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PREPARED BY COSMICGUYS
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i-aNo.1 Educationaliai Website iin Tamilnadu iai
adsaaslaal d a
d saaslaal d adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai i i Prep ared by lcosmicguys

saaslal aslaila aslaila lail ai saaslailai lail ail lailai l
adsaas adsaasa adsaasa adsaasa adsaas
aad
PaPda
N
a

N
dsa
e e tt PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a PaPda
ad
Unit-1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS;-
NN e e tt
PaPda PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa adaa aa
ilai ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
PaPda
a
adsas
l a
PaPda
a
adsas
d
l a

d aas
Psa
P
a
adsas
l a
P a
P daadsas P a
P
a
daadsas
l a
P a
P daadsas ss
d
a
d
l
aa
a
P a
P
a
daadsas
l
1. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS:-

. P
. a a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

adw w
iai Relative
iaatomic
i mass =
saaslal lal aw l
aw
l l
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
adsaas a adsaas
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad d d s d ada d ada d ada d d a d adsa d
a a a
P P 2. MOLE:- a a a
PP a a
PP a a
PP a a a a
PP a a
PP a

iai ○ The term i 23 entities

airepresent 6.023 Xia10
iai ‘MOLE’ is used ito iai iai iai iai
saaslal adsaas
lal
adsaas
lal
adsaas
lal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad

NNe e tt
PaPda○ 12g of carbon
PaP da
12-isotopes. PaPda d
PaPa
a
d

N N e
d
PaPa
e tt
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai
3. EQUIVALENT MASS:-
l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
ailai ailai
s asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
○ Equivalent mass of an element, compound or ion is defined as the mass that combines or displaces 1.008g of hydrogen
d d PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
,8g of oxygen or 35.5g of chlorine.

.
aiw.
P P a a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
iai aslailw iai
iai mass has no unit but gram equivalent mass has the unit g eq-1iai iai
saaw
slaw
iai
○ Equivalent
sw w
aPa w PaPa aw
saaslal adsaas
lal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal al
daadsas
Pw w ww
ad ad a ad ad ad ad ad
a PaPda4. OXIDATION NUMBER:-d d P d
aPa P d
aPa P a
P d P a
P d
a P aP

lai
○ It is defined as the imaginary charge left on atom when all other atom of the compound have been removed in their
iai ilai lailai to the set of
ilai assigned according i i lailai lailai lailai
adsaaslal a
d saaslaoxidation
usual states aslaare
asathat
d asaas
d d slala
asaarules. asaas d asaas d asaas d adsaas
l
a PaPda
N N e e tt PaPda PaPda PaPda
N N
PaPda
○ A term that is often used interchangeably with oxidation number is oxidation state.
e e tt PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . l allaa ilia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d
5. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION:-kg
saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l
OXIDATION
d d
aalailai
P P P P REDUCTION P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P P iP P
Addition of oxygen Removal of oxygen
iai
aas w
adsw
i a
w .
Loss of electron* (LEO)
ailai Increasing oxidation number is oxidation i a i Gain of electron* (GER)
i a i
saaw
sw
i a. .
saaslal l
ww P P
l a l l a l l a l
w
wPwP w P P
l a l saasl
da

s
ada as saas saas saas
Decreasing in oxidation number is reduction saas
Pw
ad ad a d a d ad a d a d
a PaPda aPda a da a
PP da a
PP da a d
a a da a
PP da

6.AVAGADRO NUMBER:-
iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaaslal adsaaslal a
d saasla23l a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d d PaPda
tt tt
23
a PaPofa entities present
PaPaThe total number PaPa is equal toP6.023
PaPina1 mole of any substance aPa
aPa X 10 . 6.023PXaP10a is AvagadroPnumber.

N N e
iai i.i. alailai
e ilia. N
ii. N e e
aisl
7. LIMITING REAGENT:-

saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
saa a daadsas
s aPa
daa
s aPaaPda
s
as Ps s
ad adsa adsa a
d s
a adsa a sa
When a reaction is carried out using non-stoichiometric quantities of the reactants, the product yield will be determined by
d adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda PaPda
d d a a
the reactants that is completely consumed and is called the limiting reagent.
a a
PaPda PaPda PaPda
a a d a
diai a
w.

iai
saaslal
8. EQUIVALENT
i
ia
saaslal
MASS:-
adsaas w
i
lal a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
PaPda w
aad d
PaPa
a
d
www
Gram equivalent mass =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
P P
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )
P
www
P da P a
P d
a adsaas
P aPdaadsaas
ww

iai aslaila
9. CALCULATEi
aslaila
RELATIVE i ATOMIClaMASS
as ila
i OF H:- lailai
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsa a
d s
a adsa adsaas adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒P𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 aPda 𝑜𝑓 𝐻−𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑛 da
PaP𝑘𝑔) PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt=
1.6605 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔
N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
aa aPa aPaaPa
1.6736 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔

s
as
ad a P
ss
aPdaada = d
PaPa
ad
1.66𝑜5 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔 d
PaPa
ad
a s
aPs aa
d ad d
PaPa
ad
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
a a s s d ad a

= 1.0078 ≈ 1.008 u
P P a a d d P
P a a d dlailai
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
PP w
adsaas w
l a i
l a i
w . . adsaas
l a i
l a i
adsaas
l a il a i
adsaas
l a i
l a i
adsaaw
l a i
l a.
s w. dadsaas
i
adsaas
l
www P P wPwPww P P
ad adsa
a PaPda a d
a a d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a d
a a a PPa d
a

iai iai iai iai iai iai li iai

adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal a
d d
a saaslaa d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa a
PP PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a ai .
i
aslaila
l .i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa
a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d
d a a s s a d
a

