Isocyanates and Amines Sampling and Analytical Procedure

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Abstract Åsa Marand, 2004
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ABSTRACT
fëçÅó~å~íÉë=EJk`lF=~åÇ=~ãáåÉë=EJkeOF=~êÉ=íïç=âáåÇë=çÑ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë=ÑêÉèìÉåíäó=
ìëÉÇ= áå= áåÇìëíêá~ä= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= áå= ~ëëçÅá~íáçå= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= éçäóãÉêáÅ= ã~íÉêá~ä=
éçäóìêÉíÜ~åÉ= EmroFK= ^ë= çåÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãçëí= ìëÉÇ= éä~ëíáÅë= áå= íÜÉ= ïçêäÇI= mro=
éêçÇìÅíë=~êÉ=ÑçìåÇ=áå=~=ïáÇÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ëçÑí=~åÇ=êáÖáÇ=Ñç~ãI=
Åç~íáåÖëI=~ÇÜÉëáîÉëI=ëÉ~ä~åíëI=ÄáåÇÉêë=~åÇ=Éä~ëíçãÉêëK=eçïÉîÉêI=~=Çê~ïÄ~Åâ=áë=
íÜ~í= ÄçíÜ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= ~êÉ= Ü~ò~êÇçìë= ÅÜÉãáÅ~äëK= bñéçëìêÉ= íç=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ã~ó= êÉëìäí= áå= êÉëéáê~íçêó= ÇáëçêÇÉêë= ~åÇ= ÇÉêã~ä= ëÉåëáíáë~íáçåK= ^ë= ~=
êÉëìäíI= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ~ãçåÖ= íÜÉ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= äçïÉëí= íÜêÉëÜçäÇ= äáãáí=
î~äìÉëI=ÄìíI=ÉîÉå=ëçI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=Å~ìëÉë=çÑ=çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=~ëíÜã~K=
pÉîÉê~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=~êçã~íáÅ=Çá~ãáåÉë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=mro=éêçÇìÅíáçå=~êÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇ=
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Ñçê=ÉáíÜÉê=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=íÜÉãëÉäîÉë=çê=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=áëçÅó~å~íÉëK=qÜÉ=ïçêâJ
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Isocyanates and Amines - Sampling and Analytical Procedures
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Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning (in Swedish) Åsa Marand, 2004
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POLULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING (IN SWEDISH)

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bå= ~åå~å= ~ééäáâ~íáçå= Ñ¸ê= ÄÉëí®ãåáåÖ= ~î= ~ãáåÉê= ®ê= á= ÄáçäçÖáëâ~= éêçîÉêK=
çêÉâçãëíÉå= ~î= ~ãáåÉê= á= ÄáçäçÖáëâ~= éêçîÉê= â~å= ~åî®åÇ~ë= ëçã= âçåíêçää= ~î=
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dÉãÉåë~ãí= Ñ¸ê= ÇÉ= éêÉëÉåíÉê~ÇÉ= ãÉíçÇÉêå~= ®ê= Ñê~ãÑ¸ê= ~ääí= ÇÉ= ~å~äóëíÉâåáâÉê=
ëçã= ~åî®åíë= Ñ¸ê= ~íí= é™îáë~= Ñ¸êÉâçãëíÉå= ~î= Ñ~êäáÖ~= ®ãåÉå= á= ÒîÉêâäáÖ~Ò=
ÉñéçåÉêáåÖëëáíì~íáçåÉêK= çêÜçééåáåÖÉå= ®ê= ~íí= ÇÉëë~= ãÉíçÇÉê= á= ëäìí®åÇ~å= ëâ~=
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ëàìâÇçãK=
=
CONTENTS
iáëí=çÑ=é~éÉêë||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Q
^ÄÄêÉîá~íáçåë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| R
N fåíêçÇìÅíáçå ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| S
NKN mçäóìêÉíÜ~åÉ=EmroF |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| S
NKO fëçÅó~å~íÉë|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| T
NKOKN mêçéÉêíáÉë=~åÇ=rëÉ ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| T
NKOKO ^áêÄçêåÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NM
NKOKP eÉ~äíÜ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NN
NKOKQ lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=ÉñéçëìêÉ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NO
NKP ^ãáåÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NP
NKPKN mêçéÉêíáÉë=~åÇ=rëÉ |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NP
NKPKO eÉ~äíÜ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=L=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=ÉñéçëìêÉ||||||||||||||||||||| NQ
O ^áã=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÜÉëáë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NS
P aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NT
PKN p~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NU
PKNKN fãéáåÖÉêL=fãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| NU
PKNKO fãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ=ÑáäíÉêë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OM
PKNKP aÉåìÇÉê=LÇÉåìÇÉêJÑáäíÉê |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ON
PKNKQ líÜÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ãÉíÜçÇë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OO
PKO aÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåíë||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OQ
PKP ^å~äóëáë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OT
PKPKN ^å~äóíáÅ~ä=ëí~åÇ~êÇë||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OT
PKPKNKN jçåçãÉêáÅ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OT
PKPKNKO cêçã=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëçäìíáçåë||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OT
PKPKNKP fåíÉêå~ä=ëí~åÇ~êÇë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OU
PKPKO `Üêçã~íçÖê~éÜó ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| OV
PKPKP aÉíÉÅíáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PN
PKPKPKN rsLb`LcäI=Çì~ä=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë |||||||||||||||||| PN
PKPKPKO `ÜÉãáäìãáåÉëÅÉåí=åáíêçÖÉå=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=EìkaF |||||||||| PO
PKPKPKP j~ëë=ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêó|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PP
2
Contents Åsa Marand, 2004
=
Q aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=~ãáåÉë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PT
QKN få=~áê |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PT
QKO få=~èìÉçìë=Éñíê~Åíáçå=ëçäìíáçåë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PT
QKP få=ÜóÇêçäóëÉÇ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÑäìáÇë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PU
QKQ tçêâJìé=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PV
QKQKN mÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| PV
QKQKO `ÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉ=êÉ~ÖÉåíë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QN
QKR ^å~äóëáë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QO
QKRKN `Üêçã~íçÖê~éÜó ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QO
QKRKO aÉíÉÅíáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QP
R `çåÅäìÇáåÖ=êÉã~êâë ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QS
S ^ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉãÉåíë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| QU
T oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉë |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| RM
=
3
=
LIST OF PAPERS
qÜáë= íÜÉëáë= áë= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑçääçïáåÖ= é~éÉêëI= êÉÑÉêêÉÇ= íç= áå= íÜÉ= íÉñí= Äó= íÜÉáê=
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gK=båîáêçåK=jçåáíKI=OMMNI=PI=QPOJQPS=
ff= aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=Öê~ÇÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=ìëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éêçÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=
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fs= pçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ïáíÜ= ÇáJåJÄìíóä~ãáåÉ= Ñçê= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= çÑ=
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êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=íç=~êçã~íáÅ=~ãáåÉë=~åÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=íÜÉêÉçÑK=
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sf= aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë= éÉåí~ÑäìçêçéêçéáçåáÅ= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ë~ãéäÉë= ìëáåÖ= äáèìáÇ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= ~åÇ=
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4
Abbreviations Åsa Marand, 2004
=
ABBREVIATIONS
=
^mf= ^íãçëéÜÉêáÅ=éêÉëëìêÉ=áçåáë~íáçå= ja^= jÉíÜóäÉåÉÇáéÜÉåóä=Çá~ãáåÉ=
^m`f= ^íãçëéÜÉêáÅ= éêÉëëìêÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= jaf= jÉíÜóäÉåÉÇáéÜÉåóä=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ=
áçåáë~íáçå=
jf`= jÉíÜóä=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
_f`= _ìíóä=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
jl`^= jÉíÜóäÉåÉJEOJÅÜäçêç~åáäáåÉF=
`f= `ÜÉãáÅ~ä=áçåáë~íáçå=
jlm= NJEOJãÉíÜçñóJéÜÉåóäFéáéÉê~òáåÉ=
`fa= `çääáëáçå=áåÇìÅÉÇ=ÇáëëçÅá~íáçå==
joj= jìäíáéäÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=
ìka= `ÜÉãáäìãáåÉëÅÉåí=åáíêçÖÉå=ÇÉíÉÅíçê=
jp= j~ëë=ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêó=
ìs= `ÉáäáåÖ=äáãáí=î~äìÉ=
jpLjp= q~åÇÉã=ã~ëë=ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêó==
a_^= aáJåJÄìíóä~ãáåÉ=
ka^= k~éÜí~äÉåÉ=Çá~ãáåÉ=
b`= bäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=ÇÉíÉÅíçê=
kaf= k~éÜí~äÉåÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ=
bà= bäÉÅíêçå=Å~éíìêÉ=ÇÉíÉÅíçê=
káíêç= kJQJåáíêçÄÉåòóäJkJåJéêçéóä~ãáåÉ=
bf= bäÉÅíêçå=áãé~Åí=áçåáë~íáçå=
lbi= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=ÉñéçëìêÉ=äáãáí=
bf`= bíÜóä=áëçÅó~å~íÉ==
mcm^= mÉåí~ÑäìçêçéêçéáçåáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉ=
bpm= bäÉÅíêçëéê~ó=
mÜf= mÜÉåóä=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
bí= bíÜóä=ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉ=
mf`= mêçéóä=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
ci= cäìçêÉëÅÉåÅÉ==
éjaf= mçäóãÉêáÅ=ãÉíÜóäÉåÉÇáéÜÉåóä=
d`= d~ë=ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ=
ea^= eÉñ~ãÉíÜóäÉåÉ=Çá~ãáåÉ= OJmm= NJEOJéóêáÇóäFéáéÉê~òáåÉ=
eaf= eÉñ~ãÉíÜóäÉåÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= mro= mçäóìêÉíÜ~åÉ=
ec_^= eÉéí~ÑäìçêçÄìíóêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉ= pfo= pÉäÉÅíÉÇ==áçå=êÉÅçêÇáåÖ=
eja^= jÉíÜóäÉåÉÇáEÅóÅäçÜÉñóä~ãáåÉF= q^f= qçäìÉåÉ=~ãáåçáëçÅó~å~íÉ=
ejaf== aáÅóÅäçÜÉñóäãÉíÜ~åÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= qa^= qçäìÉåÉ=Çá~ãáåÉ=
f`^= fëçÅó~åáÅ=~ÅáÇ= qaf= qçäìÉåÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ=
fma^= fëçéÜçêçåÉ=Çá~ãáåÉ= qc^^= qêáÑäìçêç~ÅÉíáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉ==
fmaf= fëçéÜçêçåÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= qlc= qáãÉJçÑJÑäáÖÜí=
fp= fåíÉêå~ä=ëí~åÇ~êÇ== qofd= qçí~ä=êÉ~ÅíáîÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=Öêçìé=
i`= iáèìáÇ=ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= qêóé= qêóéí~ãáåÉ=
ila= iáãáí=çÑ=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå== qpa= qÜÉêãáçåáÅ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÇÉíÉÅíçê=
j^j^= VJEkJãÉíÜóä~ãáåçJ qt^= qáãÉ=ïÉáÖÜíÉÇ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=lbi=
ãÉíÜóäF~åíÜê~ÅÉåÉ=
rs= räíê~îáçäÉí=
j^m= NJEVJ~åíÜê~ÅÉåóäãÉíÜóäFéáéÉê~òáåÉ=
=
5
=
1 INTRODUCTION
fëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= ~êÉ= íïç= âáåÇë= çÑ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë= ÑêÉèìÉåíäó= ìëÉÇ= áå=
áåÇìëíêá~ä= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK= qÜÉ= Åçããçå= ~ëéÉÅí= íç= íÜÉëÉ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~äë= áë= íÜ~í= íÜÉó=
ÄçíÜ= ~êÉ= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= éçäóìêÉíÜ~åÉ= EmroF= áå= íÜÉ= éêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= ÉáíÜÉê= íÜÉ=
éçäóãÉê=áíëÉäÑ=çê=íÜÉ=ê~ï=ã~íÉêá~äë=çÑ=ïÜáÅÜ=áí=ÅçåëáëíëK=_çíÜ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~åÇ=
~ãáåÉë=~êÉ=âåçïå=ïçêâéä~ÅÉ=Ü~ò~êÇëI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=
çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=áë=~=åÉÅÉëëáíóK=få=çêÇÉê=íç=Éî~äì~íÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=~åÇ=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=
éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~äëI=~å=áåíêçÇìÅíáçå=áåíç=íÜÉ=ÑáÉäÇ=çÑ=mro=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=
~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~åÇ=~ãáåÉë=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK==
1.1 Polyurethane (PUR)

mro=áë=çåÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=ìëÉÇ=éä~ëíáÅë=áå=íÜÉ=ïçêäÇI=~åÇ=áí=Ü~ë=~=ïáÇÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=
~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK=mêçÇìÅíë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=ã~ÇÉ=Ñêçã=mro=~êÉ=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=ëçÑí=~åÇ=êáÖáÇ=
Ñç~ãI= Åç~íáåÖëI= ~ÇÜÉëáîÉëI= ëÉ~ä~åíëI= ÄáåÇÉêë= ~åÇ= Éä~ëíçãÉêëK= qÜÉ= éêçÇìÅíáçå=
~åÇ= ìëÉ= çÑ= mro= éêçÇìÅíë= Ü~ë= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= ëíÉ~Çáäó= ëáåÅÉ= íÜÉ= áåíêçÇìÅíáçå= áå= íÜÉ=
ãáÇÇäÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ä~ëí= ÅÉåíìêóK= qÜÉ= íçí~ä= mro= ã~êâÉí= áå= íÜÉ= óÉ~ê= OMMM= ï~ë= VKP=
ãáääáçå= íçåëI= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= áå= NVURI= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ= ã~êâÉí= ï~ë= PKP= ãáääáçå= íçåë=
xNzK==
qÜÉ=mro=éçäóãÉê=áë=éêáã~êáäó=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=ìêÉíÜ~åÉ=ÄçåÇáåÖë=ïÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=íÜÉ=
êÉëìäí= çÑ= ~å= ÉñçíÜÉêãáÅ= êÉ~Åíáçå= ÄÉíïÉÉå= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= Öêçìéë= EJkZ`ZlF= ~åÇ=
ÜóÇêçñóä= Öêçìéë= EcáÖìêÉ= NFK= få= ~ÇÇáíáçå= íç= ÜóÇêçñóä= ÖêçìéëI= çíÜÉê= êÉ~ÅíáîÉ=
Öêçìéë= ã~ó= ~äëç= ÄÉ= éêÉëÉåí= ÇìêáåÖ= éêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= mroK= cçê= Éñ~ãéäÉI= áå= íÜÉ=
éêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= Ñç~ã= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= êÉ~Åíáçå= ïáíÜ= ï~íÉê= êÉëìäíë= áå= íÜÉ=
Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~å=~êçã~íáÅ=~ãáåÉ=~åÇ=Å~êÄçå=ÇáçñáÇÉI=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=ìëÉÇ=~ë=ÄäçïáåÖ=
~ÖÉåí= xNzK= eÉåÅÉI= mro= éçäóãÉêë= Åçåëáëí= åçí= çåäó= çÑ= ìêÉíÜ~åÉ= ÄçåÇáåÖë=
EáëçÅó~å~íÉJ~äÅçÜçäF=Äìí=~äëç=çÑ=ìêÉ~=ÄçåÇáåÖë=EáëçÅó~å~íÉJ~ãáåÉFK==
= O
= (1) R1 N C O + HO R2 R1 N C O R2
H
=
= O
(2) R1 N C O + HN R3 R1 N C N R3
=
R2 H R2
=
=
(3) R1 N C O + H2O R1 NH 2 + CO2
=
cáÖìêÉ= NK= oÉ~Åíáçåë= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë ïáíÜ= ~å= ~äÅçÜçä= íç=
=
Ñçêã=~å=ìêÉíÜ~åÉ=ENFX=ïáíÜ=~å=~ãáåÉ=íç=Ñçêã=~å=ìêÉ~=EOFX=
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6
Introduction Åsa Marand, 2004
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qÜÉ=ãçäÉÅìä~ê=ëíêìÅíìêÉë=çÑ=mro=î~êó=Ñêçã=êáÖáÇI=ÜáÖÜäó=ÅêçëëJäáåâÉÇ=éçäóãÉêë=
íç= äáåÉ~êI= ÉñíÉåëáÄäÉ= Éä~ëíçãÉêëK= tÜÉå= éêçÇìÅáåÖ= mro= ÅçããÉêÅá~ääóI= ÇáJ= çê=
éçäóáëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= éçäóçäë= ~êÉ= ãáñÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ïáíÜ= ~ÇÇáíáîÉë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë=ï~íÉêI=
Å~í~äóëíëI= ÑáêÉ= êÉí~êÇ~åíëI= ëçäîÉåíëI= éáÖãÉåíëI= ëìêÑ~Åí~åíëI= Ñç~ãáåÖ= ~åÇ= Åêçëë=
äáåâáåÖ=~ÖÉåíëI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=î~êá~Äáäáíó=çÑ=áåÖêÉÇáÉåíë=Éå~ÄäÉë=éêçÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=
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1.2 Isocyanates
1.2.1 Properties and Use
qÜÉ= Åçããçå= ÑÉ~íìêÉ= çÑ= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áë= íÜ~í= íÜÉó= Åçåí~áå= çåÉ= çê= ãçêÉ=
ÑìåÅíáçå~ä=ÖêçìéëI=JkZ`ZlI=~íí~ÅÜÉÇ=íç=~å=~êçã~íáÅ=çê=~å=~äáéÜ~íáÅ=ãçäÉÅìäÉK=
qÜÉ= êÉ~Åíáîáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= Öêçìé= áë= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ìåë~íìê~íÉÇ=
å~íìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= Öêçìé= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉäÉÅíêçéÜáäáÅ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= Å~êÄçå= ~íçãK=
`çãéçìåÇë= ïáíÜ= ~ÅíáîÉ= ÜóÇêçÖÉå= EåìÅäÉçéÜáäÉëF= êÉ~Åí= êÉ~Çáäó= ïáíÜ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ~ë= áå= íÜÉ= êÉ~Åíáçå= ïáíÜ= éêáã~êó= ~åÇ= ëÉÅçåÇ~êó= ~ãáåÉë= íç= Ñçêã=
ìêÉ~=ÅçãéçìåÇë=~åÇ=ïáíÜ=~äÅçÜçäë=~åÇ=éÜÉåçäë=íç=Ñçêã=ìêÉíÜ~åÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇëK=
qÜÉ= ëíêìÅíìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ãçäÉÅìäÉ= ïáää= éêçãçíÉ= íÜÉ= êÉ~Åíáîáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ=Öêçìé=áÑ=áí=Åçåí~áåë=ëìÄëíáíìÉåíë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçå=ïáíÜÇê~ïáåÖ=çê=áÑ=
áí= çíÜÉêïáëÉ= ëí~ÄáäáëÉë= íÜÉ= åÉÖ~íáîÉ= åáíêçÖÉåK= eÉåÅÉI= áå= ÖÉåÉê~äI= ~êçã~íáÅ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ãçêÉ= êÉ~ÅíáîÉ= íÜ~å= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉëK= iáâÉïáëÉI= íÜÉ=
êÉ~Åíáîáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=åìÅäÉçéÜáäáÅ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=ïáíÜ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=Öêçìéë=áë=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
~äáéÜ~íáÅ=~ãáåÉ=[=~êçã~íáÅ=~ãáåÉë=[=~äÅçÜçäë=[=éÜÉåçäë=[=íÜáçäë=xOzK==
få= íÜÉ= éêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= mroI= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ïáíÜ= ÑìåÅíáçå~äáíó= çÑ= íïç= çê= ãçêÉ= ~êÉ=
ìëÉÇ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëíêìÅíìêÉë=~åÇ=ëçãÉ=éÜóëáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë=
~êÉ= äáëíÉÇ= áå= q~ÄäÉ= NK= qÜÉ= Ççãáå~íáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ãçåçãÉêë= ìëÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ=
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ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= EjafF= ~åÇ= íçäìÉåÉ= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= EqafF= ïáíÜ= SNKP= ~åÇ= PQKN= B=çÑ=
íÜÉ= ÖäçÄ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ã~êâÉí= çÑ= QKQ= ãáääáçå= íçåë= áå= OMMMI= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäó= xNzK=
cìêíÜÉêI= ÄçíÜ= jaf= ~åÇ= qaf= ~êÉ= ÑêÉèìÉåíäó= ìëÉÇ= áå= Åç~íáåÖëI= ~ÇÜÉëáîÉëI=
Éä~ëíçãÉêëI= ÄáåÇÉêë= ~åÇ= ëÉ~ä~åíë= xPzK= aìÉ= íç= áíë= äçïÉê= î~éçìê= éêÉëëìêÉI= jaf=
Ü~îÉ= êÉéä~ÅÉÇ= qaf= áå= ëÉîÉê~ä= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= xPzK= qÜÉ= íïç= ã~àçê= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ìëÉÇ= áå= Åç~íáåÖë= ~åÇ= Éä~ëíçãÉêë= ~êÉ= ÜÉñ~ãÉíÜóäÉåÉ= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ=
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ã~êâÉí= xNzK= qÜÉ= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ= ëíêìÅíìêÉë= éêçîáÇÉ= ÉñÅÉääÉåí= äáÖÜí= ~åÇ= ïÉ~íÜÉê=
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íç= äáÖÜíK= líÜÉê= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= íÜÉ= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ= ÇáÅóÅäçÜÉñóäãÉíÜ~åÉ=
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1.2.2 Airborne isocyanates
få= ïçêâéä~ÅÉ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉëI= ~áêÄçêåÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= Ö~ë=

