HGAP Notes

8/23/22 Notes

As you watch the video, make note of the following:

● What types of data were collected?

○ Scanning through a vast amount of open source data in 65 different languages
and looking for unusual clusters for diseases that are occurring.
● How was the data collected?
○ Geospatial data was being collected. Open source data. Based on the disease
that a certain town is diagnosed with; the majority of people. Interactive and
spatial maps were how the information/data was displayed.
● Who / What collected the data?
○ Interdisciplinary team in Blue dot who collected the data with Machine Learning
and AI. Public health, data scientists, etc helped make these algorithms.
● What decisions were made using the data?
○ Made colleges shutdown student traveling. Made them close beaches down. Also
made events close down for a week and made posters of social distancing be
released. Rolled out the largest vaccination campaign in American History.

8/24/22 Notes

Spatial Concepts

● Distance decay: The idea that interaction between places decrease as distance
increases
● Time-space compression: The relative distance between places has decreased due to
improvements in communication and transportation technology.

Human-Environmental Interaction

● Natural resources: resources found in nature that have been adapted or modified for
human use.
● Land use patterns: Ways in which we use the land for our benefit: agriculture,
commerce, industry, recreation, residential, and transportation.
● Sustainability: Using resources in a way that assures their availability for the future
generations.

● Environmental determinism: A theory that claimed that the challenges posed by the
environment limited the ability of a society to develop beyond a subsistence lifestyle.
 ○ However, humans have adapted and made changes to the environment, allowing
them to not only survive, but thrive, in the face of numerous challenges posed by
the environment. This is known as environmental possibilism.
Scale and Scale of Analysis

● Global scale- entire world is emphasized

● Regional scale- a particular region of the world is emphasized
● Nation- a nation/country is emphasized
● Local(aka subnational, in some instances)- an area within a nation/ country is
emphasized.

Scales of Analysis Notes

A phenomenon or event can impact places differently (or not at all!).

Glocal scale of analysis: Analyzing a phenomenon across the world/

● Shows interconnectedness
○ Pollution
○ Economies
○ Hunger

Regional scale of analysis: analyzing a phenomenon within a specific region and

comparing it to another region

● Examples
○ GDP of EU members compared to non-EU members
○ Human rights issues in Southeast Asia compared to Sub-Saharan
Africa
Nation scale of Analysis: analyzing a phenomenon of a country and comparing it
to another country

● Example
○ Population in Myanmar (Burma) and population in Vietnam.

Local scale of analysis: Phenomenon within a state/city/town, or even a

neighborhood.
Creolizaio

Unit 2
Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Why study population-

● More people are alive at this point in time than at any other point in Earth’s
history.
● The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the 2nd half of the
20th century.
● Virtually all population growth is concentrated in developing countries.

Population Distribution-

● Physical Factors
○ Climate: THink Goldilocks! Not too hot, not too cold! Just right =
temperate
○ Landforms: Flat land is preferred
○ Water: Drinking and irrigation

● Human Factors
○ Culture: Where did my ancestors settle?
○ Economics: Can I make a living?
○ History and politics: Persecution; refugee situations.

Population Distribution Density-

● Arithmetic: Most commonly used; shows # of people per square mile of
kilometer.
○ Calculate: People/land area

● Physiological: Shows how many people must be supported by am area of

arable land (aka: carrying capacity)
○ Calculate: People/amount of arable land
 ○ Shows us how “stressed” the land is.
■ U.S. = 175 people per unit of arable land
■ Egypt = 2,296 people per unit of arable land.
● This is because US agriculture is more mechanized, so
we need fewer farmers to grow/raise our food!

● Agricultural: Shows ratio of farmers to amount of arable land.

○ Calculate: Farmers/amount of arable land
○ Shows how developed a country is due to the number of farmers
needed.
■ U.S. = 2 farmers/unit of arable land
■ Egypt = 31 farmers/unit of arable land

Population Composition
● Includes age and gender cohorts of a given population

Valuable Information:

● Estimate of a country’s level of development

● Gives ideas for future funding

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

● Total # of live births per every 1000 people
● Equation: Total # of live births per year / mid-year population x 1000

Crude Death Rate

● Total # of deaths per every 1000 people

● Equation: Total # of deaths per year / mid-year population x 1000

Rate of natural increase -- measures how quickly a population grows or declines

Equation: CBR - CDR = RNI

Then divide by 10 to get a percent
Demographic Transition Model
Helps explain population growth (positive and negative) over time.

As countries experience agriculture, medical, and industrial revolutions, they

move into the next demographic phasem: Warren Thompson, American
demographer.

Expansive Pyramid - Broad base, meaning the bottom of the base is kids - while
it gets to the top, the population of older ages decreases. High Fertility and
mortality rate. High Population growth. Low senior population.

Constructive Pyramid - Broad age on the top. Inverted pyramid. Narrow base -
low mortality rate and a HIGH life expectancy and a high aging population. High
literacy rate, easy access to birth control. Help lower birth rates essentially.

Stationary - Slowly growing in population

Epidemiologic Transition Model- Helps explain causes of changing death rates.

