shel
aughed_
___
___
___
___
__.(
happy
)

2.Janei
sal
way
s__
___
___
___
__dr
essed.(
smar
t)

3.Ther
eis_
___
___
___
_nowat
erl
efti
nthebasi
n.(
near
)

4.Thecowcoul
d__
___
___
___
_wal
kaf
tert
hebusknockedi
t.(
har
d)

5.Wear
egoi
ngf
orbr
eak_
___
___
___
_.(
shor
t)

6.Ir
an_
___
___
__.(
qui
ck)

7.Thewi
ndi
sbl
owi
ng_
___
___
___.(
east
)

8.Thatwast
he_
___
___
___
___
__doneper
for
manceIhav
eseenIseeni
nyear
s.(
ski
l
l)

9.Edi
thdi
dtheassi
gnment_
___
___
___
_.(
easy
)

10.Cany
out
urn_
___
___
___?(
clock)

11.Hel
enspokeabouthert
eacher_
___
___
___
__.(
dramat
ic)

12.Hi
stemper
atur
ewentup_
___
___
_.(
fast
)

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69
PREPOSI
TIONS

FUNCTI
ONSOFPREPOSI
TIONSI
NSENTENCES

Pr
eposi
ti
onsasAdj
ect
ives

Pr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
asesmodi
fyt
henouns.Forexampl
e,

1.Gi
vemet
hepenci
lnextt
othebook.

Thepreposi
ti
onal
phr
ase“
nextt
othebook”modi
fi
est
henoun“
penci
l
”.Weknowwhi
chpenci
l
thati
sneeded.

2.Par
kthecarbehi
ndt
hehouse

Pr
eposi
ti
onsasAdv
erbs

Apr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
asemodi
fi
esav
erb.Forexampl
e,

1.Thecheet
ahr
unsaf
tert
heant
elope.

2.Thet
eam wonwi
thoutt
hei
rcapt
ain.

Pr
eposi
ti
onsasNomi
nal
s

1.Thechur
chi
sbef
oret
hehospi
tal
.

2.Theschool
isadj
acentt
hesuper
mar
ket
.

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70
CLAUSES

(
a)I
NVERSI
ONS

 I
nver
sioni
nasent
encehappenswhent
hesubj
ect
-ver
bor
deri
srev
ersed.

 Whent
heor
deri
srev
ersed,
thev
erbcomesbef
oret
hesubj
ect
.

 Toachi
evei
nver
sion,
weuse:

 Ti
meadv
erbi
als,
li
ke

 Nev
er

 Nev
erbef
ore

 Rar
ely

 Scar
cel
y(bar
ely
,hadl
y)…when/
bef
ore

 Nosooner….
than

Forexampl
e

i
. Har
dlyhadIbegunt
ospeakwhenshei
nter
rupt
edme.

i
i
. NosoonerhadIar
ri
vedt
hant
heyst
art
edt
ocr
y.

 Af
terexcl
amat
ionswi
thher
eandt
her
e,f
orexampl
e,

 Her
ecomest
het
eacher
!

 Ther
egoest
hewoman.

 Af
teradv
erbi
alexpr
essi
onsbegi
nni
ngwi
thonl
yandnotonl
y

 Onl
yaf
terImetherdi
dIr
eal
i
seIknewher
.

 Onl
ywhent
hebusst
oppeddi
dhecal
m down.

 Toaskquest
ions,
forexampl
e,

Di
dyouseeher
?

 Af
terso,
nei
ther
,nor

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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71
  Dani
elhasnev
erbeent
oChi
na,
nei
therdoI
.

Mor
eExampl
esi
nSent
ences

 Notunt
ily
ougr
owupwi
l
lyoubeal
l
owedi
nher
e.

 Undernoci
rcumst
ancecany
ousmokeher
e.

 Li
tt
ledoessher
eal
i
sehowbeaut
if
ulshei
s.

SUBSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thisi
st her
epl
acementofawor
d,orgr
oupofwor
dsi
nasent
encei
nor
dert
oav
iod
repet
ion.

 Todot
his,
weuset
hef
il
ler
sorpr
ofor
ms.

Pr
ofor
msusedi
nSubst
it
uti
on

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentwor
dsandphr
asesusedi
nsubst
it
uti
on:

 Nei
ther

 Less

 Some

 Many

 Bot
h

 Li
tt
le

duncanomondi
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72
  So

 Do

 One

 Oneset
c

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Idon’
tli
kei
t,nei
therdoesDor
cas.

2.Sal
i
m hasbeent
oEl
dor
et,
sohav
eI.

(
b)SENTENCECONNECTORS
 Asent
enceconnect
orl
i
nksi
deasf
rom onesent
encet
othenext
.

 Sent
enceconnect
orsgi
vepar
agr
aphscoher
ence.

 Thesent
enceconnect
orsar
eusedt
o:

1.Sequencei
deas.Theconnect
orsusedher
ear
e:

 Fi
rst
ly,
thi
rdl
y,et
c

 I
naddi
ti
on/addi
ti
onal
l
y

duncanomondi
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73
  Fur
ther
mor
e

 Al
so

 Af
ter
war
ds

 Pr
esent
ly/
atpr
esent

 Next
,last
,fi
nal
l
y,et
c

2.Cont
rasti
deas,
forexampl
e,

 Howev
er

 Ont
hecont
rar
y

 I
n(by
)compar
ison

 I
ncont
rast

 Ont
heot
herhand,
etc

3.St
ater
esul
ts,
forexampl
e,

 Asaconsequence

 Asar
esul
t

 Ther
efor
e

 Thus

 Hence

 Consequent
ly

4.Compar
eideas,
forexampl
e,

 Li
kewi
se

 Si
mil
arl
y

 Al
so

5.Gi
veor
derofi
mpor
tance,
forexampl
e,

 Mostsi
gni
fi
cant
ly

 Mor
e/mosti
mpor
tant
ly

duncanomondi
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comPage74

74
  Abov
eal
l

 Pr
imar
il
y

 Essent
ial
l
y

6.Gi
ver
eason,
forexampl
e,

 Thecauseof

 Ther
easonf
or

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

i
. Mybr
otherwor
ksei
ghthour
saday
.Howev
er,
hedoesn’
tear
nmuchmoney
.

i
i
. Thi
shot
elhast
hebestdécor
.Mor
eov
er,
thei
rchef
sar
eli
vel
y.

i
i
i. Thest
udentf
ail
edt
odot
heassi
gnment
.Asar
esul
t,t
het
eacherpuni
shedhi
m.

i
v. Thepubl
i
cref
usedt
opayf
ort
heent
ryf
ee.Consequent
ly,
theshowwascancel
l
ed.

v
. Thehousehadsev
enr
ooms,
eachwi
thabat
hroom.Addi
ti
onal
ly
,ther
ewasal
arge
swi
mmi ngpool
.

