wwww wwww

ww
www.Padasalai.Net ww
www.CBSEtips.in

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a
dd s
a aa
s a
dd s
a aa
s
PRACTICAL
w
w P
.. Paa MANUAL ww P
..Paa
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa HIGHER aas aa
SECONDARY
s as
asaa

.N
P Paadd P
P add
a
ww. .FIRST YEAR ww. .
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
i .iN
.N i .iN
.N i .iN
.
l
assaa
a
l a
a s
a aa;
s l a
l a
a s
a aa
s l a
l a
aadd aadd
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
PHYSICS
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN. N
PREPARED BY
l a
l i
a .
i N
.
assaa aa aa
R.MUTHU GANESH,M.E,B.Ed
a
ddass a
dd s
a s
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
ww w
w
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N PAGE
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
S.NO LIST OF THE EXPERIMENTS
dda as s a
ddNOss
a
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
1
w
w ww
Moment of Inertia of solid sphere of known mass using Vernier caliper 1
wwww wwww
Non-uniform bending – verification of relation between the load and the depression
2 4
using pin and microscope

et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
3
.N Spring constant of a spring
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
. 7

assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
4
PP add
Acceleration due to gravity using simple pendulum
a P Padd
a
9

ww.. w
w ..
5
wwww wwww
Velocity of sound in air using resonance column 13

lai
6 Viscosity of a liquid by Stoke’s method 16

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
7 .N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Surface tension by capillary rise method
l a
l i
a .iN
. 19

assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
8 P
.. P P
.. P
Verification of Newton’s law of cooling using calorimeter
w
w ww
22

9
wwww wwww
Study of relation between the frequency and length of a given wire under constant 25
Pa

tension using sonometer

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
10
.N using sonometer
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
Study of relation between length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency
. 30

assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t
Exp No: 1
e t t
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS USING
e
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
VERNIER CALIPER
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim :
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
To determine the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of known mass using Vernier

wwww
caliper wwww
Apparatus Required:

et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
Vernier caliper, Solid sphere.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
Formula:
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter, MR2

wwww wwww
Where M → Mass of the sphere (known value to be given) in kg

lai
R → Radius of the sphere in metre

eet t
Diagram: sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet
Procedure:
t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
1. The Vernier caliper is checked for zero error and zero correction.

assaa s aa
s s aa
s
2. The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale reading

aa
(MSR )is noted. a
dd a aa a
dd a
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
3. Vernier scale division which coincides with the main scale division (VSC) is noted.

wwww wwww
4. Multiply this VSC by Least Count(LC) gives the Vernier Scale Reding (VSR).
5. Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the average
value of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere, R is calculated.
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
6. Using the known value of the mass of the sphere,M and calculated radius of the sphere,R
i i .
assaa aa aa
the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can be calculated using the
aass as
as

.N
given formula.
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww
Least Count (LC):
wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
One main scale division (MSD) = 0.1cm
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
Number of Vernier scale division = 10

aa a
dd a aa a
dd a
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
= 0.01cm

wwww wwww
Pa

Zero Error: No Error Zero Correction: No Correction

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Observation:
l a
l i
a .iN
Vernier Scale.N VSR = TR =
l a
l i
a.iN
.Diameter of the sphere,

assaa aa aa
w.

MSR
S.No. (x10-2 m)
d10daass
coincidence,VSC VSC x LC
dd aass
MSR +VSR 2R = TR± ZC

01 1.9 P Paa
. . 10
(div)
0.10
(x10-2 m)
2.0 P Paa(x10-2 m)
. . 2.0
2.0
(x10-2 m)

1.9 w
w ww
wwww ww
ww

02 0.10 2.0
03
04
1.9
1.9
10
10
0.10
0.10
w
2.0
2.0
w 2.0
2.0
05 1.9 10 0.10 2.0 2.0

eet t
06 1.9 10
eet t 0.10 2.0 2.0

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lala . N. N
Mean Diameter ,2R
i i
Radius of the sphere ,R
2.0
l a
l i
a .iN
. x10-2 m

assaa aa aa
1.0 x10-2 m

a
ddass ddaass
P
..Paa P
.. Pa a
ww w
w
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Calculation:

e t t
1.To find the radius of the sphere
e eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 1.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
aa a
dd s
a aa
s 2.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
aa a
dd s
a aa
s3.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
VSC = 10
VSR = VSC x LC
w
w P
.. P VSC = 10
VSR = VSC x LC
ww P
..P VSC = 10
VSR = VSC x LC

wwww
= 10 x 0.01
= 0.1 x10-2 m wwww
= 10 x 0.01
= 0.1 x10-2 m
= 10 x 0.01
= 0.1 x10-2 m
TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m
= (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m = (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m = (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m

