Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology

Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider

Xuzhao He, Jialing Le, Si Qin,
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Xuzhao He, Jialing Le, Si Qin, (2017) "Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider", Aircraft Engineering and
Aerospace Technology, Vol. 89 Issue: 6, pp.797-803, https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-12-2014-0214
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 Design and analysis osculating
general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
Science and Technology on Scramjet Laboratory, Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute of CARDC, Mianyang, China

Abstract
Purpose – Waverider has high lift to drag ratio and will be an idea aerodynamic configuration for hypersonic vehicles. But a structure permitting
aerodynamic like waverider is still difficult to generate under airframe’s geometric constrains using traditional waverider design methods. And
furthermore, traditional waverider’s aerodynamic compression ability cannot be easily adjusted to satisfy the inlet entrance requirements for
hypersonic air-breathing vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to present a new method named osculating general curved cone (OCC) method aimed
to improve the shortcomings of traditional waveriders.
Design/methodology/approach – A basic curved cone is, first, designed by the method of characteristics. Then the waverider’s inlet captured
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curve and front captured tube are defined in the waverider’s exit plane. Osculating planes are generated along the inlet captured curve and the
designed curved cone is transformed to the osculating planes. Streamlines are traced in the transformed curved cone flow field. Combining all
streamlines which have been obtained, OCC waverider’s compression surface is generated. Waverider’s upper surface uses the free stream surface.
Findings – It is found that OCC waverider has good volumetric characteristics and good flow compression abilities compared with the traditional
osculating cone (OC) waverider. The volume of OCC waverider is 25 per cent larger than OC waverider at the same design condition. Furthermore,
OCC waverider can compress incoming flow to required flow conditions with high total pressure recovery in the waverider’s exit plane. The flow
uniformity in the waverider exit plane is quite well.
Practical implications – The analyzed results show that the OCC waverider can be a practical high performance airframe/forebody for hypersonic
vehicles. Furthermore, this novel waverider design method can be used to design a structure permitting aerodynamic like waverider for a practical
hypersonic vehicle.
Originality/value – The paper puts forward a novel waverider design method which can improve the waverider’s volumetric characteristics and
compression abilities compared with the traditional waverider design methods. This novel design approach can extend the waverider’s applications
for designing hypersonic vehicles.
Keywords General curved cone, Method of characteristics, Osculating method, Streamline tracing, Waverider
Paper type Research paper

Nomenclature Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations

Symbols OCC ⫽ Osculating general curved cone;

OC ⫽ Osculating cone;
␾ ⫽ Ratio of long to short axis of super ICC ⫽ Inlet captured curve;
ellipse [-]; FCT ⫽ Front captured tube;
n ⫽ exponent of super ellipse [-]; MOC ⫽ Method of characteristic; and
␪ ⫽ Quadrant angle of super ellipse °; AHL3D ⫽ Air-breathing hypersonic lab three
a, b, c, d, e and f ⫽ quintic curve’s coefficients [-]; dimensional.
H ⫽ Height between ICC and FCT at
symmetry plane [m]; Introduction
L ⫽ Straight line’s length in FCT curve
Waverider has high lift to drag ratio which can be used as
[m];
hypersonic vehicles’ airframe or forebody. Waverider forebody
RA ⫽ Axisymmetric radius at point A
has many advantages compared with the traditional lift
[m];
forebodies (Duveau et al., 1999) for air-breathing hypersonic
V ⫽ Waverider’s volume [m3]; and vehicle, such as high flow capture ratio and high flow
S ⫽ waverider’s wet surface area [m2]. uniformity. A lot of studies have been conducted to study the
waverider configurations and their applications. Bowcutt et al.

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on This work sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China
Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/1748-8842.htm No. 51376192, 91216303.