Exer
cise

Fi
llinthebl
ankswi
thappr
opr
iat
esent
enceconnect
ors.Chooset
heconnect
orf
rom t
heones
gi
v en.

Similarl
y
Ont hecontrar
y
Presently
However
Otherwise
Li
kewi se
Therefore
Eventuall
y
Afterwards

1.Ther
ear
enor
edbi
rosl
eft
.__
___
___
___
___
___
_,t
her
ear
ebl
ackones.

2.Thewhitecarhascar
ri
edmanypassenger
s._
___
___
___
___
__,
thewhi
tecarhascar
ri
edmany
passenger
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage75

75
3.Cl
eant
her
oom f
ir
st._
___
___
___
___,
youcangooutt
opl
ay.

4.Letuswor
khar
d._
___
___
___
___wemayr
ecei
vebadgr
ades.

5.Iwor
kedi
nNar
okf
ort
eny
ear
s._
___
___
___
___,
Iwor
kathome.

6.Shel
ovesJohn._
___
___
___
_,Johnl
ovessomeoneel
se.

7.Hehasbeenl
ooki
ngf
orher
.__
___
___
___
___
__,
hef
oundheratt
her
est
aur
ant
.

8.Thef
inal
examsar
ecomi
ngsoon._
___
___
___
__,
itwoul
dbeadv
isabl
etost
artr
evi
sing.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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76
GRAMMARANSWERS

(
c)RELATI
VEPRONOUNS

1.Whose 6.Whom 11.whi

ch

2.Whom 7.Whi
ch 12.Whi
ch

3.Who 8.Whose 13.Whom

4.That
/whi
ch 9.Whi
ch/
That 14.Who

5.Who 10.Who

15.Whi
ch

ADJECTI
VES

TYPI
CALENDI
NGSOFADJECTI
VES

1.beaut
if
ul

2.sl
eev
eless

3.t
alkat
ive

4.mov
abl
e/i
mmov
abl
e

5.car
eful

6.f
ashi
onabl
e

7.at
tract
ive

8.cont
ent
ious

9.papal

10.quest
ionabl
e

ADVERBS

POSI
TIONOFADVERBSI
NSENTENCES

Exer
cise1

1. Char
lesmustal
sot
rav
el.

duncanomondi
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comPage77

77
2.Shewasonl
yki
ddi
ng.

3.Di
dyoubot
hdot
heassi
gnment
?

4.Thepr
iesthar
dlyseesmov
ies.

5.Het
alkst
othem car
eful
l
y.

6.Thebagwashi
ddenundert
hebed.

7.Theyl
eftt
heschool
yest
erday
.

8.Samant
haal
mostf
ell
offt
hebi
ke.

9.Hert
eacherwi
l
lpr
obabl
yrewar
dherhar
dwor
k.

10.Dani
eli
sdef
ini
tel
yget
ti
ngt
ransf
err
edt
hismont
h.

Exer
cise2

1)Hav
en’
tlat
elyhi
mtal
kedt
o

Ihav
en’
ttal
kedt
ohi
mlat
ely
.

2)I
’
llhi
m soonsee

I
’
llseehi
m soon.

3)Shehel
paskedi
mmedi
atel
yfor

Sheaskedf
orhel
pimmedi
atel
y.

4)Youwher
enowar
e?

Wher
ear
eyounow?

5)Loudl
ybar
kst
hedog

Thedogbar
ksl
oudl
y.

6)Shesecr
etl
yhi
m met

Shemethi
m secr
etl
y.

7)Outsneakedhouseoft
heyqui
etl
yout

Theysneakedoutoft
hehousequi
etl
y.

8)Wonhasn’
tmyl
atel
ycl
ub

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage78

78
 Mycl
ubhasn’
twonl
atel
y.

9)Car
eful
l
ypl
ayspi
anot
hebr
othermy

Mybr
otherpl
ayst
hepi
anocar
eful
ly
.

10)Speakswel
lEngl
i
shNj
eri

Nj
erispeaksEngl
ishwel
l.

(
c)TYPI
CALENDI
NGSOFADVERBS

1.Happi
l
y 7.East
war
ds

2.Smar
tl
y 8.Leastski
l
lful
l
y

3.Near
ly 9.Easi
l
y

4.Har
dly 10.Cl
ockwi
se

5.Shor
tl
y 11.Dr
amat
ical
l
y

6.Qui
ck 12.Fast
er

SENTENCECONNECTORS

1)Howev
er

2)Li
kewi
se/
simi
l
arl
y

3)Af
ter
war
ds

4)Ot
her
wise

5)Pr
esent
ly

6)Ont
hecont
rar
y

7)Ev
ent
ual
l
y

8)Ther
efor
e

WRI
TINGFORFORM FOUR
1.PERSONALWRI
TING

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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79
 (
a)Reci
pes

 Ar
eci
pei
sasetofst
epst
hatl
eadt
oadel
i
ciousf
ood.

 I
tisasetofdi
rect
ionst
hatdescr
ibeshowt
opr
epar
eacul
i
nar
ydi
sh.

 Wi
tht
her
eci
pe,
onei
sunl
i
kel
ytobei
nvol
vedi
ncul
i
nar
ydi
sast
er.

 Thecommont
ermsusedi
nar
eci
pear
e:

 Bake

 Bast
e

 Bl
end

 Beat

 Boi
l

 Br
aise

 Br
ine

 Chop

 Cr
ush

 Di
p

 Di
ssol
ve

 Dr
awn

 Pound

 Mi
x

 St
ir

 Spr
ead

For
matofaReci
pe

1.Ti
tl
eyourr
eci
pe.Forexampl
e,

Fr
iedChi
ckenReci
pe

 I
ngr
edientList
.Iti
sadvisabl
etol
isttheingr
edient
sintheor
derofthei
ruse.Thi
shelps
t
hereadertokeeptrackofthei
ngredient
sthathavebeenused.Gi
vethequanti
tyofeach

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage80

80
 i
ngr
edi
ent
.Exampl
es:

4whol
echi
ckenbr
east
s

½cupbr
eadcr
umbs

 Method.Howthemeali
spreparedi
sli
stedher
e.Thestepsshoul
dbeeasi
ert
o
under
standandfol
l
ow.Thestepsar
eusuall
ynumbered.

 Ser
vice.Li
sthowmanypeopl
etobeser
vedandwhatt
oser
vewi
th.Forexampl
e,

Ser
vewi
th……or

Topwi
th….
.