There are 5 stages
Stage 1: Infections diseases, animal attacks, accidents, Natural checks on
population
Stage 2: Receding pandemics
Stage 3: Degenerative and man-made diseases.
Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases.
Stage 5: Potential resurgence of diseases due to globalization.
Malthusian Theory
Thomas Malthus -- 19th century economist
Problem: “Population growth will exceed available resources to feed population”

Population was growing exponentially.

Solution: Natural checks on growth would take care of it (starvations, famine,

war, etc.) OR people could practice restraint!

What did he not take into account?

People are innovative and use science
Agricultural revolutions will increase crop yields.
Contraception methods will decrease birth rates

Population Policies
Pronatalist -- encourages larger families
Antinatalist -- encourage smaller families
Immigration quotas -- place limits on how many immigrants are allowed to enter a
country.

Why do governments promote pronatalist policies?

- to prevent labor shortages
-to prevent the loss of innovation that younger generations provide
-Ading populations could threaten national security

How do governments promote pronatalist policies?

- Paid maternity leave
- Increase child allowances (for the parent, not the children!!!)
- Encourage immigration

How do governments promote antinatalist policies? Because large populations

- Impede economic development
- Strain natural resource base; environment
- Strain government resources
How do governments promote antinatalist policies
- Coercion -- forced sterilization programs, fines, penalties

- Contraception, family, planning, media, campaigns encouraging smaller

families.

Fertility rates have dropped in most part of the world as more woman gain
access to the following:
- Education
- Emplymment
- Health care
- Contraception

Aging Population
Causes:
- Low fertility rates (far below the replace ment rate of 2.1)
- Woman desire education and careers: put off having children

- Long life expectancies

- Age-selective migration
- Out-migration of young people
- In-migration of elderly places

Effects:
- Decreased labor force
-Slower economic growth
-Increased elderly population

Forced and Vocabularry Migrations

Forced MIgration: slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displayed
persons, and asylum seekers

Voluntary migrations: transnationtional, transhumance, internal, chain, step,

guest, worker, and urban-to-rural
Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes

● Culture - Set of beliefs, practices, technology, and behaviors that are

transmitted by a country
● Cultural Traits - include food preferences, architecture, land use, religion,
language, gender roles, etc.

● Ethnocentrism: a narrow- minded approach to evaluating a culture

● Cultural Relativism:an open minded approach to evaluating a culture.

● Cultural Landscape - The combination of cultural, economic, and natural

elements that make up any landscape. Studied to get a better
understanding of spatial patterns.
○ Physical Features
■ Physical landforms, climate, weather
○ Agricultural and Industrial Practices
■ Specific crops; manufacturing and / or services

■ Religious and linguistic characteristics

● Languages on signs, places of worship, religious dress,
religious holidays

● Evidence of sequent occupance

○ Evidence that other cultures have been in the area and left their
“marK”

● Traditional and modern architecture

○ Can reflect power; can honor the past
● Land use Patterns - what is the land in the area devoted too?
○ Agriculture? Transportation? Residential? Economy?
Traditional Architecture that is culturally evident-
● Cultural Architecture
○ Religion, Sequence Occupancy
○ Transportation because there is a river. Physical Features.
○ Modern Architecture
■ Industrial practices and manufacturing features are evident in
the example pictures.
○ Cultural Costumes - Transportation patterns, sequence occupancy

● Gender Rules: Attitudes toward gender are reflected in the cultural

landscape:
○ Gendered Spaces - Public and private spaces reserved for a specific
gender
■ Locker Rooms
■ Bath Rooms

● Women's economic roles

○ Some careers are associated with woman
○ Nursing, Teaching, Staying at home

● Cultural Patterns
○ Sense of Place- The distinctive feeling of a place ,or a person’s
perception of a place
○ Placemaking - Efforts to use and design public places to better serve
the needs of residents and to foster a sense of community.

● Diffusion - Spreading of ideas from one place to another

○ Relocation- People move from one place to another and bring
cultural traits with them (English spoken in colonies)
● Expansion - Ideas or practices spread throughout a population
○ Contagious idea moves quickly throughout solace without regard to
hierarchy
○ Stimulus - Specific trait is rejected but underlying idea is accepted.
○ Hierarchical - Ideas spread from important someone important
(Lebron James)
Placelessness - Places lose their distinctiveness and cultural landscape across
space resemble each other (Katy, Tx resembles Nashua, NH)

Centripetal Forces- Forces that are bringing people together and unify a
neighborhood, society, or country

- United States Flag, brought us all together. (Can also be a centrifugal

force)
- Pulls community together

Centrifugal Forces - Threaten the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or

country.

❖ Imperialism - The process by which a country exerts control over a political

entity and exploits resources and people.
➢ Berlin Conference, 1884
➢ Basically a country exploits control over the people and resources of
a place. (Like britain on india)
➢ A Plan

❖ Colonialism - A form of imperialism in which control is exerted through the

establishment of settlements.
➢ Action of imperialism
❖ Trade- New products, ideas, and innovations were introduced along trade
routes.
➢ New products and ideas introduced along trade routes.

❖ Acculturation - Process of adopting some cultural traits

➢ An immigrant learns the language of the host country in order to
function in a society.
➢ Learning traits of another culture when there.

❖ Creolization- Process of blending cultural traits into a new form.