Received 18 December 2014

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal Revised 15 May 2016
89/6 (2017) 797–803 29 May 2016
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 1748-8842] 4 June 2016
[DOI 10.1108/AEAT-12-2014-0214] Accepted 18 July 2016

797
 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
(1987) and Corda and Anderson (1988) studied waverider
configuration’s optimization problems considering the viscous
effect. Lewis (1991) used the waverider as vehicle’s forebody
to design the air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. Mazhul (2010)
studied the waverider’s performances under off-design
conditions. Takashima and Lewis (1992, 1994a, 1994b)
studied and optimized the waverider’s performance under
viscous conditions using the viscous Navier–Stokes
computation tools. Takashima et al. (1996) designed the
hypersonic dual fuel vehicle using the waverider
configurations.
Previous waverider studies as introduced above are all
based on the traditional waverider configuration design
method. As we know, the waverider concept was proposed
by Nonweiler (1959) in 1950s first, and the original concept
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gradually evolved four kinds of waverider design methods.
The first kind of waverider design method was introduced
by Nonweiler (1963). The streamline tracing technique and
two-dimensional inviscid supersonic wedge flow filed were
used to design wedge-based waveriders. The second kind of
waverider design method is derived from supersonic flow
passing outer or inner cones, which have axisymmetric shock
wave and flow field structures, such as Goonko et al.’s (2000)
introduction. The third kind of waverider design method is
derived from supersonic wedge and cone flow fields or elliptic
cones flow fields, such as Takashima and Lewis (1994a,
1994b) and Rasmussen’s (1980) introduction. The final but
most popular waverider design method is introduced by
Sobieczky et al. (1990), called osculating cone (OC) method,
which uses supersonic outer cone flow field and osculating
method to generate waverider. Later, Sobieczky et al. (1997)
used curved shockwave and osculating method to design
waverider. Rodi (2005) extends the OC method to osculating
flow field method which uses power law bodies to generate the
basic flow field and osculating method to design waverider,
but Rodi (2005) did not analysis the waverider’s flow field and
also the design method was not verified in the paper.
As shown above, many waverider design methods have been
put forward presently, but there are still some difficulties for
using a waverider in an utility vehicle. The first obstacle is
geometric structure constrain. Using present waverider design
methods, a structure permitting aerodynamic-like waverider
cannot be generated under airframe’s geometric constrains.
The designed waveriders are too bend to satisfy the structure
or volume requirements. For this reason, the practical
hypersonic waverider vehicles do not appear up to now.
The second obstacle for traditional waveriders is that the
waverider’s aerodynamic compression ability cannot satisfy
the inlet entrance requirements. For a 10 degree wedge or
cone under Mach 6 incoming flow, only Mach number 4.7 or
5.0 can be obtained when the flow passes through the leading
edge shock compression. The compressed Mach number is
too high to fit the inlet inner compression part’s requirement.
If the wedge or cone angle is increased, then the compressed
Mach number will decrease but the total pressure recovery will
decrease too. This kind of waverider is obviously not suitable
for airframe propulsion integration.
A new design method named osculating general curved
cone (OCC) method is presented in this paper for practical
waverider design which can satisfy the geometric needs and
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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803
inlet requirements of the future hypersonic air-breathing
vehicles. The purpose to use “general curved cone” is to refer
to a kind of cone with arbitrary curved surface, but it has a
straight leading edge shock. The curved cone surface ensures
that the aerodynamic compression ability and volume
characteristics of the OCC waverider can be adjusted to fit
with the requirements of the potential air-breathing
hypersonic vehicle. The aerodynamic characteristics and flow
field structures are simulated and analyzed in detail. The
theoretical designing results are compared with the inviscid
CFD simulation results. The comparison study between OCC
and OC waveriders is also presented, which shows that OCC
waverider will be a better aerodynamic configuration for
hypersonic vehicle than OC waverider.
General curved cone design
General curved cone is used as the basic flow flied for OCC
waverider. Curved cone is designed using the method of
characteristic (MOC) for axisymmetric flow. Details of the
MOC have been introduced by Zucrow and Hoffman (1977).
Figure 1 shows the curved cone flow field structure. The
curved cone includes three sections. The first section (OP) is
a straight cone which generates a straight initial shock wave
and finishes the initial compression. Taylor–Maccoll
equations (Zucrow and Hoffman, 1977) were used to solve