 Pr
epar
ati
ont
ime

Sampl
eReci
pe

RECI
PEFORCOOKI
NGWHI
TERI
CE

I
ngr
edi
ent
s

1cupofwhi
ter
ice

2cupsofwat
er

½t
easpoonsal
t

It
abl
espoonoi
l

Pr
epar
ati
onTi
me:20mi
nut
es

Pr
epar
ati
on

1.Ri
nset
her
icei
nast
rai
ner
.

2.Br
ingt
hewat
ert
oaboi
l
.

3.Addt
her
icet
oboi
l
edwat
er.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage81

81
 4.St
iri
nther
ice,
sal
tandoi
landbr
ingi
tbackt
oagent
lesi
mmer
.

5.St
artchecki
ngt
her
icear
ound18mi
nut
es.

6.Tur
nof
ftheheatwhent
her
icei
stender
.

7.Remov
ethel
i
dandf
luf
fther
ice.

Ser
vice

1.Ser
vewhenhot
.

2.Ser
vewi
thf
ri
edmeat
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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82
2.SOCI
ALWRI
TING

(
a)E-
Mai
l
s

 Shor
tforel
ect
roni
cmai
l
s.

 Theyar
emessagessentv
iaacomput
erconnect
edt
oint
ernet
.

 Emai
l
smustbeshor
tandpr
eci
se.

Emai
lAddr
ess

 Anemailaddressi
swhati
dent
if
iesanel
ect
roni
cpostof
fi
ceboxonanet
wor
kwher
eemai
l
canbesent.

 Usual
l
y,t
her
eisnocapi
tal
i
zat
ionorspaci
ngbet
weent
hechar
act
ers.

ComponentofEmai
lAddr
ess

 Al
lemai
laddr
esseshav
ethr
eepar
ts:

 User
name;

 @ sy
mbol
;and

 Thedomai
n

 Usernameist
heuni
quenamet
haty
ousel
ect
.Itcanbey
ourr
eal
nameorni
ckname.
Example:
sumudawa

 @ symbolsepar
atestheusernamefrom thedomain.Wheny
ouinser
tthi
ssymbol
,your
emailpr
ogram r
ecognizest
hecharacterandsendstheemai
ltot
hedomainnamethat
fol
l
owsit.

 Domai
nisbr
okeni
ntopar
ts:
themai
lser
verandt
het
op-
lev
eldomai
n.

Themailser
veristheser
verhost
ingt
heemai
laccount
.Ther
ear
esuchmai
lser
ver
sas
yahoo,
hotmailandgmail
.

Exampl
esoft
op-
lev
eldomai
nsi
ncl
ude:
com,
net
,or
g,edu,
etc

Exampl
eofemai
laddr
ess:sumudawa@y
ahoo.
com

Emai
lFor
mat

Emai
lconsi
stsof
:

i
. “
FROM”Fi
eld.Wr
it
eyouremai
laddr
ess.

duncanomondi
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83
 i
i
. Dat
e.

i
i
i. “
TO”Fi
eld.Ther
eci
pient
’saddr
essi
swr
it
tenher
e.

i
v. “
Cc”Fi
eld.Addt
heemai
laddr
essofot
herpeopl
ewhosecopyoft
hemessageshoul
d
r
each.

v
. Subj
ect
.Wr
it
eshor
tbutaccur
atesubj
ectheader
.

v
i. At
tachment
s.I
ncl
udet
hedocumentt
hatshoul
dbeat
tachedi
frequi
red.

v
ii
. Sal
utat
ion.Usepr
opersal
utat
ionbegi
nni
ngwi
th‘
dear
’,
etc.

v
ii
i. Messagebody
.Gety
ourpoi
ntacr
osswi
thoutr
ambl
i
ng.

i
x. Leave-t
aki
ng.Dependi
ngony
ourl
evel
ofi
nti
macywi
tht
her
eci
pient
,youcanuse
phrasesandwordsli
ke:

 Your
ssi
ncer
ely
,

 Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,

 Your
scor
dial
l
y,

 Best
,

 Yourl
ovi
ngdaught
er/
son/
mum/
dad/
sist
er/
brot
her
,

 Respect
ful
l
y,

 Yourst
udent
,et
c

x. Si
gni
ng.Wr
it
eyourf
ull
name.

Sampl
eEmai
l

FROM:
kanay
okany
o@gmai
l
.com

DATE:13thJune,
2015

TO:
zimamot
o@y
ahoo.
com

Cc:
mbwakal
i
@hot
mai
l
.com;
rosekat
e@emai
l
.com

SUBJECT:
Chemi
str
y/Phy
sicsTeachi
ngPosi
ti
on

DearSi
r/
Madam:

Iam wr
it
ingt
hisemai
li
nresponset
oyouradv
ert
isementl
i
st nTheSt
edi dNewspaperon11thJune
andar
duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage84

84
2016f
ort
hev
acancyoft
eachi
ngChemi
str
yandPhy
sicst
hathasar
isenwi
thy
ourschool
.

Iam adegr
eeholderfr
om Kil
gori
sUniver
sit
y.Ihavetaughtf
ort
hreey
ear
snow.Whi
l
eteachi
ngat
UngwanaSecondaryschool
,Idevel
opedmyt eachi
ngskil
ls.

Ihav
eastr
ongcommunicationandint
erper
sonalskil
ls,andhavetheabi
l
ityt
omakest
udent
sunder
stand
mytwosubj
ect
sproper
ly.Icanhel
pstudentswit
ht heirdeci
sionmaki
ng.

Idesir
et obepar
toft
heteachi
ngteam atNaikumaSchool
wher
eIcouldnouri
shthemindsofyoung
students.Iwi
l
lbehi
ghl
yobli
gedifyoucouldgothr
oughmycurr
icul
um vi
taeat
tachedher
ewit
h.

Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,

Shur
uti
K.Hassan

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage85

85
 (
b)FAX
 Faxi
sshor
tforf
acsi
mil
e.

 Al
soknownast
elef
axort
elecopy
ing.

 I
tisthet
elephoni
ctr
ansmi
ssionofscannedpr
int
edmat
eri
alusual
l
ytoat
elephonenumber
whichi
sconnectedt
oapri
nter.

Howi
tWor
ks

Tot
ransmi
tthemat
eri
al,
thepr
ocesst
ofol
l
owi
ncl
ude:

 Scanni
ngoft
heor
igi
nal
mat
eri
alusi
ngaf
axmachi
ne(
tel
ecopi
er)
.

 Tel
ecopi
erpr
ocessest
hecont
entandconv
ert
siti
ntoabi
tmap.

 Thecont
enti
sthent
ransmi
tt
edt
hrought
het
elephonesy
stem t
other
ecei
ver.

 Ther
ecei
vi
ngt
elecopi
eri
nter
pret
est
hemessageandr
econst
ructi
t.