~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉ=éÜ~ëÉëK=qÜÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=íÜÉ=éÜóëáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ=~åÇ=çå=íÜÉ=å~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ïçêâ=í~ëâë=ïÜáÅÜ=äáÄÉê~íÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áåíç=
íÜÉ=~áêK=qÜÉ=î~éçìê=éêÉëëìêÉ=áë=îÉêó=ÇáîÉêëÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ïáÇÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉëK=
qÜÉ= äçïÉê= ãçäÉÅìä~ê= ïÉáÖÜí= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ïáíÜ= ÜáÖÜ= î~éçìê= éêÉëëìêÉ= ïáää=
îçä~íáäáòÉ= ~í= êççã= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI= ïÜÉêÉ~ë= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ïáíÜ= äçïÉê= î~éçìê=
éêÉëëìêÉ= éçëÉ= ~= êÉÇìÅÉÇ= êáëâ= çÑ= Éî~éçê~íáçåK= qÜÉ= é~êíáíáçåáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= äÉ~ëí=
îçä~íáäÉ= ãçåçãÉêáÅ= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= jaf= ÄÉíïÉÉå= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ= éÜ~ëÉ=
ï~ë= êÉéçêíÉÇ= É~êäó= xVzI= ~åÇ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= ëíìÇáÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÑçìåÇ= î~éçìê= éêÉëëìêÉë=
Éèìáî~äÉåí=íç=ë~íìê~íÉÇ=~áêÄçêåÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ=V=ééÄ=Ñçê=QIQƍJjaf=xNMINNzK=
cçê= íÜÉ= ãçêÉ= îçä~íáäÉ= ãçåçãÉêáÅ= qaf= ~åÇ= eafI= íÜÉ= ë~íìê~íÉÇ= î~éçê=
ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= áë= ãìÅÜ= ÜáÖÜÉêI= QM= ~åÇ= PM= ééãI= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäó= xNOzI= ~åÇ= íÜÉëÉ=
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ÄÉÉå= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= áå= ~= ëéê~óJé~áåíáåÖ= ~Éêçëçä= E~Äçìí= UM= B= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= OM= B=
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ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= ÄÉíïÉÉå= î~éçìê= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ä~êÖÉ= ~ãçìåí= çÑ=
é~êíáÅäÉë= êÉäÉ~ëÉÇ= ÉåÜ~åÅÉë= íÜÉ= ÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå= çåíç= é~êíáÅäÉëK= qÜÉ= äÉ~ëí= îçä~íáäÉ=
ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= jaf= ï~ë= ÑçìåÇ= íç= ÄÉ= ÅçåÇÉåëÉÇ= çå= é~êíáÅäÉë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ãçëí= é~êíI=
ïÜáäÉ= íÜÉ= çíÜÉê= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= qaf= ~åÇ= eaf= ïÉêÉ= ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ= ~í= ~Äçìí=
RMB= ~åÇ= OM= B= áå= íÜÉ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉI= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóK= sçä~íáäÉ= ãçåçáëçÅó~å~íÉë=
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ãÉÅÜ~åáëãëK=c~Åíçêë=äáâÉ=é~êíáÅäÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåI=é~êíáÅäÉ=ëáòÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåë=~åÇ=
íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~ÑÑáåáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=í~âÉå=áåíç=~ÅÅçìåíK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=
íÜÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå= áå= ~= ÑçêãÉÇ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ~Éêçëçä= ïáää= ãçëí= äáâÉäó= ÅÜ~åÖÉ= ïáíÜ=
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1.2.3 Health effects
páåÅÉ= íÜÉ= áåÇìëíêá~ä= áåíêçÇìÅíáçå= çÑ= mro= áå= íÜÉ= ãáÇÇäÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= íïÉåíáÉíÜ=
ÅÉåíìêóI= êÉéçêíë= çå= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= áåÇìÅÉÇ= çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ÇáëÉ~ëÉë= ëççå= ëí~êíÉÇ= íç=
~ééÉ~ê= xNQzK= bñéçëìêÉ= íç= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áë= ã~áåäó= ~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= êÉëéáê~íçêó=
ÇáëçêÇÉêë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= ~ëíÜã~I= ~áêï~ó= áêêáí~íáçåë= ~åÇ= ÜóéÉêëÉåëáíáîáíó= éåÉìãçåáíáë=
xNRJNTzK= få= ~ÇÇáíáçåI= íÜÉ= ~êçã~íáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= qaf= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= ~ë=
éçëëáÄäÉ=Üìã~å=Å~êÅáåçÖÉå=xNUzK=qÜÉ=pïÉÇáëÜ=k~íáçå~ä=_ç~êÇ=çÑ=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=
p~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜ= Ü~ë= Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇ= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ëéÉÅáÉë= ~ë= ëÉåëáíáòáåÖI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉ= äáãáíë= ElbiF= ~êÉ= äçïI= ~å= UJÜê= íáãÉ= ïÉáÖÜíÉÇ= ~îÉê~ÖÉ=
Eqt^F=çÑ=R=ééÄ=~åÇ=~=R=ãáå=ÅÉáäáåÖ=äáãáí=î~äìÉ=EìsF=çÑ=NM=ééÄ=xQzK=páãáä~ê=
lbië=Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ= rp=Ñçê=ãçåçãÉêáÅ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ=jf`=
Äó= íÜÉ= k~íáçå~ä= fåëíáíìíÉ= Ñçê= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= p~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜ= EkflpeF= xNVz=
~åÇ= íÜÉ= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= p~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜ= ^Çãáåáëíê~íáçå= Elpe^F= xOMJOOzK=
oÉÖìä~íáçåë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= éçäóáëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= råáíÉÇ=
pí~íÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ëí~íÉ=çÑ=lêÉÖçå=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=äáãáí=Ñçê=eaf=éçäóáëçÅó~å~íÉë=
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Å~ìëÉë= çÑ= çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ~ëíÜã~= xOQIORzK= qÜÉ= éêÉî~äÉåÅÉ= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= áåÇìÅÉÇ=
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äìåÖë= ÉñéçëÉÇ= íç= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= çÑ= mroI= é~êíáÅäÉJÄçêåÉ=
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çÑ=êÉëéáê~ÄäÉ=~Éêçëçäë=íÜ~í=Å~å=ÇÉéçëáí=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=Ñ~ê=Ççïå=áå=íÜÉ=êÉëéáê~íçêó=
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få= íÜÉ= Å~ëÉ= çÑ= ÇÉêã~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉI= íÜÉ= ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí= çÑ= Åçåí~Åí= ~ääÉêÖó= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå=
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1.2.4 Occupational exposure
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Å~ëÉë= íÜÉ= ÉñéçëìêÉ= áë= îÉêáÑáÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= Äó= ~áê= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= çê= Äó= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=
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1.3 Amines
1.3.1 Properties and Use
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1.3.2 Health effects / Occupational exposure
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Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= ~ÑíÉê= ~ÅÅáÇÉåí~ä= áåÖÉëíáçå= xSMz= ~åÇ= çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉ=
xSNISOzK= qÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë= Ü~îÉ= äçï= î~éçìê= éêÉëëìêÉëI= ~åÇ= íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ= çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=
ÉñéçëìêÉ=áë=éêÉÇçãáå~åíäó=íÜêçìÖÜ=ÇÉêã~ä=Åçåí~ÅíK=bñéçëìêÉ=íç=~ãáåÉë=çê=íç=
íÜÉáê= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ãçåáíçêÉÇ= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ë~ãéäÉëK=
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ÅêÉ~íáåáåÉI=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäó=xSPzI=~åÇ=áå=dÉêã~åó=~=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÉñéçëìêÉ=áåÇÉñ=äáãáí=
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Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= Ñçê= ja^= áå= ìêáåÉ= ~í= S= åãçä= ããçä = ÅêÉ~íáåáåÉ= xSQzK= få=
~ÇÇáíáçåI= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= ëíìÇáÉë= Ü~îÉ= éêçéçëÉÇ= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉ= äáãáíë= Ñçê= qa^=
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14
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ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇK= bñéçëìêÉë= ÇìêáåÖ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉ= ~åÇ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ja^= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
ëíìÇáÉÇ= ÄçíÜ= Äó= ~áê= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí= xSUz= ~åÇ= Äó= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= xSVJTOzK=
bñéçëìêÉ= íç= ~ãáåÉë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= qa^= ~åÇ= ja^= ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= mro=
Ü~ë= ~äëç= ÄÉÉå= áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇ= Äó= ~áê= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= xUIQUITPzK= cçê= jl`Î=
ÉñéçëìêÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ= çÑ= mro= Äó= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=
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iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çÑ=ja^=Ñêçã=ãÉÇáÅ~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=mro=xTSITTzI=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=qa^=~åÇ=
ja^= Ñêçã= ÑççÇ= é~Åâ~ÖáåÖ= ã~íÉêá~äë= xTUITVz= ~åÇ= çÑ= qa^= ÇìêáåÖ= ~èìÉçìë=
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ïáíÜ=~=mro=ä~óÉê=xUOJUQzK=qÜÉ=ÜÉ~äíÜ=êáëâ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=mro=éêçÇìÅíë=áåëáÇÉ=
çê=áå=ÅäçëÉ=Åçåí~Åí=íç=Üìã~åë=áë=îÉêó=ìåÅÉêí~áå=~åÇ=åç=äáãáí=î~äìÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=
áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= Äó= êÉÖìä~íçêó= ~ìíÜçêáíáÉëK= ^= êáëâ= Éî~äì~íáçå= ã~ÇÉ= Äó= íÜÉ= mro=
ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ= áåÇìëíêó= ÅçåÅäìÇÉÇ= íÜ~í= åç= ~ÇîÉêëÉ= ÜÉ~äíÜ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= ïçìäÇ= ÄÉ=
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15
=
2 AIM OF THE THESIS

qÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ïçêâ=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=ëìãã~êó=~åÇ=áå=m~éÉêë=fJsf=áë=~ää=ïáíÜáå=
íÜÉ= ëÅçéÉ= çÑ= íÜáë= íÜÉëáëI= å~ãÉäó= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~åÇ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= Ñçê=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~åÇ=~ãáåÉëK==
jçêÉ=éêÉÅáëÉäóI=íÜÉ=~áã=çÑ=íÜáë=íÜÉëáë=ï~ëW==
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áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áå=íÜÉêã~ä=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=çÑ=mro=Em~éÉê=fI=fffF=
x qç=ÇÉîÉäçé=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áå=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ=éêçÇìÅíë=~åÇ=áå=~áê=Em~éÉê=ffF=
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ëçäìíáçåë=çÑ=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=mro=Ñç~ã=Em~éÉê=sF=
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çÑ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=íç=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=Em~éÉê=sfF=
16
Determination of isocyanates Åsa Marand, 2004
=
3 DETERMINATION OF ISOCYANATES
^ë= áåÜ~ä~íáçå= áë= íÜÉ= Ççãáå~íáåÖ= êçìíÉ= çÑ= ÉñéçëìêÉI= ãÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= íÜÉ=
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áëçÅó~å~íÉëK=få=ÖÉåÉê~äI=ë~ãéäáåÖ=~åÇ=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=ãÉíÜçÇë=Ñçê=~áê=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=çÑ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ü~îÉ= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë= EcáÖìêÉ= OFK= få= ïçêâéä~ÅÉ=
~íãçëéÜÉêÉëI=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=Éñáëí=áå=ÄçíÜ=Ö~ë=~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉ=éÜ~ëÉI=~åÇI=ÜÉåÅÉI=~=
ë~ãéäáåÖ= éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ~ÄäÉ= íç= ÅçääÉÅí= ÄçíÜ= íÜÉëÉ= éÜ~ëÉë= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåíäóK= qÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~êÉ=ÜáÖÜäó=êÉ~ÅíáîÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=áããÉÇá~íÉ=íê~åëÑçêã~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áåíç=ëí~ÄäÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=ìéçå=ÅçääÉÅíáçå=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK=få=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=
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áëçÅó~å~íÉJÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= åçí= àìëí= íÜÉ= çåÉë= Ñçê= ïÜáÅÜ= éìêÉ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇë=
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áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áåÅäìÇÉÇK= cìêíÜÉêI= íÜÉ= èì~åíáí~íáîÉ= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= ãìëí=
ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áå=~áê=åÉ~êI=~åÇ=çÑíÉå=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=äçïÉêI=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=
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17
=
3.1 Sampling techniques