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PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
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wwww wwww PaPdaada
iai iai www.Padasalai.Net - No.1 Educational iai Website iin Tamilnadu iai
adsaaslal d a
d saaslal s
d a
as
dlasaail slal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa a
aad a
PaPdPa P PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
a

N
dsa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
UNIT-3 PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS:-
NN e e tt a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa adaa aa
ilai ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
PaPda
a
adsas
l a
PaPda
a
adsas
d
l a

d aas
Psa
P
a
adsas
l a
P a
P daadsas P a
P
a
daadsas
l a
P a
P daadsas ss
d
a
d
l
aa
a
P a
P
a
daadsas
l
1. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE:-

. P
. a a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function based on their atomic number.
adw w
iai i
saaslal aslaila aw
a l
aw
l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad adsa s ada ada ada d a adsa
a a d
PaPda2. ISOELECTRONIC IONS:-
a a
PP da PPa da PPa da a da PPa da PPa da
The ions have same electronic configuration are called isoelectronic ions.
iai i i lailai lailai iai iai iai iai
saaslal slala F- 2,8d}adNe
saaExample: saastype K+ 2,8,8 a
aastype
dad}sAr saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
NN
a
d
e e tt PaPa PaPa d
PaPa
a
d

N N e tt
d
PaPa
e
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai Na+ 2,8 } Ne type Cl- 2,8,8 } Ar type
l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPadaa aPaaPdaada
ailai ailai
s asl s asl
3. EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE:-
PaPda
ada
PaPda
s
ada asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
.
aiw.
P P a a . P
ilai . Pa a
The net nuclear charge experienced by the valence electron in the outermost shell is called effective nuclear charge. Z eff= Z-

.N
iai aslailw iai iai iai
saaw
iazi is the atomic number and ‘S’ is the screening constant which can be calculated by slatter’s rule
slaw
iai
S. Where
sw w
aPa w PaPa aw
saaslal adsaas
lal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal al
daadsas
Pw w ww
ad ad a ad ad a
d a
d a
d
a d
PaPda4. ELECTRONEGATIVITY:- d d
aPa d
aPa a
P d a
P d
a aP
11

P P P P P
Electronegativity is defined as the relative tendency of an element present in a covalently bound molecules to attract the

lai
iai iai itself alailai
ilai of electronsatowards iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal adasaslapair
shared s slal
ada ss
ada saslal
ada saslal ada saslal ada saslal ada adsaas
l
a PaPda
N N e e tt
5. ELEMENT 118:-
PaPda PaPda PaPda
NN e e tt
PaPda PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . l allaailia.
ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saa
An element Z=118 will be present in 7th period and 18th group.
d
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l
6. LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES:-
d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P. P
Lanthanides: (n-2) f1-14 (n-1) d0-1 ns2 ; Actinides: (n-2) f0-14 (n-1) d0-2 ns2
.iP
. P
aas w w saaw
sw
iai aslaila
i i a i a i i a i i a
saaslal adsw w
a l a l a l a l
ww P P wPwP w P P
l l l l saasl
da

sa saas saas saas saas

Pw
ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad
a aPd
PaPda7. HALOGEN- OXIDISING AGENT:-
a a da PPa d
a PPa d
a a d
a a d
a PPa d
a
Halogens have ns2 np5 electronic configuration. They can ready to gain one electron in their valency shell. So they have
iai ilai i
anilaelectron ilai ailai lailas lailai
ai an oxidising agents. iai
saaslal saaslal
morela
tendency to acceptla in theirla
outermost orbital. lTherefore halogen act l
ad adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas a
d adsaas
Pa

PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda d PaPda

a

N N e e tt
8. DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP:-
N N e e tt PaPa

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
aa a aPa
daa aPaaPda
The similarity in properties existing between the diagnonally placed elements is called ‘diagonal relationship’.
s
as
ad
P a
P daadsas PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
d d a s
aPs
a
d s
a s
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
ad
d
sa
a
diai a s s adsa

a a a a
w.

Li Be B C

iai
saaslal ailai
saaslNa adsaas w
i
lal a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
PaPda w
www www adsaas adsaas
Mg Al Si
aad d a
d d d d
PaPa P P P P a P a
P a P aP a
9. TRIADS AND PERIODS:-
ww

iai i aithe middle element

aslailof
aslailaThe atomic aweight
i
aslaila nearly equal ilai ai the atomic weights
aslailof
i
aslaila of the adsaaslaila
i
adsaaslal ads
TRIADS:
a dsa adsa a
d s
a slathe
ato arithmetic
ads
mean
a adsa adsaas
l
a aPda
PaPdaremaining twoPelements. PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt NN e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai lia.i. aisl

saaslalla a slaaa
sllaa l a sa
PERIODS: In modern periodic
i table horizontal rows
i i are called periods.
i i There are 7 periods.
i i *(VEG—HOPE)*i
saa a l ss
aPdaada
i
saaslal
a
saaslal
a
s aPa
aa
saaslal
a
saaslal
ai iai
saaslal
s aPaaPa l a
as Ps s
ad d ad d ad d ad d ad d ad d a
d d ad
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
P 10. PERIODIC LAW:-

a a d d a a a a d a a
dlailai
iai
saaslal
The properties
aslaila adsaas w
l a i
l a i
w .P. P adsaas
l a i
l a i
adsaas
l a i
l a i
adsaas
l a i
l a i l a i
l a.i P
P
s w. dadsaas
adsaaw
i of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic weights and this is called “PERIODIC LAW”.
adsaas
l
PP w
www P P wPwPww P P
ad adsa
a PaPda a d
a a d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a d
a a a PPa d
a

iai iai iai iai iai i i iai

adsaaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d s
a aasdlasaail slala a
d saaslaal adsaas
l
a d
PaPa d
PaPa d
PaPa d
PaPa d d
PaPPaaPa d
PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaaila
iai
saaslaal aslaaila
i
l a
l ai .
i .
aslaaila
i
aslaaila
aslaaila
i
aslaaila
i
aslaaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i and answerkeys
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adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i i i lail aslaila
i
saaslal aasdlsaaaalislala adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa d
a a
s
daaPda
aP
PP
UNIT-2 QUANTAM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM:-
NN e e tt a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa a a aa
ilai ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
d
l a

d s
aaPsa
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a adsas ss
d
a
d
l a
aa P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l
1. INFORMATION ABOUT QUANTAM NUMBERS:-