the flow field variables in this part. The second part is a curve
(section PQ) which is at a tangent with section OP at point P.
It can be any curve which continuously compresses the
incoming flow to the required flow conditions and at the same
time, do not disturb the initial straight shock AO. For
instance, PQ’s shape can be defined first and then MOC tools
(Zucrow and Hoffman, 1977) are used to solve the flow field
which is determined by curve PQ and flow variables on AP.
AP is a characteristic line and its flow variables are obtained by
Taylor–Maccoll equations. For a special case, PQ can be an
isotropic compression section whose isotropic compression
waves meet at point A. The methods introduced by Anderson
(1969) can be used to design the isotropic compression curve.
The third section QC is a curve which is at a tangent with
section PQ at point Q. Its shape can be adjusted to fit the
specific requirements for inlet entrance conditions. Shape of
QC can be defined by cubic curve, and for the present case, it
is a straight line tangent with curve PQ. Flow field determined
by transition section QC and characteristic line QA is
calculated by MOC.
Figure 2 shows the specific designing result of a curved cone
flow field, for which incoming free stream Mach number is
6.0. The curved cone has a 10 degree initial straight cone, and
then an isotropic compression curve PQ connects to the
straight cone. The Mach number at point A at the end of
Figure 1 General basic curved cone flow field structure
 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
Figure 2 MOC design result of a Mach 6 to Mach 4 curved cone
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isotropic compression fan is set to 4.0. The transition section
QC for this specific design case is a straight line tangent with
the isotropic compression section. The curved cone flow
field’s Mach number contour and MOC design grid are shown
in Figure 2.
Osculating general curved cone waverider
design method
Many articles have introduced OC waverider design method
(Sobieczky et al., 1990; Chauffor et al., 2004). In OC method,
the waverider’s inlet captured curve (ICC) and front captured
tube (FCT) are defined first in the waverider’s exit plane.
Second, osculating planes are generated along ICC. Third, in
an osculating plane, streamline is traced in a straight conical
flow field. Combining all streamlines which have been
obtained in the osculating plane, OC waverider’s compression
surface is generated. Normally, waverider’s upper surface uses
the free stream surface. The difference between OCC and OC
methods is that OCC method uses the designed curved cone
as the osculating flow field. And the similarity law for the
inviscid basic flow field is used in different osculating planes.
For the OCC waverider design method, ICC and FCT
curves are defined in the OCC waverider’s exit plane first.
Actually, any second derivatives continuity curves can be used
as the ICC. For a specific example, ICC is defined as a super
elliptic curve. The definition of ICC is shown as Equation (1)
and ICC’s shape is shown in Figure 3:
x ⫽ ␾共cos (␪)兲2/n y ⫽ 共sin (␪)兲2/n
␾ is the ratio of long to short axis and n is exponent of super
ellipse. A reasonable shock shape curve can generated by
Figure 3 Sketch map of ICC and FCT curves in waverider exit plane
y
L
S1 FCT
H
S2
x
ICC
Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803
properly adjusting ␾, n and ␪. The parameters of the ICC
curve are defined as ␾ ⫽ 2, n ⫽ 2 and ␪ ⫽ 0.6 presently.
The FCT line uses a straight line connected to a quintic
curve to generate. Its shape is shown in Figure 3 and the
formulas are shown below:
y ⫽ H x ⱕ L in DC section (2)
y ⫽ ax5 ⫹ bx4 ⫹ cx3 ⫹ bx2 ⫹ ex ⫹ f in CB section (3)
Where a, b, c, d, e and f are quintic curve’s coefficients which
can be determined by geometric information at point S1 and
S2. H is the height between ICC and FCT at symmetry plane.
The straight line’s length L is set to 0.1 H. The quintic curve
has zero first-order derivation and zero curvature at point S1.
Its first-order derivation and curvature at point S2 are ⫺1.0
and 0.1, respectively.
Then, the curvature center of an arbitrary point, such as
point A, on ICC can be found, which is A’. An osculating
plane AA’ can be generated, as shown in Figure 4. Osculating
plane is a vertical plane which is perpendicular with the
waverider’s exit plane. The osculating plane AA’ intersects
with the FCT curve at point D in waverider’s exit plane.
Figure 5 shows the design procedures in the osculating plan.
In the osculating plane AA’, the designed curved cone is used
as the osculating flow field. The inviscid similarity law is used
to scale the designed curved cone flow field to match with the
geometrical size which is defined in the osculating plane. Such
as the corresponding points A-B-C-D-A’ must match with
each other in Figures 4 and 5. Then, as shown in Figure 5, a
horizontal line stretches out from point D and intersects with
the initial straight shock OA at D’. After that, a streamline is
traced from the leading edge point D’ until the exit of the
Figure 4 Design sketch map in the waverider’s exit plane
(1)
Figure 5 Design sketch map in the osculating plane AA’
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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

