Summary

Foramen Structures conducted Cranial Fossa Cranial Bone

Cribriform
foramina in  Olfactory nerve (CN I)
 Anterior ethmoidal nerves Anterior cranial fossa Ethmoid bone
cribriform
plate

 Optic nerve (CN II)

Optic canal  Ophthalmic artery Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid bone

 Lacrimal nerve
 Frontal nerve- branch of ophthalmic
nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
 Superior ophthalmic vein
 Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Superior  Superior division of the oculomotor
orbital nerve (CN III) Sphenoid bone
Middle cranial fossa
fissure  Nasociliary nerve- branch of ophthalmic
nerve (CN V1)
 Inferior division of the oculomotor
nerve (CN III)
 Abducens nerve (CN VI)
 A branch of the Inferior ophthalmic vein

Foramen  Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN

V) Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid bone
rotundum

 Mandibular branch of trigeminal

Foramen Sphenoid bone
nerve (CN V) Middle cranial fossa
Ovale

 Middle meningeal artery

Foramen  Middle meningeal vein
Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid bone
spinosum  Meningeal branch of CN V3

 Facial nerve (CN VII)

Internal  Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Petrous part of
acoustic  Vestibular ganglion Middle cranial fossa temporal bone
meatus  Labyrinthine artery

 Glossopharyngeal nerv e (CN IX) Anterior aspect:

 Vagus nerve (CN X) Petrous portion of the
Jugular  Accessory nerve CN XI
Posterior cranial fossa temporal
foramen  Jugular bulb
 Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses Posterior aspect:
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal  Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone
canal
Foramen Structures conducted Cranial Fossa Cranial Bone

 Vertebral arteries
 Medulla and meninges
Foramen  CN XI (spinal division)
Posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone
magnum  Dural veins
 Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
@Asr_2o
@Asr_2o
@Asr_2o
Summary
Cranial Cranial
Foramen Structures Conducted
Fossa Bone
Cribriform • Olfactory nerve (CN I) Anterior
Ethmoid
foramina in cranial
• Anterior ethmoidal nerves bone
cribriform plate fossa
• Optic nerve (CN II) Middle
Sphenoid
Optic canal cranial
• Ophthalmic artery bone
fossa
• Lacrimal nerve
• Frontal nerve- branch of ophthalmic
nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V)
• Superior ophthalmic vein
• Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
• Superior division of the oculomotor
Middle
Superior nerve (CN III) Sphenoid
cranial
orbital fissure • Nasociliary nerve- branch of bone
fossa
ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
• Inferior division of the oculomotor
nerve (CN III)
• Abducens nerve (CN VI)
• A branch of the Inferior ophthalmic
vein
Middle
Foramen • Maxillary branch of trigeminal Sphenoid
cranial
rotundum nerve (CN V) bone
fossa
Middle
• Mandibular branch of trigeminal Sphenoid
Foramen ovale cranial
nerve (CN V) bone
fossa
• Middle meningeal artery Middle
Foramen Sphenoid
• Middle meningeal vein cranial
spinosum bone
• Meningeal branch of CN V3 fossa
• Facial nerve (CN VII)
Internal • Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) Middle Petrous part
acoustic cranial of temporal
meatus
• Vestibular ganglion fossa bone
• Labyrinthine artery

 Cranial Cranial
Foramen Structures Conducted
Fossa Bone
Anterior
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) aspect:
• Vagus nerve (CN X) Petrous
Posterior portion of the
Jugular • Accessory nerve (CN XI)
cranial temporal
foramen Jugular bulb
• fossa Posterior
• Inferior petrosal and sigmoid aspect:
sinuses Occipital
bone
Posterior
Hypoglossal Occipital
• Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) cranial
canal bone
fossa
• Vertebral arteries
• Medulla and meninges Posterior
Foramen Occipital
• CN XI (spinal division) cranial
magnum bone
• Dural veins fossa
• Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Originates from the lower

Muscle of mastication
Temporalis part of squamous
Masseter Lateral zygomatic surface Muscle of mastication
Superficial muscle of the neck. Involved in
rotation of head and flexion of neck.
Sternocleidomastoid Mastoid process
Important landmark for
the anterior and posterior cervical triangles.
A suprahyoid muscle. Involved in processes
Posterior belly of digastric Mastoid process
such as swallowing.
Strap-like muscle in the back of the neck.
Splenius capitis Mastoid process Involved in movements such as shaking the
head.