et
e t
= 2.0 x10-2 m
t t
= 2.0 x10-2 m
ee
= 2.0 x10-2 m

et
lalai.iN
.N
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m
= 2.0 x10-2 m
l a
l a .iN
.N
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m
i = 2.0 x10-2 m
l a
l a .iN
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m
i .
= 2.0 x10-2 m

assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
4.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
VSC = 10
ww.. 5.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
VSC = 10
w
w .. 6.MSR = 1.9 x10-2 m
VSC = 10
VSR = VSC x LC
wwww wwww
VSR = VSC x LC VSR = VSC x LC

lai
= 10 x 0.01 = 10 x 0.01 = 10 x 0.01
= 0.1 x10-2 m = 0.1 x10-2 m = 0.1 x10-2 m
TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m TR = (MSR+VSR) x10-2 m

eet t
= (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m sa eet t
= (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m = (1.9+0.1) x10-2 m

l a
l i
a .iN
.N = 2.0 x10-2 m
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
= 2.0 x10-2 m
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m
l a
l a .iN
= 2.0 x10-2 m
i .
2R = (TR± ZC) x10-2 m

assaa = 2.0 x10-2 m

aa a
dd s
a aa
s = 2.0 x10-2 m

aa a
dd s
a aa
s = 2.0 x10-2 m
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
2.To find the Moment of inertia
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass
Mass of the sphere, M = a
dd s
a s
kg, Radius of the sphere, R =
1.0 x10-2 m

P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w w w
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Result:
aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w P
.. P w
w P
.. P
The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter usingVernier caliper,
= 11.1 x 10w
wwww wwww
Id kgm-7 2

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Exp No:2 NON – UNIFORM BENDING – VERIFICATION OF RELATION BETWEEN

eet t t t
LOAD AND DEPRESSION USING PIN AND MICROSCOPE
ee
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
Aim:

aa a
dd a aa a
dd a
To verify the relation between the load and depression using non-uniform bending of a beam.

w
w P
..
Apparatus Required: P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
A long uniform beam (usually a metre scale), two knife – edge supports,mass hanger,
slotted masses, pin, Vernier microscope.

et
e t
Formula:
eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa
where M → Load applied (mass) (kg) ,
as
asaa

.N
Paadd P Padd
a
s → depression produced in the beam for the applied load(m)
P
ww.. w
w ..
Diagram:
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t
Model Graph: eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
A graph between M and s can be drawn by taking M along X- axis and s along Y – axis. This is a straight line.

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Procedure :

eet t eet t
1. Place the two knife – edges on the table and a metre scale on top of the knife edges.

lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
2. Suspend the mass hanger at the centre. A pin is attached at the centre of the

assaa aa a s
a aa
s
scale where the hanger is hung.
dd aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w P
.. P ww P
..P
3. Place a vernier microscope in front to get a clear view of the pin.
w
wwww wwww
4. Make the horizontal cross-wire on the microscope to coincide with the tip of the pin.
5. Note the vertical scale reading of the vernier microscope
6. Add the slotted masses one by one in steps of 0.05 kg (50 g) and take down the readings.

et
e t ee t t

et
7. Then start unloading by removing masses one by one and note the readings.

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
8. Subtract the mean reading of each load from dead load reading. This gives the

assaa a assaa as
asaa
depressions for the corresponding load M. (Mass hanger is the dead load)

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
Observation:
ww..
M w
w ..
wwww
To find
w
w ww

lai
S
Microscope Reading (m)
Depression
Load,M Increasing Decreasing For M,S
eet t
S.No (10-3 kg) sa Load e
Load
et t Mean
(10-2m) (kg m-1)

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 1 50 9.413
l a
l i
a
9.381 .iN
.N9.397 - -
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 2
3
100
150
9.314
9.237d
aa aassaa9.290 9.302 0.095
d 9.109 9.109 0.288 PPa52.08
9.186 9.211 0.186
52.63 ss
add
53.76aa aa
da
4 200
w
w P P
. .9.019
9.109
w
w . . 52.91
5
wwww
250
Mean
9.019 9.019
wwww
0.378
52.84
Pa

Calculation:

eet t
1. M = 50 x 10-3 kg
eet t 2. M = 100 x 10-3 kg

l a
l i
a .iN
.N s = 0.095 x 10-2 m
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N l a
l i
a.iN.
s = 0.186 x 10-2 m

assaa aa aa
w.

=
ddaass
52.63 kg m-1 =
a
dd s
a s 53.76 kg m-1

P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w
3. M = 150 x 10-3 kg
w w 4. M = 200 x 10-3 kg

wwww = wwww=
ww

s = 0.288 x 10-2 m s = 0.378 x 10-2 m

52.08 kg m-1 52.91 kg m-1

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Result:
aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P
..P P
.. P
➢ The ratio between mass and depression for each load is calculated. This is found to be
ww
constant. w
w
wwww wwww
➢ Thus the relation between load and depression is verified by the method of non-
uniform bending of a beam.