curved cone flow field. This streamline forms the waverider’s Figure 8 pressure contour in exit plane of the designed OCC
lower surface in the osculating plan AA’. waverider
Repeating the previous procedures along ICC point by
point, the entire OCC waverider’s compression surface is
generated. The free stream surface is used as the upper surface
of OCC waverider. Figure 6 shows the three side views of a
designed OCC waverider.

Flow field structure analysis of osculating

general curved cone waverider
CFD software AHL3D (He et al., 2006) is used to simulate
the designed waverider’s inviscid aerodynamic characteristics. Figure 9 The OCC waverider and its three dimensional shock wave
AHL3D can simulate two-dimensional, axisymmetric or
three-dimensional Euler or Navier–Stocks equations on
structured multi-block grids. A variety of robust upwind
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schemes can be used for inviscid flux construction. The

working fluid can be simulated as a calorically perfect single
component gas or a mixture of thermally perfect gas.
The simulation is conducted at design condition, which is
Mach number 6, zero angle of attack. Simulation results will
be compared with design ones to verify OCC waverider’s
design method. Figure 7 shows the CFD simulation grids.
Structured grids with four blocks and totally 3.2 million points Figure 10 Mach number contour in symmetry plane of the
are used in present simulation. designed OCC waverider
In Figure 8, pressure contour in the OCC waverider’s exit
plane is shown. Figure 9 shows the waverider’s
three-dimensional shock wave structure which is generated by
the iso-pressure surface of CFD simulation result. Above
results show that the three-dimensional shock wave attaches
with the OCC waverider’s side edge closely. The shock wave
attachment characteristic of the waverider is show clearly from
those two figures.
Figure 10 is the Mach number contour in OCC waverider’s
symmetric plane. The flow field structure in symmetric plane

Figure 6 Three sides view of the designed OCC waverider

is identical with the basic curved cone’s flow field structure.

The initial compression shock and isentropic compression
wave can be seen clearly in waverider’s symmetry plane.
Figure 11 shows the pressure contour (p/p⬁) comparison
between the CFD simulation and theoretical design results on
the OCC waverider’s compression surface. The pressure

Figure 11 Comparison of the waverider’s compression surface

pressure contour (p/p⬁) between the CFD simulation and theoretical
Figure 7 CFD calculation grid of the designed OCC design result (top view)