Howt
oWr
it
eNot
esandFaxCov
erSheet

 Addalett
erheadtothetopofthefaxcoversheet
.Itcaneit
herbef
oracompanyoran
i
ndiv
idual
.Thelett
erheadcanincl
udethenameoft hecompanyorindi
vi
dual
’
sname,
addr
ess,t
elephonenumber,f
axnumberandemai laddress.

 Writ
e“TO”fol
lowedbyacol
onsomel
i
nesdown.Fi
l
lint
henameoft
heper
sonwho
shoul
drecei
vethefax.

 Wr
it
e“COMPANY”andf
il
li
nthenameoft
hecompanywher
eyouar
esendi
ngt
hef
ax.

 Wr
it
e“FROM”andt
hecol
onont
henextl
i
ne.Li
stt
hesender
’sname.

 Li
stt
hedat
e.

 Wr
it
ether
eci
pient
’sf
axnumber
.

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86
  Wri
te“NUMBEROFPAGES”.Ent
erthi
snumberi
ncl
udi
ngt
hecov
erpaget
ohel
pthe
r
eci
pientmakesur
enopageismissi
ng.

 Wr
it
e“RE”f
oll
owedbyacol
on.Ent
ert
hesubj
ectofwhaty
ouar
ewr
it
ingundernot
es.

 Wr
it
e“NOTES”andt
henacol
on.Ent
eraddi
ti
onal
inf
ormat
ionher
e.Wr
it
ethemessage.

 Aninst
it
uti
oncandesi
gnaf acsi
mileTransmi
tt
alSheetdependi
ngont
hei
rtast
e.Bel
owi
san
exampl
eofafacsi
miletr
ansmi t
tal
sheet.

FACSI
MILETRANSMI
TTALSHEET

TO:
……………………………………………………………………….
.FROM:
…………………………………………………………………….
.

COMPANY:
………………………………………………………….
.DATE:
…………………………………………………….
.

FAXNUMBER:
…………………………………………………….PAGETOTALI
NCLUDI
NGCOVER:
…………………………….

PHONENUMBER:
………………………………………………

RE:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

URGENT PLEASE
COMMENT

PLEASEREPLY PLEASERECYCLE

FORREVI
EW

duncanomondi
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87
NOTES:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(
c)I
NSTRUCTI
ONSTOFAMI
LYANDFRI
ENDS
 Togi
vei
nst
ruct
ionsi
stol
etot
her
sknowhowt
odosomet
hingorr
eachsomewher
e.

 Instr
ucti
onswhenwri
tt
en,cant
aket
hefor
m ofl
ett
ers,
notes,e-
mails,
andmanyot
her
s.Be
careful
onwhichtouseandwhi
chwil
lwor
kwellwi
thyourreci
pient
.

 Wegi
vei
nst
ruct
ionst
ofami
l
yandf
ri
ends:

 Tohel
pusdosomet
hingi
nourabsence.

 Onhowt
ouseanewl
yboughtgar
get
.

 Onhowt
opr
epar
esomemeal
s.

 Onhowt
ohowt
owr
it
ethei
rexams.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
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88
  Onhowt
obesuccessf
uli
ndi
vi
dual
s.Et
c.

Whatt
oDo

Whenwr
it
ingi
nst
ruct
ions:

 Usesi
mpl
ewor
ds.Sav
ethev
erbat
im wor
ds.

 Usei
mper
ati
vef
orm ofsent
ences.

 Gi
veonei
nst
ruct
ionatat
ime.Number
ed.

Her
e,wehav
easampl
eofnot
ewi
thi
nst
ruct
ion

I
NSTRUCTI
ONONWHATTODOWHI
LEIAM WAY

DearKi
sh,

Ihav
eleftforwor
k.Iwi
l
lnotcomebackasusual
l
y.Af
tery
ouwakeuphel
pdo
thef
oll
owing:

 Cl
eany
ourbedr
oom.

 Washt
heut
ensi
l
s.

 Mowt
hel
awn.

 Cooky
ourl
unch.

 Gooutandpl
ayaf
terdoi
ngal
ltheabov
e.

 Getbackt
othehousebef
ore6.

 Cl
oset
hegat
eunt
ilIcomeback.

Ihopeyouwil
lnotforgetanyoft
heabov
e.Whenmum comesbackshewi
l
l
bri
ngyouthefr
uit
sy ouaskedfor
.

Yourl
ovi
ngmum,

Aoko

duncanomondi
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89
Exer
cise

Yourcousi
nhasboughtamobil
ephonebutshedoesn’
tknowhowtotypetextmessageand
sendit
.Inalet
ter
,gi
veheri
nst
ruct
ionst
hatwil
lhel
pherdothatwi
thease.

3.PUBLI
CWRI
TING

(
a)LETTERSOFI
NQUI
RY
 Senttoexpl
orepossibi
l
iti
esinemploy
ment,admissi
ontocoll
ege,et
cwhenyouare
i
nterest
edinwor ki
ngorlear
ning,
etcf
oraparti
cul
arinst
it
uti
on,buty
oudonotknowifan
openingorvacancyexi
sts.

 Alett
erofinquir
yiswheny
ouareappr
oachi
nganorgani
zati
on/company/i
nst
it
uti
on
specul
ati
vely.Thi
smeansyouar
emakinganappr
oachwithoutthei
rhav
ingadver
ti
sedor
announcedav acancy
.

Howt
oWr
it
eaLet
terofI
nqui
ry

Thest
epst
hatf
oll
owwi
l
lhel
pyouwr
it
eagoodl
ett
erofi
nqui
ry:

1.Resolvetofol
lowal
ltherulesforbusinesslett
erwr
iti
ng.Begi
nwit
hy ouraddress,then
thedate,f
oll
owedbyt headdressee’
saddr ess,mov
ingontothegreeti
ng(sal
utati
on),
andlastl
y,i
nregar
dto( wr
it
ten“RE:”)

2.Wr
it
eaboutf
ourpar
agr
aphs.Thepar
agr
aphscanbedi
vi
dedi
nto:

(
a)Fi
rstPar
agr
aph

 I
ntr
oducey
our
sel
fandconci
sel
yexpl
ainwhyy
ouar
ewr
it
ing.

 Tel
lther
eci
pienthowy
ouhear
doft
heor
gani
zat
ion.

 Letthereci
pient
,ifneedbe,knowtheresul
tyouwi l
lrecei
veorr
ecei
ved,
and
theschoolorcoll
egey ouar
eat t
endi
ngorattended.

(
b)SecondPar
agr
aph

 Descr
ibey
ouri
nter
esti
ntheor
gani
zat
ion.

 Makeitclearwhyyout
hinkyouthi
nky
ouar
equal
i
fied,
forexampl
efort
hej
ob,
oradmissiontot
hecol
lege,
etc.