qÜÉ= ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë= Ñçê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= çÑ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= áå= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÇáÑÑÉê=
Ñêçã=É~ÅÜ=çíÜÉêK=d~ë=éÜ~ëÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=~êÉ=íóéáÅ~ääó=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=ÇáÑÑìëáçå=çÑ=
ãçäÉÅìäÉë= íç= ~= ëçäáÇ= çê= äáèìáÇ= ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ïáíÜáå= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäÉêK= tÜÉå= êÉ~ÅÜáåÖ= íÜÉ=
ëìêÑ~ÅÉI= íÜÉ= ãçäÉÅìäÉë= ~êÉ= íê~ééÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= Äó= ~Çëçêéíáçå= çê= Äó= êÉ~Åíáçå= ïáíÜ=
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é~êíáÅäÉë= éÜóëáÅ~ä= áå~Äáäáíó= íç= Ñçääçï= ~å= ~áê= ëíêÉ~ã= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~= ë~ãéäÉêK= ^áê=
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áåíç= íïç= ÖêçìéëI= áãéáåÖÉê= çê= ÄìÄÄäÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ïáíÜ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ëçäìíáçåë= EïÉíF=
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qÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ï~ë= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= áå= çêÇÉê= íç= ÇÉéçëáí= é~êíáÅäÉë=
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çÑ= íÜÉ= åçòòäÉ= ã~âÉë= ä~êÖÉ= é~êíáÅäÉë= áãé~Åí= ~Ö~áåëí= íÜÉ= ÑäìáÇ= çê= íÜÉ= Äçííçã= çÑ=
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ÄìÄÄäÉë= áåíç= íÜÉ= ëçäìíáçå= ~ë= íÜÉ= ~áê= ëíêÉ~ã= áë= Çê~ïå= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉê=
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áå= ëÉêáÉë= ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉêK= ^= ÑÉï= áãéáåÖÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= Ü~îÉ=
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18
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Äìíóä~ãáåÉ= Ea_^F= ~ë= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= êÉ~ÖÉåí= = EcáÖìêÉ= PF= xTzK= få= íÜáë= ãÉíÜçÇI= ~=
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íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ï~ë=Éå~ÄäÉÇK=qÜÉ=áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=
ï~ë= ìëÉÇ= ïÜÉå= éÉêÑçêãáåÖ= ~áê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= áå= m~éÉê= ff= ~í= íÜêÉÉ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
ïçêâéä~ÅÉëI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ï~ë=
ÅçåÑáêãÉÇK= qÜáë= ÇáÅÜçíçãçìë= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= ~= êçìÖÜ=
Éëíáã~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=Ö~ë=~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉ=éÜ~ëÉK=
=
=
cáÖìêÉ=PK qÜÉ=áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉK=
=
qÜÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÅçääÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=áå=~=ëçäìíáçå=áë=~Çî~åí~ÖÉçìë=ïÜÉå=
ìëáåÖ= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉK= qê~ééÉÇ= ãçäÉÅìäÉë= ~êÉ= ëçäîÉÇ=
~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉë= ÇáëëçäîÉÇI= ã~âáåÖ= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= êÉ~Çáäó= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉëK= eçïÉîÉêI= ~= Çáë~Çî~åí~ÖÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉê= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= áë= íÜ~í=
çÑíÉå= îçä~íáäÉ= ëçäîÉåíë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= íçäìÉåÉ= ~êÉ= ìëÉÇI= ïÜáÅÜ= ã~âÉë= éÉêëçå~ä=
ë~ãéäáåÖ= ÅìãÄÉêëçãÉ= ~åÇ= äáãáíë= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íáãÉK= táíÜ= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= Öä~ëë=
áãéáåÖÉêëI= íÜÉêÉ= áë= ~äëç= íÜÉ= êáëâ= çÑ= ÄêÉ~â~ÖÉ= ~åÇ= ëéáää= çÑ= ëçäîÉåíK= få= çêÇÉê= íç=
ÉñíÉåÇ= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íáãÉI= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= åçåJîçä~íáäÉ= ëçäîÉåíë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= ÇáãÉíÜóä=
ëìäéÜçñáÇÉ=EajplF=xVQz=~åÇ=Äìíóä=ÄÉåòç~íÉ=xVRz=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ëíìÇáÉÇI=Äìí=ëáåÅÉ=
ajpl= áë= êÉ~Çáäó= ~ÄëçêÄÉÇ= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= ëâáå= áí= áë= åçí= êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= Ñçê=
éÉêëçå~ä=ë~ãéäáåÖK==
19
=
3.1.2 Impregnated filters
cáäíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= áë= íÜÉ= ãçëí= Åçããçåäó= ìëÉÇ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= Ñçê= é~êíáÅäÉëI=
Äìí= áí= áë= ~äëç= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= Ö~ë= éÜ~ëÉ= ãçäÉÅìäÉëK= tÜÉå= ~å= ~áê=
ëíêÉ~ã=áë=ÑçêÅÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=~=ÑáÄêçìë=ÑáäíÉêI=íÜÉ=ãçäÉÅìäÉë=~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉë=áå=íÜÉ=~áê=
ïáää=ÇÉîá~íÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=~áê=ëíêÉ~ã=~åÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ÇÉéçëáíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáÄêÉëK=jçäÉÅìäÉë=
~åÇ= ëã~ää= é~êíáÅäÉë= EYMKN= ”ãF= ~êÉ= éêÉÇçãáå~íÉäó= ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= Äó=
ÇáÑÑìëáçåI=~åÇ=Ñçê=ä~êÖÉê=é~êíáÅäÉë=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=äáâÉ=áãé~Åíáçå=~åÇ=áåíÉêÅÉéíáçå=
Ççãáå~íÉ= xVSzK= få= çêÇÉê= íç= íê~é= Ö~ë= éÜ~ëÉ= ãçäÉÅìäÉë= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉêI= íÜÉ= ÑáÄêÉë=
ãìëí= ÄÉ= áãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ëçäìíáçåK= qÜÉ= ãçëí= Åçããçåäó= ìëÉÇ=
ã~íÉêá~ä=Ñçê=ÑáäíÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áë=Öä~ëë=ÑáÄÉê=çÑ=ÉáíÜÉê=NPI=OR=çê=PT=
ãã=ëáòÉI=ïáíÜçìí=ÄáåÇÉêI=~åÇ=ïáíÜ=~=éçêÉ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=MKP=”ã=xVTJNMNzK=^=ëéÉÅá~ääó=
ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ= ÑáäíÉê= ë~ãéäÉê= Ñçê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= çÑ= áåÜ~ä~ÄäÉ= ã~ëë= Ñê~ÅíáçåI= íÜÉ= flj=
ë~ãéäÉêI=áå=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=~å=áãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ=èì~êíò=ÑáÄêÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Ü~ë=~äëç=ÄÉÉå=
ìëÉÇ=xNMOzK=fãéêÉÖå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêë=áë=íóéáÅ~ääó=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=Äó=~ÇÇáåÖ=êÉ~ÖÉåí=
ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=~=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=îçä~íáäÉ=ëçäîÉåíI=~åÇ=~ÑíÉê=Éî~éçê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäîÉåíI=íÜÉ=
êÉ~ÖÉåí=áë=ê~åÇçãäó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêK=qÜÉ=Å~é~Åáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=EáKÉK=íÜÉ=
êÉ~ÖÉåí=äç~ÇáåÖF=áë=áå=ÖÉåÉê~ä=ÜáÖÜ=ïÜÉå=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=äÉîÉäëK==
pÉîÉê~ä=Åçãé~ê~íáîÉ=ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=áãéáåÖÉê=~åÇ=ÑáäíÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=Ü~îÉ=
ÄÉÉå= éÉêÑçêãÉÇI= ëçãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉã= êÉëìäíáåÖ= áå= ÖççÇ= ÅçêêÉä~íáçå= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ=
ãÉíÜçÇë= áå= ÑáÉäÇ= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= xNMOz= ~åÇ= áå= ä~Äçê~íçêó= ÉñéÉêáãÉåíë= xVVzK=
líÜÉêë= Ü~îÉ= êÉéçêíÉÇ= ìåÇÉêÉëíáã~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ïÜÉå= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ïáíÜ=
áãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ= ÑáäíÉêëI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= ïÜÉå= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ä~êÖÉ= é~êíáÅäÉ= ëéê~ó= ~Éêçëçäë= ~í=
ÜáÖÜ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=xQMIQQIVTINMPzI=~í=ÜáÖÜ=ÜìãáÇáíó=xVUz=çê=Ñ~ëí=ÅìêáåÖ=jaf=
~Éêçëçäë= xNMNINMQINMRzK= qÜÉ= éêçÄ~ÄäÉ= Éñéä~å~íáçåë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= äçïÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ=
ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅáÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ÑáÉäÇ= Åçãé~êáëçåë= ~êÉ= åìãÉêçìë= áåíÉêÑÉêÉåÅÉë= íÜ~í= Å~å=
ÇáëíìêÄ= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉêI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉ= ï~íÉêI= éçäóçä= êÉëáÇìÉëI=
Å~í~äóëíë= ÉíÅK= ^äëçI= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ~í= çåÉ= ëáíÉ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ã~ó= ÄÉ= ÇÉéäÉíÉÇ= ïÜÉå=
ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~å= ~Éêçëçä= ïáíÜ= ä~êÖÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= é~êíáÅäÉëI= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉ= ëéê~ó=
~ÉêçëçäëK=qÜÉ=~ÄëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëçäîÉåí=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ã~âÉë=íÜÉ=ÅçääÉÅíáçå=ãçêÉ=éêçåÉ=
íç= áåíÉêÑÉêÉåÅÉëI= ~åÇ= ã~âÉë= áí= áãéçëëáÄäÉ= íç= êÉåÉï= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= çå= ~= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=
ëáíÉK= bÑÑçêíë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ã~ÇÉ= íç= ëéêÉ~Ç= ~åÇ= ÇáëëçäîÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉë=
ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=Äó=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå=çÑ=ÜáÖÜ=ÄçáäáåÖ=ëçäîÉåíë=äáâÉ=ÖäóÅÉêçä=xQMz=
~åÇ=ÇáÉíÜóäéÜí~ä~íÉ=xNMRzK=
qÜÉ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ÄçíÜ= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= ~åÇ= ìëÉêJÑêáÉåÇäó=
Ü~åÇäáåÖ= ã~âÉë= ÑáäíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉçìëK= få= çêÇÉê= íç= ãáåáãáòÉ= íÜÉ=
éêçÄäÉã= ïáíÜ= áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉêI= Éñíê~Åíáçå= áããÉÇá~íÉäó=
~ÑíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ= xNMSINMTzK= eçïÉîÉêI= ~ë= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉë=
ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= ÑáäíÉê= ã~ó= åçí= ÄÉ= áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇI= íÜÉ= éêçÄäÉã= ïáíÜ=
áåíÉêÑÉêáåÖ= êÉ~Åíáçåë= ëíáää= Éñáëíë= ÇìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= íáãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖK= få= ~ÇÇáíáçåI=
20
=
ÑáÉäÇ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ~ÑíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ÖêÉ~íäó= êÉÇìÅÉë= íÜÉ= ìëÉêJ

ÑêáÉåÇäáåÉëë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉK==
3.1.3 Denuder /denuder-filter
^=ÇÉåìÇÉê=ë~ãéäÉê=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=~=ÅóäáåÇêáÅ~ä=íìÄÉI=~åÇ=~ë=~áê=Ñäçïë=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=
íìÄÉ=íÜÉ=Ö~ëÉçìë=ãçäÉÅìäÉë=ÇáÑÑìëÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=~áê=ëíêÉ~ã=íç=íÜÉ=ï~ääëI=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉó=
~êÉ= ÉáíÜÉê= ~ÇëçêÄÉÇ= çê= êÉ~Åí= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= Åç~íáåÖK= ^ë= ãçäÉÅìä~ê= ëéÉÅáÉë=
ÇáÑÑìëÉ=ãçêÉ=ê~éáÇäó=íÜ~å=é~êíáÅäÉëI=íÜÉ=é~êíáÅìä~íÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=~áê=ëíêÉ~ã=ïáää=
é~ëë= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= ÇÉåìÇÉê= ìå~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇK= qÜÉ= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= çÑ= Ö~ë= áå= íÜÉ=
ÇÉåìÇÉê=áë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=íìÄÉ=ÇáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=~áê=ÑäçïI=~åÇ=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=
ÅçääÉÅíáçå=çÑ=çåäó=Ö~ëÉçìë=ëéÉÅáÉëI=íÜÉ=Ñäçï=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉåìÇÉê=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ëí~ÄäÉ=
~åÇ=ä~ãáå~ê=xNMUzK=qïç=ã~áå=ÇÉëáÖåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉåìÇÉê=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇI=íÜÉ=
çêáÖáå~ä= íìÄìä~ê= ÇÉåìÇÉê= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ~ååìä~ê= ÇÉåìÇÉêK= qÜÉ= ä~ííÉê= Åçåëáëí= çÑ= íïç=
Åç~ñá~ä= íìÄÉëI= çåÉ= áåëáÇÉ= íÜÉ= çíÜÉêI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ~áê= Ñäçïë= áå= íÜÉ= ~ååìä~ê= ëÉÅíáçå=
ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=íìÄÉëK=rëáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ååìä~ê=ÇÉëáÖåI=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~=áë=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=~åÇ=
ÜáÖÜÉê= Ñäçï= ê~íÉë= ~åÇ= ëÜçêíÉê= íìÄÉë= ~êÉ= êÉèìáêÉÇ= íç= çÄí~áå= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ë~ãéäáåÖ=
íÜ~å=ïáíÜ=íìÄìä~ê=ÇÉëáÖåK==
páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=éêáåÅáéäÉ=çÑ=ÇÉåìÇÉêë=áë=íç=ÅçääÉÅí=Ö~ëÉçìë=ëéÉÅáÉëI=~åçíÜÉê=ÅçääÉÅíáçå=
ÇÉîáÅÉ= ãìëí= ÄÉ= áåÅäìÇÉÇ= Ñçê= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉëK= qÜáë=
Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ~ÅÅçãéäáëÜÉÇ= áå= ~= ÇáÅÜçíçãçìë= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íê~áå= ïáíÜ= çåÉ= çê= íïç=
~ååìä~ê=ÇÉåìÇÉêë=ÑçääçïÉÇ=Äó=~å=áãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ=ÑáäíÉê=xNNINPzK=qÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉê=ï~ë=
~äëç= ÉèìáééÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~å= áãé~Åíçê= çê= ÅóÅäçåÉ= áåäÉíI= ïÜáÅÜ= ÅçìäÇ= ëÉé~ê~íÉ= ä~êÖÉê=
é~êíáÅäÉë= ÄÉÑçêÉ= ÉåíÉêáåÖ= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäÉêK= qÜÉ= ÇáÅÜçíçãçìë= ë~ãéäÉê= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=
ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=Ö~ë=~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=ëÉé~ê~íÉäóI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=êÉëìäí=ÅäÉ~êäó=ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ=
íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=íç=ÄÉ=é~êíáíáçåÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=Ö~ë=~åÇ=é~êíáÅäÉ=éÜ~ëÉK=få=
m~éÉê=fsI=~=ëáãáä~ê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=~=íìÄÉ=Åç~íÉÇ=
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Ö~ë= éÜ~ëÉX= áåëíÉ~Ç= íÜÉ= ã~áå= éìêéçëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= íìÄÉ= ï~ë= íç= ÅçääÉÅí= íÜÉ= äçï=
ãçäÉÅìä~ê= ïÉáÖÜí= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= íÜ~í= Çç= åçí= êÉ~Åí= éêçéÉêäó= çå= ~å=
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ÑáäíÉêK=^ë=~=êÉëìäíI=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=Ñçê=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=
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~ë= íÜÉó= É~ÅÜ= éêçÇìÅÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ~Éêçëçäë= ïáíÜ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëI= áå=
é~êíáÅäÉ=ëáòÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåëI=áå=ÅìêáåÖ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=
çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=áåíÉêÑÉêÉåÅÉëK=få=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íáçåI=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉê=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=ïÉää=áå=íÜÉ=
ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ëÉîÉê~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= ÄçíÜ= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉK= eçïÉîÉêI=
ïÜÉå= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~í= ÜáÖÜ= ÜìãáÇáíóI= íÜÉ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= ï~ë= ~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ=
ÅçåÇÉåë~íáçå=çÑ=ï~íÉê=çå=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêëK=
3.1.4 Other sampling methods
líÜÉê= ëçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ= ãÉíÜçÇë= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= íç= ë~ãéäÉ= éêÉÑÉê~Ääó= Ö~ëÉçìë=

áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ïáíÜ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íìÄÉë= ÑáääÉÇ= çê= é~ÅâÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= Åç~íÉÇ=
éçêçìë= ã~íÉêá~äK= ^ãçåÖ= ãÉíÜçÇë= êÉéçêíÉÇI= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= é~ÅâáåÖ= ã~íÉêá~äë= ~êÉ=
ìëÉÇW= Öä~ëë= ïççä= xNNOINNPzI= uâJO= xNNQJNNSzI= ëáäáÅ~= ÖÉä= xNNTzI= ìåÅç~íÉÇ=
qÉå~ñJíìÄÉë=xNNUz=~åÇ=mro=ëéçåÖÉ=xNNVzK=qÜÉ=Åç~íáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=áë=ÉëëÉåíá~ääó=
íÜÉ=ë~ãÉI=ÉîÉå=íÜçìÖÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=êÉ~ÖÉåíë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇK=qÜÉ=êÉ~ÖÉåí=áë=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=~=
22
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îçä~íáäÉ= ëçäîÉåí= ~åÇ= ãáñÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= é~ÅâáåÖ= ã~íÉêá~äK= qÜÉêÉ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉ=
ëçäîÉåí= áë= Éî~éçê~íÉÇI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íìÄÉ= áë= ÑáääÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= Åç~íÉÇ=
é~ÅâáåÖ= ã~íÉêáÉäK= qÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= Éî~äì~íÉÇ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäóI= áå=
ëçãÉ= Å~ëÉë= çåäó= Äó= áåàÉÅíáçå= çÑ= ~= âåçïå= ~ãçìåí= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ëçäìíáçå= áåíç=
íÜÉ= íìÄÉI= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~áê= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ= íìÄÉ= Ñçê= ëçãÉ= íáãÉ= ~åÇ= Åçãé~êáåÖ= íÜÉ=
êÉëìäí=ïáíÜ=ëéáâÉÇ=ë~ãéäÉë=xNNTINNUzK=líÜÉêë=Ü~îÉ=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=~Ö~áåëí=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉë= ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ= ~í= íÜÉ= ä~Äçê~íçêó= xNOMzI=
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ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=~íãçëéÜÉêÉë=xNNOINNPINNRINONz=çê=é~ê~ääÉä=ë~ãéäáåÖ=áå=ÑáÉäÇ=ëíìÇáÉë=
xNNSINNVINOOzK= ^ë= ~å= Éñ~ãéäÉI= íÜÉ= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= Ñçê= Öä~ëë= íìÄÉë= ÑáääÉÇ=
ïáíÜ= êÉ~ÖÉåíJÅç~íÉÇ= uâJO= ï~ë= ~Äçìí= SMB= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= áãéáåÖÉê=
ë~ãéäáåÖ=áå=ëéê~óJé~áåíáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåë=xNNSz=~åÇ=VM=B=ïÜÉå=ë~ãéäáåÖ=mÜf=áå=~=
ä~Äçê~íçêó= ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉ= xNNRzK= fåÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ë~ãéäáåÖ= Ü~ë= ~äëç= ÄÉÉå=
êÉéçêíÉÇ= Ñçê= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= jafJÄ~ëÉÇ= ~Éêçëçä= ïáíÜ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= Åç~íÉÇ= Öä~ëë= ïççä=
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áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= éêÉëÉåíÉÇ= xNOPzK= qïç= ÑáäíÉêë= ~êÉ= ÅçìéäÉÇ= áå= ëÉêáÉëI= Ñáêëí=
~å= ìåáãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ= qÉÑäçå= ÑáäíÉê= ïÜáÅÜ= ï~ë= ÑçääçïÉÇ= Äó= ~å= áãéêÉÖå~íÉÇ= Öä~ëë=
ÑáÄêÉ= ÑáäíÉêK= qÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ï~ë= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= Ñçê= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= çÑ= é~êíáÅäÉ=
ÄçêåÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= çå= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= ÑáäíÉê= ~åÇ= íê~ééáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= Ö~ë= éÜ~ëÉ= çå= íÜÉ=
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ÄçêåÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=ïáíÜçìí=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåíI=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉê=Ü~ë=ã~áåäó=ÄÉÉå=
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cçê= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= çÑ= ~îÉê~ÖÉI= äçåÖJíÉêã= ÉñéçëìêÉ= íç= áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ÇáÑÑìëáîÉ=
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~=ÇáÑÑìëÉêI=~åÇ=Ö~ë=éÜ~ëÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áå=íÜÉ=~íãçëéÜÉêÉ=ÇáÑÑìëÉ=~í=~=ÅÉêí~áå=ê~íÉ=
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cçê= êÉ~äJíáãÉ= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåí= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÉñéçëìêÉI= íÜÉêÉ= ~êÉ= ÇáêÉÅí= êÉ~ÇáåÖ=
áåëíêìãÉåíë= ïÜÉêÉ= íÜÉ= ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= êÉ~Åí= ïáíÜ= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= çå= ~= ÑáäíÉê=
í~éÉ=xNOSINOTzK=fåëí~åí=êÉëìäíë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=çîÉê=
~=äçåÖ=éÉêáçÇ=çÑ=íáãÉ=~êÉ=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉë=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑáäíÉêJí~éÉ=ãçåáíçêëK=
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23
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3.2 Derivatisation reagents

qóéáÅ~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~Åíáçåë=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~êÉ=ïáíÜ=~å=~ãáåÉ=íç=Ñçêã=ìêÉ~=
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ÑçääçïÉÇ= Äó= Çá~òçíáò~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= Çá~ãáåÉë= ~åÇ= ÅçìéäáåÖ= ïáíÜ= kJNJ
å~éÜíóäÉíÜóäÉåÉÇá~ãáåÉI= ïÜáÅÜ=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=~=êÉÇÇáëÜ=Åçäçìê=íÜ~í=ï~ë=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=
Äó= ëéÉÅíçéÜçíçãÉíêóK= qÜÉ= ÅçäçêáãÉíêáÅ= ãÉíÜçÇë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ãçÇáÑáÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ=
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êÉ~ÖÉåí=éÉ~âë=ïáää=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=É~êäó=ÉäìíáåÖ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=i`=Åçäìãå=ïáää=
ÇÉíÉêáçê~íÉK= cçê= OJmmI= jlmI= j^m= ~åÇ= j^j^= ÉñÅÉëë= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ã~ó= ÄÉ=
~ÅÉíóä~íÉÇ= xRINMOINQSINQTzI= Äìí= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ~ÅÉíóä~íáçå=
Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ãë= xVNINQUzK= cçê= íÜÉ= îçä~íáäÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí=
a_Î=íÜÉ=ÉñÅÉëë=êÉ~ÖÉåí=áë=êÉãçîÉÇ=Äó=Éî~éçê~íáçåI=ïÜÉå=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=íÜÉ=ëçäîÉåí=
25
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^å= áãéçêí~åí= êÉ~ÖÉåí= éêçéÉêíó= áë= ëí~ÄáäáíóI= ÄçíÜ= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= áíëÉäÑ= ~åÇ= Ñçê=
íÜÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK=få=~ää=~ééäáÅ~íáçåëI=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=~áê=
ë~ãéäÉë= ãìëí= ÄÉ= ëÜáééÉÇ= Ä~Åâ= ~åÇ= ÑçêíÜ= íç= íÜÉ= ä~Äçê~íçêóI= ìåÇÉê= î~êáçìë=
ëíçê~ÖÉ= ÅçåÇáíáçåëK= fÑ= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ëìÑÑÉêë= Ñêçã= ëí~Äáäáíó= éêçÄäÉãë= ìåÇÉê= ÅÉêí~áå=
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áå=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=ÄçíÜ=áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê=~åÇ=ëçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖK=qÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=
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íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= ~åÇ= ÑçêãÉÇ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ÉåëìêÉ= ~= ë~ãéäáåÖ= éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= ïáíÜçìí=
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26
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3.3 Analysis
qÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áë= ã~áåäó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ìëáåÖ=
êÉîÉêëÉÇ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÜáÖÜ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= äáèìáÇ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= Eemi`F= ~åÇ=
ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ìäíê~îáçäÉí=ErsFI=ÑäìçêÉëÅÉåÅÉ=EcäFI=ÉäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=
Eb`F=~åÇ=ã~ëë=ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêó=EjpFK=qÜÉ=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=ïçêâ=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=m~éÉêë=
fJfs= áë= ÉëëÉåíá~ääó= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~åÇ= jp= ÇÉíÉÅíáçåI=
ïÜáÅÜ= ïáää= ÄÉ= íÜÉ= ÑçÅìë= çÑ= íÜáë= ëÉÅíáçåK= líÜÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~åÇ= ~å~äóëáë=
íÉÅÜåáèìÉë= ïáää= ÄÉ= ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ= Ñêçã= ~= ãçêÉ= ÖÉåÉê~ä= éçáåí= çÑ= îáÉï= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå=
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3.3.1 Analytical standards
3.3.1.1 Monomeric isocyanates
cçê=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=QIQƍJjafI= OIQJI=~åÇ=OISJqaf= ~åÇ= eafI=