 HEAD AND NECK • Tables

Muscles of the face

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Orbital group
Orbicularis oculi 1 Medial palpebral ligament Lateral palpebral raphe Facial nerve [VII] Closes the eyelids
—Palpebral part gently

—Orbital part 2 Nasal part of frontal bone; Fibers form an uninter- Facial nerve [VII] Closes the eyelids
frontal process of maxilla; rupted ellipse around forcefully
medial palpebral ligament orbit

Corrugator supercilii 3 Medial end of the supercili- Skin of the medial half of Facial nerve [VII] Draws the eyebrows
ary arch eyebrow medially and
downward

Nasal group
Nasalis 4 Maxilla just lateral to nose Aponeurosis across Facial nerve [VII] Compresses nasal
—Transverse part dorsum of nose with aperture
muscle fibers from the
other side
—Alar part 5 Maxilla over lateral incisor Alar cartilage of nose Facial nerve [VII] Draws cartilage
downward and
laterally opening
nostril
Procerus 6 Nasal bone and upper part Skin of lower forehead Facial nerve [VII] Draws down medial
of lateral nasal cartilage between eyebrows angle of eyebrows
producing transverse
wrinkles over bridge of
nose
Depressor septi 7 Maxilla above medial Mobile part of the nasal Facial nerve [VII] Pulls nose inferiorly
incisor septum

3 6
1

2 4

5 7

590
 Tables 8
Muscles of the face
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Oral group
Depressor anguli oris 1 Oblique line of mandible Skin at the corner of Facial nerve [VII] Draws corner of mouth
below canine, premolar, mouth and blending with down and laterally
and first molar teeth orbicularis oris

Depressor labii 2 Anterior part of oblique line Lower lip at midline; Facial nerve [VII] Draws lower lip
inferioris of mandible blends with muscle from downward and laterally
opposite side

Mentalis 3 Mandible inferior to incisor Skin of chin Facial nerve [VII] Raises and protrudes
teeth lower lip as it wrinkles
skin on chin

Risorius 4 Fascia over masseter Skin at the corner of the Facial nerve [VII] Retracts corner of
muscle mouth mouth
Zygomaticus major 5 Posterior part of lateral Skin at the corner of the Facial nerve [VII] Draws the corner of
surface of zygomatic bone mouth the mouth upward and
laterally

Zygomaticus minor 6 Anterior part of lateral Upper lip just medial to Facial nerve [VII] Draws the upper lip
surface of zygomatic bone corner of mouth upward
Levator labii superioris 7 Infra-orbital margin of Skin of upper lateral half Facial nerve [VII] Raises upper lip; helps
maxilla of upper lip form nasolabial furrow
Levator labii 8 Frontal process of maxilla Alar cartilage of nose Facial nerve [VII] Raises upper lip and
superioris alaeque nasi and upper lip opens nostril

Levator anguli oris 9 Maxilla below infra-orbital Skin at the corner of Facial nerve [VII] Raises corner of
foramen mouth mouth; helps form
nasolabial furrow

Orbicularis oris 10 From muscles in area; Forms ellipse around Facial nerve [VII] Closes lips; protrudes
maxilla and mandible in mouth lips
midline

Buccinator 11 Posterior parts of maxilla Blends with orbicularis Facial nerve [VII] Presses the cheek
and mandible; oris and into lips against teeth;
pterygomandibular raphe compresses distended
cheeks

6 7
5 9 11
4 10
2
1
3

591
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables

Muscles of the face

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Other muscles or groups

Anterior auricular 1 Anterior part of temporal Into helix of ear Facial nerve [VII] Draws ear upward
fascia and forward

Superior auricular 2 Epicranial aponeurosis Upper part of auricle Facial nerve [VII] Elevates ear
on side of head