(
c)Thi
rdPar
agr
aph

 Tal
kabouty our
sel
f.Hi
ghl
i
ghty
ourr
elev
antexper
ience,
achi
evement
s,and
qual
if
icat
ions.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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90
  I
ncl
udet
woort
hreeski
l
lst
hatr
elat
etot
heposi
ti
onswi
thi
n.

(
d)Four
thPar
agr
aph

 Thankt
her
eci
pientf
ort
hei
rti
me.

 I
ncl
udey
ourphonenumberoremai
laddr
ess.

 Not
ethatyouhav
eincl
udedy ourCV.Ifadmissi
ontocol
lege,
youmay
menti
onthaty
ouhavei
ncludedy ouracademiccer
ti
fi
cat
eoranydocument
.

3. Cl
osey
ourl
ett
er.

 Wr
it
eyour
sfai
thf
ull
y,i
fyoudonotknowt
henameoft
heper
son.

 Your
ssi
ncer
ely
.Ify
ouknowt
heper
son’
sname,
endt
hel
ett
ert
hisway
.

 Addy
oursi
gnat
ure.Si
gny
ourname.

Sampl
eLet
terofEnqui
ry

KANYEMI
RACLESCHOOL

P.
O.BOX333–22020

CHEM –KENYA

14TH MAY,
2016

THEPRI
NCI
PAL

JOSEM COLLEGE

P.
O.BOX3456–12340

KI
LGORI
S

duncanomondi
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91
DearSi
r/
Madam:

RE:
NEXTI
NTAKE

Iam a2014formf ourl

eaverfr
om KanyeMi racl
eSchool.Ir
ecei
vedgr adeB-atKCSE.Iam
wri
ti
ngtoexpressmyi nter
esti
njoini
ngy ourcol
legei
nSept emberincasether
eisanint
ake.I
haveal
way shear
dal otaboutyourcol
lege.Lastweek,Isawthepictureofyourcol
l
egeinthe
newspaperandthatatt
ractedmemor e.

Iam nowt hinki

ngonlyaboutJosem Coll
ege.I
thasbecomepar tofmydream andIwouldlov
e
tostudymycour sethere.IknowthecourseIwouldliketopursueisoneofthenumer ous
coursesofferedther
e.Iwouldli
ketostudyJournali
sm.IreceivedgradeB+INEnglishand
Kiswahil
iandIhopet hatisenoughtoquali
fymef orthecourseofmychi l
dhooddreams.

Whil
einhighschool
,Iusedtobeamemberofj our
nali
sm cl
ub.Iti
sIwhocoul dwr i
teall
the
newstobereadonFridaysbyfell
owclubmembers.Iwasalsoinv
olvedinbroadcasti
ngduri
ng
thepar
ents’
dayandthroughthatmyconfi
dencewasboosted.Inolongersuff
erfrom anxi
ety
whenspeakingbef
orealargegroup.

Thankyouf
oryourt
imeyouhavey
ouhavetakentoconsi
derthi
slett
erofinqui
ry.Woul
dyou
pl
easecont
actmeon07000000whent
herewill
benextint
ake?Attachedaremydocuments.

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y,

[
sign]

Sal
omeMt
akat
if
u

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage92

92
 (
b)LETTERSOFREQUEST
 Wri
tt
entorequestacompany/f
ir
m/i
nst
it
uti
ont
opr
ovi
decompl
etei
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dinga
pr
oduct
/serv
ice/cour
se,
etc.

 Oneex
pressest
hei
rint
erestt
owar
dst
hecour
se/
product
,et
cint
hisl
ett
er.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntswi
l
lhel
pinwr
it
inganef
fect
ivel
ett
erofr
equest
:

 Cl
ear
lyst
atet
her
easonofseeki
ngdet
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ion.

 Usef
ormal
tonewhenwr
it
ing.

 Bepol
i
te.

 Recheckf
ormi
sspel
l
ings.

Sampl
eLet
terofRequest

Ny
ami
rogi
Secondar
ySchool
,

P.
O.Box111—40020,

MLANGO–KENYA.

24thApr
il
,2015

ThePr
inci
pal
,

Ny
amor
oCol
l
ege,

P.
O.Box222–34200,

DI
RISHA–KENYA.

DearMr
.Bacuna:

RE:
INFORMATI
ONABOUTYOURCOLLEGE

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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93
Iam apar
entofoneofthestudent
swhorecei
vedadmi
ssi
onl
ett
ersf
rom y
ourcol
l
ege.Hei
s
ver
ymuchinter
estedi
njoini
ngthecol
l
ege.

Wehavereadyouradmissionl
ett
erandar
ever
ymuchint
erestedi
ngetti
ngadmi
ssioninyour
col
l
ege.Ineed,however
,theanswerst
othef
oll
owi
ngquesti
onsbefor
eIcouldj
ointhecol
lege:

 I
sfeepai
dini
nst
all
mentorpai
datonce?

 Canaccommodat
ionbeof
fer
edi
ncol
l
ege?

 Ot
hert
hant
hecour
sesof
fer
ed,
aret
her
enonacademi
conesl
i
kedr
ivi
ng?

Iwoul
dbegladtoreceiv
etheanswer st
othesequest
ions.Coul
dyoupl
easecont
actmeon
denni
sm@yahoo.com or0797878787?

Your
sFai
thf
ull
y,

[
sign]

Denni
sMny
weso

4.STUDYWRI
TING

(
a)REVI
EWS
 Arevi
ewofanovel,
play,shor
tstoryorev
enapoem i swri
tt
entogiv
et her
eaderaconcise
summaryofi
tscontent
.Thisincl
udesrel
evantdescr
ipt
ionoft
hetopicaswell
asit
sov eral
l
message.

Howt
oWr
it
eABookRev
iew

Thest
epsbel
owar
enor
mal
l
yfol
l
owedwhenr
evi
ewi
ngabook(
sayanov
el)
:

(
i) Descr
ibewhatt
henov
eli
sabouti
nacoupl
eofsent
ences.Nospoi
l
ersshoul
dbegi
ven

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
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94
 her
e.

(
ii
) Discusswhati
npart
icul
aryoul
ikedaboutthebook.Yourthought
sandfeel
i
ngsabout
thenovelar
ethemainfocuswhendoingthis.Thequest
ionssuggest
edbel
owwhen
answeredwil
lhel
pyoutoagreatext
ent:

 Whowasy
ourf
avour
it
echar
act
er?Why
?

 Di
dthechar
act
ersf
eel
real
toy
ou?

 Di
dthest
orykeepy
ouguessi
ngwhatt
ohappennext
,andnext
?

 Whi
chpar
toft
hebookwasy
ourf
avour
it
e?Why
?

 Di
dthenov
elmakey
oul
augh,
smi
l
e,orcr
y?