éìêÉ=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=Öê~ÇÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇë=~êÉ=ÅçããÉêÅá~ääó=~î~áä~ÄäÉK=få=ëçãÉ=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=
ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ãáñíìêÉë= çÑ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= áëçãÉêëK= mìêÉ= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= Ñçê=
ãçåçáëçÅó~å~íÉë= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= jfÌ= bfÌ= mf`= ~åÇ= mÜf= ~êÉ= ~äëç= ~î~áä~ÄäÉK=
aÉêáî~íáîÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ= ãçåçãÉêë= ~êÉ= É~ëáäó= éêÉé~êÉÇK= få= ÖÉåÉê~äI= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåíë= ~êÉ=
ÇáëëçäîÉÇ= áå= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= Öê~ÇÉ= ëçäîÉåíI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ~ÇÇÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ=
ëçäìíáçåK= eóÖêçëÅçéáÅ= ëçäîÉåíë= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ~îçáÇÉÇ= ~ë= ~ÄëçêÄÉÇ= ï~íÉê= ã~ó=
áåíÉêÑÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~Åíáçå=xVQzK=^ë=Çáëëçäìíáçå=çÑ=éìêÉ=QIQƍJjaf=
Å~å= ÄÉ= íêçìÄäÉëçãÉI= ãÉíÜóäÉåÉ= ÅÜäçêáÇÉ= áë= íÜÉ= ëçäîÉåí= íóéáÅ~ääó= ìëÉÇK= ^ÑíÉê=
ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçåI= íÜÉ= ÉñÅÉëë= êÉ~ÖÉåí= áë= êÉãçîÉÇ= ÉáíÜÉê= Äó= ~ÅÉíóä~íáçå=
xRINMOINQSINQTzI=çêI=~ë=Ñçê=íÜÉ=îçä~íáäÉ=a_^=êÉ~ÖÉåíI=Äó=Éî~éçê~íáçå=xTzK=
3.3.1.2 From reference solutions
cçê= ã~åó= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ëéÉÅáÉë= áå= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= Öê~ÇÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= ~åÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉêã~ä=
ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=mro=éìêÉ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=~êÉ=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=
éçëëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=éêçÇìÅáåÖ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=ïáíÜ=ïÉää=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
ÅçåíÉåí= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= áå= m~éÉêë= f= ~åÇ= ffK= oÉä~íÉÇ= ïçêâ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå=
êÉéçêíÉÇ=Ñçê=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáë~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉêã~ä=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=Ñêçã=ïÉäÇáåÖ=áå=
ÇáëíêáÅí=ÜÉ~íáåÖ=éáéÉë=xUzK=qÜÉ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ=áåîçäîÉë=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=
ÉáíÜÉê= ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çê= áå= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíë=
ïáíÜ=a_Î=áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=Äó=i`J
íáãÉJçÑJÑäáÖÜí= EqlcFJjp= ~åÇ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Äó=
i`JÅÜÉãáäìãáåÉëÅÉåí= åáíêçÖÉå= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= EìkaFK= qÜÉ= êÉëìäí= áë= ~= êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=
ëçäìíáçå= ïÜÉêÉ= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~êÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ääó= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇI=
~åÇ=Äó=ÑìêíÜÉê=Çáäìíáçå=íç=~ééêçéêá~íÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåëI=íÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=
~ë=~å=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=ëí~åÇ~êÇK==
27
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få=m~éÉê= ff= íÜÉ= íçí~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÅçåíÉåí= áå= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= éêçÇìÅíë= ï~ë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=
Äó= i`JqlcJjp= ~åÇ= i`JìkaI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëìã= çÑ= ÉäìíÉÇ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= ï~ë=
Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=~=íáíê~íáçå=~ëë~óK=cçê=~ää=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=éêçÇìÅíë=áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇI=ÄÉíïÉÉå=
SV=~åÇ=NMO=B=çÑ=íÜÉ=k`l=ÅçåíÉåí=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=Äó=íáíê~íáçå=ïÉêÉ=~ÅÅçìåíÉÇ=Ñçê=
Äó= i`Jìka= Eq~ÄäÉ= TFK= qÜÉ= ÇáëÅêÉé~åÅáÉë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= Ñçê= ëçãÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= éêçÇìÅíë= áåÇáÅ~íÉ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ= ëóëíÉã= ìëÉÇ= ï~ë= åçí=
~ÄäÉ= íç= ÉäìíÉ= ~ää= a_^JÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ëéÉÅáÉëK= qÜáë= áë= åçí= ~= éêçÄäÉã=
ïÜÉå=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ãáñíìêÉë=~ë=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëçäìíáçåëI=
~ë= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~êÉ= áåÇáîáÇì~ääó= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇK= eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= éêÉëÉåÅÉ= çÑ=
ìåâåçïå=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ëéÉÅáÉë=áå=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=éêçÇìÅíë=áë=çÑ=ÅçåÅÉêåK=
=
q~ÄäÉ= TK= a_^= ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ= Äó= i`JqlcJ
jpLi`Jìka=~åÇ=Äó=íáíê~íáçåK=
qáíê~íáçå=Ç~í~I== qlcLìka=Ç~í~I==
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B=k`l= B=k`l=
pìéê~ëÉÅ=OOPQI=éjaf= NS= NN=

pìéê~ëÉÅ=RMPMI=éjaf= PN= OQ=
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3.3.1.3 Internal standards
få= èì~åíáí~íáîÉ= ~å~äóëáëI= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= áåíÉêå~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= EfpF= áå= íÜÉ= ïçêâJìé=
éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= ~åÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= ~å~äóëáë= áãéêçîÉë= íÜÉ= èì~äáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåK= få= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ãI= íÜÉ= éÉ~â= ~êÉ~= Eçê= ÜÉáÖÜíF= ê~íáç=
ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= ~å~äóíÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= fp= áë= ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ê~íáç= áë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ=
ê~íáçë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇëK= qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= fp= ÉåëìêÉë= íÜ~í= äçëëÉë= ~åÇ=
áåÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= êÉÅçîÉêáÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ïçêâJìé= éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= ~êÉ= ~ÅÅçìåíÉÇ= ÑçêI= ~ë= ïÉää= ~ë=
î~êá~íáçå= áå= áåàÉÅíáçå= îçäìãÉë= ~åÇ= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= êÉëéçåëÉK= qÜÉ= fp= ëÜçìäÇ= ÄÉ=
ÅÜÉãáÅ~ääó= ëáãáä~ê= íç= íÜÉ= ~å~äóíÉI= ~åÇ= áå= jp= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåëI= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ~å=
áëçíçéáÅ= ä~ÄÉäÉÇ= fp= Ñçê= É~ÅÜ= ~å~äóíÉ= áë= íÜÉ= éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ= ÅÜçáÅÉK= få= íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ÇÉìíÉêáìãJä~ÄÉäÉÇ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
28
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ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ=ïáíÜ=a_^=~åÇ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=fp=ïáíÜ=ÖççÇ=éêÉÅáëáçå=xTIUzK=eçïÉîÉêI=a_^=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= çÑ= ÇÉìíÉêáìãJä~ÄÉäÉÇ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ä~Äçìê= áåíÉåëáîÉ= íç= éêÉé~êÉ=
~åÇ=íÜÉó=~êÉ=çåäó=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=~=ÑÉï=áëçÅó~å~íÉëK==
få=m~éÉêë=ff=~åÇ=fffI=qÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ÇÉìíÉêáìãJä~ÄÉäÉÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåíI=ëìÅÜ=
~ë= aVJ= ~åÇ= aNUJa_Î= ï~ë= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇK= qÜÉ= ÇÉìíÉêáìã= ä~ÄÉääÉÇ= a_^J
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ïÉêÉ= É~ëó= íç= éêÉé~êÉ= ~åÇ= ~åó= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= çê=
íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= éêçÇìÅí= ÅçìäÇ= ÄÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ= ~åÇ= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= ~å= fpK=
bî~äì~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= íÜêÉÉ= íóéÉë=çÑ= ÇÉìíÉêáìãJä~ÄÉäÉÇ= fp= Ñçê= qaf= ï~ë= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=
áå= m~éÉê= fff= áå= êÉÖ~êÇ= íç= äáåÉ~êáíó= ~åÇ= éêÉÅáëáçå= çÑ= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ÅìêîÉëK= qÜÉ=
ÇÉìíÉêáìãJä~ÄÉäÉÇ=ÇPJqafJa_Î=qafJÇVJa_^=~åÇ=qafJÇNUJa_^=ÉäìíÉÇ=éêáçê=íç=
qafJa_Î= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ= áå= êÉíÉåíáçå= íáãÉ= áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=
ÇÉìíÉêáìã= ëìÄëíáíìíáçåë= áå= íÜÉ= ãçäÉÅìäÉ= EcáÖìêÉ= RFK= `~äáÄê~íáçå= ÅìêîÉë= ïáíÜ=
~ÇÉèì~íÉ= äáåÉ~êáíó= ~åÇ= éêÉÅáëáçå= ïÉêÉ= çÄí~áåÉÇ= Ñçê= ~ää= íÜêÉÉ= íóéÉë= çÑ= fpI=
ÜçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= ÄÉëí= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ= ï~ë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÇPJqafJa_^K= få= m~éÉê= ffI=
ïÜÉå= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= éêçÇìÅíëI= íÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ÇVJa_^= ï~ë=
ÜáÖÜäó= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉçìë= ~ë= áí= éêçîáÇÉÇ= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= fp= Ñçê= ~ää= íÜÉ= áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉëK==
d3 -2,4-TDI-DBA
2,4-TDI-d9-DBA
2,4-TDI-d18 -DBA
2,4-TDI-DBA
7.4 8.0
Time ( min) =
=
cáÖìêÉ=RK `Üêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=ÇÉìíÉêáìãJ
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= ~åÇ=qafJÇNUJa_^K=
3.3.2 Chromatography
cçê= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= êÉîÉêëÉÇ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÜáÖÜ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=

äáèìáÇ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= Eemi`F= áë= íóéáÅ~ääó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= xRITINRMJNROzK= få= iÌ=
íÜÉ= ~å~äóíÉë= ~êÉ= íê~åëéçêíÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= íÜêçìÖÜ= ~= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ=
Åçäìãå= é~ÅâÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ëí~íáçå~êó= éÜ~ëÉK= aÉéÉåÇáåÖ= çå= íÜÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= çÑ= íÜÉ=
29
=
ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= ~å~äóíÉëI= íÜÉó= ~êÉ= êÉí~áåÉÇ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó= Äó= íÜÉ= ëí~íáçå~êó= éÜ~ëÉK= få=
êÉîÉêëÉÇ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜóI= ~= åçåJéçä~ê= ëí~íáçå~êó= éÜ~ëÉ= ëìÅÜ= ~ë=
ÜóÇêçÅ~êÄçå= áë= ìëÉÇ= áå= ÅçãÄáå~íáçå= ïáíÜ= éçä~ê= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉë= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= Ñçê=
Éñ~ãéäÉ= ï~íÉêI= ~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉ= ~åÇLçê= ãÉíÜ~åçäK= få= çêÇÉê= íç= áåÅêÉ~ëÉ= íÜÉ=
ëÉäÉÅíáîáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íáçåI= Öê~ÇáÉåí= Éäìíáçå= ïáíÜ= ~= î~êáÉÇ= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ=
Åçãéçëáíáçå= Å~å= ÄÉ= éÉêÑçêãÉÇK= dê~ÇáÉåí= Éäìíáçå= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= áëçÅê~íáÅ=
Éäìíáçå= EÅçåëí~åí= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÅçãéçëáíáçåF= êÉëìäíë= áå= Ñ~ëíÉê= Éäìíáçå= çÑ=
ëíêçåÖäó= êÉí~áåÉÇ= ~å~äóíÉë= ~åÇ= å~êêçï= éÉ~â= ëÜ~éÉë= íÜêçìÖÜçìí= íÜÉ=
ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ãK==
qÜÉ=ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ÖêÉ~íäó=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=èì~äáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåK=
eáÖÜ= êÉëçäîáåÖ= éçïÉê= EëÉé~ê~íáçå= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅóF= êÉëìäíë= áå= ãçêÉ= êÉäá~ÄäÉ=
áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI=~åÇ=ÜÉåÅÉI=ãçêÉ=ëÉäÉÅíáîÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåëK=k~êêçï=éÉ~â=ëÜ~éÉë=êÉëìäí=áå=äçïÉê=äáãáíë=çÑ=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=EilaFK=
qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ~= ée= Öê~ÇáÉåí= áå= ÅçãÄáå~íáçå= ïáíÜ= áëçÅó~å~íÉJj^m= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
Ü~îÉ= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= Ñ~ëíÉê= Éäìíáçå= íáãÉë= ~åÇ= áãéêçîÉÇ= êÉëçäìíáçå= éçïÉê= Ñêçã=
áåíÉêÑÉêÉåÅÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ã= xNRPzK= cçê= Ñ~ëíÉê= Éäìíáçå= çÑ= ëíêçåÖäó=
êÉí~áåÉÇ= éêÉéçäóãÉêáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= åçêã~ä= éÜ~ëÉ= emi`= Ü~ë= ~äëç=
ÄÉÉå=áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇ=xNRQzK=få=Åçãé~êáëçå=ïáíÜ=êÉîÉêëÉÇ=éÜ~ëÉ=emiÌ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=
Å~éáää~êó=òçåÉ=ÉäÉÅíêçéÜçêÉëáë=çê=ãáÅêçJÅçäìãå=i`=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=áãéêçîÉÇ=ila=
Ñçê=áëçÅó~å~íÉJÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=xNRRJNRTzK==
få= m~éÉêë= fJfsI= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ï~ë= ~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ= ìëáåÖ=
ãáÅêç=i`JÅçäìãåë=ERM×NKM=ãã=ïáíÜ=OKRJP=”ã=é~êíáÅäÉëF=~åÇ=Öê~ÇáÉåí=Éäìíáçå=
JN
ïáíÜ= ~= Ñäçï= ê~íÉ= çÑ= TMJNMM= ”ä= ãáå = ïáíÜ= ÉáíÜÉê= ãÉíÜ~åçä= çê= ~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉ=
íçÖÉíÜÉê= ïáíÜ= ï~íÉê= áå= íÜÉ= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= EcáÖìêÉ= SFK= táíÜáå= ~= NR= ãáåìíÉ=
ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ=êìåI=NO=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=áå=~=ïáÇÉ=ãçäÉÅìä~ê=ëáòÉ=
ê~åÖÉ= ïÉêÉ= ÉäìíÉÇK= bÑÑáÅáÉåí= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí= áëçãÉêë= çÑ= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë=
ï~ë=çÄí~áåÉÇI=ÜçïÉîÉê=ëçãÉ=áëçãÉêë=çÑ=çäáÖçãÉêáÅ=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
ïÉêÉ= åçí= éçëëáÄäÉ= íç= êÉëçäîÉK= qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ãáÅêçJÅçäìãå= ~åÇ= äçï= Ñäçï= ê~íÉë=
ãáåáãáëÉÇ=íÜÉ=Çáäìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ãçÄáäÉ=éÜ~ëÉI=~åÇ=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=äÉëë=
éÉ~â= Äêç~ÇÉåáåÖ= çÑ= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK= cìêíÜÉêI= ~å= çåJÅçäìãå=
ÑçÅìëáåÖ= ÉÑÑÉÅí= ï~ë= ~ÅÜáÉîÉÇI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= Ñçê= íÜÉ= É~êäó= ÉäìíáåÖ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= Äó=
áåàÉÅíáåÖ=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉ=áå=~=ÅÉåíêÉÇ=éäìÖ=ëìêêçìåÇÉÇ=Äó=ÑçÅìëáåÖ=äáèìáÇ=ïáíÜ=VRB=
ï~íÉêK=qÜáë=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=Éå~ÄäÉÇ=áåàÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉI=
ïÜáÅÜ=áë=íÜÉ=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=ëçäîÉåí=Ñçê=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK==
=
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30
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éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=Ñçê=xjHezH[xa_^HezH=çå=íïç=ÅÜ~ååÉäëK==
=
3.3.3 Detection techniques
3.3.3.1 UV/EC/Fl, dual detection techniques
qÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåíë= OJmmI= jlmI= j^mI= j^j^= ~åÇ= qêóé= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ìëÉÇ= ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=
íÜÉáê=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=~=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=ÇÉíÉÅíçê=êÉëéçåëÉK=^ää=íÜÉ=êÉ~ÖÉåíë=
Ü~îÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ãçä~ê=~ÄëçêéíáîáíáÉë=ïáíÜ=ìäíê~îáçäÉí=ErsF=ÇÉíÉÅíáçåI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=j^m=
~åÇ= j^jÎ= ïÜáÅÜ= Åçåí~áå= íÜÉ= ÜáÖÜäó= ÅÜêçãçéÜçêáÅ= ~åíÜê~ÅÉåÉ= Öêçìé=
xVRINROzK= cäìçêçéÜçêÉ= éêçéÉêíáÉë= çÑ= OJmmI= j^jÎ= qêóé= ~åÇ= j^m= Éå~ÄäÉë=
31
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ÑäìçêÉëÅÉåÅÉ= EcäF= ÇÉíÉÅíáçåI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÜáÖÜÉëí= êÉëéçåëÉë= ~êÉ= çÄí~áåÉÇ= Ñçê= j^m=
~åÇ= j^j^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= ~äëç= ~ë= ~= êÉëìäí= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~åíÜê~ÅÉåÉ= Öêçìé= xVRzK= qÜÉ=
qêóéI= jlm= ~åÇ= j^m= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~êÉ= ~äëç= ÉäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ääó= ~ÅíáîÉK= qÜÉ=
êÉëéçåëÉ= çÑ= ~å= ÉäÉÅíêçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä= Eb`F= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= ï~ë= ÑçìåÇ= íç= ÄÉ= ëäáÖÜíäó= ÜáÖÜÉê=
Ñçê=jlm=íÜ~å=Ñçê=j^m=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=xVRzK==
cçê=áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=áå=~=ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ãI=~=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=
çÑ= ÇÉíÉÅíçêë= áå= ëÉêáÉë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= xNRNJNRPINRUJNSNzK= _ó= Éëí~ÄäáëÜáåÖ=
êÉëéçåëÉ= ê~íáçë= Ñçê= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= ~äáéÜ~íáÅI= ~êçã~íáÅI= ãçåçJ= I= ÇáJ= ~åÇ= éçäóJ
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= ~= Çì~ä= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉãI= ~å= áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå= ÅêáíÉêáçå=
ÄÉóçåÇ=~=ëáãéäÉ=Åçãé~êáëçå=çÑ=êÉíÉåíáçå=íáãÉë=áë=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇK=qÜÉ=êÉëéçåëÉ=ê~íáç=
ê~åÖÉë= Éå~ÄäÉÇ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= çÑ= “ìåâåçïåÒ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= íÜÉ=
ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ãëK= eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= ÅÜçáÅÉ= çÑ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉë= ìëÉÇ= áå=
ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=~ÑÑÉÅíë=íÜÉ=êÉäá~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå=xNMTzK=qÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=cäLb`=
Ñçê= qêóé= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~åÇ= rsLcä= Ñçê= j^j^= ~åÇ= j^m= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= êÉëìäíÉÇ= áå=
äáííäÉ= î~êá~íáçå= áå= êÉëéçåëÉ= ê~íáçI= Äìí= éêçÄäÉãë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= Ñçê=
áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= jlm= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ìëáåÖ= b`Lrs= ÇÉíÉÅíáçåI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= Ñçê=
~êçã~íáÅ=çäáÖçãÉêáÅ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=xVRINSOzK==
nì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áë= íóéáÅ~ääó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ~Ö~áåëí= ~=
âåçïå= ãçåçãÉêáÅ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ= ìëÉÇ= ~ë= ÉñíÉêå~ä= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇ=
xNRNINRPINRUINSNzK= `~äáÄê~íáçå= ìëáåÖ= çåÉ= çê= ãçêÉ= áåÇÉñ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= áå=
íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= Öê~ÇÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= Ü~ë= ~äëç= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= xVTINMPzK= qÜÉ=
èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= ~= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ã= ~Ö~áåëí= ~=
âåçïå= ~ãçìåí= çÑ= ãçåçãÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ= áë= êÉÑÉêêÉÇ= íç= ~ë= íçí~ä= êÉ~ÅíáîÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= Öêçìé= EqofdF= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåK= få= qofd= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåëI= åç=
ëíêìÅíìê~ä=áåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áë=çÄí~áåÉÇK=qÜÉ=èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå=êÉäáÉë=
çå= íÜÉ= Éèìáãçä~ê= êÉëéçåëÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= íçï~êÇë= ~ää= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK=
cçê= ëÉîÉê~ä= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= íÉÅÜåáèìÉëI= ~= î~êá~íáçå= áå= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= êÉëéçåëÉ= Ü~ë=
ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= xNMTzI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= jlm= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= ÅçãÄáå~íáçå= ïáíÜ= b`=
ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= xNMPzK= eÉåÅÉI= íÜÉ= ÅÜçáÅÉ= çÑ= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= èì~åíáÑóáåÖ= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áë= åçí= åÉÅÉëë~êáäó= íÜÉ= ãçëí= ëÉåëáíáîÉ= çåÉI= Äìí= íÜÉ= çåÉ=
ïáíÜ= äÉëëÉê= î~êá~íáçå= áå= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= êÉëéçåëÉ= íç= ~= ïáÇÉ= ê~åÖÉ= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK==
3.3.3.2 Chemiluminescent nitrogen detection (CLND)
^= ãçêÉ= ê~êÉäó= ìëÉÇ= i`= ÇÉíÉÅíçê= áë= íÜÉ= ÅÜÉãáäìãáåÉëÅÉåí= åáíêçÖÉå= ÇÉíÉÅíçê=
EìkaFK= qÜÉ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= Éå~ÄäÉë= Éèìáãçä~ê= èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ=
çêÖ~åáÅ~ääó=ÄçåÇÉÇ=åáíêçÖÉå=xNSPINSQzK=qÜÉ=éêáåÅáéäÉ=áë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=çñáÇ~íáçå=
çÑ= çêÖ~åáÅ~ääó= ÄçåÇÉÇ= åáíêçÖÉå= áåíç= kl= ~í= ÜáÖÜ= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ~åÇ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=
êÉ~Åíáçå=ïáíÜ=çòçåÉ=íç=éêçÇìÅÉ=åáíêçÖÉå=ÇáçñáÇÉ=áå=áíë=ÉñáíÉÇ=Ñçêã=EklOGFK=^ë=
32
=
íÜÉ= åáíêçÖÉå= ÇáçñáÇÉ= ÇÉÅ~óë= íç= íÜÉ= ÖêçìåÇ= ëí~íI= áí= Éãáíë= ~= éÜçíçå=
EÅÜÉãáäìãáåÉëÅÉåÅÉF=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=ÇÉíÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=~=éÜçíçãìäíáéäáÉê=íìÄÉK==
qÜáë= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= íÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= çÑ= èì~åíáÑóáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉJ
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=áå=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=Em~éÉêë=f=~åÇ=ffFK=_ó=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ìka=~åÇ=íÜÉ=
ë~ãÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ= ÅçåÇáíáçåë= ~ë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= i`JqlcJjp= ~å~äóëáëI=
áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= éÉ~âë= ï~ë= ã~ÇÉ= Äó= Åçãé~êáëçå= çÑ= êÉíÉåíáçå= íáãÉëI= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
~ãçìåí= çÑ= åáíêçÖÉå= áå= É~ÅÜ= ë~ãéäÉ= éÉ~â= ï~ë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= ìëáåÖ= Å~ÑÑÉáåÉ= ~ë=
ÉñíÉêå~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇK= iáåÉ~ê= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ÅìêîÉë= áå= íÜÉ= ê~åÖÉ= MJU= Ɇg N ml-1= ïÉêÉ=
çÄí~áåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíë=[MKVVVK=qÜÉ=áåëíêìãÉåí~ä=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=äáãáí=
çÑ=N=åÖ=k=áåàÉÅíÉÇ=áë=~ÇÉèì~íÉ=Ñçê=èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
áå=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ëçäìíáçåëK==
3.3.3.3 Mass spectrometry
j~ëë= ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêáÅ= EjpF= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= íÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç= çÄí~áå=