Posterior auricular 3 Mastoid process of Convexity of concha of Facial nerve [VII] Draws ear upward
temporal bone ear and backward

Occipitofrontalis 4 Skin of eyebrows Into galea aponeurotica Facial nerve [VII] Wrinkles forehead;
—Frontal belly raises eyebrows

—Occipital belly 5 Lateral part of superior Into galea aponeurotica Facial nerve [VII] Draws scalp
nuchal line of occipital backward
bone and mastoid
process of temporal
bone

Extrinsic (extra-ocular) muscles

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Levator palpebrae 1 Lesser wing of sphenoid Anterior surface of tarsal Oculomotor nerve Elevation of upper eyelid
superioris anterior to optic canal plate; a few fibers to skin [III]—superior branch
and superior conjunctival
fornix

Superior rectus 2 Superior part of common Anterior half of eyeball Oculomotor nerve Elevation, adduction,
tendinous ring superiorly [III]—superior branch medial rotation of eyeball

Inferior rectus 3 Inferior part of common Anterior half of eyeball Oculomotor nerve Depression, adduction,
tendinous ring inferiorly [III]—inferior branch lateral rotation of eyeball

Medial rectus 4 Medial part of common Anterior half of eyeball Oculomotor nerve Adduction of eyeball
tendinous ring medially [III]—inferior branch

Lateral rectus 5 Lateral part of common Anterior half of eyeball Abducent nerve [VI] Abduction of eyeball
tendinous ring laterally

Superior oblique 6 Body of sphenoid, Outer posterior quadrant of Trochlear nerve [IV] Depression, abduction,
superior and medial to eyeball (superior surface) medial rotation of eyeball
optic canal

Inferior oblique 7 Medial floor of orbit Outer posterior quadrant of Oculomotor nerve Elevation, abduction,
posterior to rim; maxilla eyeball (inferior surface) [III]—inferior branch lateral rotation of eyeball
lateral to nasolacrimal
groove

592
 Tables 8

4
2

5
3

1 2

3
5
6
4

593
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables

Intrinsic muscles of the eye

Muscle Location Innervation Function

Ciliary 1 Muscle fibers in the ciliary body Parasympathetics from the Constricts ciliary body, relaxes tension on
oculomotor nerve [III] lens, lens become more rounded

Sphincter 2 Circularly arranged fibers in the iris Parasympathetics from the Constricts pupil
pupillae oculomotor nerve [III]

Dilator pupillae 3 Radially arranged fibers in the iris Sympathetics from the superior Dilates pupil
cervical ganglion (T1)

Muscles of the middle ear

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Tensor tympani 1 Cartilaginous part of Upper part of handle Branch from mandibular Contraction pulls handle of
pharyngotympanic tube, greater of malleus nerve [V3] malleus medially, tensing
wing of sphenoid, its own bony tympanic membrane
canal

Stapedius 2 Attached to inside of pyramidal Neck of stapes Branch of facial nerve [VII] Contraction pulls stapes
eminence posteriorly, preventing
excessive oscillation

1 1

594
 Tables 8
Muscles of mastication
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Masseter 1 Zygomatic arch and maxillary Lateral surface of ramus of Masseteric nerve from the Elevation of
process of the zygomatic bone mandible anterior trunk of the mandible
mandibular nerve [V3]

Temporalis 2 Bone of temporal fossa and Coronoid process of mandible Deep temporal nerves Elevation and
temporal fascia and anterior margin of ramus from the anterior trunk of retraction of
of mandible almost to last the mandibular nerve [V3] mandible
molar tooth

Medial 3 Deep head—medial surface of Medial surface of mandible Nerve to medial pterygoid Elevation and
pterygoid lateral plate of pterygoid process near angle from the mandibular nerve side-to-side
and pyramidal process of palatine [V3]. movements of the
bone; superficial head—tuberosity mandible
of the maxilla and pyramidal
process of palatine bone

