MEC TN H-13, M180 Training Handout

CERTIFICATION COURSE
IN
TRACTOR ENGINEERING
2020
CERTIFICATION COURSE IN TRACTOR ENGINEERING
Credit for Credit for
Sr. Course Teaching
Course Name attending the completing the
No. Code period
class assignment
1 MEC TR Transmission 05 05 05
RATIONALE
The Transmission is the most important part of any Tractor. Study of transmission, its
working conditions and its functions are necessary for a Tractor Engineer. Tractor
Engineer is supposed to have full knowledge of sub-systems of the transmission &
their maintenance.
OBJECTIVES
After study of this course student will be able to
▪ Understand the ‘Basic transmission terminology’ & understand various parts,
functions and constructional details of transmission.
▪ Understand ‘Transmission assembly’ applicable to Tractor.
▪ Understand different models of transmission for utility as a power drive unit
in Tractor.
▪ Be conversant with working of sub-systems of transmission and their use.
▪ Understand maintenance of transmission.

COURSE CONTENTS
BRAKE H-13, M180
▪ PTO – Definition, function & types of PTO
▪ PTO Operation, How to engage & disengage PTO
▪ PTO driven Implements
▪ Brakes – Function & types
▪ Brake system – Do’s & Don’ts

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BRAKE
BRAKING SYATEM
The braking system is an important
system in the tractors used to slow
down or stop the tractor motion. It
is also used to prevent the tractor
from moving when it is stationary.
During field operations it helps in
taking sharp turns by applying
differential brakes on the two rear
wheels.
The operation performed in braking
is the reverse of that carried out in
accelerating. During accelerating the
heat energy of the fuel is converted
into the kinetic energy of the
tractor, whereas in braking the
kinetic energy of the tractor is
converted into heat.
Again, just as when driving the
vehicle the torque of the engine
produces a tractive effort at the
peripheries of the driving wheels,
so, when the brakes are applied the
braking torque introduced at the
brake drums produces a negative
tractive effort or retarding effort at
the peripheries of the braking
wheels.
Consequently, the power dissipated
by the brakes, and therefore the
heat generated, is very large.
PRICIPLE OF OPRATION
Brakes works on the principle of
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
friction. When a moving element is
brought in to contact with a
stationary element, the motion of
the moving element is affected. This
is due to frictional force, which act
in opposite direction of the motion
and converts the kinetic energy into
heat energy.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The braking system exists to convert
the energy of a vehicle in motion
into thermal energy, more
commonly referred to as heat. From
basic physics, the kinetic energy of a
body in motion is defined as:
Where m = the mass (commonly
thought of as weight) of the vehicle
in motion
Where v = the velocity (commonly
known as speed) of the vehicle in
motion
Ideally, this energy is completely
absorbed by the braking system.
While this is not entirely the case,
for a stopping event at maximum
deceleration most of the vehicle’s
kinetic energy is converted into
thermal energy.
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MEC TR H-13, M180 Training Handout

It follows then that the temperature Basic considerations and

rise of the braking system is requirements:

• Directly proportional to the The total retarding force acting on a

mass of the vehicle in motion. vehicle includes braking force, tyre
• Directly proportional to the drag, friction losses in the wheel
square of the velocity of the bearings and the transmission
vehicle in motion. system, the force exerted by the
vehicle to drive the engine, the
A DRIVING WHEEL CAN BE effect of road gradient and wind
resistance.
BRAKED IN TWO WAYS
If all these forces together so
happen to equal the weight of the
Directly, by means of brakes acting
vehicle, then it would slow down or
on a drum attached to the wheel;
decelerate at the rate of
(automobiles)
approximately 9.8 m/s2 or 32
Or indirectly, through the
ft/s2.This is the same rate as that at
transmission by a brake acting on a
which a body falling freely would
drum on the main shaft of the gear
accelerate, were it not for air
box, or on the bevel pinion, or
resistance, under the force of
worm, shaft of the final drive.
gravity. The rate of acceleration or
(Tractor)
deceleration, due to a body being
acted upon by a force equal to its
Indirect brake, being geared down
own weight, is known as “g”.
to the road wheels, can exert a
If the vehicle slows down or
larger braking torque on them than
decelerate at the rate of
if it acted directly on them.
approximately 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2
If the final drive ratio is 4 to 1, then
or ‘g’, the braking will be called
the braking torque exerted on each
100% braking.
road wheel is twice the braking
It is therefore convenient to talk in
torque exerted on the brake drum
terms of 0.5g, 0.85g and so on,
by the brake, that is, the total
instead of expressing the actual
braking torque is four times the
value in either m/s2 or ft/s2.
torque on the brake drum.
Likewise, it is convenient to talk of
Thus, brakes acting on the engine
braking force as a percentage of the
side of the final drive are much
weight of the vehicle, so that for
more powerful than those acting on
example a 50 % braking force would
the wheels directly.
provide 0.5g deceleration on a level
road.
BRAKE EFFICIENCY

