If 500 mL of HCl gas at 300 K and 100 kPa dissolve in 100 mL of pure water,

what is the concentration? Data required: R value 8.314 kPa L / (K mol).

Solution: PV = nRT

0.50 L * 100 kPa

n_HCl = --------------------------------
(8.314 kPa L/(K mol) * 300 K)

= 0.02 mol

Concentration of HCl, [HCl]

[HCl] = 0.02 mol / 0.1 L = 0.2 mol/L.

Discussion
Note that R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) will not be suitable in this case.

If you have difficulty, review Solutions.

Example 2

If 500 mL of HCl gas at 300 K and 100 kPa dissolved in pure water requires
12.50 mL of the NaOH solution to neutralize in a titration experiment, what
is the concentration of the NaOH solution?

Solution:
Solution in Example 1 showed nHCl = 0.02 mol. From the titration experiment, we
can conclude that there were 0.02 moles of NaOH in 12.50 mL. Thus,

[NaOH] = 0.02 mol / 0.0125 L = 1.60 mol/L

Discussion:

Think in terms of reaction,

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O <== Reaction
0.02 mol 0.02 mol <== Quantities reacted

Note: that 0.02 mol of NaOH is in 0.0125 mL solution.

Example 3:
A 5.0-L air sample containing H2S at STP is treated with a catalyst to
promote the reaction,
H2S + O2 = H2O + S(solid).
If 3.2 g of solid S was collected, calculate the volume percentage of H2S in the
original sample.

Solution:

1 mol H2S
3.2 g S --------- = 0.10 mol H2S
32 g S

V_H2S = 0.10 mol * 22.4 L/mol

= 2.24 L

Volume % = 2.25 L / 5.0 L

= 0.45
= 45 %
Discussion:
Data required: Atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16; S, 32. R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) is
now suitable R values or molar volume at STP (22.4 L/mol)

(compare : R value 8.314 kPa L / (K mol).

The volume percentage is also the mole percentage, but not the weight
percentage.

Example 4:
Hydrogen sulfide reacts with sulfur dioxide to give H2O and S,

2 H2S + SO2 = 2 H2O + 3 S(solid), unbalanced.

If 6.0 L of H2S gas at 750 torr produced 3.2 g of sulfur, calculate the
temperature in C.

Solution
Balanced reaction:

2 H2S + SO2 = 2 H2O + 3 S(solid),

2 mol 3*32 = 96 g
0.067
3,2 g S = 0.1 M

H2S = 2/3 x 0.1 = 0.067

2 mol H2S
3.2 g S ---------- = 0.067 mol H2S;
96 g S
 P = 750/760 = 0.987 atm

PV 0.987 atm * 6 L
T = --- = --------------------------------
n R 0.067 mol (H2S) * 0.08205 atm L /(mol K)

= 1085 K (-273)
= 812°C

Discussion:
Atomic mass: H, 1.0; O, 16.0; S, 32.0. R = 0.08205 L atm /(K mol) is OK but
watch units used for pressure.

Example 5:
When 50.0 mL of AgNO3 solution is treated with excess amount of HI gas to
give 2.35 g of AgI, calculate the concentration of AgNO3 solution.

Solution

1 mol Ag+ 1 mol AgNO3

2.35 g AgI ----------- --------------
234.8 g AgI 1 mol Ag+

= 0.010 mol AgNO3

AgNO3 + HI  AgI + HNO3

[AgNO3] = 0.01 mol AgNO3 / 0.050 L

= 0.20 M AgNO3
Discussion
A gas is involved, but there is no need to consider the gas law. At. mass: Ag,
107.9; N, 14.0; O, 16.0; I, 126.9

Example 6:

What volume (L) will 0.20 mol HI occupy at 300 K and 100.0 kPa? R = 8.314
kPa L / (K mol) = 0.08205 atm L / (mol K).

Solution

n RT
V = ----
P

0.20 mol * 8.314 kPa L / (mol K) *300 K

= ---------------------------------------
100 kPa

= 5 L,

Example 7:
 A 3.66-g sample containing Zn (at.wt. 65.4) and Mg (24.3) reacted with a
dilute acid to produce 2.470 L H2 gas at 101.0 kPa and 300 K. Calculate the
percentage of Zn in the sample.