Lateral 4 Upper head—roof of infratemporal
pterygoid fossa; lower head—lateral surface
of lateral plate of the pterygoid
process
Capsule of temporomandibular Nerve to lateral pterygoid Protrusion and
joint in the region of attachment directly from the anterior side-to-side
to the articular disc and to the trunk of the mandibular movements of the
pterygoid fovea on the neck of nerve [V3] or from the mandible
mandible buccal branch

1
2

3 4

595
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables
Anterior triangle of neck (suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles)
Muscle Origin
Stylohyoid 1 Base of styloid process
Digastric 2 Digastric fossa on lower
—Anterior belly inside of mandible
—Posterior belly 3 Mastoid notch on medial
side of mastoid process
of temporal bone
Mylohyoid 4 Mylohyoid line on
mandible
Geniohyoid 5 Inferior mental spine on
inner surface of mandible
Sternohyoid 6 Posterior aspect of
sternoclavicular joint and
adjacent manubrium of
sternum
Omohyoid 7 Superior border of
scapula medial to
suprascapular notch
Thyrohyoid 8 Oblique line on lamina of
thyroid cartilage
Sternothyroid 9 Posterior surface of
manubrium of sternum
596
Insertion
Lateral area of body of
hyoid bone
Attachment of tendon
between two bellies to
body of hyoid bone
Body of hyoid bone and
fibers from muscle on
opposite side
Anterior surface of body of
hyoid bone
Body of hyoid bone medial
to attachment of omohyoid
muscle
Lower border of body of
hyoid bone just lateral to
attachment of sternohyoid
Greater horn and adjacent
aspect of body of hyoid
bone
Oblique line on lamina of
thyroid cartilage
Innervation
Facial nerve [VII]
Mylohyoid nerve from
inferior alveolar branch of
mandibular nerve [V3]
Facial nerve [VII]
Mylohyoid nerve from
inferior alveolar branch of
mandibular nerve [V3]
Branch from anterior
ramus of C1 (carried along
the hypoglossal nerve
[XII])
Anterior rami of C1 to C3
through the ansa
cervicalis
Anterior rami of C1 to C3
through the ansa
cervicalis
Fibers from anterior ramus
of C1 carried along
hypoglossal nerve [XII]
Anterior rami of C1 to C3
through the ansa
cervicalis
Function
Pulls hyoid bone upward in
a posterosuperior direction
Opens mouth by lowering
mandible; raises hyoid
bone
Pulls hyoid bone upward
and back
Support and elevation of
floor of mouth; elevation of
hyoid
Fixed mandible elevates
and pulls hyoid bone
forward; fixed hyoid bone
pulls mandible downward
and inward
Depresses hyoid bone
after swallowing
Depresses and fixes hyoid
bone
Depresses hyoid bone, but
when hyoid bone is fixed
raises larynx
Draws larynx (thyroid
cartilage) downward
 Tables 8

4 5
3

1
8

9
2

6 7

597
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables
Branches of the external carotid artery
Artery
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
598
Parts supplied
1 Thyrohyoid muscle, internal structures of the larynx, sternocleidomastoid and cricothyroid muscles,
thyroid gland
2 Pharyngeal constrictors and stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube, meninges
in posterior cranial fossa
3 Muscles of the tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth, sublingual gland
4 All structures in the face from the inferior border of the mandible anterior to the masseter muscle to the
medial corner of the eye, the soft palate, palatine tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube, submandibular gland
5 Sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in posterior cranial fossa, mastoid cells, deep muscles of the
back, posterior scalp
6 Parotid gland and nearby muscles, external ear and scalp posterior to ear, middle and inner ear
structures
7 Parotid gland and duct, masseter muscle, lateral face, anterior part of external ear, temporalis muscle,
parietal and temporal fossae
8 External acoustic meatus, lateral and medial surface of tympanic membrane, temporomandibular joint,
dura mater on lateral wall of skull and inner table of cranial bones, trigeminal ganglion and dura in
vicinity, mylohyoid muscle, mandibular teeth, skin on chin, temporalis muscle, outer table of bones of
skull in temporal fossa, structures in infratemporal fossa, maxillary sinus, upper teeth and gingivae,
infra-orbital skin, palate, roof of pharynx, nasal cavity
8 7
4 5
1 2
 Tables 8
Subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck—a regional approach
Subdivision Boundaries Contents