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MEC TR H-13, M180 Training Handout

In automobile practice, however, it and

has long been customary to refer to (c) Disc type.
the braking force relative to the
weight of the vehicle in terms of INTERNAL EXPANDING SHOE
braking efficiency, so that a 0.5g TYPE
deceleration is conveniently
Two brake shoes made of frictional
expressed as a 50% braking
material fitted on the inside of the
efficiency.
brake drum are held away from the
High braking efficiency is required as drum by means of springs. One end
on many occasions the brakes are of each shoe is fulcrum whereas the
required to stop the vehicle in other is free to move by the action
emergency. However higher brake of a cam which in turn applies force
efficiency not only leads to stopping on the shoes.
in a shorter time, may also cause
injury to the driver operator due to
high decelerating forces and
dislodging of loads in the trolley.
Higher braking efficiency also causes
rapid wear of the brakes and there
is more risk of losing control of the
vehicle. Braking efficiencies of the
order of 50-80% enable to stop
within reasonable distance.
However the stopping distance
varies with the type of road The movement of the cam is caused
conditions and condition of the by the brake pedal through the
tyres. linkage. The drum is mounted on the
rear axle whereas the shoe assembly
CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES is stationary and mounted on the
back plate.
Brake can be classified as:
(1) Mechanical brake EXTERNAL CONTRACTING
(2) Hydraulic brake SHOE
(3) Power Assisted Brake
External contracting brakes are
sometimes used for parking brakes
1. MECHANICAL BRAKE can be
on motor vehicles, for cranes,
classified as:
and for controlling the speed of
(a) Internal expanding shoe type
auxiliary equipment drive shafts.
(b) External contracting shoe type

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MEC TR H-13, M180 Training Handout

anchored opposite the point where

the pressure is applied. In addition
to supporting the band, the
anchor allows adjustment of the
brake lining clearance. Other
adjusting screws and bolts are
provided at the ends of the band.

DISC BRAKE
In operation, the brake band (or
Two actuating discs have holes
shoe) of an external contracting
drilled in each disc in which steel
brake is tightened around the
balls are placed. When the brake
rotating drum by moving the brake
pedal is depressed, the links help to
lever. The brake band is made
move the two discs in opposite
of comparatively thin, flexible steel,
directions. This brings the steel balls
shaped to fit the drum, with a
to shallow part of the holes drilled in
frictional lining riveted to the inner
the disc. As a result, the two discs
surface (fig). His flexible band
are expanded, and braking discs are
cannot withstand the high pressure
pressed in between the discs and
required to produce the friction
the stationary housing. The braking
needed to stop a heavily loaded or
discs are directly mounted on the
fast-moving vehicle, but it
differential shaft, which ultimately
works well as a parking brake or
transfers
hold brake
the traveling effect to the
Figure shows an external
differential shaft.
contracting brake. The brake band is

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MEC TR H-13, M180 Training Handout

and the entire system turns to a

HYDRAULIC BRAKE pressure system. Immediately, the
piston of the wheel cylinder slides
Hydraulic brake system is based on
outward which moves the brake
the principle of Pascal’s law. The
shoes to stop the rotating drum.
brake fluid is filled in the master
When the pedal is released, the
cylinder. When the pedal is
return spring of the master cylinder
depressed, the piston of the master
moves the piston back to its
cylinder is forced into the cylinder

