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8.1 Diode

Objective: Student able to:

8.1 To identify Semiconductor
8.2 To identify diode and its symbol
8.3 To state diode function
8.4 To state different type of diode
8.5 To measure voltage for diode at forward and reverse biased

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Pre-class activity

Use QR code to learn tricks on searching using Google browser.

Answer all the question before entering the class.

1 What is this? State how it was made.

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Teaching Note

Semiconductor Devices
Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic
properties of semiconductor materials such silicon and germanium. Study of
Semiconductor focus on the movement of electrons inside the atomic structure.

All atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Most solid materials are
classified as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators according to its conductivity
level. Conductivity, on the other hands, depends on the number of electrons in the
valence orbit.

Type of material Atomic structure Desciptions

Insulator  It has properties of non-metallic.
 Its outermost shell has more than four
valence electrons.

Semiconductor  It has properties in between metallic

and non-metallic.
 Its outermost shell has four valence
electrons.

Conductor  All metallic substances are the good

conductor of electricity.
 Its outermost shell has less than four
valence electrons.

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In solid-state physics, the energy gap or the band gap is an energy range
between valence band and conduction band where electron states are forbidden.
Below shows the state of energy of conductor, semiconductor and insulator.

Basically, semiconductors are solid material with distinct electrical

characteristics. Their conducting properties may be altered by mixing them with other
materials through doping process.
There are two types of doped semiconductor.
P-type Hole are majority carriers
N-type Electrons are majority carriers

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Diode
Diode is a semiconductor device typically made from a combination of p-type and n-
type material forming a pn junction.

Symbol of diode

Diode is normally used to control the direction of current flow.

Reverse biased Voltage across a diode is negative.
No current can flow, and the ideal diode looks like an open circuit.
forward biased Voltage across a diode is positive.
Diode will turn on and conduct current

Zener Diode
 Zener diodes are a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the
forward direction and reverse direction.
 Zener diodes are used for voltage regulation

Figure 2: Zener Diode Symbol

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Class activity: Si Diode

Practice 8.1: Si Diode

In this first activity, we will try to understand DC Characteristics of Si Diode from the
experiment.

Instructions:

1) As Figure 10.1, install “No 10. DIODE SPECIFICATION” module on the equipment.

Figure 10.1: Module.

2) As Figure 10.2, push Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment in
order to turn on operation LED. This is to connect the Power to the equipment.

Figure 10.2: Supplying Power.

3) As Figure 10.3, connect Fixed Power(+5V) and GND to Variable Resistor 1kΩ and
connect R3 to GND. And R2 outputs Variable Power.

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Figure 10.3: Wiring Variable Power.

4) As Figure 10.4, set switch S2 to “ON” and switch S2 to Forward Diode(D1). Then
connect Power of Variable Power to J1 of Figure 10.3..

Figure 10.4: Power On.

5) As Figure 10.5, set MultiMeter to Voltage Measuring Range.

Figure 10.5: Voltage Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

6) Adjust Variable Resistor at Figure 10.3 to input 0.4V variable power.

7) As Figure 10.6, measure V1 and write it on Table 10-1.

Figure 10.6: Measuring Voltage.

8) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

9) As Figure 10.7, set MultiMeter to Current Measuring Range(uA, mA).
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Figure 10.7: Current Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

10) As Figure 10.8, set switch S1 to”OFF” and measure the current of A1. Then write it on
Table 10-1.

Figure 10.8: Measuring Current.

11) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

12) Refer to Table 10-1 and adjust Variable Power (Power) to 0.4V to 2V.

13) Repeat the procedure of 5 to 12 and write the result on Table 10-1.

14) If the Experiment of Forward Diode (D1) by changing Variable Power to 0.4V to 2V is
completed, set switch S2 to D2 and connect it to Reverse Diode (D2) as Figure 10.9.

Figure 10.9: Wiring Circuit.

15) Repeat the procedure of 5 to 12 and write the result on Table 10-1.

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16) Based on Voltage and Current of Table 10-1, draw V-I characteristic curve of Si Diode
on Figure 10.10.

17) Push the Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment for power
"OFF".

Table 10-1. Si Specification

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Figure 10.10: V-I Characteristic Curve of Si Diode

Practice 8.2: Ge Diode

In this second activity, we will try to understand DC Characteristics of Ge Diode from the
experiment.

Instructions:
1) As Figure 10.11, install “No 10. DIODE SPECIFICATION” module on the equipment.

Figure 10.11: Module

2) As Figure 10.12, push Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment
in order to turn on operation LED. This is to connect the Power to the equipment.

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Figure 10.12: Supplying Power.