ëíêìÅíìê~ä= áåÑçêã~íáçå= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= ïçêâéä~ÅÉ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉëK= qÜÉ=
a_^=êÉ~ÖÉåí=ï~ë=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=íç=éêçÇìÅÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=ëìáí~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=jp=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=
~åÇ= áí= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ìëÉÇ= íÜêçìÖÜçìí= m~éÉêë= fJfsK= jp=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ~áêÄçêåÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉJa_^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= Ñçê=
ãçåçãÉêáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= Ñçê= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= çÑ= mro= xSJ
UIQTINQQINSRINSSzK=cìêíÜÉêI=jp=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=ïáíÜ=
jlm= xNMMINORzI= ïáíÜ= OJmm= xRMz= ~åÇ= ~= êÉÅÉåíäó= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= QJåáíêçJTJ
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E^m`fF= çê= ÉäÉÅíêçëéê~ó= áçåáë~íáçå= EbpfF= áë= íóéáÅ~ääó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇK= qÜÉ=
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pÉé~ê~íáçå=çÑ=áçåë=áå=íÜÉ=~å~äóòÉê=Å~å=ÄÉ=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ=áå=ëÉîÉê~ä=ï~óëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=
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áë= ëÉí= íç= ~ääçï= é~ëë~ÖÉ= çÑ= ~= ÅÉêí~áå= ãLòK= _ó= î~êóáåÖ= íÜÉ= éçíÉåíá~ä= áå= ~=
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MDI-DBA MDI-d9 -DBA
Relative abundance, %
100 130 100 527

509
549
531
156
337 139
402 165
346
380 389 411
0 0
200 400 600 200 400 600
m/z m/z
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ëÉÅçåÇ= èì~ÇêìéçäÉ= áë= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= Åçääáëáçå= áåÇìÅÉÇ= ÇáëëçÅá~íáçå= E`faF= ïÜÉêÉ=
Ñê~ÖãÉåí~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= áçåë= çÅÅìêëK= _ÉÑçêÉ= ~åÇ= ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉ= `faI= íÜÉ= çíÜÉê=
34
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EãLòFX=éêÉÅìêëçê=áçå=ëÅ~åI=ïÜÉå=ëÅ~ååáåÖ=íÜÉ=áçåë=íÜ~í=íÜ~í=çêáÖáå~íÉÇ=Ñêçã=~=
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ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ïÉêÉ= éÉêÑçêãÉÇK= mêçÇìÅí= áçå= ëÅ~åë= çÑ= íÜÉ= éêçíçå~íÉÇ= ãçäÉÅìä~ê=
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Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= xjJa_^zH= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= Ñê~ÖãÉåíë=
ÇÉêáîÉÇ= çåäó= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= xa_^HezHK= få= Åçãé~êáëçå= ïáíÜ= pfo=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåëI= íÜÉ= ã~íêáñ= ÉÑÑÉÅíë= áå= ~= joj= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~ã= ï~ë= ÅäÉ~êäó=
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îÉêó= äçï= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= äáãáíëI= ïÜÉå= Å~äÅìä~íÉÇ= ~ë= ~= ëáÖå~äJíçJåçáëÉ= Eêççí= ãÉ~å=
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íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ= mro= ä~ÅèìÉêK= pfo= ~åÇ= joj= ï~ë= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ïáíÜ= =
i`JíêáéäÉ=èì~ÇêìéçäÉ=jpLjpK= =
35
=
få=m~éÉêë=f=~åÇ=ffI=jp=èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçåë=ïÉêÉ=ã~ÇÉ=Äó=éÉêÑçêãáåÖ=pfo=~åÇ=éÉ~â=
H
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ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÇÉìíÉêáìã= ä~ÄÉääÉÇ= fpK= iáåÉ~ê= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ÅìêîÉë= ïÉêÉ=
çÄí~áåÉÇK= få= m~éÉê= fI= f`^= ï~ë= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= áå= ëÉîÉê~ä= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉêã~ä=
ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ= mro= çê= éÜÉåçäJÑçêã~äÇÉÜóÇÉJìêÉ~= êÉëáåëK= bãáëëáçåë= çÑ= f`^=
Ñêçã=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=íÜÉêã~ääó=ÇÉÅçãéçëÉÇ=mro=ä~ÅèìÉê=Ççãáå~íÉÇ=~ë=Åçãé~êÉÇ=
íç=íÜÉ= äÉîÉäë= çÑ= çíÜÉê= áëçÅó~å~íÉëK= få= ~áê= ë~ãéäÉë=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ= áå= ~å= áêçå= ÑçìåÇêó=
ÇìêáåÖ=Å~ëíáåÖ=áå=ë~åÇ=ãçìäÇë=ïáíÜ=Ñìê~å=êÉëáåëI=íÜÉ=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=f`^=ï~ë=áå=íÜÉ=
ê~åÖÉ=RMJTMM=”Ö=ãJPK==
qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ïÉää= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ= êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= ëçäìíáçåë= ~ë= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= ï~ë=
ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= áå= m~éÉê= ffI= ïÜÉêÉ= ÄçíÜ= Å~äáÄê~íáçå= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= ~åÇ= áåíÉêå~ä=
ëí~åÇ~êÇë= ïÉêÉ= éêÉé~êÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= Öê~ÇÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíëK=
nì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=PJêáåÖ=jaf=~åÇ=eaf=ÇááëçÅó~åìê~íÉ=áå=~áê=ï~ë=
éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ÖççÇ= éêÉÅáëáçå= ~åÇ= ÅçêêÉä~íáçåK= _ó= ÅçääÉÅíáåÖ= ~åÇ=
ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíëI= áåÑçêã~íáçå= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë=éçëëáÄäó=éêÉëÉåí=áå=ïçêâéä~ÅÉ=~íãçëéÜÉêÉë=ï~ë=çÄí~áåÉÇK=cìêíÜÉêI=
ïÜÉå=~ää=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=áå=íÜÉ=~áê=ïÉêÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇI=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=
ìëáåÖ= áåÇÉñ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= Ñçê= èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= ~áê= ë~ãéäÉë= ï~ë=
Éî~äì~íÉÇK==
=
36
Determination of amines Åsa Marand, 2004
=
4 DETERMINATION OF AMINES
jÉíÜçÇë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=mro=áå=î~êáçìë=ã~íêáÅÉë=
Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇK= få= áåÇìëíêá~ä= ÉåîáêçåãÉåíë= ~áê= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
éÉêÑçêãÉÇI=~åÇ=áå=çíÜÉê=~êÉ~ë=çÑ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄáäáíó=çÑ=Éñíê~ÅíáåÖ=~ãáåÉë=
Ñêçã=mro=ã~íÉêá~ä=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇK=qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=íê~ÅÉ=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=
íÜÉëÉ= ~ãáåÉë= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ÑäìáÇë= ~ë=ã~êâÉêë= çÑ= ÉñéçëìêÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë= çê=íÜÉ=
ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ~= ã~àçê= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåK= bîÉå= íÜçìÖÜ= íÜÉ=
~å~äóíáÅ~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=~êÉ=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=î~êáçìë=ã~íêáÅÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=çêÖ~åáÅ=ëçäìíáçåë=
Ñêçã= ~áê= ë~ãéäáåÖI= ~èìÉçìë= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçåë= çê= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ã~íêáñÉëI= íÜÉó=
ëÜ~êÉ=ëÉîÉê~ä=Åçããçå=~ëéÉÅíëK=
4.1 In air
qÜÉ=î~éçìê=éêÉëëìêÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=ëìÖÖÉëí=íÜ~í=íÜÉó=çÅÅìê=éêÉÇçãáå~åíäó=áå=
íÜÉ= é~êíáÅìä~íÉ= éÜ~ëÉI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= íÜÉ= ÜáÖÜÉê= ãçäÉÅìä~ê= ïÉáÖÜí= ja^= ~åÇ=
jl`^K= b~êäó= ë~ãéäáåÖ= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= ÅçääÉÅíáçå= áå= ~ÅáÇáÅ=
~Äëçêéíáçå= ëçäìíáçå= EáãéáåÖÉê= çê= ÄìÄÄäÉêF= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~ãáåÉë= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê=
ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~ë=~=ëìã=xNSUzK=cçê=ÅçääÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ja^=~åÇ=jl`Î=
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jÉíÜçÇë=ïÜáÅÜ=ÇáëíáåÖìáëÜ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=~ãáåÉ=~åÇ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ=~áê=Ü~îÉ=~äëç=
ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇK= ^áê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= áå= áãéáåÖÉê= Ñä~ëâë= ïáíÜ=
ÉíÜ~åçä= xQSITPINTMINTNz= çê= káíêç= xQUz= ~ë= ~= êÉ~ÖÉåí= Ñçê= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ=
íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉëI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëáãìäí~åÉçìëäó=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=~ãáåÉë=ïÉêÉ=~å~äóëÉÇ=ÉáíÜÉê=
~ë=éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~åÜóÇêáÇÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=xQSIQUINTNz=çê=~ë=ëìÅÜ=xTPINTMzK=lÑ=íÜÉ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉ= êÉ~ÖÉåíë= ãçëíäó= ìëÉÇ= íçÇ~óI= ãÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= ëáãìäí~åÉçìëäó=
ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ~ãáåçáëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= Ü~îÉ= çåäó= ÄÉÉå=
êÉéçêíÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=a_^=~ë=êÉ~ÖÉåíK=^áê=ë~ãéäáåÖ=áë=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=ïáíÜ=áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê=
ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= a_^= ëçäìíáçå= áå= íçäìÉåÉ= xUzK= få= íÜÉ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=
ïçêâJìé=éêçÅÉÇìêÉI=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉ=Öêçìéë=çå=íÜÉ=~ãáåçáëçÅó~å~íÉë=
ïÉêÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÉíÜóä=ÅÜäçêçêÑçêã~íÉ=EbíF=Äó=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ=
ÉëíÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK= qÜÉ= ìêÉ~I= Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ= ÉëíÉê= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ãáñÉÇ= ìêÉ~JÅ~êÄ~ã~íÉ=
ÉëíÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ïÉêÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ= ïáíÜáå= çåÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ= êìå= ìëáåÖ= i`J
jpK==
4.2 In aqueous extraction solutions

qÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= çÑ= ~ãáåÉ= äÉ~â~ÖÉ= Ñêçã= î~êáçìë= mro= ã~íÉêá~äë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå=
ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= áå= ëÉîÉê~ä= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= ëíìÇáÉëK= qÜÉ= ãÉíÜçÇçäçÖáÉë= ìëÉÇ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ=
~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=~êÉ=îÉêó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíK=iÉ~â~ÖÉ=çÑ=ja^=Ñêçã=ãÉÇáÅ~ä=~ééäáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=
mro= xTSITTz= ~åÇ= çÑ= ÄçíÜ= qa^= ~åÇ= ja^= Ñêçã= ä~ãáå~íÉÇ= ÑççÇ= é~Åâ~ÖáåÖ=
37
=
ã~íÉêá~äë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= xTUITVzK= cìêíÜÉêI= ëÉîÉê~ä= ëíìÇáÉë= Ü~îÉ=

Éî~äì~íÉÇ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=qa^=ÉñéçëìêÉ=Ñêçã=ÄêÉ~ëí=áãéä~åíë=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~=mro=
ä~óÉê= Äó= ãÉ~ëìêáåÖ= qa^= áå= ÄìÑÑÉê= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçå= xUPINTOINTPzI= áå=
éÜóëáçäçÖáÅ~ääó= ëáãìä~íÉÇ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçå= xUOINTQINTRzI= ~ÑíÉê= ~äâ~äáåÉ=
ÜóÇêçäóëáë= xNTSz= ~åÇ= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ë~ãéäÉë= Ñêçã= é~íáÉåíë= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= ÄêÉ~ëí=
áãéä~åíë= xUQINTTzK= qÜÉ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= çÑ= qa^= Ñêçã= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= mro= Ñç~ã= Ü~ë= ~äëç=
ÄÉÉå= ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇK= qa^= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= áå= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= mro= Ñç~ã= ë~ãéäÉë= ïÉêÉ=
ÄÉíïÉÉå=O=~åÇ=NMQ=åÖ=ÖJN=Ñç~ã=xUNz=~åÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=Q=íç=R=”Ö=qa^=ÖJN=Ñç~ã=xUMz=
~ÑíÉê= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ïáíÜ= ãÉíÜóäJíÉêíJÄìíóä= ÉíÜÉê= ~åÇ= íçäìÉåÉI= êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóK=
eçïÉîÉêI= êÉëìäíë= ïÜÉêÉ= åç= Éñíê~Åí~ÄäÉ= qa^= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÑçìåÇ= Ü~îÉ= ~äëç= ÄÉÉå=
êÉéçêíÉÇ=xURINTUzK=
få=m~éÉê=s=ãÉíÜçÇë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=Éñíê~Åí~ÄäÉ=qa^=~åÇ=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=
áå=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=Ñç~ã=ïÉêÉ=áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇK=tÜÉå=Ñç~ã=ë~ãéäÉë=çÑ=~=íóéáÅ~ä=ÄäçÅâ=Ñç~ã=
ìëÉÇ=áå=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=ã~ííêÉëëÉë=~åÇ=éáääçïë=ïÉêÉ=Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=MKN=B=EïLîF=
~èìÉçìë=~ÅÉíáÅ=~ÅáÇI=OIQJ=~åÇ=OISJqaÎ=ëÉîÉê~ä=áëçãÉêë=çÑ=ja^=~åÇ=ÇáãÉêë=çÑ=
qa^Lqaf=ïÉêÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK=få=Ñç~ã=ë~ãéäÉë=í~âÉå=~ÑíÉê=ÜÉ~í=íêÉ~íãÉåíI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=
áêçåáåÖ= çå= ~= Ñç~ã= ÅçîÉêÉÇ= áêçåáåÖ= Äç~êÇI= ÅçåëáÇÉê~ÄäÉ= ÜáÖÜÉê= ~ãçìåíë= çÑ=
qa^= ï~ë= ÑçìåÇ= áå= íÜÉ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçåK= tÜÉå= Éî~äì~íáåÖ= íÜÉ= Éñíê~Åíáçå=
éêçÅÉÇìêÉI= áí= ï~ë= ÑçìåÇ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå= çÑ= qa^= Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ= Ñêçã= Ñç~ã=
ë~ãéäÉë= ï~ë= ~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ= Äó= íÜÉ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ãÉÇá~I= íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= ~åÇ= Çìê~íáçåK= få=
~ÇÇáíáçåI= íÜÉ= qa^= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= ÇáÑÑÉêÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= íïç= ïçêâJìé=
éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=áåîÉëíáÖ~íÉÇK==
4.3 In hydrolysed biological fluids

jÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ãÉí~ÄçäáíÉë= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ÑäìáÇë= ~êÉ= áãéçêí~åí= íççäë= Ñçê= áåÇìëíêá~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉ=
~ëëÉëëãÉåíK= qÜÉ= ãÉí~ÄçäáíÉë= ~êÉ= ã~êâÉêë= çÑ= ÉñéçëìêÉI= åçí= ã~êâÉêë= çÑ= áääåÉëëI=
~åÇ= íÜÉêÉ= ~êÉ= ëÉîÉê~ä= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= íç= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ãçåáíçêáåÖ=~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= ~áê=
ãçåáíçêáåÖK=táíÜ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåíÉêå~ä=ÇçëÉ=áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇI=ïÜáÅÜ=
ãÉ~åë= íÜ~í= áåÇáîáÇì~ä= î~êá~íáçå= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= ÄêÉ~íÜáåÖ= ê~íÉI= ìéí~âÉI= ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=
~åÇ= ãÉí~Äçäáëã= ïáää= ÄÉ= í~âÉå= áåíç= ~ÅÅçìåíK= qÜÉ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó= çÑ= éêçíÉÅíáçå=
ÇÉîáÅÉë=~åÇ=êçìíÉë=çÑ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=çíÜÉê=íÜ~å=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=~áêï~óë=~êÉ=~äëç=Ñ~Åíçêë=
íÜ~í=Å~å=ÄÉ=Éî~äì~íÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ãçåáíçêáåÖK=^í=éêÉëÉåíI=Äáçã~êâÉêë=~êÉ=
çåäó=~î~áä~ÄäÉ=Ñçê=~=äáãáíÉÇ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~åÇ=~ãáåÉëK=
qÜÉ= ãÉí~Äçäáëã= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= Üìã~åë= áë= åçí= ÅçãéäÉíÉäó= ìåÇÉêëíççÇI= Äìí=
íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáîáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=íçï~êÇ=ÅçãéçìåÇë=ïáíÜ=~ÅíáîÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåI=ÉK=ÖK=
ÜóÇêçñóäI= ëìäéÜóÇêóä= ~åÇ= ~ãáåç= Öêçìéë= áå= éêçíÉáåëI= ëìÖÖÉëíë= íÜ~í= íÜÉó= ïáää=
êÉ~Åí= ïáíÜ= íáëëìÉ= ê~íÜÉê= íÜ~å= ÄÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ~ë= ÑêÉÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= xNTVzK= píêçåÖ=
~äâ~äáåÉ=çê=~ÅáÇáÅ=ÜóÇêçäóëáë=çÑ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÑäìáÇë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ìêáåÉ=~åÇ=éä~ëã~=ïáää=
38
=
êÉëìäí= áå= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ãÉí~ÄçäáíÉëI= ~åÇ= éêçÄ~Ääó= Åçî~äÉåíäó=