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MEC TR
TRACTOR BRAKING SYATEM
The purpose of the brakes in an
automobile is to slow down or stop
the vehicle, enable control of the
vehicle to be retained when
descending long hills and also to
hold the vehicle stationary even in
an inclined position.
The brake system of a tractor is
different from an automobile (car,
Bus etc.) in two respect.
1. The front wheels of a tractor
do not have any brake.
2. For both rear wheels, there
are two different brake pedals
TWO FUNCTIONS OF BRAKES
First function: First, in emergencies
they must bring the tractor to rest in
the shortest possible distance.
▪ For this, it needs large braking
torques to the brake drums.
▪ Heat dissipation hardly matter
when emergency stops are
considered.
Second function: Secondly, they
must enable control of the tractor to
be retained when descending long
hills.
▪ This dissipate large quantities
of heat with large
temperature rise.
Third Function of Brake in tractor
The tractor is provided with two
foot pedals. They can be operated
individually or locked together to
operate simultaneously.
Mahindra Excellence Centre – Nagpur, Mohali & Zaheerabad
H-13, M180 Training Handout
▪ While driving ‘ON ROAD’, the
two pedals are latched
together, both brakes will
operate in unison and the
same braking effort will be
imposed on both wheels
▪ While driving ‘IN FIELD’,
application of one foot pedal
slows the rear wheel on the
side applied. Differential
action speeds up the other
wheel in the same ratio the
braked wheel slows down,
thus accelerating the turning
of the tractor and reducing
the turning radius.
BRAKE IN TRACTOR
In tractors, the wheel brakes are
operated by a foot pedal and are the
ones used on most occasions; they
are sometimes referred to as the
service brakes.
The brakes on the rear wheels can
generally be operated also by a
hand lever and are used chiefly for
holding the tractor when it is parked
and are consequently called parking
brakes but as they can, of course, be
used in emergencies they are
sometimes called emergency
brakes.
Friction brakes are used as wheel
brakes in tractors. They transform
the kinetic energy of the parts that
rub against one another into
thermal energy and a small amount
of mechanical material removal.
The parts firmly attached to the
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MEC TR
wheels (brake drums or discs, as the
case may be) rub on the non-
rotating components (brake shoes
or linings). The friction converts the
kinetic energy of the vehicle into
heat. The better the braking effect,
the greater the heat that is created.
The contact surfaces are subjected
to very high stress by heat and
friction.
For this reason, commercial vehicle
brake is usually internally
ventilated.
In tractor, the brakes are totally
sealed.
The brakes are controlled by two-
foot pedals and one hand lever
which operate on a cross shaft. The
two-foot pedals can be operated
individually or locked together to
operate simultaneously. The hand
lever is used as a parking brake only.
Application of one-foot pedal slows
the rear wheel on the side applied.
Differential action speeds up the
other wheel in the same ratio the
braked wheel slows down, thus
accelerating the turning of the
tractor and reducing the turning
radius.
When the two pedals are latched
together, both brakes will operate in
unison and the same braking effort
will be imposed on both wheels. The
pedals can be locked with the hand
lever in the engaged position for
parking the tractor.
BRAKE PEDAL FREE PLAY
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
In Tractors Brakes are mechanically
actuated. Brake pedal free play
ensures that the brakes are totally in
disengaged condition & not partially
engaged.
When we press a properly adjusted
BRAKE pedal in a tractor, the pedal
travels without much resistance
initially. During this travel of the
pedal, we do not get any brake
action.
This initial BRAKE pedal travel is
called Brake Pedal free play.
After the initial travel, when we
further press the pedal, the
resistance from the pedal increases
to a much higher level compared to
previous travel & brake engagement
also starts.
As the tractor is used, the amount of
free play in the brake pedal will
increase & can be adjusted
externally through linkages so that
there is recommended play before
the brakes start grabbing.
TRACTOR BRAKING SYATEM