➢ Typically associated with language (Spanglish)
➢ Tex-Mex cuisine
 ➢ Voodoo blends Ramon Catholicism with African and Carribean
religions (results of the slave trade)
❖ Lingua Franca - Mutually understood language used by speakers with
different native languages. Either spoke French or Hindi.
➢ The African Union has adopted Swahili as its official working
language.

❖ Urbanization (small-scale) - The population shifts from rural to urban areas.

➢ Rural lifestyles can disappear as people move to cities.
➢ Popular culture looks to cities for inspiration.

❖ Globalization (large-scale)- the trend toward increased cultural and

economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organization
throughout the world
➢ English classes are being offered in schools worldwide due to being
the global lingua franca.
➢ Corporations have globalize in efforts to broaden their customer
base, as well as acquire resources
➢ Global organizations work to garner international support for
humanitarian causes.
■ Cons
● Not all cultural values are seen as positive
● Threatens folk cultures
● Threatens the environment as corporations vie for
resources.
■ Pros
● Opportunities to traditionally isolated communities
● Strength in numbers

❖ Communication technologies accelerate interactions

➢ Internet connects us to people/ places across the glove
■ Jerselama is a hit South African house track (DJ master and
KG and Nomcebo)
■ Arab Spring - wave of a pro democracy protests spread
through use of a social media platform

❖ Contemp Causes of Diffusion

 ➢ Advances in transportation accelerate interactions
■ However not everyone can afford the latest and greatest
technologies, so some communities remain isolated.
■ Because the bulk of the world has access to something this
make globalization occur.

❖ Cultural Convergence
➢ As cultures interact they lose their distinctiveness:
■ Immigrants to the US often adopt American styles of dress.

❖ Cultural Divergence
➢ Tendency for a culture to resist the change that result from
globalization
■ The Amish in North America remain isolated in rural
communities, shaun technology, and hold fast to traditions.
■ Religious fundamentalism rise in areas of the Middle East.

Ethnic - appeals to a single group; does not actively seek to convert people

Universalizing - appeals to a variety of people; actively seeks to convert people,

often through missionary work.

Syncretic - religion that combines several traditions.

● Language Family: A group of languages that share a common ancestry.

○ Indo-European- due to conquest by Europeans
○ Sino-Tibetan- due to sheer numbers

Dialect- regional variation of a language.

Pidgin Language - A trade language: simplified version of speech transcribed

from 2 or more languages.
Creole Language - A combined language that has full vocabulary more than a
pidgin language.

Unit 4 Political Patterns and Processes

● Political Geography- 193 countries, political map because it shows the defined borders
and boundaries between countries and states.
○ Wars and revolutions can cause boundaries to change
■ WWI altered the map of Europe
■ Berlin Conference altered Africa map
○ Owned territories (like US owning puerto rico)
○ Treaties as well

● State/country - Large political unit that has defined borders, a permanent population,
sovereignty over domestic and foreign affairs (control of government), and recognized by
other states

● Nation- Group of people who have a cultural heritage, unifying beliefs and values, claim
their particular space their homeland, and are self-determined.
● Stateless Nation- Meet the criteria of a nation but don't have a state of their own.
● Nation-State- Nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state. State and nation
combined, typically contains on ethnic group. Recognized as a country but since
currently, we don't share a common heritage we aren't considered a nation-state. It's a
nation whilst a state.

● Multinational state- A country that contains more than one nation of state. For example
Canada, whose population is majority English, some originate from Quebec.

● Multi-state nation- A nation whose population is spread out among several states. For
example, the Korean population or the Kurdish Population.

● Colonialism- Process of a country exerting control over another a country through

colonial settlements
● Imperialism- Process by which a country exerts control over another country by taking
the resources of people.
● Independence Movement- A nation determines its own state-hood, they are desired to
become a sovereign state. Want to form governments and regions.
● Devolution- Movement of power from central governments to regional governments
within a state.

● The ability to control people, land, and resources are illustrated by Neocolonialism,
Shatterbelts, Choke Points, Territoriality
● Neocolonialism- control developing countries indirectly. Economic pressure influences
countries.
● Shatterbelts- Region suffering from instability due to being located between two different
regions.
● Choke Point- Natural congestion along two wider important navigable passages. Man
Made canals of sorts.
● Territoriality- Connection of people, their culture to their lands. These people defend their
land / country.

● Relic- Boundary that no longer functions as an international border but remains on the
cultural landscape.

● Delimited- Defined limit or boundary to identify an area.

● Demarcated- Marked on the cultural landscape, distinguished limits.To set apart an area.
● Superimposed- A boundary imposed on an area by an outside power with little to no
regard to existing population
● Subsequent- Developed with the cultural landscape. Put into place after the settlement
of a region has occurred.
● Consequential- Type of subsistence boundary, occurs as a consequence of something.
War for example.

● Antecedent- Boundary that exists in the natural landscape before the settlement of that
region took place.
● Geometric- Regular straight lines drown without regard to areas physical or cultural
features.
● Demilitarized Zone- Boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing.
○ North and South Korea for example, the boundary

● Open- Boundary where crossing is unimpeded. For example the EU.