ÄçåÇÉÇ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~êÉ=êÉäÉ~ëÉÇ=~ë=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=~ãáåÉëK==
qÜÉ= ÉñÅêÉíáçå= é~ííÉêå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ëíìÇáÉÇ= ~ÑíÉê= íÉëí=
ÅÜ~ãÄÉê= ÉñéçëìêÉ= çÑ= Üìã~åë= íç= eaf= xNUMJNUOz= ~åÇ= qaf= xNUPINUQzK= qÜÉ=
ìêáå~êó= Éäáãáå~íáçå= Ü~äÑJäáîÉë= çÑ= ÄçíÜ= ea^= ~åÇ= qa^= ïÉêÉ= ëÜçêíI= NJR= ÜI= Äìí=
íÜÉ=éä~ëã~=äÉîÉäë=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=äÉîÉäë=~Äçìí=OQ=Üçìê=~ÑíÉê=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çÑ=
ÉñéçëìêÉ= xNUPzK= bñÅêÉíáçå= çÑ= ja^= áå= ìêáåÉ= ï~ë= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= ~ÑíÉê=
~ééäáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= ja^= áå= éÉíêçä~íìã= Eé~íÅÜ= íÉëíáåÖF= çå= íÜÉ= ëâáå= çÑ= ~= îçäìåíÉÉê=
xNURzI=~åÇ=ea^=ï~ë=ÉñÅêÉíÉÇ=áå=ìêáåÉ=~ÑíÉê=çê~ä=~Çãáåáëíê~íáçå=çÑ=ea^=xNUSzK=
få= ~ÇÇáíáçåI= ëÉîÉê~ä= ~ííÉãéíë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ã~ÇÉ= íç= ÅçêêÉä~íÉ= äÉîÉäë= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= áå=
ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ÑäìáÇë=ïáíÜ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=áå=~áê=xVTINQVINUSJNUUzK==
qÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= íê~ÅÉ= ~ãçìåíë= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ÑäìáÇë= ~ÑíÉê=
~äâ~äáåÉ=çê=~ÅáÇ=ÜóÇêçäóëáë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ë~ãéäÉë=ã~ó=êÉëìäí=áå=íêçìÄäÉëçãÉ=
ã~íêáñ= ÉÑÑÉÅíëK= få= m~éÉê= sfI= ~å= i`JjpLjp= ãÉíÜçÇ= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ëÉîÉê~ä=
~ãáåÉëI= å~ãÉäó= eaÎ= OIQJ= ~åÇ= OISJqaÎ= kaÎ= fmaÎ= jaÎ= eja^= ~åÇ=
jl`Î= áå= ìêáåÉ= ~åÇ= éä~ëã~= ~ë= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ï~ë=
éêÉëÉåíÉÇK= ^ãáåÉJéÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Ü~Ç= éêÉîáçìëäó= ÄÉÉå=
ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=ã~áåäó=Äó=d`JãÉíÜçÇëK=qÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=i`=áå=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=íÜÉëÉ=
~ãáåÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ï~ë= îÉêó= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉçìëI= ~ë= áí= ïáÇÉåë= íÜÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= íç=
áåÅäìÇÉ= ~äëç= åçåJîçä~íáäÉ= ~ãáåÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ÇÉêáîÉÇ= Ñêçã= Ñçê= Éñ~ãéäÉ=
çäáÖçãÉêáÅ=ëéÉÅáÉëK=
4.4 Work-up procedure

`çããçå= íç= ~ää= íÜÉ= ~ééäáÅ~íáçåë= áë= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= ~í= íê~ÅÉ=
äÉîÉäë=áå=î~êáçìë=ã~íêáÅÉë=êÉèìáêÉë=ëÉåëáíáîÉ=~åÇ=ëÉäÉÅíáîÉ=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉëK=
få=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåI=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=Å~å=ÉáíÜÉê=ÄÉ=~å~äóëÉÇ=~ë=ëìÅÜ=çê=ÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ=
éêáçê= íç= íÜÉ= ~å~äóëáëK= ^ãçåÖ= íÜÉ= ã~åó= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉë= ïáíÜ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= ~êÉ=
áãéêçîÉÇ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= ~åÇ= ÜáÖÜÉê= êÉëéçåëÉ= çÑ= ëÉäÉÅíáîÉ=
ÇÉíÉÅíçêëK=få=~ÇÇáíáçåI=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=áåíç=ëí~ÄäÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=~äëç=
éêçíÉÅíë=íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë=Ñêçã=çñáÇ~íáçåK=pÉîÉê~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåíë=Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= Ñçê= ~ãáåÉëI= ~åÇ= íÜáë= ëÉÅíáçå= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= äáãáíÉÇ= íç= íïç= âáåÇë= çÑ=
êÉ~ÖÉåíë= éêÉÇçãáå~åíäó= ìëÉÇX= ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉë= íç= Ñçêã= Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ= ÉëíÉê=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=xNUVz=~åÇ=éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉë=íç=Ñçêã=~ãáÇÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
xNVMzK==
4.4.1 Perfluorofatty acid anhydrides
qÜÉ= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉë= éêÉÇçãáå~íÉäó= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ=

~ãáåÉë= ~êÉ= íêáÑäìçêç~ÅÉíáÅ= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉ= Eqc^^FI= éÉåí~ÑäìçêçéêçéáçåáÅ= ~ÅáÇ=
~åÜóÇêáÇÉ= Emcm^F= ~åÇ= ÜÉéí~ÑäìçêçÄìíóêáÅ= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉ= Eec_^F= Eq~ÄäÉ= UFK=
qÜÉ= êÉ~Åíáçå= áë= íóéáÅ~ääó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= áå= ~å= çêÖ~åáÅ= éÜ~ëÉ= ëìÅÜ= ~ë= íçäìÉåÉK=
39
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ÜóÇêçäóëÉÇ=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ë~ãéäÉëI=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=~å=~èìÉçìë=
éÜ~ëÉ= éêáçê= íç= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçåK= qÜÉ= êÉÅçîÉêó= çÑ= äáèìáÇJäáèìáÇ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= áë=
ÖêÉ~íäó=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=ìéçå=íÜÉ=ée=áå=íÜÉ=~èìÉçìë=éÜ~ëÉI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~äáéÜ~íáÅ=~ãáåÉë=
åÉÉÇ= ~= ÜáÖÜÉê= ée= áå= çêÇÉê= íç= ÄÉ= Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ= éêçéÉêäóK= få= m~éÉê= sI= ~= PM= B=
Éñíê~Åíáçå=êÉÅçîÉêó=çÑ=íÜÉ=~êçã~íáÅ=qa^=ìëáåÖ=~=ÄìÑÑÉê=ëçäìíáçå=~í=ée=TKR=~ë=
Éñíê~Åíáçå= ãÉÇá~= ï~ë= ÑçìåÇK= cçê= íÜÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= áå= mro=
Éñíê~Åíáçå=ëçäìíáçåëI=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=~=åÉìíê~ä=ÄìÑÑÉê=áå=íÜÉ=Éñíê~Åíáçå=áë=éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ=áå=
çêÇÉê= íç= ~îçáÇ= ÜóÇêçäóëáë= çÑ= çäáÖçãÉêáÅ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= áå= íÜÉ= ëçäìíáçåK= cçê=
ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=~ãáåÉë=áå=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ë~ãéäÉëI=ëíêçåÖ=~äâ~äáåÉ=çê=~ÅáÇ=ÜóÇêçäóëáë=áë=
éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= éêáçê= íç= íÜÉ= Éñíê~ÅíáçåI= ~åÇI= ÜÉåÅÉI= íÜÉêÉ= áë= åç= äáãáí~íáçå= áå= íÜÉ=
ëíêÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Éñíê~Åíáçå=ãÉÇá~K=få=m~éÉê=sfI=~å=Éñíê~Åíáçå=êÉÅçîÉêó=çÑ=NMM=B=
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F2 O O F2
C C
eÉéí~ÑäìçêçÄìíóêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉ=Eec_^F= F3C C O C CF3 xNRSz=
F2 F2
=
=
få= íÜÉ= íçäìÉåÉ= éÜ~ëÉI= íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë= ~êÉ= êÉ~ÅíÉÇ= íç= Ñçêã= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=EcáÖìêÉ=VFK=bÑÑáÅáÉåí=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=~ÅáÇ=~åÇ=ÉñÅÉëë=êÉ~ÖÉåí=
áë=çÄí~áåÉÇ=Äó=Éñíê~Åíáçå=ïáíÜ=ÄìÑÑÉê=~í=ée=TKRK=cçê=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=d`J~å~äóëáëI=
íÜÉ= íçäìÉåÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= Åçåí~áåáåÖ= íÜÉ= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áë= áåàÉÅíÉÇ=
ÇáêÉÅíäóI=~åÇ=Ñçê=i`J~å~äóëáë=íçäìÉåÉ=ëçäìíáçåë=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=ïÉêÉ=
Éî~éçê~íÉÇ=~åÇ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=áå=~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉ=éêáçê=íç=~å~äóëáëK=få=m~éÉêë=s=~åÇ=sfI=
íÜÉ= ëí~Äáäáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ÇìêáåÖ= Éî~éçê~íáçå= ï~ë= ëíìÇáÉÇI= ~åÇ= åç= äçëëÉë=
ïÉêÉ=çÄëÉêîÉÇK==
=
H O O O
R N + R' C O C R' R N C R' + R' COOH
H H =
cáÖìêÉ=VK=aÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=çÑ=~å=~ãáåÉ=ïáíÜ=~=éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉK=
40
=
4.4.2 Chloroformate reagents
aÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=çÑ=~ãáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉ=êÉ~ÖÉåíë=íç=Ñçêã=Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ=ÉëíÉê=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áë= íóéáÅ~ääó= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= áå= ~= íïçJéÜ~ëÉ= ëóëíÉãI= ~í= ~= ÅÉêí~áå= ée=
EcáÖìêÉ=NMFK=få=íÜÉ=íïçJéÜ~ëÉ=ëóëíÉã=íÜÉêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=~å=ÉèìáäáÄêáìã=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=
éêçíçå~íÉÇ=~ãáåÉ=áå=íÜÉ=~äâ~äáåÉ=ï~íÉê=éÜ~ëÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ìåéêçíçå~íÉÇ=~ãáåÉ=áå=
íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáÅ=éÜ~ëÉK=tÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉ=êÉ~ÖÉåí=áë=~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=íïçJéÜ~ëÉ=
ëóëíÉã= áí= ïáää= ÅçåëìãÉ= íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉ= áå= íÜÉ= çêÖ~åáÅ= éÜ~ëÉ= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ÇáëíìêÄÉÇ=
ÉèìáäáÄêáìã=ïáää=ÄêáåÖ=ãçêÉ=~ãáåÉë=áåíç=íÜÉ=çêÖ~åáÅ=éÜ~ëÉK=qÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=åÉÉÇë=
~= Å~í~äóëí= íç= í~âÉ= Å~êÉ= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ÅáÇ= ÑçêãÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= êÉ~ÅíáçåK= _ó=
ëÉäÉÅíáåÖ= ée= ~åÇ= Å~í~äóëíI= ëÉäÉÅíáîÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ=
~ÅÜáÉîÉÇK=cçê=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáçå=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉÇ=~í=~=êÉ~ëçå~ÄäÉ=ê~íÉI=~=ÅçåëáÇÉê~ÄäÉ=
~ãçìåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ìåéêçíçå~íÉÇK=eÉåÅÉI=íÜÉ=ée=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=~ÄçîÉ=
íÜÉ=éh~=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉëI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=QJR=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~êçã~íáÅ=~ãáåÉë=~åÇ=~ÄçîÉ=NM=
Ñçê=íÜÉ=~äáéÜ~íáÅ=~ãáåÉëK==
jÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë= Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ= ÉëíÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= áå= íïçJéÜ~ëÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=êÉéçêíÉÇ=Ñçê=ja^=xNVNzI=ea^=xNVOJNVQz=
~åÇ=fma^=xNVQz=áå=ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä=ë~ãéäÉë=~åÇ=Ñçê=~=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=~ãáåÉë=áå=~áê=xUzK=få=
m~éÉê=sI=bí=EÉíÜóä=ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉF=ï~ë=ìëÉÇ=~ë=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåí=Ñçê=qa^=
Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=ÑäÉñáÄäÉ=mro=Ñç~ãI=éóêáÇáåÉ=ï~ë=ìëÉÇ=~ë=Å~í~äóëí=~åÇ=ée=áå=íÜÉ=
~èìÉçìë=éÜ~ëÉ=ï~ë=TKRK=qÜÉ=~Çî~åí~ÖÉ=çÑ=ìëáåÖ=íÜáë=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ=áë=
íÜÉ= ÖççÇ= êÉÅçîÉêó= çÑ= íÜÉ= íïçJéÜ~ëÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçåI= úNMMB= Ñçê= qa^= áå= m~éÉê=
sI=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~äáéÜ~íáÅ=~ãáåÉë=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜÉê=éh~K=
=
Organic phase, toluene CH3
H
N O CH3
CH 3 C C
H2
NH2 O
O O NH N
+ 2 C + HCl
O C
NH2 H 3C CH 2 Cl O
H2 C
CH 3
CH3 H+
+ N
NH3
NH3 +
Alkaline aqueous phase, 5 M NaOH

