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Communication Systems
Characteristics of Communication Systems
A communication system allows its users to send and receive data and information
The framework in which communication systems function is shown in the diagram below,
where it represents Skype/MSN as a communication system.
Network
Interface
Ethernet Cable Wireless
Card
Protocols in communication:
A protocol is a set of rules that governs a communication process
‘Handshaking’ is the process of establishing a communication link and agreeing on which
protocol to use
A communications protocol must define the following:
o Rate of transmission (in baud or bps)
o Whether transmission is to be synchronous or asynchronous
o Whether data is to be transmitted in half-duplex or full-duplex mode
Also, protocols can include sophisticated techniques for detecting and recovering from
transmission errors and for encoding and decoding data.
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Common protocols:
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – rules that split data into packets
for transfer across the internet
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – allow the displaying of files containing hypertext links
across a network
FTP: File Transfer Protocol – the protocol defining the transfer of files over a network or the
internet
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – sending of e-mail messages
POP: Post Office Protocol – retrieves e-mail messages
SSL : Secure Sockets Layer – used for encryption of data for secure data transmission
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Examples of Communication Systems
Teleconferencing systems:
Teleconferencing (video conferencing) is an alternative to face to face meetings, using
electronic hardware and software such as camera and internet connections to transfer video
and audio data. Commonly used for education and conferencing.
How data is transmitted and received:
o The video and audio data is captured, digitised (by assigning a number -binary code-
to each pixel on the image to represent its colour), transmitted over the internet, and
then decoded when received.
Advantages:
o Facilitates flexible meeting scheduling
o Achieves worldwide connectivity; thus avoids expensive travel costs
Disadvantages:
o Can be expensive and requires fast processors and high transmission speeds
o Reduces personal contact; lack of social skills develop
Messaging systems:
Email:
Users are able to send text messages and attached files to individuals or groups of people via
the internet (e.g. used in schools to send notices and make appointments)
How data is transmitted and received:
o Use computers to send and receive text messages and attached documents via the
internet
Advantages:
o Very fast transmission of mail compared to conventional postal mail
o Capable of transmitting and receiving text, graphics, sound and video as attachments
o Free of charge to send an email; only monthly ISP fee
Disadvantages:
o Viruses, which can be attached to email messages
o Only available to those who have a computer, internet connection and email address
Voice mail:
Voice mail allows transmission of vocal messages between users via telephone systems.
How data is transmitted and received:
o Audio messages are recorded and then transmitted by telephone system for storage
(when someone is unavailable)
Advantages:
o The receiver does not have to be present, and messages are stored and can then be
later retrieved by the recipient
o No extra hardware needed besides a telephone
Disadvantages:
o Voicemail can be viewed as impersonal by callers
o Only users with a voice mail account can access its functionality
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Voice over internet protocol (VOIP):
Purpose: To allow voice calls to be made over a broadband internet connection
Participants: Residential home users, small businesses
Data/information: Sound waves converted to digital audio signals
Information technology: Broadband internet connection, computer, VOIP software (for
computer-to-computer connections), microphone, speakers, sound card, modem
How data is transmitted and received:
o Sound waves are recorded by microphone
o The computer compresses it into data packets for transmission over the IP network
o The sending computer places an address on each packet telling the network devices
where to send them
o Inside of each packet is a payload; a voice recording digitally converted
o The sending computer sends the packet(s) to a router which directs it to the receiver
o The receiving computer decodes the transmission to output sound waves
Advantages:
o Except for your normal monthly ISP fee, there is usually no charge for computer-to-
computer calls, no matter the distance
o VOIP consumes less transmission time
Disadvantages:
o Phone conversations can become distorted, garbled or lost because of transmission
errors (e.g. packet loss)
o No power means a call cannot be made
o Susceptible to worms, viruses and hacking
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E-commerce:
E-Commerce (electronic commerce) consists of the buying and selling of products or services
over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. Can be used
with computers, mobile phones, ATMs, telephone, etc.
Advantages:
o Customers are more easily able to compare products and services
o Less labour and paper involved in electronic transactions
o Reduced waiting time as products and services are more quickly obtained by
customers
Disadvantages:
o Potential customers may not like having to reveal their financial and personal
information online
o Fraud, hacking, identity theft, etc.
Electronic banking:
Serves as a substitute for cheques and other paper transactions for bank customers who
have a personal computer, an internet connection and an electronic banking account. Fund
transfers or enquires are made through the use of devices such as cards or codes to gain
access to the account.