● Boundary- Establish limits of sovereignty

○ Process of creating boundaries
■ Defined-
■ Delimited
■ Demarcated
■ Administered

● Vertical places cut through rocks below and airspace above the land.
 ●

● United Nations Convention of the Law of the sea- established rights and responsibilities
of states concerning ownership of the uses of seas and their resources.
● Median Line Principles- Approach to dividing and creating boundaries at their midpoint
between two places, typically with water boundaries. Mid point between two places
essentially.
●

Distances and rights of coastal countries:

● 12mm
● 14mm

● Unitary Governments- Power and decision making are centrally concentrated. Better
able to impose stricter laws, communication is very important in order to pass down
laws.
○ Little or no provincial authority
○ Policies applied uniformly throughout the territory
■ China (Unitary/totalitarian)
■ France(Unitary/democratic)

● Federal Governments - Work well in larger countries, do not have to be large. Power is
spread to sub-national units. More federal a state becomes if power is shared.
○ Power is shared, giving much authority to individual provinces
○ Provides a mechanism for allowing regions to perpetuate their individual
character.
○ Works well in states with large landmass, heterogeneous population
■ US, Germany, and Canada

Unitary vs Federal in action

● Scotland is currently not allowed to hold a referendum on independence (Unitary)
● US states are allowed to hold referendums to legalize things like recreational marijuana
despite it being illegal in the US. (Federal)

Scotland cannot hold a referendum but US states have power to make their own provisions.
Devolution- Internet allows ideas to spread. Social Media uses to organize protests Videos
showed abuses officials

Supernationalism
- Connect people and palces more quickly
- Link

● Challenges to Sovereignty
○ Environmental Disadvantages
■ Must agree to population limits
● Can be costly
○ Environmental Advantages
■ Issues Transcend political borders
■ Limit set on pollution
■ Protect Species
○ Military Disadvantages
■ More likely to become entangled in foreign conflicts.
○ Military Advantages
■ Less likely to be attacked
■ Share military technology; training; bases
○ Economic Disadvantages
■ Suffer effects from economic downturn of member states
■ Relinquish some control of economic decisions.
○ Economic Advantages
■ Expand Market Area
■ Decrease in Tariffs
■ Allows for specialization

● Consequences of Centrifugal Forces

○ Forces that pull countries apart:
■ Multiple ethnicities
■ Economic Disparities
■ Territorial Disputes
■ Lack of infrastructure

These lead to:

- Failed States
- Uneven Development
- Stateless Nations
- Ethnic National Movements
 ● Consequences of Centripetal forces
○ Forces that Bind Countries
■ Strong national government
■ Shared history
■ Common language or religion
■ Economic development
■ Unite against an external threat

These can lead to:

● Ethnonationalism
● Increased cultural cohesion
● More equitable infrastructure development

● Intensive Agriculture
○ Requires a large amount of labor and capital
○ Small plots of land located near large population centers
○ High Yield/acre
● Extensive Agriculture
○ Requires minimal amount of labor and capital / $$$
○ Large plots of land that are distant from population centers
○ Low Yield/Acre

● Types of intensive agriculture

○ Plantation
■ Commercial operation that takes place in developing countries but is
operated by an organization in a developed country (think neocolonialism)
○ Mixed crop and livestock farming
■ Commercial: Crops are used as feed for livestock which is then sold and
slaughtered
■ Subsistence: Crops are used to feed family and livestock
○ Market Gardening
■ Small scale commercial operation that focuses on local and regional
markers
■ Truck farming
■ Fruits and Vegetables
● Types of Extensive Agriculture
○ Shifting Cultivation
■ Subsistence
■ Plot of land is used until soil loses nutrients
■ Corns, Yarns, Rice
○ Nomadic Herding
■ Primarily subsistence
■ Herders move animals in search for pastures
○ Ranching
■ Commercial
■ Requires thousands of acres
■ Cattle and sheep
● Settlement Patterns
○ Clustered - Everybody in one location (small place, safety in numbers)
○ Dispersed - People Spread Out (new zealand)
○ Linear - People arranged in a line (our houses, in a line)
● Survey Methods
○ Metes and Bounds
■ Early settlements reflected patterns used in England
○ Township and Range
■ Began - 1785 with settlement of Northwest Territory
■ 6 mile sides
○ Long Lot
■ Typical in area settled by the French (Quebec and Louisiana)
■ Orderly pattern on the landscape

● Agricultural Origins
○ Geographer Carl Saur portland to that trials and errors are necessary for
agriculture to take place.
■ AP wants you to know
■ Fertile Crescent
■ Indus River Valley - first to do mixed crop and livestock farming
■ Southeast Asia - guinea pigs, domesticated stuff, zucchini,
■ Central America
● How to domesticate wild plants
○ People started to be sedentary when they wanted to experiment
○ Land of plenty and huge biodiversity
○ Cattle, Sheep, and goat were domesticated
● Indus River Valley - first to take animals and integrate them.
● Agricultural diffusion-
 ○ Had the columbian exchange not occurred, my diet would be different in that:
Your meal would be what is domesticated, or exist in that location and you would
not have any of the food on the other side.