The purpose of the brakes in an
automobile is to slow down or stop
the vehicle, enable control of the
vehicle to be retained when
descending long hills and also to
hold the vehicle stationary even in
an inclined position.
The brake system of a tractor is
different from an automobile (car,
Bus etc.) in two respect.
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MEC TR
1. The front wheels of a tractor
do not have any brake.
2. For both rear wheels, there
are two different brake pedals
TWO FUNCTIONS OF BRAKES
First function: First, in emergencies
they must bring the tractor to rest in
the shortest possible distance.
▪ For this, it needs large braking
torques to the brake drums.
▪ Heat dissipation hardly matter
when emergency stops are
considered.
Second function: Secondly, they
must enable control of the tractor to
be retained when descending long
hills.
▪ This dissipate large quantities
of heat with large
temperature rise.
Third Function of Brake in tractor
The tractor is provided with two
foot pedals. They can be operated
individually or locked together to
operate simultaneously.
▪ While driving ‘ON ROAD’, the
two pedals are latched
together, both brakes will
operate in unison and the
same braking effort will be
imposed on both wheels
▪ While driving ‘IN FIELD’,
application of one foot pedal
slows the rear wheel on the
side applied. Differential
action speeds up the other
wheel in the same ratio the
Mahindra Excellence Centre – Nagpur, Mohali & Zaheerabad
H-13, M180 Training Handout
braked wheel slows down,
thus accelerating the turning
of the tractor and reducing
the turning radius.
▪
▪ BRAKE IN TRACTOR
▪
▪ In tractors, the wheel brakes
are operated by a foot pedal
and are the ones used on
most occasions; they are
sometimes referred to as the
service brakes.
▪ The brakes on the rear wheels
can generally be operated
also by a hand lever and are
used chiefly for holding the
tractor when it is parked and
are consequently called
parking brakes but as they
can, of course, be used in
emergencies they are
sometimes called emergency
brakes.
▪ Friction brakes are used as
wheel brakes in tractors. They
transform the kinetic energy
of the parts that rub against
one another into thermal
energy and a small amount of
mechanical material removal.
▪ The parts firmly attached to
the wheels (brake drums or
discs, as the case may be) rub
on the non-rotating
components (brake shoes or
linings). The friction converts
the kinetic energy of the
vehicle into heat. The better
the braking effect, the greater
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MEC TR
the heat that is created. The
contact surfaces are subjected
to very high stress by heat
and friction.
▪ For this reason, commercial
vehicle brake is usually
internally ventilated.
▪ In tractor, the brakes are
totally sealed.
▪ the pedal travels without much
▪ The brakes are controlled by
two-foot pedals and one hand
lever which operate on a
cross shaft. The two-foot
pedals can be operated
individually or locked
together to operate
simultaneously. The hand
lever is used as a parking
brake only.
▪ Application of one-foot pedal
slows the rear wheel on the
side applied. Differential
action speeds up the other
wheel in the same ratio the
braked wheel slows down,
thus accelerating the turning
of the tractor and reducing
the turning radius.
▪ When the two pedals are
latched together, both brakes
will operate in unison and the
same braking effort will be
imposed on both wheels.
▪ The pedals can be locked with
the hand lever in the engaged
position for parking the
tractor.
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
BRAKE PEDAL FREE PLAY
▪ In Tractors Brakes are
mechanically actuated. Brake
pedal free play ensures that the
brakes are totally in disengaged
condition & not partially engaged.
▪ When we press a properly
adjusted BRAKE pedal in a tractor,
resistance initially. During this
travel of the pedal, we do not get
any brake action.
▪ This initial BRAKE pedal travel is
called Brake Pedal free play.
▪ After the initial travel, when we
further press the pedal, the
resistance from the pedal
increases to a much higher level
compared to previous travel &
brake engagement also starts.
▪ As the tractor is used, the amount
of free play in the brake pedal will
increase & can be adjusted
externally through linkages so
that there is recommended play
before the brakes start grabbing.
TYPES OF BRAKES IN MAHINDRA