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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t t
Exp No: 3
ee eet t
SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING

lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim:
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
To determine the spring constant of a spring by using the method of vertical oscillations

w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww
Apparatus Required:
wwww
Spring, rigid support, hook, 50 g mass hanger, 50 g slotted masses, stop clock,metre
scale, pointer

t t
Formula:
ee eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
Spring constant of the spring, K =
i .N l a
l a .iN
kgs-2 (or) Nm-1
i .
assaa aa aa
where M1, M2 → Selected loads in kg
aass as
as

.N
PP add P P dd
T1, T2 → Time period corresponding to masses M1 and M2 respectively in seconds
a aa
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

Procedure:
1. A spring is firmly suspended vertically from a rigid clamp of a wooden stand at its
upper end with a mass hanger attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed at the lower
end of the spring moves over a vertical scale fixed.

eet t eet t
2. A suitable load M (eg; 100 g ) is added to the mass hanger and the reading on the

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
scale at which the pointer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibrium position.

assaa aa aa
3. The mass in the hanger is pulled downward and released so that the spring oscillates
aass a
vertically on either side of the equilibrium position.
dd dd s
a s
P
.. aa P aa
4. When the pointer crosses the equilibrium position a stop clock is started and the
P .. P
ww w
w
time taken for 20 vertical oscillations is noted. Then the period of oscillation T is
wwww
calculated.
wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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5. The experiment is repeated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the mass hanger and

eet t t t
period of oscillation at each time is calculated.
ee
lalai .iN
.N periods, then the value
l l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.
6. For the masses M1 and M2 ( with a difference of 50 g ), if T1 and T2 are the corresponding
a i i
is calculated and its average is found.

assaa 7.
aa a s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Using the given formula the spring constant of the given spring is calculated.
dd
Observation:
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
Time Taken for 20
Time
S. No.
Load,M Oscillations Period T2
x 10-3 kg Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean (s2)
et
e t eet t T (s) x 10-3 kgs-2

et
(s) (s) (s)

lalai.iN
.N 01 150 16.5
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
16.5 16.5
l
0.825
a
l i
a .iN
.
0.681 -----

assaa 02 200
a ssaa
18.5
a 18.5 18.5
ssaa
0.925
aa 0.856 0.286

.N
03 250
PPaadd20.5 20.5 20.5
P Padd
a 1.025 1.051 0.256
04 300
ww.. 22.5 22.5
w
w ..
22.5 1.125 1.265 0.234
05
wwww
350 24.0 24.0
wwww24.0 1.200 1.440 0.286

lai
Mean 0.265

Calculation:

eet t
1. M1 = 150 x 10-3 kg, M2 = 200 x 10-3 kg
sa eet t 2. M1 = 200 x 10-3 kg, M2 = 250 x 10-3 kg

l a
l i
a .iN
.N T12 = 0.681 s2 , T22 = 0.856 s2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
T12 = 0.856 s2 , T22 = 1.051 s2

assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww
3. M1 = 250 x 10-3 kg, M2 = 300 x 10-3 kg
wwww 4. M1 = 300 x 10-3 kg, M2 = 350 x 10-3 kg
Pa

T12 = 1.051 s2 , T22 = 1.265 s2 T12 = 1.265 s2 , T22 = 1.440 s2

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a add aa s saa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w ..PP ww P
.. P
Result:
wwww www
The spring constant of the given spring K = 10.45
w
Nm -1

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Exp No: 4 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Aim:
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum.

w
w ww
wwww
Apparatus Required:
wwww
Retort stand, pendulum bob, thread, metre scale, stop watch

Formula:

e et t eet t

et
Acceleration due to gravity,

lalai.iNN T → Time period of simple pendulum (second)

.where l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aas saa as
asaa

.N
PP a dd
L → Length of the pendulum (metre)
a P Padd
a
w w .. w
w ..
Diagram
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
Procedure:
ww

1. Attach a small brass bob to the thread

2. Fix this thread on to the stand.

eet t t t
3. Measure the length of the pendulum from top to the middle of the bob of the pendulum.
ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N a i.iN
.N
Record the length of the pendulum in the table below.
l la l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aaddassaa
5. The period of oscillation T = t/20 aa a
dd s
a aa
s
4. Note the time (t) for 20 oscillations using stop watch.
a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
6. Repeat the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’. Find acceleration
due to gravity g using the given formula.