. P
. a a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
i) Principal quantum (n) – energy level
adw w
iai i
saaslal aslaila aw
a l
aw
l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad ad sa s ada ada ada d a adsa
a a d
PaPdaii) Azimuthal quantum (l) – shape and size
a PPa d
a PPa d
a PPa d
a a d
a PPa d
a a
PP d
a
iii) Magnetic quantum (m) – orientation
iai aslaila
i iai iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal 2.sORBITAL
a saaslal (N=4):-dadsaaslal
POSSIBLE saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
N
a

N
d
e e tt d
PaPa
a
d
PaPa d
PaPa
a
d

N N e e tt d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P a
P d
a

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai
When n=4 l= 0,1,2,3 four orbital s,p,d,f

l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
I=0 ml= 0 ailai ailai
one 4s orbital
s asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
PaPda
s
ada asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
l=1 ml= -1,0,+1

.
aiw.
P P athree 4p orbital
a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
aslailw saaw
slaw
l=2 ml= -2,-1,0,+1,+2 five 4d orbital
iai iai iai iai iai iai
sw w
aadsaaslal d
PaPa
ad
l=3
Pw
aPd
w P
aad a w
saaslal ml= -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3
aPdaadsaaslal
a
seven 4f orbital
P P d
a a
d saaslal
P a
P d
a a
d saaslal
wPw
aPdaw
ad
P a
P d
a a
d saaslal
P aPdaadsaas
l

overall 16 orbitals.

lai
iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal 3.sELECTRONIC
ad a adARRANGEMENT:-
sa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda
N N e e tt PaPda PaPda PaPda
N N e e tt
PaPda PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i .
i)

l allaailia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d↑saaslal
↑ ↑ a d
a ad
↑saas ↑ a d
a adsaas
a s
aPs
aad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
sPaa d
a ad s
saa l
P P P P
d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P

i .P P iP P
GROUND STATE
iai ii)saslaila
i
aas w
adsw
i a
w . i a i i a i
saaw
sw
i a. .
saaslal
ww P P
l a l l a l l a l
w
wPwP w P P
l a l saasl
da

a saas saas saas saas

Pw
ad ad ad ad ad ad ad ad
a PaPda a
P d
a a d
a a
PP d
a PPa d
a a d
a a d
a PPa d
a
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
iai iai i i iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal d saaslal EXCHANGE
MAXIMUM
a a
d slala
saaENERGY a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d d d
a

N
PaPa
N e e tt PaPa PaPa
4. PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE:-
PaPa
N N e e tt PaPa PaPa PaPa P a
P a

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
aa a aPa
daa aPaaPda
“No two electron in an atom can have the same set of value of all four quantum number”. Which means each electron

s
as
ad
P a
P daadsas PaPda
a dsa
PaPda
adsa
a s
aPs
a
d s
a
should have a unique values for all four quantum number (n,l,m,s).

d d
s
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
ad
d
sa
a
diai a s s adsa

a a a a
w.

iai
saaslal
5. ORBITALS VALUE:-
iai
adsaas w
i a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i
saaslal Circular path with definite energy is called orbitals
lal i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
aad d
PaPa
ORBITAL:-
a
d
P
www P
a
P d
a w
ORBITAL
P P
wPww P
da aPdaadsaas
P aPdaadsaas
ww

n l
iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
a3 laila
i
aslaila
i
asla1ila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsa 3Px
adsa adsa adsas adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda 4 PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt 4dx2-y2
N N e e tt 2 PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
6. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE:-
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
aa a aPa
aa aPaaPa
ss
s
as
ad
P aPdaada d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad
d d a s
aPs d ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a d
“Aufbau” is a german word meaning “building up”. In the ground state of the atoms, The orbitals are filled in the order of
d
PaPa
a
d
d a a s
dlailai s d ad a

their increasing energies.

.P. P a a . P
P
s w. dadsaas
a a
adsaas w adsaaw
iai i i i i i i
aadsaaslal
PaPda
aslaila
7.dsELECTRONIC
a a
PP w
www P P
l
CONFIGURATION:-
a d
a
a i
l a
w a d
a adsaas
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a i
l a

wPwPww P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
a a PPa d
a adsaas
l

Mn2+  Mn =25
iai iai6 2 6 0ala5ilai i i iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal d 1s
ad sla2 l2p
s2aa2s 3s 3pda
4s
d d ad slala
saa-stable)
sas3d  (half filled d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa a
P a

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i P

lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a
l ai .
i .
aslaila
i
aslaila aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i
lal a i send me i
lal your a a
PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
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i
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w . . saslailai
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adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa

NN e e
a
PP tt
d
a a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai
Cr3+  Cr =24

l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa adaa aa
ilai ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
PaPda
adsas
l a
PaPda
adsas
d
l a

d s
Ps
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d3  (unstable electronic configuration)
a a
aa a
P
a
adsas
l a
P a
P daadsas P a
P
a
daadsas
l a
P a
P daadsas ss
d
a
d
l
aa
a
P a
P
a
daadsas
l
9. IONISATION ENERGY FOR H -ATOM:-
. P
. a a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
adw w
iai i i
aw aw
−13.6
saaslal Ensa=asla l2a ev a l l l
adsaas
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad ad s ada ada ada d a adsa
PaPda d d d d d d d
a 𝑒 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PP PP PP PP PP
n=3
iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal  saaEsl3a=l −13.6 evdadsaaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
N
a
d

