- Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

1 rehydration / oral rehydration 1 A water with, sugar

therapy ; and salt / electrolytes

2 (food) is broken down into 4

smaller pieces (without chemical
change) ;

sites of mechanical digestion:

mouth / buccal cavity (in context
mechanical) ;
stomach (in context of
mechanical) ;
chewing / mastication ;
role of a named teeth ;;
ref. to involvement of tongue ;

ref. to movement of the jaw ;

churning / muscular, action of
the stomach ;

3 glycogen ; 1

4 mechanical ; 1
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

5 any two from: 2

sweat ;
expired air / expired water
vapour / exhalation / breathing
;
faeces ;
vomit / tears / mucus ;

6 6

;;;;;;

7 stomach ; 1

8 breakdown of large to small 2

molecules ;
from insoluble to soluble ;
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

9 any four from: 4

1 produces a toxin ;
2 bacteria / toxin, attach to the
wall of the, small / large,
intestine ;
3 correct ref. to chloride ions ;

4 secretion / loss, chloride ions,

into the, small intestine ;
5 causing a water potential
gradient / water potential of the
intestinal lumen is lowered ;
6 causing osmotic movement of
water into the gut / water flows
from, the cells / blood, into the,
lumen / gut ;
7 loss of salts from the blood ;
8 causing, diarrhoea /
dehydration ;

10 any one from: 1

oral rehydration (therapy / salts
/ treatment / solution) ;
in-take of water, sugar and, salt
/ ions ;
antibiotics ;
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

11 1
B - The bacterium produces a
toxin that causes the secretion
of chloride ions into the small
intestine, drawing in water by
osmosis.

12 J liver ; 4
K stomach ;
L large intestine / colon ;
M small intestine / ileum ;

13 moves food (between teeth) / 1 max [1]

AW;
mixes food with saliva /
amylase;
helps form a bolus ;

14 fat-digesting enzyme / lipase 2 max [2]

cannot reach intestine ;
fat not broken down / digested
;
A fat not emulsified
to fatty acids and / or glycerol ;

15 gall bladder; 1

16 B; 1 A liver
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

17(a)(i) the movement of molecules/ 2 AO1

particles ;
from a region of higher
concentration to a region of
lower concentration/ down a
concentration gradient / AW ;

17(a)(ii) oxygen/ O2; 3 AO1

glucose / amino acids/
mineral;
carbon dioxide / lactate/ lactic
acid;

18(a) P; 3 AO1
M;
L;
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

18(b) colon: 3 AO1 max [1]

absorption of water ;
AVP (e.g. absorption of vitamin
K produced by intestinal flora)
;
max [1]
pancreas:
secretion/ production of/ AW
enzymes / amylase/ protease/
lipase ;
production of alkaline secretions
to neutralise stomach acid ;
accept secretion of insulin/
glucagon ;
stomach: max [1]
storage of food ;
digestion / chemical digestion /
mechanical digestion / AW ;
production of (gastric) protease
/ digestion of proteins ;
sterilisation of food (by
hydrochloric acid);

18(c)(i) line labelled X ending on liver / 1 AO2

"X" on liver

18(c)(ii) emulsification/ breaks down/ 1 AO1

breaks up large fat globules to
smaller ones / AW ;
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Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

18(c)(iii) increases surface area (of fat 2 AO1

globules) ;
enzymes/ lipase (can digest it
more rapidly) ;

19(a)(i) (molecule) cannot be absorbed/ 1 AO2 max [1]

too big/ insoluble ;

19(a)(ii) enzyme / amylase (in saliva) ; 2 AO2 max [2]

converts starch to sugar/
maltose/ glucose ;

19(a)(iii) provides proteins/ amino acids 1 AO1 AVP e.g. iron

;

19(a)(iv) bread ; pasta; corn; potatoes; 2 AO1 max [2] A any valid food with
maize; cassava ; high starch content

19(a)(v) excessive weight gain/ obesity 2 AO1 max [2] A skin blemishes
;
blockage of blood vessels/ AW
;
heart disease ;
diabetes ;
joint damage / AW ;
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

20 A = oesophagus; 5 AO1 A ileum

B = liver;
C = stomach;
D = large intestine;
E = small intestine;

21(a)(i) X to be placed anywhere 1 AO2 A between pH 6.8 and

between time 12 minutes and 2 pH 2
hours;

21(a)(ii) pH is acidic/ pH is decreasing/ 1 AO1

stomach produces acid/
stomach has low pH/ AW;

21(a)(iii) (pH) 8.0; 1 AO2

22(a)(i) circular and longitudinal 1 AO1

muscles;

22(a)(ii) peristalsis; 1 AO1 A phonetic spelling

22(a)(iii) antagonistic action/ one muscle 2 AO1

contracts whilst another relaxes/
AW;
in waves/ AW OR contraction
moves the food along (the
alimentary canal)/AW;
 - Mark Scheme /

Question Answer Marks AO Element Notes Guidance

23 1 persitalsis ; 2 AO1 max [2]

2 circular muscles contract (to
push to food);
3 muscle contraction above food
pushes it forward;
4 circular and longitudinal
muscles work antagonistically /
AW;

[Total: 70]