What are hazards?

A hazard is anything that could hurt

Industrial Accidents: Causes and you or make you sick.
Consequences
What could hurt you or make you sick
where you work?

A hazard is A hazard is
anything that anything that
can can

cut you trip you

A hazard is A hazard is
anything that anything that
can can

burn you crush you

 A hazard is A hazard is
anything that anything that
can can

hurt your hurt your

hearing eyes

A hazard is A hazard is
anything that anything that
can can

make you cause you

sick pain

Industrial Accident

Industrial Accident
• An accident (industrial) is a sudden and
unexpected occurrence in the industry which
Depending on a fast-growing industrialization, interrupts the orderly progress of the work.
the lack of necessary precautions at
workplaces, work accidents which increase with
each passing year, occupational diseases and
environmental pollution have reached a threatening
point for the human and environmental health.
 Industrial Accident Industrial Accident

• In other words, accident is an unexpected • An industrial injury is defined as “a personal

event in the course of employment which is injury to an employee which has been caused
neither anticipated nor designed to occur. by an accident or an occupational disease
Thus, an accident is an unplanned and and which arises out of or in the course of
uncontrolled event in which an action or employment.
reaction of an object, a substance, a person,
or a radiation results in personal injury. It is
important to note that self-inflicted injuries
cannot be regarded as accidents.

Industrial Accident

• Industrial accidents occur when there is a

failure to follow proper procedures, including
taking shortcuts, improper handling of
materials, misuse of equipment, fatigue and
over-confidence about abilities. These
accidents also occur when thorough training
and emphasis on safety techniques and
procedures do not have take into account and
reiterated through vigilant supervision.

Accident Investigation
Types of Causes
Levels of Causes
Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Personal Factors
Basic Causes Environmental factors
Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Personal Factors/Environmental Factors
Unsafe Act Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act Conditions
Indirect Causes
Performance
Unplanned Release of Energy
And/or
Unplanned release of energy ACCIDENT Hazardous Material
(Direct Cause) Personal Injury
Property Damage ACCIDENT
17
Personal Injury
Property Damage
 Examples of Accident Causes
Unsafe Acts
Operating equipment without qualification or
authorization.
Lack of/or improper use of PPE
Failure to warn
Bypass or removal of safety devices
Using defective equipment

• Condition – Exit access blocked/obstructed.

Unsafe Conditions
Congested area
Noise exposure
Wet floor
Inadequate machine guards
Inadequate warning system
Defective/damaged tools

• Condition – Open access hatch (fall hazard). What other causes

of Accidents ?
• Failure to communicate
• Poor work habits
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Lack of skill
• Intentional acts
 Type of Accidents Dislodging Safety Myths

Near-miss
Heinrich’s pyramid
Minor injury

Major injury Death

25

Heinrich’s Causation Theory

– Unsafe Acts of workers are the primary causes
88% unsafe acts of occupational incidents.
10% unsafe mechanical or physical
conditions
2% are unpreventable
“man failure is the heart of the problem”
“unsafe acts, unsafe tools and willful
disregard of instruction”

United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers of America

Heinrich’s Conclusions
Basic Causes
Incident investigation should include • Management Systems & Procedures
incidents that cause minor or no injuries.
• Environment Natural & Man-made
Reducing the number of no-injury
incidents will also reduce the number of
• Equipment Design & Equipment
serious incidents.

• Human Behavior
 Management Management
– Not implement Management holds the legal responsibility for
Health and safety safety in the workplace!
policy
– Lack of systems & • Were safety rules communicated to and
procedures understood by all employees?
– lack of regular • Were written procedures available?
safety meetings,
and safety training • Were the procedures/rules being enforced?
– Lack of provision of
personal protection • Was there adequate supervision?
equipment

Management Environment
• Were workers trained to do the work being
performed?
• Physical
• Were hazards previously identified?
– Noise
• Had procedures been developed to overcome – Lighting
the hazards identified? – Temperature
• Were unsafe conditions corrected? • Chemical • Biological
– hazardous gases, –Bacteria
• Was regular maintenance of equipment done?
- dusts or fumes –Reptiles
• Were safety inspections completed? – vapors

Environment
Design and Equipment
• What were the conditions in the work area
(example: cold, hot, damp, etc.)? • DesignA
– Appropriate tools
• Was poor housekeeping a problem? and materials
• Was noise a problem? available and used
– Workplace layout
• Was there adequate light? – Design of tools &
• Were toxic or hazardous gases, dusts or equipment
fumes present? – Maintenance of
machines
 Design and Equipment Design and Equipment
• Equipment • Was a less-hazardous alternative substance
– Suitability available?
– Stability
• Was the raw material substandard in some
safety devices
way?
(example: machine
guards) in place and • Was PPE used? If yes, was it appropriate for
working properly
the task being performed and was it in
• Guarding
“serviceable condition?”
• Ergonomic
• Accessibility