Ne e tt 9 Pa Pa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

N N
d
PaPa
e e tt
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai
E 3 = -1.5 ev
l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
ailai ailai
s asl s
ada
10. DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH:-
PaPda
asl
PaPda
s
ada asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
.
aiw.
P P a
Potential energy = 100V = 100 x 1.6 x 10-19 J a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
iai iai aslailw
sw
iai iai iai
saaw
slaw
iai
aadsaaslal d a
ˠdsaaslaℎl
=
PaPa √2 𝑚𝑒𝑣 aPa w PaPa
Pw d
wad a d adsaaslal
P d
aPa adsaaslal
P d
aPa adsaaslal
ww
P a
Pwaw
d ad
P a
P d
a adsaaslal
P aP
al
daadsas
𝟔.𝟔𝟐𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝟐 𝒔−𝟏
ˠ=

lai
iai la𝒙ila𝟗.𝟏
√𝟐 ailai𝒙 𝟏.𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗𝑱 lailai
i 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝒙l𝟏𝟎𝟎
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsaasa asaasa adsaasa a sa a sa a sa a sa adsaas
l
Pdad d d d d
a

N N e e tt
PaPdaˠ = 1.22 x 10-10Pam. PaPda PaPda
N
PaPda
N e e tt PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . 12. HEINSBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE:-
l allaa ilia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a
It states that “ it is impossible to accurately determine both the position and momentum of microscopic particle adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l
simultaneously. d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P. P .iP
. P
aas w w saaw
sw
iai i experiment:-
13. αla–ilaray i a i a i i a i i a
saaslal adsw w
a l a l a l a l
ww P P wPwP w P P
l l l l saasl
da

s
a as saas saas saas saas
Pw
ad ad ad a d a d ad a d a d
a aPda a d
PaPdai) Most of the 𝛼 – particles passed through the foil
a a
PP da a
PP da a d
a a da a
PP da

ii) some of them were deflected through a small angle

iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal a
d saaslal adsaaslal a
d saaslal ◦ dadsaaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d PaPda
a

N N e e tt
PaPaiii) very few α –Pparticles PaPaback by 180 PaPa
aPa were reflected

N N
PaPa
e e tt PaPa PaPa

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla a aalaa a a
11. QUANTAM NUMBER AND SUB ENERGY LEVEL;-

saa a l daadsas
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
s aPa
daa l l
s aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
s
i
l
aPaaPdal
as Ps s
ad adsa adsa a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda
n PaPda
a a d d
l
a a PaPda m PaPda PaPda
Sub energy level
a a d a
diai a
w.

iai
saaslal
iai
saaslal
4
3
adsaas w
i
lal a
w
i . P P i
2
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
1a i i a i
0
0 i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P 4d
3p lal l
PaPda w
aad
P d
aPa a
d
5www P 1 P P-1, 0 , +1 www
P da P a
P d
a
5p
adsaas
P aPdaadsaas
ww

3 2 -2 3d
iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
aa a aPa
aa aPaaPa
ss
s
as
ad
P aPdaada d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad
d d a s
aPs d ad d
PaPa
ad
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
d a a s
dlailai s d ad a

.P. P a a . P
P
s w. dadsaas
a a
adsaas w adsaaw
iai i i i i i i
aadsaaslal
PaPda
adsaaslaila
PP w
www P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
w a d
a adsaas
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a il a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a i
l a

wPwPww P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
a a PPa d
a adsaas
l

iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai

adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a
l ai .
i .
aslaila
i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a saa sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i
lal a i send me i
lal your a a
PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
Padasalai.Net@gmail.com
i
lal i P dlailai
a a l
 ww.. w
w . . saslailai
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adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
ad
UNIT-4 HYDROGEN
sa

NN e e tt
a
PP d
a a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa adaa aa
1. WATER SHIFT GAS:- ilai ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
PaPda
a
adsas
l a
PaPda
a
adsas
d
l a

d aas
Psa
P
a
adsas
l a
P a
P daadsas P a
P
a
daadsas
l a
P a
P daadsas ss
d
a
d
l
aa
a
P a
P
a
daadsas
l

a a
400◦𝐶
CO + H2O ⇒ CO + H2
. P
. a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
adw w
iai ai oxide of a water can be converted in to carbon di oxide by moving a gas mixture with more steam at 400◦C
lailmono aw aw
Carbon
saaslal aspassed a l l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad adsa s ada ada ada d a adsa
PaPda d d d d d d d
a and over a shift converter contains iron/copper catalyst. This reaction is called water gas shift reaction.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
PP PP PP PP PP
2. ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN:-
iai i
ilathe iai i
aslaila number but, i i iai iai iai
saaslal saaslaof
Atoms saaslal having same
same elements saatomic slala in mass
saadifferent number saaslal Ex:- 17Cl35d,17adClsa37aslal
saaslal is called disotopes. adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
N
a

