Chapter 5 - AW101

AW101
Occupational Safety
And Health 1
- CHAPTER 5-
Incident Prevention
(HIRARC Technique)
CONTENTS
5.1 Concept of Incident
5.1.1 Definition of Incident
5.1.2 Definition of Accident
5.1.3 The differences between accident and incident
5.1.4 Types of Incident
5.2 Causes of Incident
5.2.1 Unsafe acts
5.2.2 Unsafe conditions
5.3 Incident Prevention Techniques (HIRARC technique)
5.3.1 Hazards Identification
5.3.2 Risk Assessing
5.3.3 Risk Controlling
AW101/HANISAH/JKE/POLISAS/’12 2
Incident & Accident
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
CAUSE – unplanned, unexpected events, multicausality
and sequence of events.
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]
CAUSE – actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a

combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident.
[Source: Official Journal of the European Union]
EFFECT – the outcomes resulted from an uncontrolled

hazard such as injury, disease, damage, near-miss, loss.
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]
* It should noticed that the definition of accident is combination of

description of the causes and effects.
DEFINITION
INCIDENT – an event that occurs either planned or
unplanned. An event has either good or bad outcomes.
ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected events which

results in injuries, fatalities to people, loss of production or
damage to property.
[wikipedia.org]
ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected event in a

sequence of events that occurs through a combination of
causes; which results in physical harm (injury or disease) to
an individual, damage to property, a near-miss, a loss or any
combination of these effects.
[Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]
Incident VS Accident
No INCIDENT ACCIDENT
1. General event Specific event
Positive or Negative event

Negative event (bad
2. (cause the good or bad
outcomes)
outcomes)
The event can be expected Unexpected event (without
3. (with intention, can control the intention, cannot control the
event) event)
4. Planned or unplanned event Unplanned event
Potentially resulted in harm to Definitely resulted in harm to

5. people, damage to property and people, damage to property
loss to process. and loss to process.
EXAMPLE
INCIDENT - A night shift maintenance worker found an electric lift
truck parked in an aisle instead of at the charging bay. He drove
the lift truck to the bay, but on slowing down to enter he found the
brakes to be quite sluggish. He quickly reversed the controls and
simple bumped the battery charging set, causing no apparent
damage. Under slightly different circumstances, this incident could
have resulted in extensive damage to the lift truck and charging
set as well as injury to the driver.
ACCIDENT - An electrician was working on a high voltage

machine while it was "hot" to save time. The screw driver slipped
and shorted between two contact points. The resulting explosion
severely burned the electrician, damaged the control box and shut
down part of the manufacturing process.
FOUR PRINCIPLES of
ACCIDENT
 All accidents are incidents

 All incidents are not accidents
 All injuries result from accidents
 All accidents do not result in injury
[Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]
To Understand
CAUSES OF INCIDENT
OSH Incident
An OHS incident is any accident or event at workplace, which
involves:
❖ Occupational illnesses;
❖ Uncontrolled fire and explosions;
❖ Disabling injuries;
❖ Serious equipment plant or property damage;
❖ Dangerous occurrences which could have, but did not
injure any persons;
❖ Exposures to hazardous substances or circumstances;
❖ Minor injuries;
❖ Any other serious incident that could put employees or
plant at risk.
Types of Incident
Types of incident is classified by the level serious of injury
as shown in below table;
TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLE
- Commonly called a ‘near

- Electrical incidents
miss’ incident.
- Crash of an aircraft
- An incident where no person
Dangerous - Plant or property damage
is injured, but could have
Occurrence that could have killed or
been injured, resulting in
injured a person but
Serious Personal Injury (SPI),
didn’t
Incapacity or Death.
- An event where an employee - Radiation

comes into contact with a - Hazardous substances
Exposure substance or circumstance - Noise
which does not lead to an - Biological agents
immediate injury or illness.
Types of Incident
- Minor cuts or bruises

An employee is injured and is;
- Grazes
- Unable to work for between 1 - Every injury that is not
and 4 days; OR considered a serious
personal injury (SPI).
- Sees a doctor, nurse, or first
Minor Injury aid attendant, but is not given Includes - Injuries to a
emergency medical treatment; person that are not SPI or
OR Incapacity.
- Attends a medical centre, but
Excludes - Exposures &
is not given emergency
Dangerous occurrences
medical treatment.
An employee is unable to work