=
=
cáÖìêÉ= NMK= qïçJéÜ~ëÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ= OIQJqa^ ïáíÜ= ÉíÜóä=
= ÅÜäçêçÑçêã~íÉK=
41
=
4.5 Analysis
4.5.1 Chromatography
cçê=ëÉé~ê~íáçå=çÑ=~ãáåÉ=~åÇ=~ãáåÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI=ÄçíÜ=i`=~åÇ=d`=~êÉ=ìëÉÇK=få=
ÄêáÉÑI= d`= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= áë= Ä~ëÉÇ= çå= íÜÉ= é~êíáíáçå= çÑ= î~éçêáëÉÇ= ÅçãéçìåÇë=
ÄÉíïÉÉå= ~= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= ~= äáèìáÇ= éÜ~ëÉI= ~ë= íÜÉ= ÅçãéçìåÇë= ~êÉ= Å~êêáÉÇ= íÜêçìÖÜ= íÜÉ=
Åçäìãå=Äó=~=ãçÄáäÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=EÅ~êêáÉê=Ö~ëFK=qÜêçìÖÜçìí=íÜÉ=ÉäìíáçåI=íÜÉ=Åçäìãå=áë=
ã~áåí~áåÉÇ=~í=~å=ÉäÉî~íÉÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÅçãéçìåÇ=áë=âÉéí=áå=
íÜÉ= î~éçê= ëí~íÉK= fåàÉÅíáçå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉë= äáâÉ= ëéäáíI= ëéäáíJäÉëë= ~åÇ= çåJÅçäìãå=
áåàÉÅíáçå=Ü~îÉ=~=ÖêÉ~í=áãé~Åí=çå=íÜÉ=ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜáÅ=êÉëìäíK==
d`= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë= ëìÅÜ= áë= ÇáÑÑáÅìäí= ÇìÉ= íç= íÜÉ= ~Çëçêéíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
éçä~ê= ~ãáåÉë= çå= íÜÉ= ÅçäìãåI= êÉëìäíáåÖ= áå= éÉ~â= í~áäáåÖI= ÖÜçëí= éÉ~âë= ~åÇ=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=ëÉåëáíáîáíó=xQUINVRzK=rëáåÖ=i`=ëÉé~ê~íáçå=çÑ=ÑêÉÉ=~ãáåÉë=áë=íóéáÅ~ääó=
~ÅÜáÉîÉÇ= ïáíÜ= êÉîÉêëÉÇJéÜ~ëÉ= ÅÜêçã~íçÖê~éÜó= ~åÇ= ÄìÑÑÉêÉÇ= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉë=
xTPINVSzK= eçïÉîÉêI= íÜÉ= ãÉíÜçÇë= êÉèìáêÉ= ÉñíÉåëáîÉ= ÅäÉ~åJìé= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= éêáçê=
íç=íÜÉ=~å~äóëáëK=
cçê= Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ= ÉëíÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= ÄçíÜ= d`= ~åÇ= i`= ëÉé~ê~íáçåë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= xNVNJNVQzK= ^= äáãáí~íáçå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= áë= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~êÉ=
íÜÉêãçä~ÄáäÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=áåàÉÅíáçå=åÉÉÇë=íç=ÄÉ=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=ÅçäÇ=çåJ
Åçäìãå= íÉÅÜåáèìÉëK= i`= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= Ñçê= bí= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= çÑ=
eaÎ=qa^=~åÇ=ja^=ÅçãÄáåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=jp=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=xUzK=få=m~éÉê=sI=Öê~ÇáÉåí=
Éäìíáçå= çÑ= qa^Jbí= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ï~ë= éÉêÑçêãÉÇ= ïáíÜ= ~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉLï~íÉêLÑçêãáÅ=
~ÅáÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= ìëáåÖ= ãáÅêç= i`JÅçäìãåë= ERM×NKM= ãã= ïáíÜ= P= ”ã=
JN
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pÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ìëáåÖ= Å~éáää~êó= d`=
Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉéçêíÉÇ=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=mcm^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=xNVTJOMMz=~åÇ=ec_^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
xTOINUNIOMNJOMPzK= fëçãÉê= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= mcm^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ=
Ñçê=R=qa^=áëçãÉêë=xOMQzI=~åÇ=Ñçê=P=ja^=áëçãÉêë=xOMRzK=`~éáää~êó=d`Jjp=Ü~ë=
íÜÉ= ~Çî~åí~ÖÉ= çÑ= ÜáÖÜ= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= éçïÉêI= Äìí= íÜÉ= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= áë= äáãáíÉÇ= íç=
îçä~íáäÉ= ÅçãéçìåÇëK= eçïÉîÉêI= i`JÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë= çÑ= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Ü~îÉ= ~äëç= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= xOMQIOMSzK=qÜÉ= ã~åó= éçëëáÄáäáíáÉë= íç= î~êó=
ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= Åçãéçëáíáçå= ~åÇ= i`JÅçäìãå= éêçéÉêíáÉë= ã~âÉ= áå= éê~ÅíáëÉ= i`=
ëÉé~ê~íáçåë= ãçêÉ= éçïÉêÑìä= ~ë= Åçãé~êÉÇ= íç= d`K= få= m~éÉê= sfI= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ=
~ãáåÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= çÑ= qc^Î= mcm^= ~åÇ= ec_^= ï~ë= çÄí~áåÉÇ= ìëáåÖ= ãáÅêç= i`J
Åçäìãåë= ERM×NKM= ãã= ïáíÜ= OIR= ”ã= é~êíáÅäÉëFI= Öê~ÇáÉåí= Éäìíáçå= ïáíÜ= ~å=
~ÅÉíçåáíêáäÉLï~íÉê= ãçÄáäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= ~åÇ= ~= Ñäçï= ê~íÉ= çÑ= TM= ä= ãáåJN= EcáÖìêÉ= NNFK= _ó=
~ééäóáåÖ=~=ïÉ~â=Öê~ÇáÉåíI=áí=ï~ë=éçëëáÄäÉ=íç=êÉëçäîÉ=R=qa^=áëçãÉêë=ïáíÜ=mcm^=
~ë=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=êÉ~ÖÉåíK==
=
42
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4.5.2 Detection techniques
cçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~êçã~íáÅ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë= ëìÅÜI= ÄçíÜ= rs= ~åÇ= b`= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=
íÉÅÜåáèìÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= ìëÉÇ= xNVSIOMTzK= jÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~ãáåÉë= ~ë=
Å~êÄ~ã~íÉ= ÉëíÉê= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= Ñçê= d`= áå= ÅçãÄáå~íáçå= ïáíÜ=
jpI= ÉäÉÅíêçå=Å~éíìêÉ=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= EbàF=çê= íÜÉêãáçåáÅ= ëéÉÅáÑáÅ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= EqpaFI=
çê=i`Jrs=çê=jp=xNVNJNVQzK=få=m~éÉê=sI=qa^Jbí=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=
ìëáåÖ= bpfHJèì~ÇêìéçäÉJjpI= ïÜáÅÜ= Ü~Ç= ÄÉÉå= êÉéçêíÉÇ= éêÉîáçìëäó= xUzK= tÜÉå=
áåàÉÅíáåÖ= ~= ëí~åÇ~êÇ= ëçäìíáçå= çÑ= qa^Jbí= ~= íóéáÅ~ä= jp= ëéÉÅíê~= Åçåí~áåÉÇ= íÜÉ=
ãçäÉÅìä~ê=áçåë=xjHezHI=xjHk~zH=~åÇ=Ñê~ÖãÉåí=áçåë=xjJQSzH=~åÇ=xjJVOzHK=qÜÉ=
Ñê~ÖãÉåí= áçåë= ïÉêÉ= ÇÉêáîÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= åÉìíê~ä= äçëë= çÑ= çåÉ= ~åÇ= íïç= ÉíÜ~åçä=
Öêçìéë= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉK= få= Ñç~ã= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçåëI= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅíê~= ÇáÇ=
43
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ÅçåÑáêã=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=qa^Jbí=áå=~=ïçêâÉÇJìé=ë~ãéäÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅíê~=
~äëç=Åçåí~áåÉÇ=ëÉîÉê~ä=áåíÉêÑÉêáåÖ=áçåë=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñK==
b~êäó= ãÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= íÜÉ= éÉêÑäçìêçÑ~ííó= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
ïÉêÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=d`=ëÉé~ê~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=bà=~åÇ=qpaK=
qÜÉ=bà=éêçãçíÉÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå=ïáíÜ=éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~ÅáÇ=~åÜóÇêáÇÉë=áå=íê~ÅÉ=
~å~äóëáë= çÑ= ~ãáåÉëI= ~ë= áí= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= ÉäÉÅíêçå= Å~éíìêáåÖ= Ü~äçÖÉå= ÖêçìéëK= qÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ëÉîÉê~ä= çÑ= qa^= áëçãÉêë= ~ë= qc^^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ï~ë= êÉéçêíÉÇ=
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áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=Ü~äçÖÉå=~íçãë=áå=íÜÉ=ãçäÉÅìäÉK=
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íáãÉë=ãçêÉ=ëÉåëáíáîÉ=xOMVzK=
qçÇ~óI= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ãáÇÉë= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~êÉ= íóéáÅ~ääó=
éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=d`Jjp=ïáíÜ=ÉäÉÅíêçå=áãé~Åí=EbfF=çê=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=áçåáò~íáçå=E`fF=
~åÇ= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= çÑ= åÉÖ~íáîÉ= áçåë= Ek`fFK= tÜÉå= éÉêÑçêãáåÖ= d`JbfJjpI= íóéáÅ~ä=
áçåë=áå=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅíê~=ïÉêÉ=xjzH=~åÇ=xjJÒcRzH=~åÇ=íÜÉó=~êÉ=íÜÉ=çåÉë=ãçëíäó=ìëÉÇ=
áå= pfo= Ñçê= èì~åíáí~íáîÉ= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë= xONMJONPzK= táíÜ= d`Jk`fJjpI= íóéáÅ~ä=
áçåë= ÑçêãÉÇ= áå= íÜÉ= ëéÉÅíê~= ïÉêÉ= xjJOMzJ= ~åÇ= xjJQMzJI= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= íç= íÜÉ=
åÉìíê~ä= äçëë= çÑ= çåÉ= çê= íïç= ec= ãçäÉÅìäÉë= xNVTIOMQzK= cçê= èì~åíáí~íáîÉ=
ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíë=ìëáåÖ=d`Jk`fJjpI=pfo=çÑ=xjJOMzJ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó=~ãáÇÉë=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=áë=íóéáÅ~ääó=éÉêÑçêãÉÇK==
=
100
293.04
Relative abundance (%)
118.99
173.05 413.05
0
100 m/z 500
m/z =413
0 4 8 12 16 20
Time (min) =
=
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ãçåáíçêáåÖ= çÑ=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=áçåë=êÉëìäíÉÇ=áå=ëÉäÉÅíáîÉ= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉJ
mcm^=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëK=qÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=ëÉÉå=ïÜÉå=ãçåáíçêáåÖ=qa^Jbí=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=
áå= íÜÉ= ë~ãÉ= Ñç~ã= Éñíê~Åíáçå= ëçäìíáçå= ìëáåÖ= i`JbpfHJjp= ïÉêÉ= êÉã~êâ~Ääó=
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[xjJeJOQMzJ= ~åÇ= xjJezJ[xNNVzJK= qÜÉ= ëÉåëáíáîÉ= i`JjpLjp= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë= Ñçê=
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ïáíÜ=ÖççÇ=éêÉÅáëáçå=~åÇ=äáåÉ~êáíóK=qÜÉ=ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=ï~ë=ëìéÉêáçê=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~ãáåÉë=
ïáíÜ= ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ= ÇÉìíÉêáìã= ä~ÄÉääÉÇ= áåíÉêå~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇëK= tÜÉå= Åçãé~êáåÖ=
íÜÉ= äÉîÉäë= çÑ= qa^= ~åÇ= ja^= áå= ÜóÇêçäóëÉÇ= ìêáåÉ= ~åÇ= éä~ëã~= ë~ãéäÉë= Ñêçã=
ïçêâÉêë=ÉñéçëÉÇ=íç=qaf=~åÇ=jafI=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóI=çê=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=Éñíê~Åí~ÄäÉ=
qa^= áå= mro= Ñç~ãI= åç= ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí= ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ= ï~ë= çÄëÉêîÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= íÜÉ= i`J
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45
=
5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
aÉëéáíÉ= íÜÉ= ÉÑÑçêíë= çÑ= áåÇìëíêá~ä= ÜóÖáÉåáëíë= ~åÇ= êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉêëI= ÉñéçëìêÉ= íç=
áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= ëíáää= ÑêÉèìÉåíäó= çÅÅìêë= áå= ~= ä~êÖÉ= î~êáÉíó= çÑ= áåÇìëíêá~ä=
~ééäáÅ~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=ã~áå=Ç~í~=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=~ëëÉëëãÉåí=~åÇ=ÜÉ~äíÜ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=
çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=~êÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íê~Çáíáçå~ä=mro=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ=áåÇìëíêóI=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=
êáëâ= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÉñéçëìêÉ= Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå= âåçïå= Ñçê= ãçêÉ= íÜ~å= RM= óÉ~êëK=
bñéçëìêÉ=Ç~í~=êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=ÑçêãÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉêã~ä=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=mro=
~êÉ=äÉëë=ÑêÉèìÉåíäó=êÉéçêíÉÇI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=âåçïäÉÇÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÜÉ~äíÜ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=
ëìÅÜ=~å=ÉñéçëìêÉ=áë=ëé~êëÉK=qÜÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=Åçãéçëáíáçå=áå=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=éêçÇìÅíë=
áë=Åçåëí~åíäó=ÅÜ~åÖáåÖ=íç=ãÉÉí=íÜÉ=ÇÉã~åÇ=Ñçê=ãçêÉ=mro=éêçÇìÅíëK=qÜÉêÉÑçêÉI=
íÜÉ=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çÑ=ãÉíÜçÇë=Ñçê=ÉñéçëìêÉ= Åçåíêçä=Ñçê=áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ=~ãáåÉë=
áë=~å=çåJÖçáåÖ=ïçêâK=táíÜçìí=êÉäá~ÄäÉ=~åÇ=êçÄìëí=ãÉíÜçÇçäçÖáÉë=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=êáëâ=
íÜ~í= ÉñéçëìêÉ= äÉîÉäë= ïáää= ÄÉ= ìåÇÉêÉëíáã~íÉÇ= çêI= ÉîÉå= ïçêëÉI= íÜ~í= êÉäÉî~åí=
ÅçãéçìåÇë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=ãáëëÉÇK=qÜáë=ã~ó=êÉëìäí=áå=ÇáÑÑáÅìäíáÉë=íç=êÉä~íÉ=
ÉñéçëìêÉ=íç=ïçêâÉêë=áääJÜÉ~äíÜK=
qÜÉ= ÅÜçáÅÉ= çÑ= ~áê= ãçåáíçêáåÖ= ãÉíÜçÇ= ïáää= ÖêÉ~íäó= ~ÑÑÉÅí= íÜÉ= çìíÅçãÉ= çÑ= ~å=
ÉñéçëìêÉ= ~ëëÉëëãÉåí= Ñçê= áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ÉëéÉÅá~ääó= ïÜÉå= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ=
mro=çÅÅìêëK=lå=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäáåÖ=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=Ñçê=áëçÅó~å~íÉëI=åç=éÉêÑÉÅí=ãÉíÜçÇ=áë=
~î~áä~ÄäÉK= bëëÉåíá~ääóI= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= áë= ÜáÖÜäó=
~Çî~åí~ÖÉçìë= ïÜÉå= áí= ÅçãÉë= íç= ~îçáÇáåÖ= áåíÉêÑÉêÉåÅÉë= ~åÇ= ÉÑÑáÅáÉåí= ÅçääÉÅíáçå=
çÑ= ÄçíÜ= Ö~ë= ~åÇ= é~êíáÅäÉ= éÜ~ëÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉëK= qÜÉ= ìëÉ= çÑ= ~= ÑáäíÉê= ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉ=
áãéáåÖÉê= Ñä~ëâ= áå= ÅçãÄáå~íáçå= ïáíÜ= íÜÉ= Åçåíáåìçìë= ÑÉÉÇáåÖ= çÑ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= íç= íÜÉ=
ÑáäíÉê= Äó= ìëáåÖ= íÜÉ= îçä~íáäÉ= a_^= êÉ~ÖÉåí= áå= íÜÉ= áãéáåÖÉê= ã~âÉë= a_^= íÜÉ=
éêÉÑÉêêÉÇ= ÅÜçáÅÉ= çÑ= êÉ~ÖÉåí= áå= íÜáë= ë~ãéäÉê= íóéÉK= qÜÉ= a_^= êÉ~ÖÉåí= áå=
ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=~=ëçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ=ë~ãéäÉê=ÖêÉ~íäó=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=íÜÉ=ìëÉêJÑêáÉåÇäáåÉëë=
çÑ= íÜÉ= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ~åÇ= Éå~ÄäÉÇ= éÉêëçå~ä= ~åÇ= ~êÉ~= ë~ãéäáåÖK= eçïÉîÉêI= Åçããçå=
íç=ã~åó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉñáëíáåÖ=ëçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ=ãÉíÜçÇëI=íÜÉ=ë~ãéäÉê=Ü~Ç=äáãáí~íáçåëI=Ñçê=
Éñ~ãéäÉ=ïÜÉå=ìëÉÇ=áå=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíë=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜ=ÜìãáÇáíóK==
få= íÜÉ= ÅçåíÉñí= çÑ= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉëI= íÜÉ= åÉÉÇ= Ñçê= ïÉää=
ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= ~åÇ= áåëíêìãÉåí~íáçå= ï~ë= ÅäÉ~êäó=
ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=íÜÉëáëK=lå=íÜÉ=~å~äóíáÅ~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉë=Ñçê=ÄçíÜ=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=
~åÇ= ~ãáåÉëI= íÜÉ= jp= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåë= éêçîáÇÉÇ= ~ÅÅìê~íÉ= áÇÉåíáÑáÅ~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ~åÇ= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= äáãáíë= ~í= íÜÉ= ~ãçäJÑãçä= äÉîÉäK= _ó= áåíêçÇìÅáåÖ= i`J
jpLjp= áåëíÉ~Ç= çÑ= d`Jjp= Ñçê= ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ= ~ãáåÉë= áå= ÄáçäçÖáÅ~ä= ÑäìáÇë= ~ë=
ã~êâÉêë=çÑ=ÉñéçëìêÉ=íç=áëçÅó~å~íÉëI=íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~íáçå=áë=ïáÇÉåÉÇ=íç=áåÅäìÇÉ=åçåJ
îçä~íáäÉ= ~ãáåÉëK= ^ë= jp= èì~åíáÑáÅ~íáçå= êÉäáÉë= çå= ïÉää= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä=
ëí~åÇ~êÇëI= íÜÉ= ìëÉÑìäåÉëë= çÑ= ~= i`Jìka= ëóëíÉã= Ñçê= ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáë~íáçå= çÑ=
êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= ëçäìíáçåë= ï~ë= ~äëç= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇK= qÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç= éêÉé~êÉ=
~å~äóíáÅ~ä= ëí~åÇ~êÇë= Ñçê= ÅçãéäÉñ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= Ñêçã= íÜÉêã~ä= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ=
46
Concluding remarks Åsa Marand, 2004
=
mro= ~åÇ= áå= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= éêçÇìÅíë= î~ëíäó= áåÅêÉ~ëÉë= íÜÉ= èì~äáíó= çÑ= íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçåëK==
cìêíÜÉê= çå= íÜÉ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= éêçÅÉÇìêÉë= Ñçê= ~ãáåÉëI= íÜÉ= i`Jjp= ~ééäáÅ~íáçå= çÑ=
~ãáåÉJmcm^= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= ~= åìãÄÉê= çÑ= Éñíê~Åí~ÄäÉ= ~ãáåÉë= áå=
ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= mro= Ñç~ãK= qÜÉ= ~ãçìåí= çÑ= qa^= Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ= Ñêçã= íÜÉ= Ñç~ã= ï~ë=
ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí= ìéçå= Éñíê~Åíáçå= é~ê~ãÉíÉêë= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëìÄëÉèìÉåí= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä=
éêçÅÉÇìêÉI= ã~âáåÖ= áåíÉêéêÉí~íáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= êÉëìäí= íêçìÄäÉëçãÉK= qç= ÄÉ= ~ÄäÉ= íç=
Åçãé~êÉ= êÉëìäíë= ~åÇ= ëÉí= ìé= êÉÖìä~íáçåë= êÉÖ~êÇáåÖ= íÜÉëÉë= Éñíê~Åí~ÄäÉ= ~ãáåÉë=
Ñêçã=ÜçìëÉÜçäÇ=éêçÇìÅíëI=ëí~åÇ~êÇáë~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãÉíÜçÇë=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êóK==
47
=
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
qÜáë=íÜÉëáë=ïçêâ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇçåÉ=áå=ÅäçëÉ=Åçää~Äçê~íáçå=ïáíÜ=~=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éÉçéäÉ=
íç=ïÜçã=f=ïáëÜ=íç=ÉñéêÉëë=ãó=ëáåÅÉêÉ=Öê~íáíìÇÉW==
qç= dìåå~ê= Ó= Ñçê= ëìéÉêîáëáçåI= ëìééçêí= ~åÇ= ÉåÅçìê~ÖÉãÉåíë= çîÉê= íÜÉ= óÉ~êë= Ó=
åçí= çåäó= ïçêâJêÉä~íÉÇI= Äìí= ~äëç= çå= ï~óë= íç= ÑáåÇ= àçÄI= ÜìëÄ~åÇ= ~åÇ= ÖÉåÉê~ä=
Ü~ééáåÉëëK=tÉ=Ü~îÉ=Ü~Ç=çìê=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉëI=ã~áåäó=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=f=çééçëÉÇ=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=
çÑ=áëçÅó~å~íÉëL~ãáåÉë=íç=ÄÉ=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=áå=É~ÅÜ=ëíìÇó=EáKÉK=íÜÉ=ïçêâäç~ÇFI= Äìí=áå=
íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=çìê=ÇáëÅìëëáçåë=~äï~óë=ÑçìåÇ=ëãççíÜ=ÅçãéêçãáëÉë=Eóçì=Öçí=ïÜ~í=óçì=
ï~åíÉÇF= ~åÇ= f= äÉ~êåí= ëçãÉíÜáåÖ= åÉïK= bîÉå= íÜçìÖÜ= f= ÅçåëáÇÉê= ãóëÉäÑ= íÜÉ=
“ëçìåÇ= ~åÇ= äçÖáÅ~äÒ= é~êí= çÑ= çìê= Åçää~Äçê~íáçåI= f= ïçìäÇåÛí= Ü~îÉ= ÅçãÉ= Ñ~ê=
ïáíÜçìí= óçìê= Äêáääá~åÅÉ= áå= íÜÉ= ÑáÉäÇ= çÑ= ~å~äóíáÅ~ä= ÅÜÉãáëíêó= ~åÇ= çÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=
ÜóÖáÉåÉK=
qç= j~êá~ååÉ= Ó= Ñçê= ÉñÅÉääÉåí= ëìééçêí= ~åÇ= ëìéÉêîáëáçåI= ~åÇ= Ñçê= ÄÉáåÖ= íÜÉ= çåÉ=
ïÜç= ~ÑíÉê= ~= ÑêìáíÑìä= ÇáëÅìëëáçå= ÉåÇë= áí= Äó= ë~óáåÖ= “båçìÖÜ= í~äâI= äÉíÛë= Çç= áíÒK=
lîÉê= íÜÉ= óÉ~êë= çìê= Åçää~Äçê~íáçå= Ü~ë= áåÅäìÇÉÇ= åçí= çåäó= íêÉãÉåÇçìë= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=
ÉÑÑçêíë= EáKÉK= Ñç~ãI= ë~ãéäÉêë= ÉíÅFI= Äìí= ~äëç= ÄìëáåÉëë= îÉåíìêÉëI= íêáéë= íç= pçìíÜJ
^ãÉêáÅ~=~åÇ=Å~êÉJí~âáåÖ=çÑ=éÉíëK=vçìê=ÖççÇJå~íìêÉÇ=ëéêáí=áå=ÅçãÄáå~íáçå=ïáíÜ=
~=ãáåÇ=Ñçê=ÄìëáåÉëë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=~=íêìÉ=áåëéáê~íáçåK==
qç= a~åáÉä= Ó= Ñçê= óçìê= ëìéÉêîáëáçåI= ÄçíÜ= ÇìêáåÖ= ~åÇ= ~ÑíÉê= íÜÉ= íáãÉ= ~ë= ~= ÑÉääçï=
mÜa=ëíìÇÉåíI=~åÇ=Ñçê=ÖêÉ~í=ÑêáÉåÇëÜáé=~åÇ=ëìééçêíK=vçìê=íêÉãÉåÇçìë=íçäÉê~åÅÉ=
ïáíÜ=ÄçíÜ=ãÉ=EÉëéÉÅá~ääó=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜáë=Ñáå~ä=óÉ~êF=~åÇ=íÜÉ=jp=ÑäÉÉí=áë=êÉã~êâ~ÄäÉK=
f=åÉîÉê=ÉîÉê=ï~åí=íç=Ü~îÉ=~=àçÄ=ïáíÜçìí=~=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ=äáâÉ=óçìK=
qç=g~âçÄ=Ó=Ñçê=ÄÉáåÖ=~=ÖççÇ=ÑêáÉåÇ=~åÇ=~=Ñ~åí~ëíáÅ=ÅçJïçêâÉêI=ïáíÜ=Äçó=ëÅçìí=
êÉëÅìÉë= çå= éáÅíìêÉë= ~åÇ= ìka= íêçìÄäÉK= vçìê= é~íáÉåÅÉ= ~åÇ= íÜçêçìÖÜåÉëë= áë=
íêìäó= ~Çãáê~ÄäÉK= eçïÉîÉêI= f= ÉåàçóÉÇ= ëÉÉáåÖ= óçì= ëïÉ~í= ïÜÉå= é~ÅâáåÖ= Ñçê= íÜÉ=
eçää~åÇ= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíëKKK= ^åóÜçïI= óçì= ïáää= éêçÄ~Ääó= ÉåÇìêÉ= óçìê= Ñáå~ä= óÉ~ê=
ïáíÜ=~=äçí=äÉëë=ëïÉ~êáåÖ=íÜ~å=f=ÇáÇK==
qç=jáâ~Éä=Ó=Ñçê=ÄÉáåÖ=~=ÖççÇ=ÑêáÉåÇI=~=ÖêÉ~í=ÅçääÉ~ÖìÉ=~åÇ=íÜáë=ÅççäI=ÇçïåJíçJ
É~êíÜ= Öìó= ïÜç= éìíë= ÉîÉêóíÜáåÖ= áåíç= ÖêÉ~í= éÉêëéÉÅíáîÉK= lå= ÉîÉêó= íçéáÅ= f= Ü~îÉ=
ÄêçìÖÜí=ìéI=óçì=~äï~óë=Ü~Ç=ëçãÉíÜáåÖ=ÅäÉîÉê=íç=ë~ó=EÉñÅÉä=Å~äÅìä~íáçåëI=ìêáåÉ=
ÜóÇêçäóëáëI=d~åÇ~äÑ=áëëìÉë=ÉíÅFK==
qáää= sáîÉâ~= Ó= Ñ¸ê= î™êí= Ñ~åí~ëíáëâ~= ë~ã~êÄÉíÉ= çÅÜ= Ñ¸ê= ~íí= Çì= áåíÉ= ëä~Öáí= ãáÖ= á=
ÜìîìÇÉí= ãÉÇ= å™Öçí= Ü™êí= î~êàÉ= Ö™åÖ= à~Ö= âçããáí= åÉê= ãÉÇ= ®ååì= Éå= äáëí~= ãÉÇ=
éêçîÉê=~íí=â¸ê~K=rí~å=ÇáÖ=Ü~ÇÉ=ÇÉíí~=~êÄÉíÉ=ÜÉäí=ÇÉÑáåáíáîí=áåíÉ=âìåå~í=ìíÑ¸ê~ë>>=
48
Acknowledgements Åsa Marand, 2004
=
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çÑ= ë~ãéäÉëX= içìáëÉ= _êÉÇî~ÇJgÉåëÉåI= Ñçê= óçìê= ÉÑÑçêíë= áå= íêóáåÖ= íç= çêÖ~åáëÉ= ìë=
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Ñçê=ÜÉäéáåÖ=vï~ë~=áå=ã~âáåÖ=ëÉåëÉ= çÑ=ãó=pïJÉåÖäáëÜK=vçìê=ÉÑÑçêíë=Ü~îÉ= ÄÉÉå=
íêìäó=~Çãáê~ÄäÉI=~åÇ=~ë=íÜÉó=ë~óI=~ää=Éêêçêë=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÉåÇ=ãó=çïåK==
cêçã= hÉãáÅÉåíêìã= ~í= iìåÇ= råáîÉêëáíóI= f= ïáëÜ= íç= ~ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉ= bî~= e~åëëçå=
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áåíÉêÉëí= áå= çìê= êÉëÉ~êÅÜ= ~åÇ= Ñçê= äÉííáåÖ= ìë= íÉëí= çìê= ãÉíÜçÇë= áå= êÉ~ä= ïçêâJ
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êÉ~ääó= ÄçêáåÖ= íÜáë= ëìããÉê= Eçê= éÉêÜ~éë= áë= áí= ~= óÉ~êÁFI= ÄìíI= ÜÉó= J= óçì= ~êÉ= ~ää=
áåîáíÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= é~êíó>Ò= qç= ãó= ÇÉ~ê= ãçíÜÉêI= jÉíí~I= ~åÇ= ãó= Ç~êäáåÖ= ëáÄäáåÖëI=
^åå~I= gçÜ~åI= kÉääáÉ= ~åÇ= jáåå~I= íÜ~åâë= Ñçê= ~ää= óçìê= ëìééçêí= ~åÇ= Ñçê= ~äï~óë=
ÄÉáåÖ= íÜÉêÉI= ïÜÉåÉîÉê= f= åÉÉÇÉÇ= áíK= gçÜ~åI= f= ïáää= åçí= ÑçêÖÉí= óçìê= ä~íÉ= åáÖÜí=
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49
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háåÖÇçãI=OMMOK=
OK= eK= räêáÅÜI= `ÜÉãáëíêó= ~åÇ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖó= çÑ= fëçÅó~å~íÉëI= gçÜå= táäÉó= C= pçåë= iíÇI=
`ÜáÜÉëíÉêI=OMMNK=
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lÅÅìéK=jÉÇKI=NVVVI=NQI=TRVJTTSK=
QK= pïÉÇáëÜ= k~íáçå~ä= _ç~êÇ= çÑ= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= p~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜI= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=
bñéçëìêÉ= î~äìÉëI= ^êÄÉí~êëâóÇÇëëíóêÉäëÉåë= Ñ¸êÑ~ííåáåÖëë~ãäáåÖI= ^cp= OMMMWPI=
iáÄÉêI=píçÅâÜçäãI=OMMMK==
RK= eÉ~äíÜ= ~åÇ= p~ÑÉíó= bñÉÅìíáîÉ= EepbFW= jÉíÜçÇë= Ñçê= íÜÉ= aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ=
e~ò~êÇçìë= pìÄëí~åÅÉëW= lêÖ~åáÅ= fëçÅó~å~íÉë= áå= ^áê= Ejaep= ORLPFK= epbI=
pÜÉÑÑáÉäÇI=rK=hK=NVVVK==
SK= aK=h~êäëëçåI=jK=a~äÉåÉ=~åÇ=dK=pâ~êéáåÖI=aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå=çÑ=ÅçãéäÉñ=ãáñíìêÉë=çÑ=
~áêÄçêåÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= J= m~êí= RK= aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= äçï= ãçäÉÅìä~ê=
ïÉáÖÜí= ~äáéÜ~íáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~ë= ÇáÄìíóä~ãáåÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= ^å~äóëíI= NVVUI= NOPI=
NRMTJNRNOK=
TK= aK= h~êäëëçåI= jK= pé~ååÉI= jK= a~äÉåÉ= ~åÇ= dK= pâ~êéáåÖI= ^áêÄçêåÉ= íÜÉêã~ä=
ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= éêçÇìÅíë= çÑ= éçäóìêÉíÜÉåÉ= Åç~íáåÖë= áå= Å~ê= êÉé~áê= ëÜçéëI= gK= båîáêçåK=
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UK= aK= h~êäëëçåI= gK= a~ÜäáåI= dK= pâ~êéáåÖ= ~åÇ= jK= a~äÉåÉI= aÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉëI= ~ãáåçáëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ~ãáåÉë= áå= ~áê= ÑçêãÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= íÜÉêã~ä=
ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=éçäóìêÉíÜ~åÉI=gK=båîáêçåK=jçåáíKI=OMMOI=QI=ONSJOOOK=
VK= sK=aÜ~êã~ê~à~å=~åÇ=eK=tÉáääI=mÜóëáÅ~ä=ëí~íÉ=çÑ=~áêÄçêåÉ=éI=éDJÇáéÜÉåóäãÉíÜ~åÉ=
ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉ= EjafF= ~åÇ= áíë= ãÉ~ëìêÉãÉåíI= ^ãK= fåÇK= eóÖK= ^ëëçÅK= gKI= NVTUI= PVI=
TPTJTQQK=
NMK= cK= hK= _êçÅÜÜ~ÖÉå= ~åÇ= eK= mK= pÅÜ~äI= aáéÜÉåóäãÉíÜ~åÉ= aááëçÅó~å~íÉ= J= íÜÉ=
`çåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=fíë=p~íìê~íÉÇ=s~éçêI=^ãK=fåÇK=eóÖK=^ëëçÅK=gKI=NVUSI=QTI=OORJ
OOUK=
NNK= oK=gK=o~åÇç=~åÇ=eK=dK=mççîÉóI=aáÅÜçíçãçìë=p~ãéäáåÖ=çÑ=s~éçê=~åÇ=^Éêçëçä=çÑ=
jÉíÜóäÉåÉJ_áëJEmÜÉåóäáëçÅó~å~íÉF= xjÇáz= ïáíÜ= ~å= ^ååìä~ê= aáÑÑìëáçå~ä= aÉåìÇÉêI=
^ãK=fåÇK=eóÖK=^ëëçÅK=gKI=NVVQI=RRI=TNSJTONK=
NOK= k~íáçå~ä= fåëíáíìíÉ= Ñçê= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= p~ÑÉíó=~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜ= EkflpeFI= `êáíÉêá~= Ñçê= ~=
êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ= ëí~åÇ~êÇW= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ÉñéçëìêÉ= íç= ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉëK= kflpe=
mìÄäáÅ~íáçå=åç=TUJONRI=`áåÅáåå~íáI=rpÎ=NVTUK==
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î~éçêL~Éêçëçä=ë~ãéäÉê=Ñçê=eafJÇÉêáîÉÇ=íçí~ä=êÉ~ÅíáîÉ=áëçÅó~å~íÉ=ÖêçìéI=^ãK=fåÇK=
eóÖK=^ëëçÅK=gKI=NVVVI=SMI=TPTJTQSK=
NQK= ^K= pïÉåëëçåI= `K= bK= eçäãèìáëí= ~åÇ= hK= aK= iìåÇÖêÉåI= fåàìêó= íç= íÜÉ= êÉëéáê~íçêó=
íê~Åí=Äó=áëçÅó~å~íÉë=ìëÉÇ=áå=ã~âáåÖ=ä~ÅèìÉêëI=_ê=g=fåÇ=jÉÇI=NVRRI=NOI=RMJRPK=
NRK= lK= s~åÇÉåéä~ëI= gK= iK= j~äçI= jK= p~Éíí~I= `K= bK= j~éé= ~åÇ= iK= jK= c~ÄÄêáI=
lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= ^ëíÜã~= ~åÇ= bñíêáåëáÅ= ^äîÉçäáíáë= aìÉ= íç= fëçÅó~å~íÉë= J= `ìêêÉåí=
pí~íìë=~åÇ=mÉêëéÉÅíáîÉëI=_êK=gK=fåÇK=jÉÇKI=NVVPI=RMI=ONPJOOUK=
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References Åsa Marand, 2004
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e~ò~êÇë=çÑ=fëçÅó~å~íÉëI=fåíK=^êÅÜK=lÅÅìéK=båîáêçåK=eÉ~äíÜI=NVVQI=SSI=NQNJNROK=
NTK= jK= o~ìäÑJeÉáãëçíÜ= ~åÇ= uK= _~ìêI= m~íÜçãÉÅÜ~åáëãë= ~åÇ= é~íÜçéÜóëáçäçÖó= çÑ=
áëçÅó~å~íÉJáåÇìÅÉÇ= ÇáëÉ~ëÉëJJëìãã~êó= çÑ= éêÉëÉåí= âåçïäÉÇÖÉI= ^ãK= fåÇK= eóÖK=
^ëëçÅK=gKI=NVVUI=PQI=NPTJQPK=
NUK= fô`=jçåçÖê~éÜë=çå=íÜÉ=bî~äì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=`~êÅáåçÖÉåáÅ=oáëâ=çÑ=`ÜÉãáÅ~äë=íç=
eìã~åë= ~åÇ= íÜÉáê= ëìééäÉãÉåíëK= oÉÉî~äì~íáçå= çÑ= ëçãÉ= çêÖ~åáÅ= ÅÜÉãáÅ~äëI=
ÜóÇê~òáåÉ=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éÉêçñáÇÉK=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=^ÖÉåÅó=Ñçê=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=çå=`~åÅÉê=
Efô`FI=ióçåI=NVVVK==
NVK= k~íáçå~ä=fåëíáíìíÉ=Ñçê=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=p~ÑÉíó=~åÇ=eÉ~äíÜ=EkflpeFI= mçÅâÉí=dìáÇÉ=
íç= `ÜÉãáÅ~ä= e~ò~êÇë= ~åÇ= líÜÉê= a~í~Ä~ëÉëI= aeep= EkflpeF= mìÄäáÅ~íáçå= kçK=
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QOKI=lpeÎ=p~äí=i~âÉ=`áíóI=NVUPK==
ONK= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä= p~ÑÉíó= ~åÇ= eÉ~äíÜ= ^Çãáåáëíê~íáçå= Elpe^FI= jÉíÜóäÉåÉ= ÄáëéÜÉåóä=
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65