● Agricultural Revolution
○ First, Prehistoric
■ Desertification of plants and animals
■ Contagious Diffusion
■ Moving up from hunters
○ Second 1600-1930s
■ In conjunction with industrial revolution
■ Relocation (railroads, shipping)
○ THird 1950s - 19702
■ Scientific means to increase amount of crops able to get

● First Agricultural Revolution

○ Climate change gives more farmable land (from ice glaciers melting)
○ Cultural - Humans innherintly desired to settle down because they did not want to
keep moving around
● 2nd agricultural revolusion
○ Mechinization - Enclosure act allowed small properties to emerge with large
properties having large corporate farms; less farms but more efficient farms.
○ Transportation
○ Large Scale Irrigation
○ Inventions also made a big difference
○ Overcome what malthusian said
■ Better Diets
■ Increased Population
■ More workers for industry
■ Growth of Cities
● 3rd agricultural revolution (green revolution)
○ Massive change in how we grew
■ Rice
■ Corn
■ Wheat
○ Major Impacts
■ Hybrid Seeds
■ Genetically Modified Organisms - Corn, cotton, and soybean, increase
yields. Resistance to pesticide and disease
■ Machinery
■ Crops:
● Pros
 ○ Funding for research and help for hunger in south east
asia, higher yield crops, proved malthusian theory wrong
● Cons
○ Chemical run off, dust bowl, too much stress on the land,
genetically modified
○ Erosion
○ Nutrients burned out of soil
○ Keep seeds to use next season; now seeds are becoming
produced in labs
○ Global warming
● Global Agriculture
○ Globe of people, marketing and controlling food.
○ Increasing of agricultural production and transportation of these products
○ Dominated by just a handful of corporate companies
○ Supply one specific commodity to this global amount of people and consume
more than a specific level
○ Agribusiness
○ Global supply chain at a global scale
● Consequences of Agricultural Practices
○ Pollution from chemical fertilizers and pesticides
○ Land cover change- clearing land for agricultural leads
○ Desertification- Using land on edge of desert for agriculture
○ Soil Salinization- agriculture in arid region exposes salt
■ Nutrients, terrace farming are there as well
■ Chemicals present as well
■ Decrease population in various ways but can improve nutrients in an
area. Cause diseases as well. Can destroy ecosystems as well by
clearing out. Changing land for better agricultural processes.
● Rivers in the valley as well
○ Dead zones- too much chemicals so everything dies
● Practices that alter the landscape
○ Terraced farming - along hillsides
○ Deforestation, shifting cultivation, slash and burn- alters ecosystem
○ Draining wetland - Alters ecosystem
○ Irrigation - Aral Sea
○ Pastoral nomadism- can lead to desertification
● Sustainability
○ Water and Soil Pollution
○ GMOs
○ Reduced Biodiversity
● Feeding Growing Population
○ Food Desert- Urban area where people lack access to health food due to
inadequate transportation and lack of grocery stores
○ Big Cities
 ■ People don’t have ability to get to the grocery stores
■ In lower income areas
● More small shops
○ Food desserts don't have access to grocery stores and rely on just gas stations
and junk food stores
● Agriculture is feminized if woman constitute a majority of those employed and this is
feminizing if the share of woman has increased significantly even if they're not the
majority.
○ Equal access of land and education
○ More food for all and better tools and technologies abd markets and legal rights
and decision making
○ Over 1.1 Billion people woman are not reaching full potential
○ Statistics show that only France and the UK combined are out of hunger. (150
Million people)
○ Closing the gap
■ Getting 150 million people out of hunger
■ More food is not being produced. 20 - 30%
● Agriculture because feminized as more people are employed is the main takeaway

● Site- The physical features of a space what is the topography

● Situation- the relative location of a space; what is it close to

Site and Situation influence the origin, function, and growth of a city
Situation
● Origin of a city
○ A settlement develops along the coast (site) as a fishing village
● Function of a city
○ The village functioned as a source of food for neighboring villages (situation)
● Growth of the City
○ As the fishing industry grew, more people were needed to support the industry
● Basically origin, function, and growth are influenced by site and situation respectively.

Site is not limited to the physical geography of a place. It accounts for

● Land - How much space is available for building and expansion and is less expensive
● Labor - Who makes up the workforce
● Access to Capital- Is money readily available (technology has changed this to some
extent)

● Edge City- concentration of businesses, shopping, and entertainment that developed in

the suburbs outside of a city’s traditional downtown
 ● Exurb - Semi rural area located beyond the suburb that is often inhabited by well-to-do
families
● Boomburb- A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a
metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government
● World / global cities -- functional nodes on a global scale
○ Control Centers
■ Major decisions regarding trade and finance are made
■ House HQs of multinational corporation
○ Cultural Diversity
○ Cultural Institutions
○ Ability to attract talent
○ Don’t need to be largest or capital cities
○ Ex:
■ Boston, chicago, LA, NYC, San Francisco , Toronto, Washington DC
■ Byenos Aires
■ Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Paris
■ Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Seoul, Tokyo
■ Sydney

WORLD CITIES INFLUENCE GLOBALIZATION AND SPREAD OF IDEAS.

