e

NEW WAY
SENIOR
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
SESSION: 2023-24

NAME - SWASTIK SHUKLA

CLASS - XII-A
SUBJECT - PHYSICS
PROJECT ON – HOLLOW PRISM
e

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR.SHASHINATH MISHRA SWASTIK SHUKLA

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Swastik Shukla a student of
class XII A, NEW WAY SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL has successfully completed the project
TITLED “Hollow Prism Filled With Different
Liquids” during the academic year of 2023-2024
towards partial fulfilment of PHYSICS PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION conducted by CBSE.

PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

e

EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The making of the project has been possible due the
guidance efforts and support given by various people.
I gave my gratitude and deep appreciation to my
honourable principal Mrs.Jyoti Wanchoo and my
chemistry teacher Mr.,NEW WAY SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL who gave me golden opportunity to work on
the wonderful project on topic “Hollow prism filled
with different transparent liquids” which helped me in
doing a lot of research and I got to know about many
new things. I would like to express my heartiest
gratitude to my family members and all those people
who selflessly devoted time for any kind of help that
was required.
e

INDEX
1.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2.CERTIFICATE
3.AIM
4.APPARATUS REQUIRED
5.INTRODUCTION
6.PRINCIPLE
7.PROCEDURE
8.OBSERVATIONS
9.CONCLUSION
10.PRECAUTIONS
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY
e

AIM
To investigate the dependence the angle
of deviation on the angle of incidence
using a hollow prism filled one-by-one
with different transparent liquids
 e

APPARATUS REQUIRED
I. Hollow prism
II. Drawing board
III. White paper
IV. Pins
V. Protractor
VI. Diffrenent transparent fluids
VII. Metre Scale
e

INTRODUCTION
A prsim is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces
that refract light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent
including glass, plastic and fluorite.A
prism can be used to break light up into
its constituent spectral colors.Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to
split light into components with
different polarisations.
e

PRINCIPLE
When a light ray falls on one face of a
prism, then after refractions on two faces,
it emerges out of the prism. The angle
between the incident ray and the
emergent ray is called the angle of
deviation (δ ). The angle of deviation due to
a prism depends upon the angle of
incidence. On increasing the angle of
incidence, the angle of deviation first
decreases, becomes minimum for some
value of angle of incidence and then
begins to increase. in terms of prism angle
(A) and angle of minimum deviation (δ ).m

the refractive index of the prism material

is given by
e

n=
sin ( A +δ m
2 )
sin ( A2 )
PROCEDURE
1. Fix white paper on the drawing board
by drawing pins.
2. Draw a line XY in the middle of the
paper (Fig. 2) on this line, points Q1,
Q2, Q3, distances. Normals Q1N1,
Q2N2, Q3N3, ... to the line are drawn
at these points.
3. Draw lines at angles 30°, 35°, 40°,...
with the normals. In the figure, lines
are I1Q1,I2Q2,I3Q3,……
4. Place the prism (hollow prism filled
with a transparent liquid) on XY such
that its face All coincides with XY.
Clearly, Q1N₁, will be the normal on
this face. The boundary of the prism
is marked with pencil .
e

5. Fix two pins P1 and P2 are then fixed

on line I1Q1, at separation of about 8-
10 cm. Observe the pins through the
prism face AC and fix the pins S1, and
S2 in the sight of the images of pins
P1, P2. All the four pins P1,P2,S1,S2
appear in the same straight line.
6. Remove all the pins and the prism
and put pencil marks at places of S1
and S2.
7. Draw a line through these pins mark
intersecting the face line AC This line
meets the I1Q1, produced at D.The
angle of deviation, between S1S2 and
I1Q1 is measured (δ ). This is the angle
1

of deviation for angle of incidence

I1Q1N1 ¿ 30 .
0

8. Repeat the above process by placing

the prism at Q2,Q3,…. where the
angles of incidence are 35°, 40°,…..
e

and determine the corresponding

angles of deviation δ , δ ,…..
2 3

9. Repeat the above steps 4 to 9 by

filling the hollow prism one-by-one
with different transparent liquids.
10. On the graph paper, draw the curve
between the values of angles of
incidence (30°, 35°, 40°, ...) and
angles of deviations (δ ,δ , δ ,....)
1 2 3

determined above. The curve similar

to that shown in Fig. 3 is obtained.
Obtain such curves for all the liquids.
e

OBSERVATION
The following are the observation tables of each of the
liquids used to find out their respective incdices-

 Benzaldehyde:
Sr. No.: Angle of Angle of Angle of
Prism incidence deviation
1. 60 30 45
2. 60 35 42
3. 60 37.5 40
4. 60 39 42
5. 60 40 45

µ = 1.504
e

 Water
c Angle of Angle of Angle of
Prism incidence deviation
1. 60 30 25
2. 60 35 22
3. 60 40 20
4. 60 45 22
5. 60 50 25

µ = 1.306

 Dilute Sulphuric Acid

Sr. No.: Angle of Angle of Angle of
Prism incidence deviation
1. 60 20 33
2. 60 30 30
3. 60 35 25
4. 60 40 29
e

5. 60 45 30

µ = 1.351

CONCLUSIONS

1. The angle of deviation depends

upon for all types materials used.
2. The trend of variation of δ with i is
same but value of angle of minimum
deviations (δ ¿ is different for different
m

materials.
e

PRECAUTIONS

1. The pins must be inserted vertical

and at distanced of 8-10 cm.
2. The angle of incidence should not
kept less than 30°.
3. The faces of prism must be properly
clean so that the image formed may
be bright.
4. The refracting surfaces of prism
should not be touched with
hands.Prism should be handled by
the edges.
5. The i - δ curve should be drawn
smooth.
e

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Ncert Class 12 Physics
 www.technologystudent.com/elec1/Idr1
 Physics Lab Manual Class – 12
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.google.co.in