N
d
e e tt d
PaPa
a
d
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d

N
d
PaPa
N
a
d
e e tt PaPa
a
d
PaPa PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
Isotopes of hydrogen are:- 1) protium ( 1H1 or H) 2) Deuterium ( 1H2 or D) 3) Tritium ( 1H3 or T)

iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
3. USES OF HEAVY WATER:- ailai ailai
s asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
PaPda
s
ada asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
.
aiw.
P P a
i) Heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactor
a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
aslailw saaw
slaw
ii) It is used as tracers to study organic reaction mechanism
iai ilai iai iai iai iai
sw w
aPa w PaPa aw
saaslal saItaslisaalso saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal al
daadsas
Pw w ww
aad d ad d ad a d ad d ad d ad d ad d ad
PaPa iii) used as a coolant in nuclear reactor.
P aPa P aPa P a
P P a
P a P aP
4. EXCHANGE REACTION OF DEUTERIUM:-

lai
iai i
aslaila can replace lailai hydrogen ilai ilai i
aslailadependingadupon ilai iai
adsaaslal ads
Deuterium
a adsaareversibly
s adsaasinlacompounds adsaaslapartially
either ads
or completely
a s
a aslathe reaction. asaasla l
d adsaas
l
a PaPda
N N e e tt PaPda
CH4 + 2D2  CD4 + 2H2
PaPda PaPda PaPda
N N e e tt PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . l allaa ilia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
NH3 + 3D2  2 ND3 + 3H2
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l
5.PARA TO ORTHO HYDROGEN:- d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P. P .iP
. P
aas w w saaw
sw
iai The para ilaform i a i a i i a i
i can be catalytically transformed into ortho form using platinum/iron, by using an electric discharge, heating
i a
saaslal adsw w
asla800◦C, a l a l a l a l
ww P P wPwP w P P
l l l l saasl
da

sa saas saas saas saas

Pw
ad ad ad a d a d ad a d a d
PaPda d d d d d d d
a above mixing para magnetic molecules o2,NO, NO2 or with nascent/atomic hydrogen.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
P PP PP PP
6. USES OF DEUTERIUM:-
iai i i i
aslaila is usedadtosaaprepare iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal i) s
ad
Deuterium
a slala heavydwater.
a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d PaPda
a

N
PaPa
N e e tt PaPa PaPa PaPa
e e tt
PaPa PaPa
ii) Deuterium exchange reactions are useful determining the number of ionic hydrogens present in a given compound.
N N
PaPa

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
iii) Deuterium is also used to prepare some deuterium compounds.

saa a daadsas
s aPa
daa
s aPaaPda
s
as Ps s
ad adsa adsa a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda
7. REFER Q.no 41 & 42:- PaPda
a a d d a a PaPda PaPda PaPda
a a d a
diai a
w.

iai
saaslal ailaother
saslthe adsaas w
i
lal a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i
i hydrides of the group which weak hydrogen bonding i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .
1) small size of nitrogen atom, polar nature of N-H bond. It forms intermolecular hydrogen bonding which are stronger
i P
P lal l
PaPda w
www www
than
ad ada adsaas adsaas
a PaPda2) This is due to expansion of lattice during the formation of their hydrides.
P P P P da P a
P d
a P aPda
ww

iai 8. STRUCTUREi OF H2i a Oi AND H2O2:- i ai i i i i

adsaaslal adsaaslaila a
d s
a aslal adsaas
lal
adsaaslaila adsaaslaila adsaaslaila adsaaslaila adsaas
l
a a d
a a d
a a d
a PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N
P P H2O:-

N e e tt PP PP

N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
i) H2O has bent structure
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
aa a aPa
aa aPaaPa
ss
s
as
ad
P aPdaada ad
ii) HOH bond angle is 104.5◦
PaPa d d
PaPa
ad
d d a s
aPs d ad d
PaPa
ad
PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
d a a s
dlailai s d ad a
iii)
asl ail
.P. P a a . P
P
s w. dadsaas
a a
adsaas PaPa adaadsaas w adsaaw
iai i s i i i i i
aadsaaslal
a
PP d
a
l a i
l a d a
d a
PP w
www P P
l a i
l a
w a d
a adsaas
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a il a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a i
l a

wPwPww P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
a a PPa d
a adsaas
l

iai iai ai iai iai iai iai iai

adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a ai .
i
aslaila
l .
i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa
a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas
PaPda
sd a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i
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lal your a a
PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
Padasalai.Net@gmail.com
i
lal i P dlailai
a a l
 ww.. w
w . . saslailai
wwww wwww PaPdaada
iai iai i
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adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e
H2o2:-e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa

NN e e
a
PP tt
d
a a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa adaa aa
ilai
i) H2O2 has a open book like structure ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
PaPda
a
adsas
l a
PaPda
a
adsas
d
l a

d aas
Psa
P
a
adsas
l a
P a
P daadsas P a
P
a
daadsas
l a
P a
P daadsas ss
d
a
d
l
aa
a
P a
P
a
daadsas
l

. P
. a
ii) H-O-O-H bond angle is 94.8◦ and dihedral angle is 115.5◦ in gas phase.
a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
iii)

adw w
iai i
saaslal aslaila aw
a l
aw
l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad adsa s ada ada ada d a adsa
a PaPda a da a
PP da a
PP d a a
PP d a a da a
PP d a a
PP d a

iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai

saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
N
a
d

Ne e tt d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

N N
d
PaPa
e e tt
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
ailai ailai
s asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
PaPda
s
ada asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
.
aiw. P a
9. INTER AND INTRA MOLECULAR HYDROGEN BOND:-
P a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
iai iai aslailw
sw
iai iai iai
saaw
slaw
iai
aadsaaslal d
Intra lmolecular
adsaasal
aPa w PaPa
bonding:- Intra molecular bonds are those which occur within a single molecule

Pw d
wad a d adsaaslal
P d
aPa adsaaslal
P d
aPa
PaPaInter molecular bonding:- Inter molecular bonds occur between two separate molecules.
adsaaslal
ww
P a
Pwaw
d ad
P a
P d
a adsaaslal
P aP
al
daadsas

10. PREPARATION OF TRITIUM:-

lai
iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsa a
d s
a a
d s
a ads a adsa adsa a
d sa adsaas
l
a

N N e e tt aPda in trace amounts.