CENTRAL FUNCTIONAL NODES PASS DOWN SUCH INFORMATION
MEGACITIES AREN'T ALWAYS CENTRAL FUNCTIONAL NODES

Cities and Globalization

● Dimension and metrics
● Business activity- # of Fortune 500 companies, air, and sea freight
● Human Capital- foreign born population, % of population w/tertiary degree, international
student population, # of medical schools, # of international schools
● Information Exchange- Access to TV news
● Cultural Experience- Museums, visual, performing arts, sporting events
● Political engagement- embassies and consulates, think tanks, international organization,
political conferences. Local institutions with global reach
● Sister City - Twin Towns

● Urban System
○ Set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
○ D/FW is connected by a series of highways, tollways, etc

● Urban Hierarchy
○ A ranking of cities with largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
● Rank Size RUle- Population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the
urban hierarchy
○ 2nd city has ½ of population of largest
 ○ 3rd city has ⅓ of population of largest
● Primate City- A city larger than any other city in the country and dominates the
economics, political, and cultural life of the country
○ Residents don;t have equal access to goods/services
○ More in developing than developed countries
● Rank-size rule is used the most

● Range- Distance one is willing to travel to obtain a particular service

● Threshold- number of people needed for a particular service to be profitable

● Christaller's Central Place Theory

○ Cities or economic centers that distribute goods and services
○ People will travel shorter distances to obtain low order goods and services
○ People will travel to major cities to obtain high order goods and services
■ Major cities offer higher good services while smaller cities (suburbs,
towns, villages, hamlets) offer low order services
‘
Video Notes
● Which city is more dense: Paris or New York - Paris
● Commute to work by foot which is why population is very dense
● You could walk to different services - had to live within range of town
● NIced and largest rooms on lower floors in reniscanse period.
● Small villages across europe were almost same size because they were dedicated by
field size.
● Steam train was the first transportation method and allowed transportation connection in
early times
● Impact of railroad suburbs is present in landscape today
● Demographics don’t change from the suburban settle
● Steam cars came into play which allowed for more transportation between areas.
Walking distance still influenced geography.
● Governments offered loans and optd to use cars to commute from different places
● Crime level was insane and murders were 10 times higher in the US,
● All sorts of energy is cheaper in the US which allows for better commuting. Live closer =
have more benefits. Costs are HIGH.
● Country side has little tiny villages

Downtown areas
Take original houses and build more modern houses.
Suburbs and e

● Cities are structured to how they use their land

● Many major cities have a Central Business District (CBD)
● Cuties are kike organisms in that they grow
 ● Each city is unique but there are patterns regarding spatial organization allowing broader
generalizations

● Concretic Model- Historical model, based on 1920 chicago, high density housing near
factories, commuter zone
● Hoyts Sector Model- 1930 chicago, different type of land use so remade. Before
everybody had the ability to own a car. Multiple of a sector aswell. IN WEDGES***
● Multiple Nuclei Model - Multiple Nodes other than CBD, smaller business districts in the
suburbs. Industrial zone attracts high-density housing to support its employees
○ Multiple Nodes (including residential suburb, ans business district)
● Galactic City Model - 1950s, loans were given after WW2, for veterans to own homes.
Accounted for suburb growth. How US cities spread from the CBD; as suburbs grow,
functions from CBD appeared in suburbs.

World City Models

● Latin American City Model- closer to CBD = expensive living, farther from the CBD =
lower living.
○ Gentrification- lower weather people taking higher wealth people; more valiuable
○ US cities downtown- further in suburbs, higher income. People coming to the
downtown areas.
● Sub Saharan African City Model- CBD in middle, colonial CBD (colonial- settlement built
by colonizers and has aliens).Multiple zones with ethnic neighborhoods (focused on this)
● South-East Asian Model - No Specific CBD but components are evident in other areas.
Since they are export oriented, they are centered around port. Have High class zones,
mixed land zones.
● Middle Eastern and Islamic - Normally built around a mosque.

● City
● Suburb
● Urban
● Rural
● Urban land use - is driven by utility and accessibility services (convenience,
transportation)
○ As transportation develops, city expands
○ Wealthy people live far from CBD
○ Far to get places, people are willing to drive far because of cars
○ Boat 1790; train 1820;
○ Transportation creates accessibility and connection between places.
● Population Pyramids describe demographic composition of places located at different
points.
● CBD - > Multistory apartments -> single housing closely spaced -> Detached houses ->
Suburbs
● 25-45 BIG population; age big in suburb is 35-40
● Density and Land-use shows where to build stuff
● Young generation live closer to work
● Corporations used to put in downtown areas but now modern- HQs go out of suburb
areas because of evolution. More land for cheap price further from CBD
● Infrastructure - Location and quality of infrastructure impacts the spatial pattern of
economic and social development
○ Solid Infrastructure - attract businesses to the area, increasing tax base (more
money out)
○ High tax base - better public services
○ Low tax base - poor public services
● Tax base means many people make a lot of money
○ High tax base = low tax rate
○ Businesses come to high tax base places
● Topic 6.7
○ Utility - closer to where you work
○ Socio-economic
○ Suburbs - low
● Urban Sustainability
○ Urban Sprawl - (Unplanned and/or uncontrolled growth) Creates problem (traffic,
pollution, segregation, etc)
■ Urban design initiatives attempt to address the problems created by urban
sprawl
■ Minimize Urban Sprawl- if no control, slow it down
○ Smart Growth - Large scale policies that shape regional planning
■ Mixed Land use - commercial, residential, entertainment zones contained
in one area
■ Infill development -- build on unused or underutilized land in an already
developed area
■ Variety of transportation options - public transit along with convenient
biking and walking infrastructure
■ Preserve natural environment -- city parks, recreation areas, etc