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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t t
Observation:
ee eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
To find the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
Length of the Time taken for 20 Period of
S.No pendulum,
aa a
dd a oscillations, t (s)
aa a
dd a
oscillations,
T2
(s2)
L/T2
(ms-2)
L ( x 10-2 m)
w
w P
.. P Trial 1 Trial 2
ww P
..P
Mean T = t/20 (s)

wwww wwww
1 40 25 25 25 1.25 1.56 0.256
2 50 28 28 28 1.40 1.96 0.255
3 60 32 32 32 1.60 2.56 0.234
4 70 34 34 34 1.70 2.89 0.242
5 80 36 36 36 1.80 3.24 0.247
et
e t eet t

et
6 90 38 38 38 1.90 3.61 0.250

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N Mean
l a
l i
a .iN
. 0.250

assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
Calculation:
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww..
1. L = 40 x 10-2 m, t = 25 s w
w ..
2. L = 50 x 10-2 m, t = 28 s 3. L = 60 x 10-2 m, t = 32 s
wwww wwww

lai
eet t = 1.56 s2 sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .
i N
. N l a
l i
a .
iN.
assaa s aa s aa
=
=
aa
dd =s =
a
dd a s
aa aa
da
= 0.256
w
w P
.. P ww
= P
.. P
0.255

wwww wwww
0.234

4. L = 70 x 10-2 m, t = 34 s 5. L = 80 x 10-2 m, t = 36 s 6. L = 90 x 10-2 m, t =38 s

Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd= s
a s
=
P
.. Paa =
P
.. Paa
w
w w
w
wwww wwww =
ww

= 0.242 = 0.247 0.250

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
Acceleration due to gravity,
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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t t
Model Graph:
ee eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t
Result : eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is

assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P
i) By calculation, g = 9.86ms-2
w
w P
.. P
wwww
ii) By graph, g = 9.86ms-2
wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NExp No: 5

l a
l i
a .iN
VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR USING RESONANCE COLUMN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim :
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using the resonance column.
wwww
Apparatus Required: wwww
Resonance tube, three tuning forks of known frequencies, a rubber hammer, thermometer,

et
e t t t
plumb line, set squares, water in a beaker.
ee

et
lalai.iN
.N Formula:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa (l s
V =2v a
Speed of sound in air ,
a la
–s)a
ms -1
as
asaa

.N
PPaa dd 2 1

P Padd
a
where
ww.. w
w ..
lw
,l www wwww
→The length of the air column for the first and second resonance respectively (m)

lai
1 2

v → Frequency of the tuning fork (Hz)

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Diagram:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N Procedure :
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
1. The inner tube of the resonance column is lowered so that the length of air column
a s
a s
inside the tube is very small.
dd a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
2. Take a tuning fork of known frequency and strike it with a rubber hammer. The

w
w ww
tuning fork now produces longitudinal waves with a frequency equal to the natural

wwww wwww
frequency of the tuning fork.Place the vibrating tuning fork horizontally above the
tube. Sound waves passdown the total tube and reflect back at the water surface
3. Now, raise the tube and the tuning fork until a maximum sound is heard.
4. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the first resonating

et
e t length, l1
eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
5. Then raise the tube approximately about two times the first resonating length.Excite the

assaa aa aa
tuning fork again and place it on the mouth of the tube.

aass as
as
6. Change the height of the tube until the maximum sound is heard.

.N
Paadd P Padd
a
7. Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the second
P
w ..
resonating length l2
w w
w ..
wwww wwww
8. We can now calculate the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using the

lai
relation.V = 2v(l2 − l1)
9. Repeat the experiment with forks of different frequency and calculate the velocity.
10. The mean of the calculated values will give the velocity of sound in air at room

eet t temperature. sa eet t

l a
l i
a .iN
.N Observations:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
First resonating
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Second resonating
da
S.No
Frequency of
w
w P
..
tuning fork,v P length,l1 (x10-2m) P
.. P
length,l2 (x10-2m)
ww
l2 – l1 V =2v (l2 – l1)

wwww wwww
(x10-2m) ms-1
(Hz) Trial Trail Trial Trail
1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean
Pa

01 512 13.2 13.2 13.2 46.0 46.0 46.0 0.328 335.9

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
02 480 17.3
l a
l i
17.3
a .iN
.N 17.3 51.6 51.6 51.6
l a
l i
a.iN
. 0.343 329.3

assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
03 426
P
.. Paa17.6 17.6 17.6 55.6
P
.. Pa55.6
a 55.6 0.38 323.8

w
w ww
wwww wwww
Mean 329.7
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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t t
Calculation:
ee eet t
lalai .iN
.N
1. v = 512 Hz
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
2. v = 480 Hz
l a
l i
a .iN
.
3. v = 426 Hz

assaa l1 = 13.2 x10-2m

l2 = 46.0 x10-2m
aa a
dd s
a aa
s l1 = 17.3 x10-2m
l2 = 51.6 x10-2m
aa a
dd s
a aa
s l1 = 17.6 x10-2m
l2 = 55.6 x10-2m

w
w P
.. P
l2 – l1 = (46.0 -13.2) x10-2m ww P
..P
l2 – l1 = (51.6 -17.3) x10-2m l2 – l1 = (55.6 -17.6) x10-2m
wwww
= 32.8 x10-2m
= 0.328
wwww
= 34.3 x10-2m
= 0.343
= 38 x10-2m
= 0.38

