LADY MHAE DIANNE M.

MALON BSCE-III
CE 134 STEEL DESIGN
TTH 4:00PM-6:30PM

BASIC PRINCIPLES WITH AT LEAST ONE EXAMPLE

WELDED CONNECTION

Welded connection is a common type of connection for steel structures. After welding, a
heat-affected zone around the weld seam is created, while the internal structure of steel is
affected, creating significant welding stresses. Welding is a process in which two steel members
are heated and fused together with or without the use of filler metal. In structural steel buildings,
connections often incorporate both welds and bolts .The use of bolts or welds in any connection
is a function of many factors, such as cost, construction sequence, constructability, and the
contractor’s preference. Welded connections offer some advantages over bolted connections,
although they do have some disadvantages.
Welded connections are widely used in beam-to-column connection of steel frame as rigid
connections. But some diaphragms should be welded to the joints to obtain sufficient rigidity and
strength, and it is observed in the recent earthquake damage, that the strain concentration in the
vicinity of the weld may cause the fracture when loaded by severe earthquakes. Instead of such a
welded rigid connection, another details semi-rigidly connected by cleats and mechanical
fasteners are sometimes used in European and American countries. In Japan, however, these
types of semi-rigid connection are not so popular except systematically prefabricated low-rise
residential buildings, usually braced frames.
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

A member which carries an axial compression is known as a compression member. It is also

called a strut. A compression member may be called – short or long depending on the
slenderness ratio (KL/r), where KL is the effective length and r is the least radius of gyration of
the cross section.

When compression members are overloaded then their failure may take place because of one of
the following:

1.) Direct compression

2.) Excessive bending

3.) Bending combined with twisting

The failure of column depends upon its slenderness ratio. The load required to cause above
mentioned failures decreases as the length of compression member increases, the cross-sectional
area of the member being constant.
DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBER

Beams are structural members that support transverse loads and are therefore subjected primarily
to flexure, or bending. If a substantial amount of axial load is also present, the member is
referred to as a beam–column (beam–columns are considered in next lecture). Although some
degree of axial load will be present in any structural member, in many practical situations this
effect is negligible and the member can be treated as a beam. Beamsare usually thought of as
being oriented horizontally and subjected to vertical loads, but thatis not necessarily the case. A
structural member is considered to be a beam if it is loaded soas to cause bending.

Commonly used cross-sectional shapes include the W, S, and M shapes. Channel shapes are
sometimes used, as are beams built up from plates, in the form of I or box shapes.