Incapacity 30
for 30 or more consecutive days
or more days
or shifts
Types of Incident
An event that caused an injury

to, or disease in, a person that
is caused in the course of their
work, for which the person - a wound which requires
needs to be: sutures (stitches).
Serious
- given emergency medical - a fracture of any part of
Personal Injury
treatment by a registered the body.
(SPI)
medical practitioner; OR - knocked unconscious.
- treated in a hospital as a
casualty, without being
admitted to the hospital; OR
- admitted to hospital.
Fatality - Death
[ohsc@defence.gov.auohsc]
Unsafe Acts
DEFINITION
(1) An element of unsatisfactory behavior immediately prior
to an accident event which is significant in initiating the
event. (John Gilbertson).
[http://www.shponline.co.uk/glossary.asp?]
(2) Performance of a task or other activity that is conducted

in a manner that may threaten the health and/or safety of
workers.
Unsafe Acts
EXAMPLE
(1) Lack of or improper use of Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE).
(2) Taking shortcuts
(3) Careless
(4) Lack of attention
(5) Horseplay
(6) Being Over Confident
(7) Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions
(8) Ignoring Safety Procedures
(9) Operating without qualification or authorization
(10) Using defective equipment
(11) Taking an unsafe position
Example Unsafe Acts (1)
Lack of or improper use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
Example Unsafe Acts (2)
Quite a Drop - Without Fall Protection

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
SAFETY HELMET
GOOGLE
SAFETY JACKET
SAFETY GLOVE
SAFETY BOOTS
Unsafe Conditions
DEFINITION
(1) An unsatisfactory physical condition existing in the
workplace environment immediately prior to an accident
event which is significant in initiating the event.
(John Gilbertson)
[http://www.shponline.co.uk/glossary.asp?]
(2) A condition in the work place that is likely to cause

property damage or injury.
Unsafe Conditions
EXAMPLE
(1) Slippery floor
(2) Broken glass
(3) Unguarded machine
(4) Trailing cable
(5) Poor housekeeping
(6) Defective tools, equipment, or supplies
(7) Congestion in the workplace
(8) Excessive noise, heat, dust or vibration
(9) Poor ventilation
(10) Improper lighting
(11) Poor workplace arrangement
Example Unsafe Conditions (1)
With a built-in bench in front of the door - not much of a

Fire Exit
Example Unsafe Conditions (2)
This battery was 17 years out of date when inspected

Know techniques of…
INCIDENT PREVENTION
HIRARC Technique
The Process of HIRARC
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services)
Identify Hazard (HI)
Assess The Risk (RA)
Risk Control (RC)
Review Risk Control

Hazard Identification
Hazard identification - means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the materialisation of
the hazard and the mechanism by which those
undesired events could occur.
To keep workplace safe and healthy;
• Employers should make sure there are no
hazards to which employees could be exposed.
• Employers should look for hazards in advance as
part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards.
Classification Source of Hazards
Classification Example of Hazards

• Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload.
• Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover.
broken
• Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne
microorganism.
• Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical
• Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures.
• Psychological - Stress or violent at workplace.
Classification Source of Hazards
RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Assessment is the process of

evaluating the risk to safety & health
from hazards at work.
Types
- Qualitative
- Semi-quantitative
- Quantitative
HOW TO ASSESS RISK
1) Look for the Hazards
2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is
done to prevent it from happening
4) Record finding
5) Review assessment and revise it if
necessary
RISK CONTROL
 Corrective Action
 Review current safety measure
 Improvement plan
 Implementation
RISK CONTROL
There are six elements in controlling the risks which
are;
ELEMENT EXAMPLE
EL - Eliminate stop work, cover hazard…
SL - Substitute use other route, other material..
IS - Isolation put up temporary barrier..
EC - Engineering Control construct permanent wall..
AC - Administration Control put up notice, job rotation,..
PPE - Personal Protection gloves, respirator,..
Equipment

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AW101

CAUSE – actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a

EFFECT – the outcomes resulted from an uncontrolled

* It should noticed that the definition of accident is combination of

ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected events which

ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected event in a

1. General event Specific event

Positive or Negative event

4. Planned or unplanned event Unplanned event

Potentially resulted in harm to Definitely resulted in harm to

ACCIDENT - An electrician was working on a high voltage

 All accidents are incidents

[Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

- Commonly called a ‘near

- An event where an employee - Radiation

- Minor cuts or bruises

An employee is unable to work

An event that caused an injury

(2) Performance of a task or other activity that is conducted

Lack of or improper use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

Quite a Drop - Without Fall Protection

(2) A condition in the work place that is likely to cause

With a built-in bench in front of the door - not much of a

This battery was 17 years out of date when inspected

Identify Hazard (HI)

Assess The Risk (RA)

Risk Control (RC)

Review Risk Control

Classification Example of Hazards

Risk Assessment is the process of

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