PaPdaTritium is onlyPpresent PaPda prepared by
PaPda So it can be artificially
nuclear fission reactor. The nuclear transmutation reaction is,
da
PaPbombarding
N N e e tt PaPdwith
Lithium a slow neutronsPaPdina a a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . l allaa ilia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l

d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P P iP P
11. USES OF H2O2:-
iai i
aas w
adsw
i a
w . i a i i a i
saaw
aslaila peroxide is a mild antiseptic used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts, scrapes and burns. sw
i a. .
saaslal
ww P P
l a l l a l l a l
w
wPwP w P P
l a l saasl
da

i) s
Hydrogen
a saas saas saas saas
Pw
ad ad ad a d a d ad a d a d
a PaPda aPda a da a
PP da a
PP da a d
a a da a
PP da
ii) It is also used as mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve minor mouth irritation.

iai 12. ORTHO

iai AND PARA iaiHYDROGEN:- iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal adsaaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d d PaPda
a

N N e e tt
PaPaOrtho hydrogen:
PaP a molecular P
When hydrogen

N N e e tt
aPasame direction PareaPcalled
aPaspin of nuclei inPthe
aPa is formed,Pthe PaPa
a ortho hydrogen.

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla aa a
Para hydrogen: When molecular hydrogen is formed, the spin of nuclei in the opposite direction are called para hydrogen.

saa a l a daadsas
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
s aPa
daa l l
slaa aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
s
i
l
aPaaPdal a
as Ps s
ad adsa adsa a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda PaPda
a a d d a a PaPda PaPda PaPda
a a d a
diai a
w.

iai
saaslal
iai
saaslal adsaas w
i
lal a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
PaPda w
aad d
PaPa
a
d
www
13. USES OF H2O:-
P P P
www
P da P a
P d
a adsaas
P aPdaadsaas
ww

iai aslaila
i) liquid i
hydrogen as a irocket fuel. lailai
as ila
is usedla
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal ad sa adsa adsaas a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a aPdaused in fuel cells
PaPdaii) Hydrogen isPalso PaP da PaPdacharge. PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt for generating electric

N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla slaaa a
(For 3 marks and 5 marks – refer pg.no. 105 in volume 1)

saa a l a ss
aPdaada
saaslal
iai
saaslal
iai
s aPa
aa
sllaa saaslal
iai
saaslal
iai iai
saaslal
s l
aPaaPa l sa
a
as Ps s
ad d ad d ad d ad d ad d ad d a
d d ad
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
P
a a d d a a a a d a a
dlailai
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
adsaas w
l a i
l a i
w .P. P adsaas
l a i
l a i
adsaas
l a il a i
adsaas
l a i
l a i l a i
l a.i P
P
s w. dadsaas
adsaaw adsaas
l
PP w
www P P wPwPww P P
ad adsa
a PaPda a d
a a d
a a
PP d
a a
PP d
a a d
a a a PPa d
a

iai iai iai iai iai iai asiaslail iai

adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d ad a d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaP a PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a ai .
i
aslaila
l .
i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a s
aasa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas
PaPda
sd a d
a d
PaPda
d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i
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PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
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adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa P a
P a

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
ads
UNIT-5 ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS
a

NN e a
PP
e
d
a
tt a
PP d
a PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa a a aa
ilai
1. SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS MUCH SOLUBLE THAN CHLORIDE:- ilai ilai ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
d
l a

d s
aaPsa
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a adsas ss
d
a
d
l a
aa P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l

. P
. a a
i) Sodium hydroxide is stronger base where as sodium chloride is a salt.

Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a

PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
ii) Sodium hydroxide dissolves easily in water with evolution of much heat on amount of intense hydration.

adw w
iai i
saaslal aslaila aw
a l
aw
l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad ad sa s ada ada ada d a adsa
a PaPdaiii) Thus sodium hydroxide dissolves easily in water.
a d
a PPa d
a PPa d
a a
PP da a d
a PPa d
a a
PP d
a
2. EFFLORESCENCE:-
iai aslaila
i iai ilai aslaila
i iai iai iai
saaslal i) s
Efflorescence
a saaslalof losing water
is a process slahydration
saaof fromsahydrate. saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad d
PaPa
N
a

N
d
e e tt PaPa d ad d
PaPa
a
d
PaPa d a
d

N N
d
PaPa
e e
a
d
tt d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai l al aa
. saslailai saslailai saslailai lalsaaisl
iliaii.
ii) Sodium carbonate crystallises as decahydrate which is in white colour.

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada aPa
daa aPaaPdaada
ailai ailai
iii) Upon heating, it loses the water of crystallization to form monohydrate.
s asl
PaPda
s
ada asl
PaPda
s
ada
3. METAL LIKELY TO BE SODIUM OR POTASSIUM:-
asl

d d a s
aPs
s
ada asl
PaPda
ada
PaPda
ada
PaPda a
ada
d d a s s
aiw.. P P a a . P
ilai . Pa a

.N
aslailw saaw
slaw
iai i i
X= sodium 2 4Na SO .10H O
2 is readily formed; The metal is more likely to be sodium.
iai iai iai iai
sw w
aPa w PaPa aw
saaslal aslala saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal al
s
Pw daadsas
aad
P aPdaad a d
wad a
4. USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS:- d ad
P d
aPa ad
P d
aPa ad
ww
P a
P d ad
P a
P d
a ad
P aP
i) It is largely used in the building industry.

lai
iai ilai i
aslailaor sprain adsaaslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal ad saasislaused a dsa adsa adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda
N
ii)

N e
It

e tt for bone
PaPda
fracture
PaPda PaPda
N
PaPda
N e e tt PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . iii) It is also used for cast of statue and busts.

