Muhammad Ahmad (L1F20BSPH0040)

Prof. Muahammad Azam

Modern Physics S4

20th June 2022 Assignment # 04

 Ionic Bond
ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed from the electrostatic
attraction between oppositely charged ions in
a chemical compound.

Ionic bonding results in compounds known

as ionic, or electrovalent, compounds, which
are best exemplified by the compounds formed
between nonmetals and the alkali and alkaline-
earth metals.

Example 1
Sodium chloride is made up of positive sodium cations and negative chloride anions. We can
use our knowledge of their electron configurations to work out the charges of the ions they
form. Sodium has the electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. The easiest way for it to
achieve a full outer shell is by losing one electron from its 3s sub-shell, so it has the
arrangement 1s2 2s2 2p6. As you know, electrons are negatively charged, and so losing an
electron, results in a positive ion with a charge of +1.
Example 2

Magnesium has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2. To achieve a full outer shell,
each atom needs to lose two electrons from its 3s sub-shell. This forms a cation with a charge
of 2+ and an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6.Oxygen, however, has the electron
configuration 1s2 2s2 2p4. Each atom needs to gain two electrons to form an anion with a
charge of 2- and an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6.

Example 3

Calcium has the electron configuration [Ar] 4s2. To achieve a full outer shell, each calcium
atom needs to lose two electrons from its 4s sub-shell, giving each calcium ion the electron
configuration [Ar]. Fluorine has the electron configuration [He] 2s2 2p5. Each fluorine atom
needs to gain one electron to form a fluoride ion with the electron configuration [He] 2s2 2p6,
which we can write as [Ne].
Covalent bond
Covalent bond, in chemistry, the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of
an electron pair between two atoms. The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of
their nuclei for the same electrons. A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a
lower total energy than that of widely separated atoms. Molecules that have covalent linkages
include the inorganic substances hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, water, and ammonia (H2, N2,
Cl2, H2O, NH3) together with all organic.

Example 1
HCL molecule has one Hydrogen atom with one valence electron and one Chlorine atom with
seven valence electrons. In this case, a single bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine
by sharing one electron.
Example 2
Carbon dioxide molecule has one carbon atom with six valence electrons and two oxygen
atom with four valence electrons.
To complete its octet, carbon shares two of its valence electrons with one oxygen atom and
two with another oxygen atom. Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons with carbon and
therefore there are two double bonds in CO2.

Example 3
n the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atoms having five valence electrons
provides three electrons to form three electron pairs for sharing. Thus, a triple bond is formed
between the two nitrogen atoms.
 Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonding, interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other
atoms having a high affinity for electrons; such a bond is weaker than an ionic
bond or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals forces.

Hydrogen bonds can exist between atoms in different molecules or in parts of the same
molecule. One atom of the pair (the donor), generally a fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen atom, is
covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom (―FH, ―NH, or ―OH), whose electrons it shares
unequally; its high electron affinity causes the hydrogen to take on a slight positive charge.
The other atom of the pair, also typically F, N, or O, has an unshared electron pair, which
gives it a slight negative charge.
Example 1
Hydrofluoric acid forms what is called a symmetric hydrogen bond, which is stronger than
the regular hydrogen bond. This type of bond also forms in formic acid.

Example 2
Polymers that contain carbonyl or amide groups can form hydrogen bonds. Examples include
urea and polyurethane and the natural polymer cellulose. Hydrogen bonding in these
molecules increases their tensile strength and melting point.
Example 3
Hydrogen bonds form between base pairs. This gives DNA its double helix shape and makes
replication of the strands possible, as they "unzip" along the hydrogen bonds.

References

https://www.britannica.com/science/ionic-bond

https://www.thoughtco.com/hydrogen-bond-examples-
603987#:~:text=water%20(H2O)%3A,atoms%20(a%20common%20misconception).

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