(
ii
i) Ment
ionwhatyoudisl
i
kedaboutt
henov
el.Di
scusswhyy
out
hinki
tdi
dn’
twor
kfory
ou.
Somequest
ionstohel
pyouare:

 Wast
heendi
ngf
rust
rat
ing?

 Wast
hest
oryscar
yfory
ourf
eel
i
ng?

(
iv) Summarizesomeofy ourthoughtsonthenovel
,suggest
ingt
hetypeofr
eaderyouwoul
d
recommendt henovelf
or.Forexamplewouldyourecommenditf
oryoungreader
s,f
ans
ofcri
me,highschoolst
udents,etc.

(
v) Att
imes,
youcanr
atet
henov
el,
forexampl
eamar
koutoft
en,
etc.

Sampl
eBookRev
iewTempl
ate

BookRev
iew

Pi
ctur
eoft
hebookher
e

Ti
tl
e:

Aut
hor
:

Publ
isher
:

Rev
iewer
:

duncanomondi
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95
Thenovel
isaboutababygi
rlwhoi
sthesour
ceoft
her
iver
.Shebecomest
hef
ir
stbor
ngi
rli
na
fami
lyf
ullofboy
s.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

duncanomondi
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96
EXPOSI
TORYESSAYS

 Exposi
ti
onisexplanator
ycommuni cati
on,whet
heri
nspeechorwri
ti
ng.
 Anexposit
oryessayisanorganizedpieceofpr
osewhi
chexplai
nsaspeci
fi
ctopi
cor
setofi
deastoadef i
nedaudience.
 Exposi
tor
yessayspr ovi
dei
nformationandanal
ysi
s.

El
ement
sofExposi
tor
yEssay
s

 Aclearthesi
sorcont
rol
li
ngideathatestabl
ishesandsustai
nsyourfocus.
 Anope ni
ngparagr
aphthati
ntroducesthethesis.
 Bodypa r
agraphs(
40r5)thatusespecifi
cev i
dencetoi
ll
ustr
ateyourinf
ormat
iveor
analyt
icpoi nt
s.
 Smoot ht r
ansiti
onsthatconnectt
heideasofadj
oiningparagraphsi
nspecif
ic,
i
nterestingway s.
 Ac onclusionthatemphasizesyourcent
ral
ideawithoutbeingrepet
it
ive.

duncanomondi
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97
 (
b)QUESTI
ONNAI
RES
 I
tisaresear
chinst
rumentcont
aini
ngseveral
quest
ionsandot
herpr
ompt
sfort
hepur
pose
ofgat
heri
nginf
ormati
onfrom t
herespondent
s.

 Thequest
ionsar
eai
medatcol
l
ect
ingf
act
soropi
nionsaboutsomet
hing.

Out
li
neandFor
matoft
heQuest
ionnai
re

FORMAT ELEMENTS

I
ntr
oduct
ion  Ti
tl
eoft
hest
udy

 Pur
poseoft
hest
udy

 Dur
ati
onoft
hesur
vey

 Guar
ant
eeofconf
ident
ial
i
ty

 Br
iefi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
heor
gani
zat
ion

 I
fany
,incent
iveI
nfor
mat
ion

Demogr
aphi
cDat
a  Respondent
’sname(
coul
dbeopt
ional
)

 Age,
gender
,rel
i
gion,
mar
it
alst
atus,
etc.

Quest
ions  Closed-endedquest
ionsanswerabl
ebyYes/
No
fi
rst.Thisi
sforfast
erresponserat
e.

 Quest
ionsar
rangedf
rom gener
alt
ospeci
fi
c.

 Sensi
ti
vequest
ionsatt
heend.

duncanomondi
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98
  Gr
oupr
elat
edquest
ionst
oget
her
.

 Al
way
snumberquest
ions.

 Theinst
ruct
ionsonhowquest i
onsar
eanswer
ed
pl
acedbeforethequest
ions.

 Responsequesti
onspl
acedv
ert
ical
l
yexceptf
or
tabul
atedopt
ions.

End  Expressi
onofgrat
itudetot
herespondentf
or
att
empt i
ngquesti
onse.g.“
ThankYou”

 Inf
ormati
ononknowi
ngt
heout
comeoft
he
survey
.

Sampl
eQuest
ionnai
re

THEALLTI
MEHOTEL

(
emai
l
:al
lt
me@gmai
l.
com,
P.O.Box43–Nai
r a)
obiKeny

CUSTOMERSATI
SFACTI
ONONTHEALLTI
MEHOTELQUESTI
ONNAI
RE

I
. I
NTRODUCTI
ON

DearEst
eemedCust
omer
,

Wear ededi
catedt
oimpr ovi
ngthecustomersat
isf
acti
on.Thr
oughansweri
ngquest
ions
i
nthisquesti
onnai
resurvey
,wewi l
lbeablet
oanalysethedat
athatwi
llhel
pusenhance
ourserv
icesandmeetingyourneeds.

Yourresponsewi
l
lonl
ybeusedf
orsur
veypur
posesandy
ourconf
ident
ial
i
tyi
shi
ghl
y
guar
anteed.

Aft
eryouansweral
lthequest
ions,y
ouwi l
lbepresent
edmeal
sofy
ourt
ast
easat
oken
ofourgoodwil
l
.Wet hankyouinadvancefory
ourtime.

I
I. QUESTI
ONS

I
nst
ruct
ions:

Pl
easei
ndi
cat
eyourl
evelofagr
eementordi
sagr
eementwi
theachoft
hesest
atement
s

duncanomondi
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99
 r
egar
dingourhot
el.TI
CKi
ntheboxofyouranswer
.

1.Howmanyt
imesdoy
ouv
isi
tTheAl
lTi
meHot
elpermont
h?

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

2.Doy
ouv
isi
tTheAl
lTi
meHot
elwi
thFami
lyorFr
iends?

Ye N
s o

3.Forquest
ion(
3)answerwi
th:

Agr
ee

St
rongl
yAgr
ee

Neut
ral
lyagr
ee

Di
sagr
ee

St
rongl
yDi
sagr
ee

(
a)Thehot
eli
saccessi
blyl
ocat
ed.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

(
b)Hot
elhour
sar
econv
eni
entf
ormydi
ningneeds.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

(
c)Adv
ert
isedmeal
sar
einst
ock.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

(
d)Agoodsel
ect
ionofmeal
swasav
ail
abl
e.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

(
e)Themeal
ssol
dar
eanequal
val
uef
ort
hemoney
.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

(
f)Meal
ssol
dher
ear
eoft
hehi
ghestqual
it
y.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

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100
 (
g)Thehot
elhast
hel
owestpr
icesi
ntheest
ate.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

(
h)Thehot
elat
mospher
eanddécorar
eappeal
ing.