Advantages:
o Allows people greater convenience in the process of banking as electronic banking is
available 24/7
o Saves people from going into the bank to withdraw or deposit money – travel time
and costs
o It is simple and free
Disadvantages:
o People who are not computer literate and people who do not have access to a
personal computer are denied this function
o Customers may be sucked into phishing scams where they disclose their private
details to scammers believing them to be the actual bank
o Unauthorised individuals can intercept banking transactions; gaining access to
people’s private banking details which they can use for criminal activities such as
fraud
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Transmitting and Receiving in Communication Systems
Transmission media:
Wired transmission:
Twisted pair:
o Twisted pairs are insulated copper wires. They can transfer text, sound, video and
graphics as electric currents. The twists in the cable reduce interference/noise during
transmission.
o A twisted pair is installed to an ethernet cable (RJ-45) for use to connect computers
in a local area network (LAN)
o Least expensive, reliable data communication
Coaxial cable:
o Coaxial cables are thick cores of copper surrounded by insulating material. The
insulation is enclosed by a woven mesh. This is surrounded by a plastic layer for
protection.
o Mostly used for Internet connections and Foxtel (cable television)
o It is very fast and is capable of a high bandwidth and long transmission distances
Optic fibre:
o Fibre optic cables are very thin glass strands well protected by insulation
o Transmit using light and have greater bandwidth and a higher speed than other
cables.
o Fibre optic cable is less susceptible to interference and they do not corrode like the
metal cables.
o Most expensive of the three wired transmission mediums
o Often used for long distance connections (e.g. Sydney to Melbourne)
Wireless transmission:
Microwave:
o Microwaves are electromagnetic waves that can be used for data transmission
Satellite:
o Geostationary object (in space) functioning as a repeater
o Used for internet connections mainly in remote areas where other internet
connections may be unavailable
o Advantages: carry very high bandwidth over very large distances
Radio waves:
o Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
o Radio waves do more than just bring music to your radio; they also carry signals for
your television and mobile phones
Infrared:
o Wireless signals, mainly used in devices such as remote controls where it is
transmission over very short distances
o Advantages: add devices without cables
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Transmission speed:
Transmission speed is the time it takes data to travel from the source to the destination. The
hardware being used and the transmission medium will greatly affect this speed. It can be
best described in terms of bandwidth, baudrate and bits per second (bps).
Bandwidth: The ability of the transmission medium to handle a particular amount of data in
a given time; the higher the bandwidth the more data that can be sent
Baudrate: A measure of the speed of transmission in a communication medium; measures
how many times the medium can change its state
Bits per second (bps): A measure of the speed of transmission in communication medium;
measures how many bits of data are transmitted (or received) in one second
Strategies for error detection and error correction: Asynchronous – uses start and stop bits
Synchronous – no start/stop bit
Parity:
Parity is the method used to check data in asynchronous transmission, where one character
is checked at a time. The eighth bit of the byte is the parity bit, which is used to check the
accuracy of transmission. The parity checking can be either odd or even.
Checksum:
If the 1 digits of a binary code are added they give a total which is called a checksum. The
receiving computer calculates the checksum and compares it to the transmitted checksum,
and if they do not match, an error is detected.
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC):
The transmitted data is treated as one large binary sum (similar to checksum). The sum is
then divided by a constant and the remainder is sent to the receiver. The receiver then
works out the sum of the transmitted data, divides it by the same constant and compares
the remainder with the transmitted data. CRC has the highest probability of detecting errors.
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Network topologies:
Star networks:
Advantages:
o Fast; if the central computer is fast
o Non-centralised failure will not cause the entire network to fail
o Multiple nodes can be easily connected
o Files can be simultaneously accessed by multiple nodes
Disadvantages:
o The network operation depends on the functioning of the central node; hence, the
failure of the central node leads to the failure of the entire network
Bus networks:
Advantages:
o It is easy to handle and implement; only one main line
o Cheaper; no extra hardware is required (such as a central server)
o Easy error detection since there is only one main line and few connections
Disadvantages:
o Slow; can perform well only for a limited number of nodes
o If the main line (bus) is broken, transmission will fail
Ring networks:
Advantages:
o Cheaper, a central server is not required for the management of this topology
o Easily set up/implemented – using cables
Disadvantages:
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o If one node of the ring breaks down or a part of the network is disconnected, the
network will not work
Hybrid networks:
Advantages:
o Able to be used where different types of networks are required
Disadvantages:
o Expensive, errors may be hard to detect within the network
Wireless networks:
Advantages:
o Cables aren’t needed to connect the nodes together; portable applications are
available, e.g. laptops, wireless printers, etc.
o Easy to add stations as there are no cables required
Disadvantages:
o Disconnections are more common than with cable connections
o Quality of transmission is not as high as other methods
o Devices which are not Wi-Fi enabled cannot be connected to the network
o Wireless signal can be intercepted and accessed by hackers
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Hubs:
A multiport device used to connect computers in a local area network
Passes network traffic to all devices connected, therefore slowing down the network
Cheaper
Half duplex; therefore inefficient under high network traffic
Switches:
A multi-port device that allows small sections of LANs to connect and switch traffic directly
from the source to the destination
Transmits to the destination port only
Faster data transmission as it reduces collisions
Routers:
Directs data traffic, is protocol dependent
Selects the best path on the network to route data (efficient) by reading the packet address
and understanding the network topology
Fast data transmission as it reduces collisions
Connects different network
Mobile phones:
Transmit and receive voice calls via radio waves
Cables:
Connects communication systems together, allowing for data transmitting and receiving
Bluetooth devices:
Bluetooth is a wireless network protocol for exchanging data over short distances (using
short length radio waves) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks
(PANs). Common hardware devices that connect to Bluetooth include mobile phones to send
and receive data.