TRACTORS
There are 2 types of brakes in
Mahindra tractors
1) Dry Disc Brake
2) Oil Immersed Brake
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MEC TR
DRY DISC BRAKE
As the name suggest, these brakes
are designed for operating in DRY
condition. Heat is absorbed by the
BRAKE HOUSING, BULL CAGE &
Transmission case.
In DRY DISC BRAKE, a gap is
maintained between the Brake liner,
Housing, Bull Cage & Actuating Disc.
The sum of all these gaps multiplied
by linkage ratios is known as Brake
Pedal Free Play. It's quite a
distinctive feel on the brake pedal.
The recommended free play is 1.5”
to 1.75” (38 mm – 45 mm). The
brake pedal free play adjustment is
very important.
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
The 1.5” to 1.75” (38 mm – 45 mm)
of free play at the top of the brake
pedal ensures free rotation of LINED
DISC BRAKE without rubbing.
OIL IMMERSED BRAKE
As the name suggest, these brakes
are designed for operating in WET
condition. Heat is absorbed by the
OIL which acts as a coolant.
In Mahindra, the tractor with
REGULAR Oil Immersed Brake has a
sticker “LUBRITECH BRAKING
SYSTEM”.
Lubritech Braking System is wet disc
type of brakes. It has common
Hydraulics & transmission oil.
Transmission case acts as a reservoir
for both transmission & Hydraulics
oil. (The Hydraulic housing is open
at the bottom). The brake liners that
are partially submerged in the
transmission oil get continuous
supply of oil from Hydraulic system.
This oil removes the excess heat
from the brakes thereby maintains
Constant coefficient of friction,
smooth brakes operation and
provides longer life of brakes.
The friction liners are specially
designed for excellent performance
and because of the lower coefficient
of friction obtainable, the single
discs of the dry form are replaced by
packs of several plates as in a
multiple-plate clutch.
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Benefits of Oil Immersed Brake:
1. Long Life of Brake Liners &
other parts.
2. Very less Frequency of
adjustment.
3. Improved Braking Efficiency at
higher temperature (Good
Fade characteristics).
4. Consistency in performance
over a prolonged period.
5. Smooth Pedal Operation.
6. Longer transmission life due
to continuous filtration of oil.
7. Longer life of hydraulic pump
due to large reservoir of oil.
DO’S & DON’TS OF OIL IMMERSED
BRAKE SYSTEM
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
Do's
Ensure proper quantity &
1 grade of oil (Tract Elf MM) in
the transmission.
Friction liners to be changed
2 when the thickness becomes
4.15mm and less.
Lined friction disc to be
3 handled with care to avoid
damage to liners.
New friction disc must be
soaked for minimum of one
4
hour on the recommended
grade of oil before fitment.
Intermediate plate & return
spring of actuating assembly
5
should be replaced during
replacement of liners.
Ensure that the friction discs
6 slide freely on the splined
shaft.
In every brake overhauling
replace gasket between end
7
cover and housing & diff lock
oil seal.
Replace copper gasket &
plunger spring of swing
8
arrestor. Remove the swing
arrestor & reset the plunger.
9 Ensure proper sealing.
Brake adjustment should be
10
done as per the SOP.
Don'ts
Do not use non-recommended
1
grade of oil.
Do not adjust the brake
2 linkages for a pedal travel less
than 65 mm.
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Avoid cleaning or degreasing
3 of friction liners with chemical
agents or acids.
Do not use non recommended
4
grade of liners.
Automatic swing arrestor
should not be adjusted or
5 removed during any time
other than brake liner
replacement.
Do not remove the adjuster
plunger from swing arrestor
6
sub assy. without the re -
setting tool.
Following precautions to be taken
for Oil immersed Brake system:
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H-13, M180 Training Handout
1. Different manufacturers
recommend different oil for
Transmission / OIB. Do not
interchange Trolley with
lifting mechanism.
2. Even for similar tractor, check
the condition of oil in the
Trolley with lifting mechanism
before interchanging it.
3. Oil for OIB comes from Orifice
Filter of Hydraulic system.
Clean Orifice Filter during
each service.
4. Do not switch off the engine
in down gradient.
5. When a tractor is being
towed, do not use brake
(since engine is in off
condition).
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