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

I
II
. DEMOGRAPHI
CDATA

Name

(
opt
ional
):_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Age:_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Gender
:__
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

NumberofFami
lyMember
s:(
Tickappr
opr
iat
e)

1-
3

4-
6

7-
9

More
than
10

Phone(
opt
ional
):_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

I
V. Thankyouforshar
ingy
ourf
eel
ingsandt
hought
swi
thTheAl
lTi
me.Enj
oydi
ningatt
he
bestHoteli
ntown!

5.I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALWRI
TING

(
a)CURRI
CULUM VI
TAE
 Thi
sisawr
it
tenov
erv
iewofaper
son’
sexper
ienceaswel
last
hei
rqual
i
ficat
ions.

 I
tbr
ingsoutaper
son’
sli
feaccompl
i
shment
s,especi
all
ythoser
elat
edt
oacademi
creal
m.

 Tr
ytopr
esental
lther
elev
anti
nfor
mat
iont
haty
oucan.

 TheCVneedt
oref
lecty
ourabi
l
iti
eswi
thi
nyourdi
sci
pli
ne.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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comPage101

101
Sampl
eCur
ri
cul
um Vi
tae

DONMI
CHAELOTI
ENO’
SCURRI
CULUM VI
TAE

Per
sonalDet
ail
s

Dat
eofBi
rh:8thApr
t il
,1989

Sex:Mal
e

Nat
ional
it
y:Keny
an

Rel
igi
on:Chr
ist
ian

Mar
it
alSt
atus:Mar
ri
ed

I
DNumber
:28724770

Addr
ess:924-
40400Suna-
Migor
i

Emai
l:duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.com

PhoneNumber
:0716602808or0764602808

Languages:Engl
i
shandKi
swahi
l
i

Per
sonalPr
ofi
le

Ahighl
ymot i
vated,enthusi
ast
icanddedicat
edteacherofEngli
shwhohasbeenpr ai
sedforhar
d
workandperseverance.Commi t
tedtocreat
ingcl
assroom at
mospherethatsti
mulat
esand
encour
agelearners.Hasthepassiontoworkunderminimum ornosupervi
sionatal
l
.

Educat
ionalBackgr
ound

YEAR I
NSTI
TUTI
ON QUALI
FICATI
ON

2011-
2013 Ut
umi
shi
Uni
ver
sit
y Bachelor
sofEducat
ion(
Fir
stcl
ass
honors)

2005-
2008 Kaf
ir
aSecondar
ySchool KCSE{
52Poi
nts(
C+)
}

1996-
2004 Kaf
ir
aPr
imar
ySchool KCPE(
304Mar
ks)

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102
Wor
kExper
ience

FROM-
TO I
NSTI
TUTI
ON RESPONSI
BILI
TIES

Sept
ember2015-
December JoyGi
rl
s’Secondar
y 1.Gui
dingcandi
dat
ecl
ass
2015 i
nrevisi
on.

2.Offer
inggui
danceand
counseli
ngt
omycl ass.

3.Coachi
ngst
udent
sin
soccer
.

June2015-
August2015 Ki
si
mani
Secondar
ySchool 1.Chair
inggui
danceand
counsel
ingmeeti
ngs.

2.Coachingst
udentsi
n
soccerandvol
ley
bal
l.

3.I
nchar
geofdi
sci
pli
ne.

4.Chair
inglanguages
department’
smeetings.

Januar
y2014-
June2015 Ri
ghtTher
eMusl
i
m Gi
rl
s’ 1.Gui
dingandcounsel
i
ng
st
udents.

2.Traini
ngt hestudent
s
bothint heclassr
oom and
i
nt hefield.

3.Prepar
ingprogrammes
forvar
iousacti
vit
eshel
d
attheschool.

4.Headi
nglanguages
depar
tment.

Achi
evement
s

YEAR I
NSTI
TUTI
ON ACHI
EVEMENT

2014-
2015 Ri
ghtTher
eMusl
i
m Gi
rl
s’ 1.Appoi
ntedheadof

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103
 depar
tment
s:Languages
andGames.

2.Appointedmemberoft
he
di
scipli
narycommi
tt
ee.

3.Patr
onofcl
ubs(
Debat
e
andJour
nal
ism)

4.Cl
asst
eacher
.

Ri
ghtTher
eMusl
i
m Gi
rl
s’ KCSE2014:

 ENGLI
SHMEANSCORE:
5.
667upf
rom 3.
5.

 HI
STORYMEANSCORE:
7.
6

2015 Ki
si
mani
Secondar
ySchool  HeadofbothGamesand
LanguagesDepar
tment
s.

 For
m 2cl
asst
eacher
.

 Acti
ngasDeput
y
Pri
ncipl
a.

2015 JoyGi
rl
s’Secondar
y  Assi
stantHeadof
Depar
tment,Games.

 Cl
asst
eacher

2015 Writ
tenmanuscr
ipt
sinar
eas
suchas:

 Gr
ammari
nEngl
i
sh.

 Or
alSki
l
lsi
nEngl
i
sh.

SKI
LLS

 St
rongper
sonal
ski
l
ls.

 Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngski
l
ls.

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104
Hobbi
esandI
nter
est
s

 Readi
ngnov
els,
jour
nal
sandpl
ays.

 Pl
ayi
ngsoccerandv
oll
eybal
l
.

 Wr
it
ingmanuscr
ipt
s.

Ref
erees

NAME POSI
TION I
NSTI
TUTI
ON PHONENUMBER

Mr
.Mf
upi
Mbi
l
iki
mo HeadofEngl
ish JoyGi
rl
s’Secondar
y 0711223344
Depar
tment

Mr
.IssaAbdi
kadi
r Deput
yPr
inci
pal Ri
ghtTher
eMusl
i
m 0722334455
Gi
rl
s’

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.Ki
mokeM. Engl
i
shDepar
tment Ut
umi
shi
Uni
ver
sit
y 0733445566

duncanomondi
227@gmai
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105
 (
b)SPEECHES
 Speechdel
i
ver
yrequi
resadequat
epr
epar
ati
on.Wr
it
ingi
tsel
fispar
toft
hatpr
epar
ati
on.

 Towr
it
eagoodspeech:

 Sel
ectat
opi
cthaty
ouenj
oyt
alki
ngabout
.

 Composey
ourspeci
fi
cpur
posest
atement
.

 Composey ourThesi
sst
atementorcent
ral
idea.Thi
sist
hemosti
mpor
tantpar
tof
yourspeech.

 wr
it
ingy
ourt
hesi
sst
atementi
saf
ourst
eppr
ocess:

 choosey
ourt
opi
c

 Det
ermi
ney
ourgener
alpur
pose.Forexampl
e,t
oper
suade,
ent
ert
ain,
educat
e,et
c.

 Writ
eyourspeci
fi
cpur
posest
atement
.Thi
siswhatt
hespeakerwant
sto
accompl
ish.

