EV

charging process and smart charging

Prof. Dr. Pavol Bauer, Delft university of Technology

Image credits go here

Charging process

Energy stored in battery

Constant Constant
current region voltage region
Charging calculation
Charging power and current:

Pch = Vbatt Ich

where
Pch is the charging power, in W
Vbatt is voltage of the EV battery, in V
Ich is the charging current, in A
Charging calculation
Charging power and energy:

Ech = ∫ 𝑃#$ 𝑑𝑡
where
Pch is the charging power, in kW
Ech is the energy delivered during charging, in kWh
t is the time period, in hours
Charging calculation 20 kWh = 10𝑘𝑊(2ℎ)
Charging power and energy:

Ech =𝑃#$ 𝑡#$

where
Pch is the charging power, in kW
Ech is the energy delivered during charging, in kWh
tch is the charging time, in hours
Charging calculation
C-rate
𝑃#$
C−rate=
Enom
where
Pch is the charging power, in kW
Enom is the nominal energy capacity of the battery, in kWh

Higher C-rate ßà Higher battery losses ßà Lower lifetime

Smart charging
Uncontrolled charging
Uncontrolled
charging

Power (W)

Time

When the EV is connected

to the charger
Uncontrolled charging: Effects
• Peak loading on grid Uncontrolled
charging
• Upgrade electricity network Car 3

Power (W)
• No correlation to renewable
Car 2
generation like solar
• No correlation to energy prices Car 1
• Many more…… Time
 Smart charging

Controlled
Controlled Load
Controlled charging

Power (W)
Power (W)

Power (W)
charging charging

Car 3 Car 2
Car 1 Car 2 Car 3 Car 2
Car 1 Car 1 Car 3
Time Time Time
Smart charging
High prices
Charge Charge : Reduce
from wind from solar charging

Time
 Smart charging
Control and
communication

Off-board
Charger

Control and IEC 61851

communication ISO 15118
EV charging process and smart charging
Prof. Dr. Pavol Bauer, Delft university of Technology

Image credits go here