V =2v (l2 – l1) V =2v (l2 – l1) V =2v (l2 – l1)

et
e t= 2 x 512 x 0.328
e t t
= 2 x 480 x 0.343
e = 2 x 426 x 0.38

et
lalai.iN
.N = 335.9 ms-1
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
= 329.3 ms-1
l a
l i
a .iN
. = 323.8 ms-1

assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Result:
a
ddassaa a
dd s
a aa
s
Velocity of sound in air at room temperature, v = 329.7 m s-1
aa aa
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Exp No:6 VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim:
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method
wwww
Apparatus Required:
wwww
A long cylindrical glass jar, highly viscous liquid, metre scale, spherical ball, stopclock,
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N thread.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Formula:
aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. Nsm
Coefficient of viscosity of liquid,
w
w .. -2

wwww wwww

lai
where r is the radius of the spherical ball(m)
δ is the density of the steel sphere(kgm-3)

eet tσ is the density of the liquid(kgm-3)

sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
g is the acceleration due to gravity(9.8 ms-2)
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd s
a aa
s
v is the mean terminal velocity (ms-1)
a aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
Diagram:
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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e t t
Procedure:
e eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
1. A long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s aa
s a
2. Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid.

aadd a aadd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
3. Two points A and B are marked on the jar. The mark A is made well below the surface

wwww wwww
of the liquid so that when the ball reaches A it would have acquired terminalvelocity V.
4. The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge.
5. The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid.

et
e t eet t
6. Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point A. Stop the clock when the ball

et
lalai.iN
.N reaches B.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa
7. Note the distance between A and B and use it to calculate terminal velocity.

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
8. Now repeat the experiment for different distances between A and B. Make sure thatthe

wwww
point A is below the terminal stage.
wwww

lai
Observations:
Distance covered by the spherical ball,d = 0.5 m
e et t sa e et t
Radius of spherical ball, r = 1.90x10-3m

l a
l i
a .iNN find the terminal velocity:
.1)To l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Distance covered
aadd
by a
theas saaTime taken,t Terminal velocity, aassaa
aadd
da
S. No.
ww P P
spherical.ball,
. d(m) (s) (v= d/t) ms .P
ww . P -1

01 w w w0.w
5 7.2 ww ww
0.06944
02 0. 5 7.3 0.06849
Pa

03 0.5 7.0 0.07143

04 0.5 6.8 0.07353
eet t
05 0.5 eet t 6.7 0.07463

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 06 0.5
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 7.0
l a
l i
a.iN
.0.07143

assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass
Mean
a
dd s
a s 0.0715

Calculation:
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

1.d = 0.5 m, t = 7.2 s 2.d = 0.5 m, t = 7.3 s 3.d = 0.5 m, t = 7.0 s

eet t
4.d = 0.5 m, t = 6.8 s
eet t
5.d = 0.5 m, t = 6.7 s 6.d = 0.5 m, t = 7.0 s

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
2)To find Coefficient of viscosity of liquid:

l a
l i
a .
i N
.
assaa s saa
Nsm
s aa
s
-2

aa a
dd a aa a
dd a
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N Nsm
l a
l
= 0.759 i
a .iN
.N
-2
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa ssaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Result:
aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
The coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by stoke’s method, ƞ= 0.759 N s m-2

wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Exp No.7 SURFACE TENSION OF A LIQUID BY CAPILLARY RISE METHOD

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Aim:
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
To determine the surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method.

w
w ww
wwww wwww
Apparatus Required:

A beaker of Water, capillary tube, vernier microscope, two holed rubber stopper, a knitting
needle, a short rubber tubing and retort clamp.

et t
Formula:
e eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
Paadd P Padd
a
h → height of the liquid in the capillary tube (m)
P
ww.. w
w
r → radius of the capillary tube (m)..
wwww wwww
σ → Density of water (kg m–3) (σ = 1000 kg m–3)

lai
g → Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m s–2)

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NProcedure:

lalai.iN
.N l a
l
1. A clean and dry capillary tube is taken and fixed in a stand. i
a .iN
.
assaa a ssaa a s aa
s
2. A beaker containing water is placed and the capillarytube is dipped inside the beaker so

aadda
that a little amount of water is raised inside.
aadd a
w P
..P w P
.. P
3. Fix a needle near the capillary tube so that the needle touches the water surface.
w w
wwww wwww
4. A Vernier microscope is focused at the water meniscus level and the corresponding
reading is taken after making the cross wire coincidence.