 Ti
eital
ltoget
herbycomposi
ngacl
earconci
set
hesi
sst
atement
.

Sampl
eSpeech

KCSETARGET

“
Thepri
nci
pal
,deput
ypri
nci
pal,t
eacher
s,andmyfell
owstudent
s,goodmorni
ng?Iam gr
atef
ul
f
orbei
ngoff
eredthi
srar
echancetoaddresst
hisl
argecr
owd.Thankyoufort
hisgr
eat

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106
opport
unit
y.TodayIwantt
opar
ti
cul
arl
yaddr
essf
ormf
our
swhoar
eonl
y3mont
hsawayf
rom
reapi
ngthehardwork.

Dearcandidates,
wherearey ougoingtobeinthreemont hs?Whatwi llyoubedoi ngfrom t
he
t
imey ouwakeupt odayfall
eachday ?Whatwill
y ouachievewhenKCSEResul t
sar eannounced?
I
not herwords,whatisyourtar
get?Someofy oumi ghtbet hi
nkingthatthreemont hsisalotof
t
imet ofir
stwasteandonl yrev
isewithoneweekl ef
t.Theymi ghtbethinkingiti
st ooearl
yto
rev
ise.Letmeassur eyouthatiti
shighti
mey oudecideondoubl i
ngy oureff
ort.

I
nf act,wit
hmyoney earexperi
encesinceIleftthi
sschool,
Icansuggesty outwoalter
nati
ves.
Eit
hery out hinkabouty ourfut
ureafterfor
mf our–now!–ory ouleavethi
saf r
ust
rated
i
ndividual
, andr egretlat
erinli
fe.Notencouragingatallt
odependcompl etel
yonyourparents.I
l
ikethepr ov erb:Youreapwhaty ousow.Remembernooner eapsbeanswhenhepl antspotat
o.
Onlyifyouwor khardthatworkofy ourhandswi l
lhandsomelyberewarded.

[
Par
agr
aph]

Accordingtomydeepestconvi
cti
on,
happypersonisthepersonwhoalwaysbringshisown
sunshine,wherev
erhegoesandwhatev
ertheweather.Hopetoseethesesparksinyouiny
ou
nextyearMar chwhent
heresul
tswil
lbeannounced.Thanki
ngforyouli
steni
ngt ome.”

BUI
LDI
NGSENTENCESKI
LLSANDPARAGRAPHI
NG

PARAPHRASI
NG
 Toparaphr
asesimplymeans“puti
ny ourownwords.
”
 I
tisone’sowninter
pret
ati
onofessenti
alinf
ormat
ionandi
deasexpr
essedbysomeoneel
se,
pr
esent
edi
nanewf
orm.
 I
tisamor
edet
ail
edr
est
atementt
hanasummar
y,whi
chf
ocusesconci
sel
yonasi
ngl
emai
n
i
dea.

St
epst
oEf
fect
ivePar
aphr
asi
ng

1.Rereadtheor i
ginalpassageunti
l y
ouunder standi
tsful
l meani
ng.
2.Settheori
ginal asi
de,andwrit
ey ourparaphraseonanot ebook.
3.Jotdownaf ewwor dsbelowy ourparaphrasetoremindy oul
aterhowy ouimagineusi
ng
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smaterial
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4.Checkyourv ersionwiththeor
iginalt
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elyexpressesal
l

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107
 theessenti
ali
nfor
mat i
oninanewform.
5.Usequotati
onmar kstoident
if
yanyuni
quet
erm orphr
aseol
ogyy
ouhav
ebor
rowed
exact
lyfrom t
hesource.

CREATI
VEWRI
TING

BI
OGRAPHI
ES

Ki
m Kar
dashi
an
Bor
n:21Oct
ober1980

Bi
rt
hpl
ace:LosAngel
es,
Cal
i
for
nia

Bestknownas:Theal
pha-
sist arofKeepi
erst ngUpWi
tht
heKar
dashi
ans

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108
Kimber l
yKar dashiani saLosAngel essoci ali
te, businesswomanandf irstamongequal sont he
l
ong- runni ngr ealiyTVshowKeepi
t ngUpWi tht heKar dashi ans.Ki m Kar dashianf ir
stcamet o
widepubl i
cat tenti
ont hr oughherf riendshi pwi thsoci al
itePar isHi lton;Kimi sthedaught erof
attorneyRober tKar dashi an( 1944-2003) ,whobecamef amousi n1994whenhi sf r
iendand
cli
entO. J.Simpsonwasar r
est edandt riedformur der.Ki m Kar dashi anbecameoneofPar is
Hilton'spar typal sandt heni n2007boost edherpr ofil
ebyt akingl egal actiontopr eventt he
distri
but ionofanaught yhomev i
deoshehadmadewi t
ht hen-boy fri
endRayJ( bornWi ll
iam Ray
Nor wood, Jr.,thebr ot herofsi ngerBr andy )
.Thet apewaswi delydi stri
but edont heI nternet ,
despi te(orbecauseof )Kar dashi an'sat tempt st oquashi t,andshewasl aunchedi ntoHi lton-li
ke
celebr i
ty.Thatl edtot he2007l aunchoft heTVr eali
tyshowKeepi ngUpWi ththeKar dashi ans,
whi chst arredKi m andhersi ster sKour tneyandKhl oeandmadet heirex tendedf ami l
y
synony mouswi thcel ebr ityfori t
sownsake.Ki m appear edonDanci ngWi ththeSt ars( 2008)
andmadev ar i
ousappear ancesonot herTVshows.Sheandhersi ster
sopenedachai nofdr ess
bout i
quescal l
edDash, andt oget hert heypubl ishedamemoi r,Kar dashi anKonf idential,in2010.
Mar ri
edatonet imet omusi cpr oducerDamonThomas( 2000- 04) ,Kim Kar dashianwasl at er
romant i
cal l
yl i
nkedt oanumberofmal ecel ebriti
es,includi ngJessi caSi mpson' sex- husband
NickLacheyandHei smanTr ophywi nnerReggi eBush.Shemar r
iedNBAbasket ballplay erKr is
Humphr i
esi nAugustof2011, butf il
edf ordivorce72day slater ,
cit i
ng" i
rreconcilable
differences. "(Thedi vor cebecamef i
nal onJune3, 2013. )Shebecamepr egnantbyt her apper
Kany eWesti n2012; thei rdaught er,namedNor thWest , wasbor non15June2013.Kar dashi an
andWestwer emar ri
edi nFl orence, Italyon24May2014, andt heirsecondchi l
d, asonnamed
Saint, wasbor non5December2015.Ki m Kardashi anpubl isheda352- pagebookofsel f ies,
ti
tledSel fish, i
n2015.

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