Solution
The number of moles of gas produced is the number of moles of metals in the
sample. Once you know the number of moles, set up an equation to give the
number of moles of metal in the sample.

( ZnMg) + H+  H2 + Zn2+ + Mg2+

0.100 mol  0.100 mol

n = 101 kPa * 2.470 L / (8.3145 kPa L / (mol K) * 300 K)

    = 0.100 mol
Let x be the mass of Zn, then the mass of Mg is 3.66 - x g. Thus, we have
x 3.66 - x
------- + ---------- = 0.100 mole
65.4 24.3

Solving for x gives x = 1.96 g Zn,

and the weight percent = 100 * 1.96 / 3.66 = 53.6 % (Mg = 46.4%)

Discussion
Find the mole percent of Zn in the sample.

# mol of Zn = 1.96/65.4 = 0.03 mol

# mol of Mg = 1.70/24.3 = 0.07 mol
mole percent = 100 * 0.03 / (0.03 + 0.07) = 30 % Zn
70% Mg

ppm = part per million = mg /lt, 0.001g / 1000cm3 = 1 g / 1000000 cm3

ppb = part per billion 1 g / 1000000000

1ppm =1000 ppb

g/100 g = % b/ b  5% b/b 5g dalam total 100g

v/v 70% alcohol ml / ml l/l

Example 8

When 2.00 g mixture of Na and Ca react with water, 1.164 L hydrogen was
produced at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa. What is the percentage of Na in the
sample?
solution

2 Na + 2 H2O = 2 Na(OH) + H2(g)

Ca + H2O = Ca(OH) + H2(g)

Let x be the mass of Na, then (2.00-x) is the mass of Ca.

We have the following relationship

1 mol
xg (2.0 - x) g Ca 1.164 L H2 * 100.0 kPa
H2 1 mol H2
----- ------ ------------------
----   + ----------   =
23.0 40.1 g 8.3145 kPa L mol-1 K-1 300.0
2 mol 1 mol Ca
g/mol Ca/mol K
Na

Simplify to give

x 2 x
----   + ---- - ----   = 0.0467 all in mol
46.0 40.1 40.1

Multiply all terms by (40.1 * 46.0)

40.1 x + 2 * 46.0 - 46.0 x = 86.1

Simplify

-5.9 x = 86.1 - 92.0 = -5.91

Thus, Mass of Na = x = 1.0 g

Mass of Ca = 2.0 - x = 1.0 g
Mass Percentage of Na = 100* (1 / 2.0) = 50%

Discussion

Mole of Na = 1/23 = 0.0435 mol

Mole percentage = (1/23) / (1/23 + 1/40.1) = 0.635 = 63.5%

Compare this example with gravimetric analyses using the reaction

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) = AgCl (s)
where Cl-(aq) comes from the disolution of two salts such as NaCl and MgCl2.

Also compare with analyses making use of the reaction

Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) = BaSO4 (s)
where the anion SO42-(aq) comes from the disolution of two sulfate salts.
 This example is very similar to Example 7.

EXAMPLE - Equation Stoichiometry with Mixtures:   

Calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2, which is used in the production of triple

superphosphate fertilizers, can be formed from the reaction of phosphoric acid with apatite,
Ca5(PO4)3F, in apatite ore.

      2Ca5(PO4)3F  +  14H3PO4        10Ca(H2PO4)2  +  2HF

Apatite ore ( 81.7% )

superphosphate

a.  What is the maximum mass of Ca(H2PO4)2 that can be formed from the reaction of excess
phosphoric acid solution with the Ca5(PO4)3F in 8.50 x 104 kilograms of an apatite ore that is 81.7%
Ca5(PO4)3F?

b.  If an apatite ore is 81.7% Ca5(PO4)3F, what is the minimum mass necessary to produce 8.0 x
103 kg of Ca(H2PO4)2?  

Solution:

a.  Percentages convey a ratio that can be used as a conversion factor. Thus 81.7% Ca 5(PO4)3F
in apatite ore can be described as

This conversion factor can be used to convert between mass of ore and mass of the pure
substance Ca5(PO4)3F. The following shows one way to work this problem.
                                       =  1.61 x 105 metric tons Ca(H2PO4)2

b. For this calculation, the percentage provides a conversion factor that converts from mass of
Ca5(PO4)3F to mass of the apatite ore.

                   =  4.2 x 103 kg ore