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t t t
5. Vernier microscope is focused to the tip of the needle and its reading is noted.
ee
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
the liquid raised in the tube..N l a
l a .iN
6. The difference between the two readings of the vertical scale gives the height (h) of
i i .
assaa aa a s
a aa
s
aa a s
a aa
s
7. Now to find the radius of the tube, lower the height of the support bas e and remove
dd dd
the beaker, rotate the capillary tube so that the immersed lower end face towards you.

w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
8. Focus the tube using Vernier microscope to clearly see the inner walls of the tube.

wwww wwww
9. Let the vertical cross wire coincide with the left side inner walls of the tube. Notedown the
reading (L1).
10. Turn the microscope screws in horizontal direction to view the right side inner wall of the

et
e t ee t
tube. Note the reading (R1). Thus the radius of the tube can be calculated as
t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
11. Finally calculate the surface tension using the given formula.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa ssaa ssaa
Observations:
a a aa

.N
a add
i)To measure height of the liquid (h):
PP P P aadd
ww .. w w ..
w ww
Least count of vernier microscope, L.C = 0.001 cm
w Microscope Reading ww ww

lai
For the position of lower meniscus of For the position of lower tip of the Height
liquid needle of the
S.No.
eet t
MSR VC
VSR=sa TR =MSR +VSR ee t t VSR=
MSR VC
TR = MSR +VSR
liquid,h

l a
l i
a .iN
.N (cm) (Div)
VCxLC
(cm)
l a i
a .iN
(a) cm
l .N (cm) (b) cm
(cm) (Div)
VCxLC
l a
l i
a .iN
. (cm)

assaa 0102 5.15

5.30
39 0.039
26 0.026
aa a
dd s
a aa 4.05 16 0.016 4.066 aa1.123
s 5.189
5.326
4.15 5 0.005 4.155
aa
s saa
dd 1.171
da
0.004.P
. P P P
. . Mean 1.133
03 5.65 4
w w 5.654
4.50 49 0.049
w w4.549 1.105

wwww wwww
Pa

Calculation:
1. MSR = 5.15 cm 2. MSR = 5.30 cm 3. MSR = 5.65 cm
eet t VSR = 0.039 cm
e et t
VSR = 0.026 cm VSR = 0.004 cm

l a
l i
a .iN
.N TR =MSR +VSR
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
TR =MSR +VSR
l a
l i
a.iN
.
TR =MSR +VSR

assaa aaa=5.30 +0.026 aa

w.

TR, a =5.15 +0.039 aass

dd = 5.326 cm
TR, TR, a =5.65 +0.004a
dd ass
= 5.189 cm
..PPaa = 5.654a
P P
=.4.50
. a
cm
MSR =4.05 cm
w w w w MSR = 4.15 cm w
MSR
ww w cm
ww

VSR =w w cm
0.016 VSR = 0.005 cm wwVSR = 0.049 cm
TR =MSR +VSR TR =MSR +VSR TR =MSR +VSR

TR, b =4.05 +0.016 TR, b =4.15+0.005 TR, b =4.50 +0.049

N eet t = 4.066 cm = 4.155 cme

N t
e t = 4.549 cm

l a
l i
a .
i N
. h == 5.189
a–b
l a
la .
h = a – b i i. N h=a–b
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa = 1.123cm
-4.066

aa a
ddas=
s
=
a1.171cm
a
5.326 -4.155 =
=
5.654
1.105cm
-4.549

aadda s
a aa
s
w w..P
P w w ..P P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
ee t t e et t

et
lalai.iN
.N ii)To find Radius of the capillary tube(r):
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a assaa Reading
Microscope
as
asaa

.N
a
For the position
P P addinner
of For the position of inner
P
P add
a
leftwall.
of.the tube, rightwall of the tube, . .
Radius ofthe
S.No
w w ww l1
ww ww R1 capillary tube,
w w TR =
ww TR =

lai
MSR VC VSR= MSR + VSR MSR VC VSR= MSR+VSR
(cm) (Div.) VCxLC (cm) (Div.) VCxLC (b) cm cm
(a) cm
(cm) (cm)

eet1t 4.50 6 0.006

sa 4.506
eet t 4.25
4.280 30 0.11300.03

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 2 10.30 4 0.004
l a
l i
a .
i N
.
10.304N 10.05
10.065 15 0.015
0.1195
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Mean 0.11625
a
dd s
a s dda as s
aa aa
da
Calculation:
w
w P
.. P w w ..PP
wwww
1. l1 = 4.506 cm, R1 = 4.280 cm
wwww2. l1 = 10.304 cm, R1 = 10.065 cm
Pa

= =

ee t t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

dd
iii)To find surface tension of aa
the s s
liquid(r): a
dd s
a s
P ra a P aa
.. P
Radius of the capillary tube, = 0.11625x10-2m
ww ww.. P
wwww wwww
ww

Density of the liquid, σ = 1000 kg m-3

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
Result:
wwww wwww Nm
Surface tension of the given liquid by capillary rise method, T = 64.5 x 10-3 -1