Taxonomy of Human Error

Taxonomy of Human Error Slips
• Mistakes are a more complex type of human
error where we do the wrong thing believing it
MISTAKES SLIPS to be right. The failure involves our mental
Knowledge Rule
processes which control how we plan, assess
Plan Interpretation
information, make intentions and judge
Stimulus Action consequences. Two types of mistakes exist,
Evidence Intention of Situation Execution
Action Assessment rule-based and knowledge-based

LAPSES &
MODE ERRORS Memory

Taxonomy of Human Error

Slips
• When we recognise that the current situation
Rule-based mistakes occur when our behaviour
is based on remembered rules or familiar
procedures. We have a strong tendency to use
familiar rules or solutions even when these are
not the most convenient or efficient (a rule that
has been successfully used in the past).
Taxonomy of Human Error
does not fit with any rule stored, we shift to
knowledge-based behaviour. At the
knowledge-based behaviour level we can
commit planning errors (Knowledge based
mistakes). They basically concern the difficulty
we have in gathering information on all the
aspects of a situation, in analysing all the data
and in deriving the right decision. Planning is
based on limited information, it is carried out
with limited time resources (and cognitive
resources) and it can result in a failure.
 Taxonomy of Human Error
Slips
Slips are failures in carrying out the actions of a
task. They are described as 'actions¬not-as-
planned'. Examples would be: picking up the
wrong component from a mixed box, operating
the wrong switch and misordering steps in a
procedure, skipping or reordering a step in a
procedure, performing the right action on the
wrong object, or performing the wrong action
on the right object.
Taxonomy of Human Error
Lapses
• Lapses cause us to forget to carry out an
action, to lose our place in a task or even to
forget what we had intended to do. This type
of error refers to instances of forgetting to do
something, losing place in a sequence, or even
forgetting the overall plan.

Consequences of Accidents
The Social and Economic Direct Consequences Indirect Consequences

Consequences of Workplace 1. Personal injury 1. Lost income

Injury and Illness 2. Property loss 2. Medical expenses
3. Time to retrain
another person
4. Decreased employee
moral

Real and Hidden Costs Real and Hidden Costs

• What does an accident really cost? • What is the Medium-of exchange? What are
costs based on?
• Quality of Life
? • Health and Welfare

• $$$$$
 Hidden Costs
Real Costs
– These costs included ongoing medical costs, • Uninsured Amounts
direct income loss, transport costs, and – Paid by the employer
losses related to lifestyle changes people – 3 to 5 times greater than direct costs
had to make because of their condition.
– Medical Expenses Direct Costs
$
– Wage Compensation (indemnity)
– Legal Defense Hidden Costs
$$$$$

Interviews with affected families resulted in

identifying the following economic impacts:

(1) decrease in family income,

(2) decrease in the standard of living,
(3) education and schooling expenses
affected,
(4) increase in debts and
(5) difficulty to pay bills/policies bond.

Workplace Workplace
• Occupational injury and illness have a • Similarly, the effect of an accident highlights
considerable impact upon the workplace. This systems within workplaces and their
is not just economically such as through respective strengths and weaknesses.
monetary cost but in other unexpected ways
as well. This covered not only primary actors
such as the employer and the affected
employee but employee representatives,
workmates and other staff.
 Loss of social interaction
• Injured and ill workers and their families are
often isolated socially. The major reasons for
self-isolation appear to be due to lack of
understanding by others, self-consciousness
about injuries, inability to cope with the
resulting mood swings.
Lifestyle
• In almost all the cases, the injury or illness
resulted in a significant change in the lifestyle
of the victim and their families. This varied
from being a comparatively temporary
change, while the injured or ill individual is
recovering, to being massive and permanent.
Lifestyle
• Feelings of decreased self-worth, loss of
dignity, and loss of identity are emphasized by
injured workers as consequences of getting ill
or injured, losing a job, and the subsequent
process of accessing benefits and health care.
• Interviews carried out with affected families
identified the following social impacts of site
accidents:
(1) loss/injury of family provider,
(2) family depression,
(3) loss of social welfare,
(4) loss of worker to the community,
(5) loss of the quality of life for individual
workers and families
Lifestyle
• This depends largely on the nature and
severity of the injury or illness, but is also
significantly effected by other factors, in
particular the pre-accident or injury situation,
as well as financial considerations.
Pain and suffering
• For all the participants, the most immediate
consequence of their injury or illness are pain
and suffering. This is a an overwhelming and
ongoing cost, which was at its worst during
the recovery period, but not limited to that.
 Also;
• Production is not at optimum
• Profitability is reduced
• Employee moral is diminished
• Public image is damaged Thank You