PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC:

REFRACTIVE INDICES OF VARIOUS

LIQUIDS USING HOLLOW PRISM.

SUBMITTED BY
NAMRTA.R.B
GRADE-XII

2023-2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

to my teacher, Mr.K.Ranganathan as well as our
Principal Mrs.T.Anitha Deva Priya who gave me
the opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic
“REFRACTIVE INDICES OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS USING
HOLLOW PRISM”,which also helped me in doing of
study and I came to know about so many new things.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Namrta.R.Bstudent of class

12 has successfully completed the research on the
project “REFRACTIVE INDICES OF VARIOUS
LIQUIDS USING HOLLOW PRISM” under guidance
of Mr.K.Ranganathan during the year 2023-2024
in partial fulfilment of Physics.

INTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 INDEX

S.NO TOPICS

I PRISM

II REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

III EXPERIMENT

IV OBSERVATIONS

V RESULT

VI CONCLUSION

VII CALCULATIONS

VIII PRECAUTIONS

IX SOURCES OF ERROR

X BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PRISM

A Prism is the portion of transparent medium bounded by two plane

surfaces,which meet each other along a straight edge.

The two plane surfaces are called refracting faces and the line along
which the two surfaces meet is called the refracting edge of the prism.
The angle between the two refracting surfaces is called the angle of the
prism.Usually, the angle of the prism is equal to 60°.

When a ray of light is inclined on one refracting face of the prism, it

enters the prism after suffering refraction at the first place then the ray of
light emerges out of the prism after suffering refraction at its second
refracting face.
 REFRACTION THROUGH A
PRISM
The refraction of light in a glass prism is different from a glass slab.
This is because in a glass prism, the incident ray of light is not parallel to
the emergent ray of light.

When a ray of light enters the glass prism it gets deviated two times.First
when it enters the glass prism and second when it comes out of the prism.
This is because the refracting surfaces of the prism are not parallel to each
other. Also, when the ray of light passes through the prism it bends
towards its base.

Thus, when a ray passes through a prism, the sum of angle of prism
and angle of deviation is equal to sum of angle of incidence and angle of
emergence.
 EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism
by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and angle of deviation
and hence to find the refractive index of the material of the prism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
◙ Hollow glass prism
◙ Glycerol
◙ Bell pins
◙Drawing pins

FORMULA USED:
The refractive index of material is given by-
PROCEDURE:

Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
‣Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
‣Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
‣Draw the angle of incidence accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to be in a straight line.
‣Place the prism filled with the given sample of liquid on, the marked
outline ABC.
‣Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
‣Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
‣Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
 OBSERVATION

1.) WATER

S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

PRISM(A) INCIDENCE(i) DEVIATION
1.) 60° 35° 25°
2.) 60° 40° 22°
3.) 60° 45° 20°
4.) 60° 50° 22°
5.) 60° 25° 23°

2.) GLYCEROL

S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

PRISM(A) INCIDENCE(i) DEVIATION
1.) 60° 35° 40°
2.) 60° 40° 39°
3.) 60° 45° 41°
4.) 60° 50° 42°
5.) 60° 55° 45°
CALCULATIONS

D = 40°
i1= 40°
i2= 60°
d = 45°
A = i1+i2 - d
= 40+60-45
= 50°
D=40°

μ= sin 50+40
-----------
2
--------------------------
sin 50
------------
2
= sin 45.0
----------------
sin 27.5
=1.531
 RESULT

1. The angle of deviation first decreases with the increase in

angle of incidence, attains minimum value and then increases with
further increase in angle of incidence.

2. The refractive index of:

1.) Water = 1.33

2.) Glycerol= 1.528
 CONCLUSION

The refractive indices at room temperature:

1.) Glycerol

⁌ Actual = 1.4730

⁌Experimental = 1.528

2.) Water

⁌ Actual = 1.333
 PRECAUTIONS

✓ The boundary of the prism incident ray and emergent ray should be
drawn with a sharp pencil.

✓ The angle of incidence during various observations should lie

between 30° and 60 °.

✓ The distance between the pins should be at least 10 cm.

✓ The pins should be vertical.

✓ While fixing the pins their feet should be brought in one line

✓ During fixing the pins the Prism gets disturbed by chance, it should
be brought back to its marked boundary.

✓ The angle of deviation should be measured with protector carefully

and as accurately as possible.
 SOURCES OF ERROR

● The distance between the pins may be small.

● The pins may not have been fixed vertically
● The angle of deviation may not have been measured correctly.
● The curve joining the various points of the graph may not be
smoothly hand curve.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

⦿ www.icbcse.com

⦿ www.sciencebuddies.com

⦿ www.wikipedia.com

⦿NCERT Physics book