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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Exp No: 8 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING USING CALORIMETER

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim:

aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P
.. P P
..P
To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting
w
w
a cooling curve. ww
wwww
Apparatus Required: wwww
Copper calorimeter with stirrer, one holed rubber cork, thermometer, stop clock,

et
e t t t
heater / burner, water, clamp and stand
ee

et
lalai.iN
.N Newton’s Law of Cooling:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa
Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of anobject is

.N
Paadd P Padd
a
proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient
P
ww.. w
w ..
temperature. (i.e., the temperature of its surroundings)
Formula:
wwww wwww

lai
where

eet t sa eet
→ Rate of change of temperature (°C)
t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N T → Temperature of water (°C)
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
T0 → Room Temperature (°C)
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
aa aa
da
Diagram
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

t t
Procedure
ee eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N
1. Note the room temperature as (T0) using the thermometer.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
2. Hot water about 90°C is poured into the calorimeter.
aass
3. Close the calorimeter with one holed rubber cork
dd a
dd s
a s
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
4. Insert the thermometer into calorimeter through the hole in rubber cork
ww w
w
5. Start the stop clock and observe the time for every one degree fall of temperature from
80°C
wwww wwww
6. Take sufficient amount of reading, say closer to room temperature.

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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e t t
7. The observations are tabulated.
e eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
8. Draw a graph by taking time along the x axis and excess temperature along y axis
i i .
assaa Model Graph:
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet tRoom temperature, T0 = 30 °C
sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Observations:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a s
a aa
s
Measuring the change in temperature of water with time
dd aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Temperature Excess temperature
Time (s)
of water (T) °C (T – T0) °C
0 89 59
Pa

180 83 53

eet t 360 77
eet t 47

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 540
720
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
72.5
68.5
42.5

l
38.5
a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

900
dda
1080ass 65
61.5 a
dd s
a s
35
31.5
P
.. Paa
1260 59
P
.. Paa 29
w
w ww
wwww wwww
1440 56.5 26.5
ww

1620 54 24
1800 52.5 22.5
1980 50 20

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Result:
aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w P
..P w
w P
.. P
The cooling curve is plotted and thus Newton’s law of cooling is verified.
w
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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eet
Exp No:9
t eet
STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A GIVEN WIRE
t
UNDER CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER

lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Aim:
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension
using a sonometer.

Apparatus Required:

et
e t e et t

et
Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, paper

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
rider, hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Formula:
aas saa as
asaa

.N
P P a add P P add
a
The frequency n of.the
. . .by
w w w w
fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given
wwww wwww

lai
eet t
For a given m and fixed T,
sa e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a
m → Mass per unit length of
a
s saa( kgmode
where n → Frequency of the fundamental
aa
dd the wedges (m)
the string m )
of vibration of the string (Hz)
a dd
a aassaa
da
–1

T → Tension inw w P
. P
.string
l → Length of the string between
(including the mass of the hanger) = Mg (Nw )w
..PP
www
M → Mass
w the
suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)w www
Pa

Diagram

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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t t
Procedure:
ee eet t
lalai .iN
.N minimum friction
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure
i i .
assaa a s aa
s a s aa
s
2. Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger

aadd a aadd a
3. Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad. Plug

w
w P
.. P ww P
..
the sonometer wire and compare the two sounds.P
wwww wwww
4. Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the sounds
appear alike.
5. For the final adjustment, place a small paper rider R in the middle of the wire AB.
6. Sound the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A or on the
et
e t eet t

et
sonometer box and slowly adjust the position of bridge B until the paper rider is

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
agitated violently indicating resonance.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa assaa as
asaa
7. The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meterscale.
a

.N
PPaadd P Padd
It is the resonant length. Now the frequency of vibration of the fundamental mode
a
ww..
equals the frequency of the tuning fork.
w
w ..
wwww wwww
8. Repeat the above procedure for other tuning forks by keeping the same load in the

lai
hanger.

Model Graph

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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ww
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t t
Observations:
ee eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s a s aa
s
Variation of frequency with length

aadd a
w
w P
Frequency of the
.. P
tuning fork, n (Hz)
Resonant length,
l (x 10 -2m)
ww P
..P nl
(Hz m)
wwnww1= 288 32.5 wwww 3.07 93.60

n2 = 320 30.1 3.32 96.32

et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N n3 = 341
l a
l i
a .iN
. N 27.6 3.62
l a
l i
a .iN
. 94.12

assaa n 4= 480
aassaa 19.5
as
asaa
5.13 93.40

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w .. Mean 94.36

wwww wwww

lai
Calculation:

