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Culture Documents
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Openings in the Skull Bone of the Skull Structures Transmitted
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Perforations in the Cribriform plate Ethmoid Olfactory nerves
Middle Cranial Fossa
Optic Canal Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery
Superior Orbital Fissure Between lesser and greater wings of Lacrimal, frontal, trochlear,
the Sphenoid oculomotor, nasociliary and abducent
nerves; superior ophthalmic vein
Foramen Rotundum Greater wing of the Sphenoid Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal
Nerve
Foramen Ovale Greater wing of the Sphenoid Mandibular division of the Trigeminal
Nerve
Foramen Spinosum Greater wing of the Sphenoid Middle meningeal artery
Foramen Lacerum Between petrous part of temporal and Internal carotid artery
Sphenoid
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Foramen Magnum Occipital Medulla Oblongata, spinal part of
accessory nerve, and right and left
vertebral arteries
Hypoglossal Canal Occipital Hypoglossal nerve
Jugular Foramen Between petrous part of temporal and Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and
condylar part of occipital accessory nerves; sigmoid sinus
becomes internal jugular vein
Internal Acoustic Meatus Petrous part of temporal Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
Muscles of Tongue
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles
Branches Distribution
Roots
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5) Rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, levator scapulae
Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, 6, 7) Serratus anterior
Upper Trunk
Suprascapular Nerve (C5, 6) Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
Nerve to Subclavius (C5, 6) Subclavius
Lateral Cord
Lateral Pectoral Nerve (C5, 6, 7) Pectoralis major
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, 6, 7) Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis; supplies skin
along lateral border of forearm when it becomes the lateral
cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Lateral root of Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7) (See medial root of median nerve)
Posterior Cord
Upper Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6) Subscapularis
Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6, 7, 8) Latissimus dorsi
Lower Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6) Subscapularis and teres major
Axillary Nerve (C5, 6) Deltoid and teres minor; upper and lateral cutaneous nerve
of arm supplies skin over lower half of deltoid muscle
Radial Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8; T1) Triceps, anconeus, part of brachialis, ECRL; via deep radial
nerve branch supplies extensor muscles of forearm:
supinator, ECRB, ECU, ED, EDM, EI, AbPL, EPL, EPB;
skin, lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior
cutaneous nerve of arm, and posterior cutaneous nerve of
forearm; skin on lateral side of dorsum of hand and dorsal
surface of lateral three and a half of fingers; articular
branches to elbow, wrist and hand
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Branches Distribution
Medial Cord
Medial Pectoral Nerve (C8; T1) Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of arm joined by intercostals Skin of medial side of arm
brachial nerve from second intercostals nerve (C8; T1,
2)
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of forearm (C8; T1) Skin of medial side of forearm
rd
Ulnar Nerve (C8; T1) FCU and medial half of FDP, FDM, ODM, AbDM, AdP, 3
th
and 4 lumbricals, interossei, PB, skin of medial half of
dorsum of hand and palm, skin of palmar and dorsal
surfaces of medial one and a half fingers
Medial root of Median Nerve (with lateral root) forms PT, FCR, PL, FDS, AbPB, FPB, OP, first two lumbricals (by
Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8; T1) way of anterior interosseus branch), FPL, FDP (lateral half),
PQ, palmar cutaneous branch to lateral half of palm and
digital branches to palmar surface of lateral three and a half
fingers; articular branches to elbow, wrist and carpal joints
Muscles of the Gluteal Region
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Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action
Gluteus Outer surface of ilium, Iliotibial tract and Inferior gluteal nerve Extends and laterally rotates hip
maximus sacrum, coccyx, gluteal tuberosity of joint; through iliotibial tract, it
sacrotuberous ligament femur extends knee joint
Gluteus Outer surface of ilium Lateral surface of Superior gluteal Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts
medius greater trochanter of nerve pelvis when walking to permit
femur opposite leg to clear ground
Gluteus Outer surface of ilium Anterior surface of Superior gluteal Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts
minimus greater trochanter of nerve pelvis when walking to permit
femur opposite leg to clear ground
Tensor fasciae Iliac crest Iliotibial tract Superior gluteal Assists gluteus maximus in
latae nerve extending the knee joint
Piriformis Anterior surface of Upper border of greater First and second Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
sacrum trochanter of femur sacral nerves joint
Obturator Inner surface of Upper border of greater Sacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