Submental triangle 1 Mandibular symphysis; anterior belly of digastric Submental lymph nodes; tributaries forming the
(unpaired) muscle; body of hyoid bone anterior jugular vein

Submandibular triangle 2 Lower border of mandible; anterior belly of digastric Submandibular gland; submandibular lymph
(paired) muscle; posterior belly of digastric muscle nodes; hypoglossal nerve [XII]; mylohyoid nerve;
facial artery and vein

Carotid triangle (paired) 3 Posterior belly of digastric muscle; superior belly of
omohyoid muscle; anterior border of sternocleido-
mastoid muscle
Tributaries to common facial vein; cervical branch
of facial nerve [VII]; common carotid artery;
external and internal carotid arteries; superior
thyroid; ascending pharyngeal; lingual, facial, and
occipital arteries; internal jugular vein; vagus [X],
accessory [XI], and hypoglossal [XII] nerves;
superior and inferior roots of ansa cervicalis;
transverse cervical nerve

Muscular triangle 4 Midline of neck; superior belly of omohyoid muscle; Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and thyrohy-
(paired) anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle oid muscles; thyroid and parathyroid glands;
pharynx

599
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables
Muscles associated with the posterior triangle of the neck
Parentheses indicate possible involvement
Muscle Origin
Sternocleidomastoid 1 Upper part of anterior
—Sternal head surface of manubrium of
sternum
—Clavicular head 2 Superior surface of medial
one third of clavicle
Trapezius 3 Superior nuchal line;
external occipital
protuberance;
ligamentum nuchae;
spinous processes of
vertebrae CVII to TXII
Splenius capitis 4 Lower half of ligamentum
nuchae; spinous
processes of vertebrae
CVII to TIV
Levator scapulae 5 Transverse processes of
CI to CIV
Posterior scalene 6 Posterior tubercles of
transverse processes of
vertebrae CIV to CVI
Middle scalene 7 Transverse processes of
vertebrae CII to CVII
Anterior scalene 8 Anterior tubercles of the
transverse processes of
vertebrae CIII to CVI
Omohyoid 9 Superior border of
scapula medial to
scapular notch
600
Insertion
Lateral one half of
superior nuchal line
Lateral surface of mastoid
process
Lateral one third of
clavicle; acromion; spine
of scapula
Mastoid process, skull
below lateral one third of
superior nuchal line
Upper part of medial
border of scapula
Upper surface of rib II
Upper surface of rib I
posterior to the groove for
the subclavian artery
Scalene tubercle and
upper surface of rib I
Inferior border of body of
hyoid bone
Innervation Function
Accessory nerve [XI] and Individually, will tilt head
branches from anterior toward shoulder on same
rami of C2 to C3 (C4) side rotating head to turn
face to opposite side;
acting together, draw
head forward
Motor—accessory nerve Assists in rotating the
[XI]; proprioception—C3 scapula during abduction
and C4 of humerus above
horizontal;
upper fibers—elevate,
middle fibers—adduct,
lower fibers—depress
scapula
Posterior rami of middle Together, draw head
cervical nerves backward; individually,
draw and rotate head to
one side (turn face to
same side)
C3, C4; and dorsal Elevates scapula
scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Anterior rami of C5 to C7 Elevation of rib II
Anterior rami of C3 to C7 Elevation of rib I
Anterior rami of C4 to C7 Elevation of rib I
Ansa cervicalis; anterior Depress the hyoid bone
rami of C1 to C3
 Tables 8

4
3
5 1

7
6

9
8

601
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables

Prevertebral and lateral muscles

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Rectus capitis 1 Anterior surface of lateral Inferior surface of basilar Branches from anterior rami Flexes head at
anterior part of atlas and its part of occipital bone of C1, C2 atlanto-occipital joint
transverse process