l allaa ilia.ii.
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l

d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P. P .iP
. P
5. refer q.no 32:-
aas w w saaw
sw
iai aslaila
i i a i a i i a i i a
saaslal adsw w
a l a l a l a l
ww P P wPwP w P P
l l l l saasl
da

sa saas saas saas saas

Pw
ad ad ad ad ad ad a d a d
a PaPda Milk of aPda Lye a da Lime PPa d
a PPa d
a a d
a a da a
PP da
magnesia Na(OH)2 Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
iai lailai potash saasWashing
lailai iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal a
d s as
Caustic
a a
d soda a
d saaslal Soda ash a
d saaslal Trona adsaaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d d d d d d d PaPda
a

N
PaPa
N e e tt aa
KOH P P Na2COPaP3
a
NaP
aPa
2CO3 Na
a
Pa2PCO
N
3

N e e tt PaPa PaPa

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
saa a daadsas
s aPa
daa
s aPaaPda
s
as Ps s
ad ads ads
6. BERYLLIUM HALIDES ARE COVALENT THAN MAGNESIUM:-
a a a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda PaPda
a a d d a a PaPda PaPda PaPda
a a d a
diai a
w.

Beryllium halides are covalent due to smaller size and higher ionisation energy Whereas, due to larger atomic size and

iai
saaslal aslaila i
lal a . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
lesser ionisation energy magnesium halides are ionic.
i
adsaas w w
i i a i i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
PaPda w
www www adsaas adsaas
ad d adsALKALINE
a EARTH METALS HARDER THAN ALKALI METALS:- d d d
a PaPa 7.
P P P P a P a
P a P aP a
ww

i) Group 2 elements have two electrons in the valence shell

iai ai higher nuclear
aslailhave
i
aslailacharge So, the lailai metal is harder ai alkali metals.
aslailthan aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal ii)sThey
ad a adsa adsaaalkaline
s adsa a
d s
a adsa adsa adsaas
l
a PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt
8. PREPARATION OF PLASTER OF PARIS:-
N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
aa a aPa
aa aPaaPa
ss
s
as
ad
P aPdaada d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad
d d a s
aPs d ad d
PaPa
ad
 It is prepared by heating gypsum with 393K. PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d
d a a s
dlailai s d ad a

9. USES OF GYPSUM:-
.P. P a a . P
P
s w. dadsaas
a a
adsaas w adsaaw
iai i i i i i i
aadsaaslal
PaPda
ad
i) s
a
Gypsum
partition. PP w
www P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
w
aslaila is used in making dry walls or plaster boards. Plaster boards are used as the finish for walls and ceilings, and
a d
a adsaas
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a il a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a i
l a

wPwPww P P
a d
a
l a i
l a
a a PPa d
a adsaas
l

iai ii) Gypsum

i i is used in makingi surgical
i and orthopaedic
i i casts, such asi surgical
i splints andi casting
i moulds. iai iai
a a a a a
adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPaiii) Gypsum plays
PaPanaimportant rolePinaPagriculture
a Pa
Paadditive,
as soil aPaconditioner. PaPa
fertilizer,Pand PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a ai .
i
aslaila
l .i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa
a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a a d
PaPda
d d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

lailai Kindly
i
lal a i send me i
lal your a a
PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
Padasalai.Net@gmail.com
i
lal i P dlailai
a a l
 ww.. w
w . . saslailai
wwww wwww PaPdaada
iai iai i
www.Padasalai.Net i
i-aNo.1 Educationaliai Website iin Tamilnadu iai
adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa P a
P a

iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i lail aslaila
i
saaslal adsaas adsaas
l
aad
PaPda
N
ad
N
sa
e e tt PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa
PaPda
adsa

NN e a
PP
e
d
a
tt PaPda
adsa a
PP d
a

l ila
l i
ia
.i. alailai
10. LITHIUM EXHIBIT ANAMALOUS PROPERTIES:-

l a
l a i . . alailai
ilaii l al a i
asaasda
saa a a aa
ilai ilai ilai
Due to small size, the lithium atom has high ionisation energy. Hence it remains inactive to dry air, slowly reactivity with ilai
asl a a
PaPda
adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a

d s
aaPsa
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
water, liquid bromine and forms a highly stable hydride unlike other alkali metals.
d P a
P d
a adsas
P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l a
P a
P d
a adsas ss
d
a
d
l a
aa P a
P d
a
a
adsas
l

11. USES OF WASHING SODA:-

. P
. a a
Psaslailai saslailai saslailai saw a a
PP aslailai
ila.i .
ailwaiw aw
adw w
iai i
saaslal i) s
Washing
aw
aslaila soda is used heavily for laundering
a l
aw
l
adsaas
l
Pw wPwP
s s
Pw
ad ad a s ada ada ada d a adsa
a PaPda a d
a PPa
ii) It is an important laboratory reagent.
d
a PPa d
a a
PP da a d
a PPa d
a a
PP d
a

iai iai in the manufacturing

iii) It is used iai glass, paper, ietc..,
ai iai iai iai iai
saaslal adsaas
lal
adsaas
lal
adsaas
lal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal adsaas
l
aad

NNe e tt
PaPda12. DEAD BURNT
PaPda PLASTER:-PaPda d
PaPa
a
d

N
N e e tt
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
PaPda

alila
i
alia
.i. saslailai l al a i .i. s
When plaster of paris CaSO4.1/2H2O is heated above 393K, its water of crystallisation is lost and anhydrous calcium
l al a i

et
asaasdaaa PaPdaada a a aa
i lailai i i i ailai
aslailaas dead burntasplaster. aslaila aslaila aslaila
s asl sulphate is left that is known
a
PP d
a
s
ada a
PP d
a
s
ada
d d a s
aPsaPda
s
ada
PPa d
a ada
PPa d
a
s
ada
PPa d
a
d
s
ada a
d
sl
a a s sP P
a daadas
s a l
13. MILK OF LIME:-