Isocyanates and Amines Sampling and Analytical Procedure

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Isocyanates and Amines Sampling and Analytical Procedure

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POLULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING (IN SWEDISH)

1.1 Polyurethane (PUR)

1.2.1 Properties and Use

QIQƍJejaf= OSO= J= RQLSO=

eaf=ÄáìêÉí== QTV= VVLTS=

1.2.2 Airborne isocyanates

få= ïçêâéä~ÅÉ= ~íãçëéÜÉêÉëI= ~áêÄçêåÉ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~êÉ= ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= Ö~ë=

1.2.3 Health effects

1.2.4 Occupational exposure

1.3.1 Properties and Use

jl`^= H2 N NH2 OST= J=

fma^= NH2 NTM= J=

OIQLOISJqa^= H2 N NH2 NOO= J=

1.3.2 Health effects / Occupational exposure

2 AIM OF THE THESIS

3.1 Sampling techniques

3.1.1 Impinger/ Impinger-filter

íÜáë= áãéáåÖÉêJÑáäíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= ï~ë= êÉÅÉåíäó= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= ìëáåÖ= ÇáJåJ

3.1.2 Impregnated filters

ÑáÉäÇ= Éñíê~Åíáçå= áããÉÇá~íÉäó= ~ÑíÉê= ë~ãéäáåÖ= ÖêÉ~íäó= êÉÇìÅÉë= íÜÉ= ìëÉêJ

3.1.3 Denuder /denuder-filter

3.1.4 Other sampling methods

líÜÉê= ëçäîÉåíJÑêÉÉ= ãÉíÜçÇë= ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ= íç= ë~ãéäÉ= éêÉÑÉê~Ääó= Ö~ëÉçìë=

3.2 Derivatisation reagents

k~ãÉ= cçêãìä~= oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=

oÉ~ÖÉåí= p~ãéäáåÖ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉ= oÉ~ÖÉåí=äç~ÇáåÖ= oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=

3.3.1 Analytical standards

3.3.1.1 Monomeric isocyanates

cçê=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇááëçÅó~å~íÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=QIQƍJjafI= OIQJI=~åÇ=OISJqaf= ~åÇ= eafI=

3.3.1.2 From reference solutions

pìéê~ëÉÅ=OOPQI=éjaf= NS= NN=

3.3.1.3 Internal standards

cçê= ëÉé~ê~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉëI= êÉîÉêëÉÇ= éÜ~ëÉ= ÜáÖÜ= éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=

3.3.3 Detection techniques

3.3.3.1 UV/EC/Fl, dual detection techniques

3.3.3.2 Chemiluminescent nitrogen detection (CLND)

3.3.3.3 Mass spectrometry

j~ëë= ëéÉÅíêçãÉíêáÅ= EjpF= ÇÉíÉÅíáçå= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= íÜÉ= éçëëáÄáäáíó= íç= çÄí~áå=

100 130 100 527

4.2 In aqueous extraction solutions

ã~íÉêá~äë= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= ÇÉãçåëíê~íÉÇ= xTUITVzK= cìêíÜÉêI= ëÉîÉê~ä= ëíìÇáÉë= Ü~îÉ=

4.3 In hydrolysed biological fluids

êÉëìäí= áå= ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉ= ãÉí~ÄçäáíÉëI= ~åÇ= éêçÄ~Ääó= Åçî~äÉåíäó=

4.4 Work-up procedure

4.4.1 Perfluorofatty acid anhydrides

qÜÉ= éÉêÑäìçêçÑ~ííó= ~ÅáÇ= ~åÜóÇêáÇÉë= éêÉÇçãáå~íÉäó= ìëÉÇ= Ñçê= ÇÉêáî~íáë~íáçå= çÑ=

k~ãÉ= cçêãìä~= oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=

4.4.2 Chloroformate reagents

Alkaline aqueous phase, 5 M NaOH

4.5.2 Detection techniques

ec_^= d`JjpJbfH= O= xONNz=

mcm^= d`JjpJbfH= MKN= xONOz=

mcm^= d`JjpJk`f= MKMR= xOMQz=

råÇÉêáî~íáëÉÇ= emi`Jb`= N= xNVSz=

mcm^= emi`JjpLjp= MKMMO= m~éÉê=s=

ãÉíÜóäÉåÉ= Çá~åáäáåÉ= éIéDJÇá~ãáåçÇáéÜÉåóäãÉíÜ~åÉW= ^ÅìíÉ= äáîÉê= Ç~ã~ÖÉ= ~ÑíÉê=

ãÉíÜçñóéÜÉåóäFéáéÉê~òáåÉ= ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë= çÑ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~í= äçï= ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= Äó=

NTMK= káÉãáåÉåI= páãìäí~åÉçìë= ÇÉíÉêãáå~íáçå= çÑ= ~êçã~íáÅ= áëçÅó~å~íÉë= ~åÇ= ëçãÉ=

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