800
 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
contours of the design result are interpolated from the traced
streamlines in the basic curved cone’s flow field. The design
result is almost identical with the CFD simulation result.
From Chauffor and Lewis (2004), the azimuthal pressure
gradients along the waverider’s osculating plane are negligible
at high Mach number. Even in low supersonic speed,
osculating method still can generate a general waverider which
can isolate the high pressure gas in waverider’s compression
surface. Figure 12 is the back view of the comparison results
between design and simulation pressure contours (p/p⬁) in
OCC waverider’s exit plane and compression surface. The
shock wave’s size and structure, the pressure contours’
distribution and value are almost identical in design and
simulation condition.
Figure 13 is the front view of wall surface streamlines and
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osculating planes in the waverider’s compression surface. The
solid lines in this figure indicate the streamlines drawing from
the CFD computational result, while the dashed lines are the
theoretical streamlines which overlap with the osculating
planes. From Figure 11, the pressure distribution on
waverider’s compression surface decreases from center to side
edge. So small azimuthal pressure gradients will appear on
waverider’s compression surface, and consequently, the
streamlines move slightly outward to the side edge. Actually,
the flow is not totally axisymmetric in the osculating plane and
the streamlines will not stay in the osculating plane exactly.
Instead, the streamlines stray away from the high pressure
region into the low pressure region; however, the deflection of
the streamlines from the osculating planes is small. All those
above results have proven that present OCC waverider design
method is theoretically correct.
Comparison between osculating cone and
osculating general curved cone waverider
Having introduced an innovative waverider design method
above, we want to know what are the differences between
Figure 12 Comparison of exit plane and waverider compression
surface pressure contour (p/p⬁) between the CFD simulation and
theoretical design results (back view)
Figure 13 Front view of streamlines and osculating planes along
the lower surface of the designed OCC waverider
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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803
OCC and OC waveriders. For comparing OC and OCC
waverider, the same ICC and FCT curves are used which have
been defined in Section 3. A straight cone with 10 degree cone
angle is used as the basic flow field for the OC waverider
design, which has the same cone angle as the straight part of
the curved cone which has been defined in Section 2. The
OCC waverider studied in the present paper is used as the
counterpart for comparison.
First, from the geometrical point of view, as shown in
Figure 14, the OCC waverider is more plump than OC
waverider. The OCC waverider has a convex compression
surface and its structure is realizable. The OC waverider has an
inner concave surface and its structure is difficult to realize. OCC
waverider looks more like a practical vehicle’s airframe or
forebody than OC waverider.
Figure 15 is the Mach number contour’s comparison
between OC and OCC waverider on their compression
surfaces and exit planes. From this figure, OC waverider can
compress incoming flow from Mach number 6 to Mach
number 5.0 ⬃ 5.1. The compressed Mach number varies from
5.0 to 5.1. The OCC waverider compresses the Mach number
6 incoming flow to Mach number 4.0 ⬃ 3.98 at its exit. Its
compressed Mach number varies from 3.98 to 4.0. Those
results show that the OCC waverider has better compression
ability and flow uniformity than OC waverider.
Figure 16 is the comparison between the OC and OCC
waverider’s pressure contour (p/p⬁) on their compression
surface and exit plane. We can see that OC waverider can
produce around 2.5 times static pressure rise in its exit plane.
But the OCC waverider has around 10 times static pressure
rise at the same place. Obviously, OCC waverider has stronger
flow compression ability than OC wavrider, and it can provide
suitable compressed incoming flow for inlet’s inner
compression section. OCC waverider will be a suitable
forebody for waverider inlet integration.
Figure 17 is the comparison between OC and OCC
waverider’s Mach number contour in their symmetry plane.
Their symmetry plane’s flow field structures give clear
Figure 14 Three dimensinal view of the OC and OCC waverider
Figure 15 Comparison of mach number contour on waveriders low
surface and exit
 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
Figure 16 Comparison of pressure contour (p/p⬁) on waveriders
low surface and exit plane
Figure 17 Comparison of Mach number contour on OC and OCC
waveriders’ symmetry plane
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explanations for their different flow characteristics. OCC
waverider’s symmetry plane has shock wave and isotropic
compression waves, which continuously compress the
incoming flow to the defined flow condition. In the OC
waverider’s flow field, the compression mainly relies on the
initial compression shock, which will cause huge pressure
recovery loss if low Mach number is needed in waverider’s exit
plane. On waverider’s exit plane, OCC waverider’s Mach
number is lower than OC waverider’s, but OCC waverider’s
pressure recovery ratio is same as OC waverider’s. This is
thanks to the isotropic compression section used in the OCC
waverider’s design.
When we talk about the waverider’s lift to drag ratio, it
directly relates to the waverider’s volume characteristic.
Although the OCC waverider’s lift to drag ratio can be
increased by minimizing the basic curved cone’s drag under
specific volume constrains, we only focus on the novel OCC
waverider design method without making any optimization for
present demonstration case.
The volume parameters and lift to drag ratios at design
condition for OCC and OC waverider are shown in Table I.
The OCC waverider’s volume is 25 per cent larger than OC
waverider’s and its lift to drag ratio is a little bit lower than OC
waverider’s. As mentioned above, if a high lift to drag ratio
OCC waverider is wanted, then it can be generated using an
optimized low drag basic curved cone.
Table I The comparison of volume and lift to drag ratio characteristics
between OCC and OC waverider
Waverider types V2/3/S Lift to drag ratio
OCC waverider 0.0985 4.1
OC waverider 0.0788 5.0
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Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803
Conclusion
The design method of OCC waverider has been introduced
in present papers. OCC waverider uses general curved cone
as the osculating flow field. Osculating and streamline
tracing methods are used to generate the OCC waverider
when the inlet capture curve and front capture tube are
defined. Based on the study of present paper, there are
several advantages for this kind of waverider: 1. OCC
waverider has good volumetric characteristics. Using the
same inlet capture curve and front capture tube curves, the
OCC waverider has bigger volume than OC waverider.
The OCC waverider looks more like a structure realizable
waverider. 2. OCC waverider has good flow compression
abilities. OCC waverider can compress incoming flow to
required flow conditions with high total pressure recovery
in the waverider’s exit plane. The flow uniformity in the
waverider exit plane is quite well. The high and qualified
flow compression ability can provide qualified compressed
gas for hypersonic air-breathing vehicle’s inlet. From above
indications, we can draw a conclusion that OCC waverider
can be a practical high performance airframe/forebody for
hypersonic vehicles in the near future.
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Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
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Corresponding author
Xuzhao He can be contacted at: hexuzhao@sina.com