Rectus capitis 2 Superior surface of Inferior surface of jugular Branches from anterior rami Flexes head laterally to
lateralis transverse process of atlas process of occipital bone of C1, C2 same side

Longus colli 3 Anterior tubercles of Tubercle of anterior arch of Branches from anterior rami Flexes neck anteriorly
—Superior transverse processes of atlas of C2 to C6 and laterally and slight
oblique part vertebrae CIII to CV rotation to opposite side

—Inferior 4 Anterior surface of bodies of Anterior tubercles of

oblique part vertebrae TI, TII, and maybe transverse processes of
TIII vertebrae CV and CVI

—Vertical part 5 Anterior surface of bodies of Anterior surface of bodies of

TI to TIII and CV to CVII vertebrae CII to CIV

Longus capitis 6 Tendinous slips to Inferior surface of basilar Branches from anterior rami Flexes the head
transverse processes of part of occipital bone of C1 to C3
vertebrae CIII to CVI

2
6

602
 Tables 8
Constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Muscle Posterior attachment Anterior attachment Innervation Function

Superior constrictor 1 Pharyngeal raphe Pterygomandibular raphe Vagus nerve [X] Constriction of pharynx
and adjacent bone on the
mandible and pterygoid
hamulus

Middle constrictor 2 Pharyngeal raphe Upper margin of greater horn Vagus nerve [X] Constriction of pharynx
of hyoid bone and adjacent
margins of lesser horn and
stylohyoid ligament

Inferior constrictor 3 Pharyngeal raphe Cricoid cartilage, oblique line Vagus nerve [X] Constriction of pharynx
of thyroid cartilage, and a
ligament that spans between
these attachments and
crosses the cricothyroid
muscle

1
2

603
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables
Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Muscle Origin
Stylopharyngeus 1 Medial side of base of
styloid process
Salpingopharyngeus 2 Inferior aspect of
pharyngeal end of
pharyngotympanic tube
Palatopharyngeus 3 Upper surface of
palatine aponeurosis
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Muscle Origin
Cricothyroid 1 Anterolateral aspect of
arch of cricoid cartilage
Posterior crico- 2 Oval depression on
arytenoid posterior surface of
lamina of cricoid
cartilage
Lateral crico- 3 Superior surface of arch
arytenoid of cricoid cartilage
Transverse arytenoid 4 Lateral border of
posterior surface of
arytenoid cartilage
Oblique arytenoid 5 Posterior surface of
muscular process of
arytenoid cartilage
Thyro-arytenoid 6 Thyroid angle and
adjacent cricothyroid
ligament
Vocalis 7 Lateral surface of vocal
process of arytenoid
cartilage
604
Insertion
Pharyngeal wall
Pharyngeal wall
Pharyngeal wall
Insertion
Oblique part—inferior horn
of the thyroid cartilage;
straight part—inferior
margin of thyroid cartilage
Posterior surface of
muscular process of
arytenoid cartilage
Anterior surface of
muscular process of
arytenoid cartilage
Lateral border of posterior
surface of opposite
arytenoid cartilage
Posterior surface of apex
of adjacent arytenoid
cartilage; extends into
ary-epiglottic fold
Anterolateral surface of
arytenoid cartilage;
some fibers continue in
ary-epiglottic folds to the
lateral margin of the
epiglottis
Vocal ligament and thyroid
angle
Innervation Function
Glossopharyngeal Elevation of the pharynx
nerve [IX]
Vagus nerve [X] Elevation of the pharynx
Vagus nerve [X] Elevation of the pharynx;
closure of the oropharyngeal
isthmus
Innervation Function
External branch of Forward and downward
superior laryngeal rotation of the thyroid cartilage
nerve from the vagus at the cricothyroid joint
nerve [X]
Recurrent laryngeal Abduction and external
branch of the vagus rotation of the arytenoid
nerve [X] cartilage. The posterior
crico-arytenoid muscles are
the primary abductors of the
vocal folds. In other words,
they are the primary openers
of the rima glottidis.
Recurrent laryngeal Internal rotation of the
branch of the vagus arytenoid cartilage and
nerve [X] adduction of vocal folds
Recurrent laryngeal Adduction of arytenoid
branch of the vagus cartilages
nerve [X]
Recurrent laryngeal Sphincter of the laryngeal inlet
branch of the vagus
nerve [X]
Recurrent laryngeal Sphincter of vestibule and of
branch of the vagus laryngeal inlet
nerve [X]
Recurrent laryngeal Adjusts tension in vocal folds
branch of the vagus
nerve [X]
 Tables 8