● New urbanism- forsters European style cities of dense settlements, attractive

architecture, and diverse housing
○ Walkability - most amenities within a 10 minute walk of home and/or work
○ Diverse housing options- range of styles sizes, and prices encourage diversity
○ Smart Transportation- use of public transit for long distances

● Positive responses to urban design initiatives

 ○ Health befits due to reduced pollution, increase in exercise, fewer traffic
accidents
○ Farming communities benefits from reduced sprawl into agricultural lands
○ Government incentives offered to developers
● Negative responses to urban design initiatives
○ Decreased property values due to high densities
○ Decrease in affordable housing due to limited amount of land for building homes
○ Farmers unable to sell their land if its been designated for open spaces
○ Displacement of low income residents can create segregation

● Qualitative
○ Potential Sources
■ Field Studies
■ Narratives
○ What its like
■ Descriptive
■ Subjective
○ What it can reveal
■ Information about individual attitudes
● Quantitative
○ Potential Sources
■ Data from the census
■ Measurable data from surveys
○ What it’s like
■ Measurable
■ Numerical
○ What it can reveal
■ Information about changes

● Redlining - Refusing to lend money to residents in what banks consider “less desirable”
● Blockbusting - real estate practice in which realtor would play on fears of white
homeowners
● Affordability- Maximum price a buyer can afford to pay for a house or an apartment
● Access to services
○ Police, Fire, and sanitation
○ Social services (public welfare)
■ Can be difficult to obtain
● Where do the people need services
● Where are services located
 ● How much it costs
● Lack of knowledge
● Long lines
● Gentrification (urban renewable)
○ Displacement of lower income residents by higher-income residents as an area
or neighborhood improves
○ Improvements in one home, building, street, lead to increased poverty values
throughout a community
● Environmental Injustice
○ Occurs when certain groups carry large share of environmental risks and hazards
than groups who have power to influence the decisions about the government

● Disamenity zones
○ Area of a city that lack services
○ Homes are made from discarded materials - make do what with what you have to
live
● Unit 7

● Cottage industry - prior to IR, most goods were made in home

● Industrialization- began as response to new technologies and was facilitated by the
availability of natural resources

● Most important invention: 1769, James Watt’s steam engine

● Natural resources: Water power, coal, iron ore
● IR started in great britain because it had the resources and capital and had already gone
through the 2nd Agricultural Revolution
● IR will encourage colonialism and imperialism as leading countries search for raw
materials and markets
● Mercantilism - mother country should be in charge of trade
● Effects of the RL-
○ Growing population
○ Increased food supply
○ Urbanization (going to city for jobs)
○ Changing class structure with development of middle class
● Economic sectors (4 sectors)
○ Grouping of industry based on what is produced and the activity of the workforce
○ Primary, secondary, territory, quaternary
○ Primary sector - industries that extract raw materials from the environment
■ Fishing
■ Hunting
■ Farming
■ Logging
■ Oil extraction
■ Quarrying
 ■ Mining
○ Secondary sector - Processing these materials
■ Ore is converted into steel
■ Logs are milled into lumber
■ Fish are processed and canned
■ Light or heavy
○ Tertiary sector- services (providing)
■ Transportation and communicated
■ Producer and consumer services
● Accountants, lawyers, banking
○ Quaternary Sector (extension of tertiary) - intellectual and informational services;
research and development
■ Computer software development
■ Biomedical research
○ Quinary sector (extension of tertiary) - high level management
■ Government
■ Healthcare
■ Public Services
■ Education
● Primary - basic to human survival
● Secondary industries - require a certain level of infrastructure, machinery, and
technology
● Tertiary industries - emerged to service both manufacturers and consumers, indicating a
growing economy
● Country who is mostly primary industries only - less developed countries (periphery)
● Countries who rely mostly on secondary industries - developing countries
(semi-periphery)
● Countries which have elements of primary and secondary but relies mostly on tertiary,
quaternary, and quinary are developed (core)
● Core
○ High wages
○ Import raw materials
○ Export manufactured goods
○ High investment
○ Welfare services
● Semi-Periphery
○ Import raw materials
○ Export manufactured goods and war materials
○ Low wages
○ Limited Welfare Services
● Periphery
○ Export raw materials
○ Imported manufactured goods
○ Below subsistence wages
 ○ No Welfare services
● Result of industrial revolution was the middle class