1. n = 288 Hz, l = 32.5 x 10 -2m 2. n = 320 Hz, l = 30.1 x 10 -2m

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N nl = 288 x 32.5 x 10 -2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
nl = 320 x 30.1 x 10 -2
i .
assaa aa aa
= 93.60 Hzm = 96.32 Hzm
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
aa aa
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww
3. n = 341 Hz, l = 27.6 x 10 -2m wwww 4. n = 480 Hz, l = 19.5 x 10 -2m
Pa

nl = 341 x 27.6 x 10 -2 nl = 480 x 19.5 x 10 -2

= 94.12 Hzm = 93.40 Hzm
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

Result:

eet t eet t
For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as reciprocal of

l a
l i
a .iN
.N the frequency
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
The product nl is a constant and found to be 94.36 (Hz m)

eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to padasalai.net@gmail.com 28 | P a g e
.N
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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ww
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Exp No:10 STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE GIVEN WIRE AND TENSION

eet t e t t
FOR A CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER
e
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa Aim:
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
To study the relation between length of the given wire and tension for a constant frequency
using a sonometer.

Apparatus Required:

et
e t t t
Sonometer, tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, paper rider,
ee

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s saa ssaa
Formula:
aa aa

.N
P P a add mode of vibration of a string is givenP Padd
a
w w ..
The frequency n of the fundamental
w w ..
by

wwww wwww

lai
If n is a constant, for a given wire (m is constant)
eet t sa e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N where n → Frequency of the fundamental =
l i .
i N
.
constant
a
l a N l a
l i
a .
iN.
assaa s saa( kg m ) ssaa
mode of vibration of the string (Hz)
a
m → Mass per unit length of the
a a a
dd the wedges (m)
string –1
a dd
a aa
da
P P
.string
.
l → Length of the string
T → Tension inw w
the
between
(including the mass of the hanger) = Mg (Nw )w..PP
www
M → Mass w including the mass of the hanger (Kg)wwww
suspended,
Pa

Diagram

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.NProcedure:

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure that it

assaa a s
has minimum friction.

aadd a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
2. Set a tuning fork of known frequency into vibration by striking it against the rubber pad.

w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
Plug the sonometer wire and compare the sound due to the vibration of tuning fork and

wwww
the plugged wire.
wwww
3. Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by the adjusting the bridge B till the two sounds
appear alike.
4. Place a mass of 1 kg for initial reading in the load hanger.
et
e t eet t

et
5. For final adjustment place a small paper rider R in the middle of the wire AB.

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
6. Now, strike the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A and then

assaa assaa as
asaa
slowly adjust the position of the bridge B till the paper rider is agitated violently
a

.N
PPaadd
indicating resonance.
P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
7. Measure the length of the wire between wedges at A and B which is the fundamental

wwww wwww
mode corresponding to the frequency of the tuning fork.

lai
8. Increase the load on the hanger in steps of 0.5 kg and each time find the resonating
length as done before with the same tuning fork.
9. Record the observations in the tabular column.

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NModel Graph:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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.N
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ww
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eet t
Observations: eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Frequency of tuning fork = 320 Hz
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
..Paa
Variation of resonant length with tension
w
w ww
wwww wwww
Mass, Vibrating
Tension,
S.No M (kg) length, l
T = Mg(N) (x 10 -4 m2)
(x 10 -2 m)
1 2.0 19.6 4.43 27.5 756.25 16.11

et
e t eet t

et
2 2.5 24.5 4.95 30.1 906.01 16.44

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
3 3.0 29.4 5.42 32.6 1062.76 16.63
aass as
as

.N
4 3.5
PPaadd 34.3 5.86
P Padd
a35.3 1246.09 16.60

ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
Mean 16.45

lai
Calculation:

1. M = 2.0 kg, g = 9.8 ms-2 2. M = 2.5 kg, g = 9.8 ms-2

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N T = Mg = 2 x 9.8 = 19.6 N

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
T = Mg = 2.5 x 9.8 = 24.5 N
.
assaa a
l = 27.5 x 10 -2 m

aadd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
l = 30.1 x 10 -2 m
da
l2 = 756.25 x10 -4 m2 l2 = 906.01 x10 -4 m2

w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

3. M = 3.0 kg, g = 9.8 ms-2 4. M = 3.5 kg, g = 9.8 ms-2

T = Mg = 3 x 9.8 = 29.4 N T = Mg = 3.5 x 9.8 = 34.3 N
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l = 32.6 x 10 -2 m
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
l = 35.3 x 10 -2 m

assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass
l2 = 1062.76 x10 -4 m2
a
dd s
a sl2 = 1246.09 x10 -4 m2

P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NResult:
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa stretched string.
aaddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
The resonating length varies as square root of tension for a given frequency of vibration of a
a
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
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.N
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t

et
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aassaa as
asaa

.N
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
w
w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.
assaa aa aa
w.

ddaass a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w
w ww
wwww wwww
ww

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
ddassaa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
..P w
w P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
.NN .NN
Kindly send me your study materials to padasalai.net@gmail.com 33 | P a g e
.N