1 2 3

4 5 6

2 7

605
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables
Muscles in the floor of the oral cavity
Muscle Origin
Mylohyoid 1 Mylohyoid line of mandible
Geniohyoid 2 Inferior mental spines of
mandible
Muscles of the tongue
Muscle Origin
Intrinsic
Superior longitudinal 1 Submucosal connective
(just deep to surface tissue at the back of the
of tongue) tongue and from the
median septum of the
tongue
Inferior longitudinal 2 Root of tongue (some
(between genioglossus fibers from hyoid)
and hyoglossus
muscles)
Transverse 3 Median septum of the
tongue
Vertical 4 Submucosal connective
tissue on dorsum of
tongue
Extrinsic
Genioglossus 5 Superior mental spines
Hyoglossus 6 Greater horn and
adjacent part of body of
hyoid bone
Styloglossus 7 Styloid process
(anterolateral surface)
Palatoglossus 8 Inferior surface of
palatine aponeurosis
606
Insertion Innervation Function
Median fibrous raphe and Nerve to mylohyoid
adjacent part of hyoid from the inferior
bone alveolar branch of
mandibular nerve [V3]
Body of hyoid bone C1 Supports and elevates
floor of oral cavity;
depresses mandible
when hyoid is fixed;
elevates and pulls hyoid
forward when mandible
is fixed
Insertion Innervation Function
Muscle fibers pass Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Shortens tongue; curls
forward and obliquely to apex and sides of
submucosal connective tongue
tissue and mucosa on
margins of tongue
Apex of tongue Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Shortens tongue;
uncurls apex and turns
it downward
Submucosal connective Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Narrows and elongates
tissue on lateral margins tongue
of tongue
Connective tissue in Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Flattens and widens
more ventral regions of tongue
tongue
Body of hyoid; entire Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Protrudes tongue;
length of tongue depresses center of
tongue
Lateral surface of tongue Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Depresses tongue
Lateral surface of tongue Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Elevates and retracts
tongue
Lateral margin of tongue Vagus nerve [X] (via Depresses palate;
pharyngeal branch to moves palatoglossal
pharyngeal plexus) fold toward midline;
elevates back of the
tongue
 Tables 8

1
2

1 2 5 3 4 6

607
 HEAD AND NECK • Tables

Muscles of the soft palate

Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Tensor veli palatini 1 Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid Palatine Mandibular nerve [V3] Tenses the soft palate; opens
bone; fibrous part of aponeurosis via the branch to medial the pharyngotympanic tube
pharyngotympanic tube; pterygoid muscle
spine of sphenoid

Levator veli palatini 2 Petrous part of temporal Superior surface Vagus nerve [X] via Only muscle to elevate the
bone anterior to opening for of palatine pharyngeal branch to soft palate above the neutral
carotid canal aponeurosis pharyngeal plexus position

Palatopharyngeus 3 Superior surface of palatine Pharyngeal wall Vagus nerve [X] via Depresses soft palate; moves
aponeurosis pharyngeal branch to palatopharyngeal arch toward
pharyngeal plexus midline; elevates pharynx

Palatoglossus 4 Inferior surface of palatine Lateral margin of Vagus nerve [X] via Depresses palate; moves
aponeurosis tongue pharyngeal branch to palatoglossal arch toward
pharyngeal plexus midline; elevates back of the
tongue

Musculus uvulae 5 Posterior nasal spine of hard Connective tissue Vagus nerve [X] via Elevates and retracts uvula;
palate of uvula pharyngeal branch to thickens central region of soft
pharyngeal plexus palate

1
2

5
3

608