3) As Figure 8.13, connect Fixed Power(+5V) and GND to Variable Resistor 1kΩ. Input +5V
to Variable Resistor, R1 and connect R3 to GND. And R2 outputs Variable Power.

Figure 8.13 Wiring Variable Power.

4) As Figure 8.14, set switch S3 to “ON” and S4 to Forward Diode(D3). Then connect
Variable Power on Figure 10.3 to J2.

Figure 8.14: Power On.

5) As Figure 8.15, set MultiMeter to Voltage Measuring Range.

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Figure 8.15: Voltage Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

6) Adjust Variable Resistor at Figure 8.13 to input 0.4V variable power.

7) As Figure 8.16, measure V2 and write it on Table 10-2.

Figure 8.16: Measuring Voltage.

8) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

9) As Figure 10.17, set MultiMeter to Current Measuring Range (uA, mA).

Figure 10.17: Current Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

10) As Figure 10.18, set switch S3 to “OFF” and measure the Current of A2. Then write it
on Table 10-2.
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Figure 10.18: Measuring Current.

11) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

12) Refer to Table 10-2 and adjust Variable Power (Power) to 0.1V to 2V.

13) Repeat the procedure of 5 to 12 and write the result on Table 10-2.

14) If the Experiment of Forward Diode (D3) is completed by changing Variable Power to
0.1V to 2V, set switch S4 to D4 and connect it to Reverse Diode (D4) as Figure 10.19.

Figure 10.19: Wiring Circuit.

15) Repeat the procedure of 5 to 12 and write the result on Table 10-2.

16) Based on Voltage and Current of Table 10-2, draw V-I characteristic curve of Ge Diode
on Figure 10.20.

17) Push the Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment for power
"OFF".

Table 10-2. Ge Diode Specification

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Figure10.20: V-I Characteristic Curve of Ge Diode.

Practice 10.2: Zener Diode

In this third activity, we will try to understand DC Characteristics of Zener Diode from the
experiment.

Instructions:

1) As Figure 10.21, install “No 10. DIODE SPECIFICATION” module on the equipment.

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Figure 10.21: Module

2) As Figure 10.22, push Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment
in order to turn on operation LED. This is to connect the Power to the equipment.

Figure 10.22: Supplying Power.

3) As Fig. 10.23, connect Fixed Power (+15V) and GND to Variable Resistor 1kΩ. Input
+15V to Variable Resistor, R1 and connect R3 to GND. And R2 outputs Variable Power.

Figure 10.23: Wiring Variable Power.

4) As Figure 10.24, for No Load Experiment, set switch S5 to Reverse Diode (D6) and S8
to “ON”, S6 to “OFF” and S7 to R4 and then connect Variable Power of Fig. 10-35 to
J3.

Figure 10.24: No Load Wiring Circuit.

5) As Figure 10.25, set MultiMeter to Voltage Measuring Range.

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Figure 10.25: Voltage Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

6) Adjust Variable Resistor at Figure 10.23 to input 2V variable power.

7) As Figure 10.26, measure V3 and write it on Table 10-3.

Figure 10.26: Measuring Voltage.

8) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

9) As Figure 10.27, set MultiMeter to Current Measuring Range (uA, mA).

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Figure 10.27: Current Measuring Range of MultiMeter.

10) As Figure 10.28, set switch S8 to “OFF” and then measure the current of A3. Then write
it on Table 10-3.

Figure 10.28: Measuring Current.

11) Remove MultiMeter Probe from Module.

12) Refer to Table 10-3 and adjust Variable Power (Power) to 2V to 10V.

13) Repeat the procedure of 5 to 12 and write the result of Reverse Diode Experiment on
Table 10-3.

14) See the below procedure for the Experiment of Forward Diode.

15) As Figure 10.29, connect Fixed Power (+5V) and GND to Variable Resistor 1kΩ. And
input +5V to Variable Resistor, R1 and connect R3 to GND. And R2 outputs Variable
Power.

Figure 10.29: Wiring Variable Power.

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16) As Figure 10.30, set switch S5 to D5 for Forward Diode (D5) connection.

Figure 10.30: No Load Wiring Circuit.

17) Adjust Variable Resistor at Figure 10.29 to 0.4V to 3V variable power for the
Experiment.

18) Repeat the procedure of 5~11 and write it on Table 10-3.

19) Refer to Table 10-3 and adjust Variable Power (Power) to 0.4V~3V.

20) Based on Voltage and Current of Table 10-3, draw V-I characteristic curve of Zener
Diode on Figure 10.31.

21) Push the Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment for power
"OFF".

Table 10-3. Zener Diode Specification

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Figure 10.31: V-I Characteristic Curve of Zener Diode.

22) Push the Button switch at Power block on the lower right of equipment for power
"OFF".

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