internus obturator membrane trochanter of femur joint
Gemellus Spine of ischium Upper border of greater Sacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
superior trochanter of femur joint
Gemellus Ischial tuberosity Upper border of greater Sacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
inferior trochanter of femur joint
Quadratus Lateral border of ischial Quadrate tubercle of Sacral plexus Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
femoris tuberosity femur joint
Popliteus
Origin
Lateral surface of
Insertion
Deep Group
Posterior surface of
lateral condyle of femur shaft of tibia above
soleal line
Nerve Supply
Tibial nerve
Action
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Flexes leg at knee joint;
unlocks knee joint by lateral
rotation of femur on tibia and
slackens ligaments of joint
Flexor Posterior surface of Bases of distal Tibial nerve Flexes distal phalanges of
digitorum shaft of tibia phalanges of lateral lateral four toes; plantar flexes
longus four toes foot at ankle joint; supports
medial and lateral longitudinal
arches of foot
Flexor hallucis Posterior surface of Base of distal phalanx Tibial nerve Flexes distal phalanx of big toe;
longus shaft of fibula of big toe plantar flexes foot at ankle
joint; supports medial
longitudinal arch of foot
Tibialis Posterior surface of Tuberosity of navicular Tibial nerve Plantar flexes foot at ankle
posterior shafts of tibia and fibula bone and other joint; inverts foot at subtalar
and interosseous neighboring bones and transverse tarsal joints;
membrane supports medial longitudinal
arch of foot
brevis
Origin
Branches Distribution
Superior gluteal nerve Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae
muscles
Inferior gluteal nerve Gluteus maximus muscle
Nerve to piriformis Piriformis muscle
Nerve to obturator internus Obturator internus and superior gemellus muscles
Nerve to quadratus femoris Quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles
Perforating cutaneous nerve Skin over medial aspect of buttock
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh Skin over posterior surface of thigh and popliteal fossa, also over
lower part of buttock, scrotum, or labium majus
Sciatic nerve (L4, 5; S1, 2, 3) Tibial portion Hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, biceps femoris [long head],
adductor magnus [hamstring part]), gastrocnemius, soleus,
plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor
hallucis longus, and via medial and lateral plantar branches to
muscles of sole of foot; sural branch supplies skin on lateral side of
leg and foot
Common peroneal portion Biceps femoris muscle (short head) and via deep peroneal branch:
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum
longus, peroneus tertius, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles;
skin over cleft between first and second toes. The superficial
peroneal branch supplies the peroneus longus and brevis muscles
and skin over lower third of anterior surface of leg and dorsum of
foot
Pudendal nerve Muscles of perineum including the external anal sphincter, mucous
membrane of lower half of anal canal, perianal skin, skin of penis,
scrotum, clitoris, and labia majora and minora
Branches Distribution
Iliohypogastric nerve External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles
of anterior abdominal wall; skin over lower anterior abdominal wall
and buttock
Ilioinguinal nerve External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles
of anterior abdominal wall; skin of upper medial aspect of thigh;
root of penis and scrotum in the male; mons pubis and labia
majora in the female
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh Skin of anterior and lateral surfaces of the thigh
Genitofemoral nerve (L1, 2) Cremaster muscle in scrotum in male; skin over anterior surface of
thigh; nervous pathway for cremasteric reflex
Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4) Iliacus, pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris muscles, and
intermediate cutaneous branches to the skin of the anterior surface
of the thigh and by saphenous branch to the skin of the medial side
of the leg and foot; articular branches to hip and knee joints
Obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4) Gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, obturator externus,
pectineus, adductor magnus (adductor portion), and skin on medial
surface of thigh; articular branches to hip and knee joints
Segmental branches Quadratus lumborum and psoas muscles
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Back
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles
*Trapezius
*Latissimus Dorsi
*Levator Scapulae
*Rhomboid Major
*Rhomboid Minor
SpinoTransversales Muscles
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Action
Splenius Capitis Lower half of Mastoid process, Posterior rami Together- draw
ligamentum skull below lateral middle cervical head backwards
nuchae, spinous 1/3 of superior nerves extending neck;
processes of C7 nuchal line individually- draw
to T4 and rotate head
to one side (turn
face to same
side)
Splenius Cervicis Spinous Transverse Posterior rami Together- extend
processes of T3 processes of C1 middle cervical neck; individually-
to T6 to C3 nerves draw and rotate
head to one side
(turn face to
same side)
Thorax
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus
Anterior)
*Pectoralis Major
*Subclavius
*Pectoralis Minor