. P
.P a a . P
. Pa a

.N
aslalw w saaw
slaw
iai Lime water is the common name for a diluted solution of calcium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH) 2) is sparsely
lailinaiwater. Pure limewater is colourless, with a slightly earthy smell and alkaline bitter taste of calcium
sw
i i i i i i i i i i iai
aadsaaslal adsaas
soluble
aPa w PaPa
Pw w ad a
a
PaPdais unrelated to the acidic fruit.
d d adsaaslal
a
P d
aPa adsaaslal
a
P d
aPa adsaaslal
a
ww
P a
Pwaw
d ad
l a
P a
P d
a a saaslal
hydroxide. It
d
P a
P
al
daadsas

UNIT-6 GASEOUSi STATE

lai
iai aslaila
i
aslaila
i ailai aslaila aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
adsaaslal adsa adsa adsaasl
adsa adsa adsa adsa adsaas
l
a

N N e e tt
PaPda1. BOYLE’SPLAW:-
aPda PaPda PaPda PaPda
N N e e tt PaPda PaPda a
PP d
a

lalila i
alia .
i . l allaa ilia.ii.
When a gas is kept at constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is inversely propotional to the volume
l al a i
sa
iai lailai lailai lailai lailai lailai
a
das
a a
asas PaPa
as d a
d saaslal
PaPda
adsaas
It can be expressed as:- P α
1
PaPda
adsaas
a s
a saad
aaadsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a d
a adsaas
a a s a
s aa d
a ad s
saa l
𝑣
d d
aalailai
P P P P P P P P
d
aa lailaid P P

i .P. P .iP
. P
aas w w saaw
sw
2. CHARLES LAW:-
iai iia i a i a i i a i i a
saaslal saaslal adsw w
a l a l a l a l
ww P P wPwP w P P
l l l l saasl
da

saas saas saas saas

Pw
aad a d
a a
d a da a daad a d
a ad a d
a ad a d
a ad a daa d a daa d
PP When the P PP PP
gas is kept at constant pressure, the volume is directly propotional to the temperature. PP
It can be expressed as:- V α T
iai aslaila
i lailai iai iai iai iai iai
adsaaslal adsAPPLICATIONS
a a
d saasOF GAY a
d saaslal LAW:-dadsaaslal
LUSAAC’S a
d saaslal a
d saaslal a
d saaslal adsaas
l
Pa

d 3. d d d d d PaPda
a

N
PaPa
N e e tt PaPa PaPa PaPa
N N
PaPa
e e tt PaPa PaPa

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

According to Gay Lusaac’s law P α

aisl
T (n)
saaslalla
l a l aa
llaa l a
l a
i i i i i
aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila aslaila
saa a daadsas
s aPa
daa
s aPaaPda
s
as Ps s
ad i) Firing a bullet adsa adsa a
d s
a adsa adsa adsa adsa
P a
P PaPda PaPda
a a d d a a PaPda PaPda PaPda
a a d a
diai a
w.

ii) Heating a closed aerosol can

iai
saaslal sasal
iii) Aalburning
adsaas w
iai auto mobile tire.
i
lal a
w
i . P P
.aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPdaadsaaslal aPw
i a i i a i i a i
adsaaw
slaw
i a.
l .i P
P lal l
PaPda w
aad d
PaPa
ad
www
4. REAL GAS DIFFER FROM IDEAL GAS:- P P P
www
P da P a
P d
a adsaas
P aPdaadsaas
ww

Ideal gas obey the gas law PV i= nRT , real gases doi not obey the idealigas law and called as non-ideal gas. Thei real gas tend
iai ailai the idealsbehaviour
aila under certain ila aila ailai laila lailai
adsaaslal to
aa
d s asl
approach aa
d asl
aas
d asl acondition.
aasdasl
aas as
d
l
asaas d asaas d adsaas
l
a PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda PaPda a d
a

N N e e tt
5. DIFFUSION & EFFUSION:-
N N e e tt PP

iai i.i. alailai ilia.ii.

aisl
saaslalla
l a slaaa
sllaa l al sa
iai iai iai iai iai
saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal saaslal
DIFFUSION EFFUSION
aa a aPa
aa aPaaPa
ss
s
as
ad
P aPdaada d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad
a
The property of gas which involves the movement of the gas
d d s
aPs d ad d
PaPa
ad
PaPad ad
It is the property in which a gas escapes from a container d
PaPa
a
d
d a a s
dlailai s d ad a

. . P a a
molecular through another gas is called diffusion

P
It is the ability of gases to move with each other.
through a very small hole.

. P
P
s w. dadsaas
It is the ability of gas to travel through a small hole. a a
adsaas w adsaaw
iai ilai i i i i i
aadsaaslal
PaPda
adsaaslasmell
Ex:-
PP w
www P P
l a i
l a
w adsaas
of perfume diffuses in the air.
a d
a a d
a
l a i
l a
a
PP d
a adsaas
l a il a
adsaas
l a i
l a

wPwPww P P
l a i
l
Ex:- Air escapes slowly through a pen hole in a line.
a
PP d
a a d
a
a
a a PPa d
a adsaas
l

iai iai iai iai iai iai iai iai

adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal adsaas
l
a PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPda

N N e e t ti N N e e tt i
lalai.i.adaadsaaslaila
iai
saaslal aslaila
i
l a ai .
i
aslaila
l .i
aslaila
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
aslaila
i
l a aaisl
aldsa
assaa P P aa P P PREPARED aPaP
a a sa a sa a sa
a sa a s
a a s
a
a d
PaPda
d
d d aas s
PaPda
d a a d
PaPda
d d a
PP d
a d a
PP d
a d
BY COSMICGUYS
d a a s s a d
a

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i
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lal your a a
PP lal
questions
i and answerkeys
i
lal to us : lal P
Padasalai.Net@gmail.com
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