Speci

alt
ypesofchr
omosomes
Pr
epar
edby

Dr
.RukhshanaPar
veen

Assi
stantPr
ofessor
,Depar
tmentofBot
any

Gaut
am BuddhaMahi
l
aCol
l
ege,
Gay
a

MagadhUni
ver
sit
y,Bodhgay
a

Ther
ear esomet ypesofChr
omosomeshav
ingspeci
almor
phol
ogyobser
vedi
ncer
tai
nani
mal
s
andplantt
issues.Thesewer
e:-

1.
Lampbr
ushchr
omosome

2.Pol
ytenechr
omosome/Sal
i
var
ygl
andCr
omosome

3.Bchr
omosome/Accessor
ychr
omosome

4.Sexchr
omosome

LAMPBRUSHCHROMOSOME
 Fir
stobser
vedbyWalt
herFlemmings(1882)andnamewasgivenbyRucker
t(1892)as
theyr
esemblet
helampbrushusedforcleani
ngthegl
asschi
mneyofthekerosenelamp.

 Lampbrushchr
omosomeareaspecial
for
m ofchromosomefoundi
nthegr
owi
ng
oocy
tes(immatur
eegg)ofmostani
mals,
exceptmammals.

 Foundi
ntai
l
edandt
ail
essamphi
bians,
bir
dsandi
nsect
s.

 Chr
omosomestr
ansf
ormint
othelampbrushf
orm dur
ingt
hedi
plot
enest
ageofmei
oti
c
pr
ophase1duet
oanacti
vetr
anscri
pti
onofmanygene.

 Theyar
ehi ghl
yext
endedmei
oti
c.Hal
fbi
val
ent
seachconsi
sti
ngoft
wosi
ster
chr
omatids.

 Lampbrushchromosomear
eclear
lyvi
sibl
eeveninl
i
ghtmicroscope,wheretheyare
seentobeorgani
zedint
oaser
iesofchromomereswit
hlar
gechr omati
nloopsextended
l
ateral
l
y.

 Eachlat
eral
loopcont
ainsoneorsev
eral
transcr
ipt
ionuni
tswi
thpol
ari
zedRNAmat
ri
x
coat
ingtheDNAaxisoftheloop.

 Thef
unct
ionofl
ampbr
ushchr
omosomei
nvol
vest
hesy
nthesi
sofRNAandpr
otei
nby
 t
hei
rloopsandf
ormat
ionofcer
tai
namountofy
olkmat
eri
aloft
heegg.

 Lampbrushchromosomesarewidel
yusedforhi
ghr
esol
utionmappingofDNA
sequencesandconst
ruct
ionofdet
ail
cyt
olovi
cal
mapsofindiv
idual
chromosome.

Fi
gur
e:-
1Lampbr
ushchr
omosome
POLYTENECHROMOSOME
 E.G.Balbi
ani(
1881)wast
hefir
stoobser
vedsomev
eryl
argechr
omosomei
nthecel
l
s
ofSal
ivarygl
andofLar
vaChi
ronomous.

 Special
i
zedcellsundergor
epeat
edroundsofDNArepl
icat
ionwit
houtcel
ldi
vi
sion
(endomitosi
s),
toincr
easecel
lvol
ume,for
minggi
antpolyt
enechromosome.

 Ployt
enechromosomesform whenmult
ipl
eroundsofr
epl
i
cat
ionpr
oducedsi
ster
chromati
dthatr
emainfusedtoget
her
.

 Emi
lHeit
zandHansBauer(1930)obser
vedpolyt
enechromosomei nDr
osophila
mel
anogast
er.Theyar
eknowntooccurinsecr
etoryt
issuesofdi
pter
aninsectsuch
asf
rui
tf
li
es.

 Poly
tenechromosomesati nterphaseareseent ohavedi
sti
nctthi
ckandt
hin
bandingpatt
erns.Thesepat
ternswer eori
ginal
lyusedtohel
pmapchr omosome,
i
dentifysmal
lchromosomemut ati
onsandi ntaxonomici
denti
fi
cati
on.

 I
tisl
argeri
nsi
zehencei
tisagi
antchr
omosome.

 Thel
argesi
zei
sduet
opr
esenceofmanyl
ongi
tudi
nal
str
andscal
l
edchr
omonemat
a.

 Thepol
ytenechr
omosomecont
ainst
wot
ypesofbandsnamel
yar
edar
kbandsand
i
nter
bands

 Thedarkbandsar
edar
kel
yst
ainedandt
hei
nter
bandsar
eli
ght
lyst
ainedwi
th
nucl
earst
ains.

 Thedar
kbandscont
ainmor
eDNAandl
essRNAandi
nter
bandscont
ainmor
eRNA
andl
essDNA.

 Thebandsofpol
ytenechr
omosomesbecomeenl
argedatcer
tai
nti
mest
ofor
m
swel
li
ngscal
ledpuffs.

 Thef
ormat
ionofpuf
fiscal
l
edpuf
fi
ngs.

 I
ntheregi
onsofpuf
fs,
thechr
omonemat
ainuncoi
landopenoutt
ofor
m many
l
oops.

 Thepuf
fi
ngi
scausedbyt
heuncoi
l
ingofi
ndi
vi
dual
chr
omomer
esi
ntheband.

 Puffindicat
ethesit
eofacti
vegeneswhenmRNAsy nthesist
akespl
ace.These
l
oopsappearasr ings,
theyarecal
ledBal
biani
ringsaf
terthenamesofthe
researcherwhodiscov
eredthem.Theyar
ef or
medofDNA, RNAandfewpr ot
eins.
Fi
gur
e2:
-Pol
ytenechr
omosome