● Measures of Development
○ Less Developed -> More Developed
○ Where a country falls on the “spectrum of development” depends on a variety of
social and economic factors”
○ Economic- Gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), gross
national income (GNI), sectoral structure of economy), fertility rate, infant
mortality rate
○ Social- fossil fuels and renewable energy, their access to healthcare, and their
education (literacy rate)
● GDP - Gross domestic product; total value of goods and services made within that
country at a given time period, regardless of producers national origin
● GNP - TOtal value of all goods and services by a country's residents and businesses in
a given time period, regardless where production takes place.
● EX: Totyota is a Japanese company toyota cars manufactured in the USA would count
towards GDP of UDA and GNP of japan
● GNI - total income of a country's residents and businesses, including investment,
regardless of where it was earned and money received from abroad. (Tells you standard
of living
● Sectoral structure of the economy -- % of people working in each of the economic
sectors
● Human Development Index (HDI) - ranks the world's countries by whether people in
each country have freedom and opportunity to live the lives they value
○ Closer to 1 = more developed
○ Looking at life expectancy rate; amount of schooling and GNI
○ Tell you how life is like there
● Gender Inequality Index- reflects how women are disadvantaged in the areas of health,
empowerment, and the labor market
○ Country, Labor Force, Population, Parliament seeds, Adolescent, Maternal
mortality rate
○ If no woman in gov then its 0%
● Compare purchasing power to other countries
● Strength of economy compared to the USD

● Theories of Development
○ Comparing different stages of economic development
○ Traditional Society
■ Depends on primary activity
■ Limited technology
■ Local or regional trade
 ■ Limited socio-economic mobility
○ Precondition for Take-Off
■ Improved infrastructure
■ Exports agricultural and raw materials
■ Begins socio-economic mobility
○ Take-Off
■ Starts to industrialize: less reliant on primary activities
■ Entrepreneurship mentality spreads
■ Begins to urbanize
○ Drive to Maturity
■ Creates new industries and strengthens existing ones
■ Improves communication and transportation system
■ Invests in social infrastructure
○ High Mass Consumption
■ Consumption of luxury order goods
■ Desire to create egalitarian (going into a equal minded) society
■ Supports strong tertiary sector.
● Theories of Development --Rostow Ideas
● Key Points
○ Developed in 1960
○ Compared development to a plane preparing for and eventually taking flight
○ Assumed all countries would eventually reach “age of mass consumption”
● Criticism
○ Suggest that all countries develop in isolation
○ Assume economics will develop without obstacles from other countries
● Wallerstein’s World System Theory (core countries are once made and developed first)
○ Moved through a series of socioeconomic systems to end at their current
placement on the development spectrum.
○ Core Regions are those that industrialized first.
○ International division of labor is a key part of world system theory.
○ Go from least development to most developed (development spectrum)
■ Core countries were generally industrialized first in the timeline
● Dependency Theory
○ Explanation as to why some countries are poor and some are wealthy
■ Periphery is a disadvantageous relationship with the core
■ Profits generated went to the corporations, not the country
○ Flaw
■ Does not take culture into account when trying to explain uneven
development
● In some cultures women have only recently had opportunities to
pursue education
● Commodity Dependence (over reliance on crops can cause economic downfall)
○ Typical of developing countries
○ Over reliance on a few commodities can lead to economic downfall
 ○ Agricultural- droughts destroy crops
○ Industry- new technologies make the commodity obsolete.
○ Can lead to economic downfall if you just rely on a singular commodity
○ Ex: If your country relies on selling gas only, then if gas prices fall, your economy
goes down
● Mercantilism- Theory of trade that states that each county strives to export more than it
imports in order to accumulate wealth
● Protectionism- Trade rules that restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries
○ Restrict imports to protect domestic industries
● Absolute Advantage - counties ability to produce a good for service more efficiently then
another country.
● Complementarity - one country can produce goods more efficiently than another country;
establishing a basis from trade
○ Some countries have an absolute advantage but some do not. Trade occurs
because of the comparative advantage
○ One community produces things that another country is willing to purchase
● Measures how well one country’s export profile matches another country’s import profile
● Comparative advantage - the ability to produce ONE product much more efficiently than
it can produce OTHER products within its economy.
● Opportunity Cost - Value of the next highest value alternative use of that resource
○ Spend time and money to go to movie but do not read book (you lose opportunity
to reading book)
○ England can make cloth effectively while portugal can make 90 cloth but if they
combine resources they can make stuff efficient
● Outsourcing has led to a decrease in jobs in the core and increase in jobs in the
semi-periphery and periphary
● New manufacturing zones
○ Special economci zones (SEZ)
■ Specific area wit of the country
○ Export processing Zone (EPZ)
■ Industrial zone with specific incentives to attract foreign investments
○ Example of incentives: no corporate tax, or raw materials needed for production
● Shift from manufacturing to service industries led to deindustrialization
○ Fordism - standardized mass production stable and sull time factory employment
○ Post Fordism- shift from standardized mass production to specialized batch
production, permanent workforce to contract and temporary workers.
○ Agglomeration - when firms cluster spatially to take advantage of concentrations
of skilled labor and industry suppliers, specialized infrastructure, and face to face
contact with industry participants.
● Multiplier effect
○ Investment in one industry helps to create new jobs in other industries
○ HQs are coming to plano so new stores and restaurants are opening up here
● Just in time manufacturing
 ○ Instead of mass production, goods are produced on an as needed basis,
reducing need for permanent workforce
● High technology industries
○ Develops and uses the most advanced technology available
○ Highest levels of research and development

1st - Math HW
2nd - None
3rd - None
4th - Bio HW
5th - None
6th - None
7th - HGAP unit 6 review