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Network operating software:
Operating systems are required to run the workstation plus any peripheral devices
connected to it and to allow data transfer.
Usually there is a main computer called a server on a network and it stores the main
operating system for the network, but each workstation also needs workstation software to
run it. The network operating system software enables all the network hardware and all
other network software and makes it all work together as one organised system.
Each workstation has a local operating system that works in collaboration with the network
operating system to allow processes such as file sharing, data sharing, peripheral sharing and
remote processing where needed.
Digital data:
Digital Data is data that is stored and transmitted in two possible states; each digit can be
either on or off, represented using electrical impulses that are of high or low voltage
Much of our technology relies on digital data
Computers use the binary system to store and transmit data, i.e. the digits 1 and 0
Analog data:
Analog data is represented in a continuous form in which there are many different
possibilities
Analog data can be represented as a wave
It is more difficult to handle this type of data as transmitting it accurately involves sending it
in its exact form, and because there are so many more variables it is more easily corrupted
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Processing:
Encoding and decoding analog and digital signals:
Communication systems use both analog and digital data, for this reason it is often
necessary to encode and decode signals
o Analog data to analog signal - Telephone conversations are the best example here.
The system encodes speech and transmits it from sender to receiver.
o Digital data to analog signal - A digital device will often have to display data in an
analog form for humans to understand. This will require encoding the 0’s and 1’s.
o Digital data to digital signal - This form of transmission has both sender and receiver
speak the same language. One computer on a network is able to communicate
directly with another computer.
o Analog data to digital signal - The analog data is encoded to a series of 0’s and 1’s by
dividing the data into two groups across an illogical line.
Routing:
Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic
Routing is performed for many kinds of networks
Error checking:
Parity bit check
Check sum
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
Displaying:
A phone is also a display device for the use of voice mail
An EFTPOS terminal is also a display device for electronic banking
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Managing Communication Systems
Network administration tasks:
Adding/removing users
Assigning users to printers
Giving users file access rights
Installation of software and sharing with users
Client installation and protocol assignment
Network-based applications
Logon and logoff procedures
o Where user enters username and password to validate access. A user session is
opened and the user can access resources they have rights to.
o Log-off disconnects that user form network – important for security as open network
can be used by unauthorised users
Messaging systems:
Cyber bullying
Misinterpretation (may not understand abbreviation, cannot see facial expressions)
Privacy
o Employers have rights to read employee emails sent from work
o Social networking companies may sell user information without user’s knowledge
Child grooming for sexual assault (using fake Facebook accounts)
Diminishing of interpersonal skills
E-commerce:
Hacking
Loss of jobs as machine replace humans
Globalisation: access to unreliable sellers – loss of money
Electronic banking:
Jobs and bank branches close as ATM machines replace bank tellers
Extra costs for businesses who need to train staff in IT
E-crime more common (phishing scams, key logging)
EFTPOS:
Similar to e-commerce
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Changing nature of work (working from home):
Advantages:
Flexibility over when to work when productivity is high and when it suits private life (taking
care of children)
Save costs on travel
Allows disabled and rural workers to find jobs
Reduced office needs for employers
Disadvantages:
Need self motivated staff who can cope with isolation
Virtual communities:
Network of individuals who pursue similar interests; e.g. forums created in Facebook and
online dating sites
Advantages:
o People from around the world can communicate
Disadvantages:
o Young people can become addicted
o Loss of social skills
The Internet:
The need for ethical behaviour when using the internet
Do not attack others through insulting messages – cyber bullying
Do not copy and paste information without proper referencing – plagiarism
Do not impersonate others to extract personal data – follow netiquette
These behaviours make the internet safe and enjoyable for everyone.
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Current and emerging trends in communications:
Blogs:
Online personal journal which other users can read; entries are dated & has a journal design
Only updated by blog owner
Gives individual the power of the media as they can share opinion – but the information may
not be accurate
Wikis:
An internet resource allowing individuals to seek answers to questions
Can be updated by any internet user with a wiki account
Powerful educational resource – but the information may not be accurate
RSS feeds:
A format for delivering regularly changing web content
Many news-related sites, weblogs and other online publishers syndicate/organise their
content as an RSS feed to whoever wants it
Podcasts:
Cheap to create and can be downloaded for listening anywhere, anytime.
Uploading an MP3 file to a webpage
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