FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

BY

Prof.(Dr.) G.A.Harmain
Professor, Mechanical Engg. Dept.
National Institute of Technology
Hazrabal, Srinagar

Lecture 5
 Finite Element Model in One dimension
 In general, Weak form can be written as:
𝑥𝑏 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑢
0= 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑤𝑢 − 𝑊𝑓 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑤𝑄)𝑎 − (𝑤𝑄)𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Assuming Linear solution 𝑢 ≈ 𝑢ℎ𝑒 𝑥 = ψ1 𝑢1 + ψ2 𝑢2

and 𝑊 = 𝑓 𝑢 and 𝑊𝑖 = ψ𝑖 (𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ)
When 𝑊1 = ψ1
𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2
0= 𝑎 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ1 𝑢1 + ψ2 𝑢2 − ψ1 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 − 1 × 𝑄1 − 0 × 𝑄2
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2
0= 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓 ψ1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑄1
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎

𝑥𝑏 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑥𝑏 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2

0= 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓1 − 𝑄1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Finite Element Model in 1D (contd.)
When 𝑊2 = ψ2
𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2
0= 𝑎 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ1 𝑢1 + ψ2 𝑢2 − ψ2 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 − 0 × 𝑄1 − 1 × 𝑄2
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ2
0= 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓 ψ2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑄2
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎

𝑥𝑏 𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ1 𝑥𝑏 𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ2

0= 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓2 − 𝑄2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

In matrix form:
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ2
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ1 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢1 𝑓1 𝑄1
𝑢2 = +
𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ1 𝑥𝑏
𝑑ψ2 𝑑ψ2 𝑓2 𝑄2
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ1 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑐ψ2 ψ2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐾11 𝐾12 𝑢1 𝑓1 𝑄1
𝐾21 𝐾22 𝑢2 = 𝑓2 + 𝑄2
 Finite Element Model in 1D (contd.)
 In general, the 𝑖𝑡ℎ algebraic equation of the system of n equations
can be written as:
𝑛

𝐾𝑖𝑗 𝑢𝑗 − 𝑓𝑖 − 𝑄𝑖 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑛
𝑗=1
𝑥𝑏 𝑑ψ𝑖 𝑑ψ𝑗 𝑥𝑏
where 𝐾𝑖𝑗 = 𝑥𝑎
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ𝑖 ψ𝑗 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑥𝑎
𝑓 ψ𝑖 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Thus
𝐾11 𝑢1 + 𝐾12 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝐾1𝑛 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑓1 − 𝑄1
𝐾21 𝑢1 + 𝐾22 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝐾2𝑛 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑓2 − 𝑄2
⋮
𝐾𝑛1 𝑢1 + 𝐾𝑛2 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝐾𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑓𝑛 − 𝑄𝑛
Finite Element Model in 1D (contd.)
In matrix form:
𝐾11 𝐾12 𝐾1𝑛 𝑢1 𝑓1 𝑄1
⋯ 𝑢2
𝐾21 𝐾22 𝐾2𝑛 𝑓2 𝑄2
⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ = ⋮ + ⋮
𝐾𝑛1 𝐾𝑛2 ⋯ 𝐾𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑓𝑛 𝑄𝑛
𝐾 𝑢 = 𝑓 + 𝑄

Where
Matrix K is called coefficient matrix or stiffness matrix,
Column vector f is source vector or force vector,
u are called primary element nodal degrees of freedom,
Q is secondary element nodal degrees of freedom
 Linear Element
 For a mesh of linear elements, the element Ω𝑒 is located
between the global nodes 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑥𝑒 and 𝑥𝑏 = 𝑥𝑒+1
𝑒
𝑥𝑒+1 𝑑ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑ψ𝑗
Hence 𝐾𝑖𝑗𝑒 = 𝑥𝑒
𝑎𝑒 + 𝐶𝑒 ψ𝑒𝑖 ψ𝑒𝑗 𝑑𝑥 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥𝑒+1
𝑓𝑖𝑒 = 𝑥𝑒
𝑓𝑒 ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑥

In local co-ordinate system 𝑥,

ℎ𝑒 𝑑ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑ψ𝑒𝑗
𝐾𝑖𝑗𝑒 = 𝑎𝑒 + 𝐶𝑒 ψ𝑒𝑖 ψ𝑒𝑗 𝑑𝑥 and
0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑖𝑒 = 0
𝑓𝑒 ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑 𝑥
where x = 𝑥𝑖𝑒 + 𝑥 and
𝑑ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑ψ𝑒𝑖
dx = d𝑥, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Linear Element
𝑥
We have ψ1𝑒 𝑥 =1− ,
ℎ𝑒

𝑥
ψ𝑒2 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑒

ℎ𝑒 𝑑ψ1 𝑑ψ1
Hence 𝐾11 = 0
𝑎 + 𝑐ψ1 ψ1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ𝑒
1 1 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑎 − − +𝑐 1− 1− 𝑑𝑥
0 ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒

𝑎 1
𝐾11 = + 𝑐ℎ𝑒
ℎ𝑒 3

Similarly derive 𝐾12 , 𝐾21 and 𝐾22

Linear Element (contd.)
ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒 𝑥 1
 Also 𝑓1𝑒 = 0
𝑓𝑒 ψ𝑒𝑖 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑓𝑒 1 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓ℎ𝑒
ℎ𝑒 2

and calculate 𝑓2𝑒

 Hence linear algebraic equation form will be
𝑎 1 𝑎 1 𝑓ℎ𝑒
+ 𝑐ℎ𝑒 − + 𝑐ℎ𝑒
ℎ𝑒 3 ℎ𝑒 6 𝑢1 2 𝑄1
𝑢 = +
𝑎 1 𝑎 1 2 𝑓ℎ𝑒 𝑄2
− + 𝑐ℎ𝑒 + 𝑐ℎ𝑒
ℎ𝑒 6 ℎ𝑒 3 2

𝑎 1 −1 𝑐ℎ𝑒 2 1 𝑢1 𝑓ℎ𝑒 1 𝑄1
+ 𝑢2 = 2 1 + 𝑄2
ℎ𝑒 −1 1 6 1 2
 Similarly derive for Quadratic Element
7 −8 1 4 2 −1 𝑢1 1 𝑄1
𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑒
−8 16 −8 + 30 2 16 2 𝑢2 = 𝑓ℎ𝑒 4 + 𝑄2
3ℎ𝑒 6
1 −8 −7 −1 2 4 𝑢3 1 𝑄3