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of liposome lipidbilayer is phospholipids; these are GRAS (generally al., 2009). They act as a carrier for components due to their various
recognized as safe) ingredients, so minimizing the risk for adverse advantages over existing conventional formulation, and they are
effects (Arora et al., 2012)For protecting the drug from metabolic excellent for skin hydration (Wissing, 2003). SLNs are made up of a
degradation, liposome encapsulating it and releases active single layer of shells, and the core is lipoidal in nature (Kaul et al.,
ingredients in a very controlled manner [Hope et al., 1993]. 2018). The NLC are called second generation of lipid nanoparticle
Liposomes are suitable for delivery of both hydrophobic as well as and these are developed due to drawback of SLN. SLNs and NLCs
hydrophilic compounds. (Bhupendra et al., 2012). can be found in moisturizing creams and sunscreens and very good
Nanocapsules: These are polymeric nanomaterial capsules for dermal applications (Kaul et al., 2018 ).
which are surrounded by an oily or water phase. Nanocapsules are Nanosphere: Nanospheres are spherical in shape and exhibit
used for the protection of ingredients, for reducing chemical odors a core shell structure. The size ranges from 10 to 200 nm in diameter.
and for solving incompatibility issues between formulation The drug is entrapped, dissolved, attached, or encapsulated to the
components (Nafisi et al., 2017). In case of cosmetics Polymeric matrix of polymer of nanosphere and protected from the any
nanocapsule suspensions can be directly applied on the skin as a final chemical and enzymatic degradation. The drug is physically and
product, or incorporated into semisolid form as an ingredient. The uniformly dispersed in the matrix system of polymer. The
efficiency of skin penetration of an ingredient can be modulated nanospheres can be crystalline or amorphous in nature (Wissing,
according to the polymer and the surfactant used as raw materials 2003).
(Poletto et al., 2011). Dendrimer: The term “dendrimer” arises from Greek
Niosomes: These are defined as vesicles having a bilayer words: one is,, “Dendron” that means tree and other is “Meros”
structure that are formed by self-assembly of hydrated nonionic which means part. They are highly branched, globular, unimolecular,
surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or their multivalent and micellar nanostructure, which is synthesized
lipids (Kuotsu et al., 2010). Niosomes can be multi lamellar or uni theoretically affords monodisperse compounds (Kaul et al., 2018 )
lamellar vesicles in which an aqueous solution of solute and Polymersomers: Polymersomers are made up of bilayer one
lipophilic components is entirely enclosed by a membrane which are inner core is hydrophilic and outer is lipophylic or hydrophobic. So
formed when the surfactant macromolecules are organized as bilayer these are suitable for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drug. (
(Duarah et al., 2016). Size ranges from 100nm to 200nm in diameter. Ambikanandan, 2011) Polymersomers are biologically stable and
Major niosomes components are cholesterol and nonionic surfactants are highly versatile. Drug encapsulation and release capability of
like alkyl amides spans, tweens, polyoxy ethylene alkyl ether, polymersomers can be readily modified by help of various block
sorbitan ester, crown ester and steroid-linked surfactants which are copolymers which are biodegradable in nature. There radius ranges
utilized for its preparation (Kuotsu et al., 2010) from 50 nm to 5 �m or more (Kim et al., 2011)
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructure Lipid Cubosomes: These are the most advanced liquid crystalline,
Carriers (NLC) submicron, discrete nano-structures which are, self-assembled
particles of surfactants with proper ratio of water that provides
Solid lipid nanoparticles are different from nano lipid
unique properties. These are highly stable nanoparticle. Cubosomes
carriers by the composition of their solid particle matrix. SLNs are
are formed by self-assembling of aqueous lipid and surfactant
an alternative carrier system to liposomes and emulsions (Pardeike et
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Advanes in Biosciences Advanes in Biosciences
systems when mixed with water and microstructure at a certain ratio 2015). It supports countries and other functional aspects in securing
(Tilekar et al., 2014) the necessary agricultural functions (Kandasamy and Prema, 2015).
Application of Nanotechnology Nanopestiside: Today Pesticide use is a regular practice in
commercial agriculture and development of new, efficient and target-
specific pesticides is a continuous process. So there are large number
of pesticides are screened in each and every year (N1 million
according to an estimate in 2009) (Resh and Cardé, 2009). But only
very small amount of the pesticides (0.1%) reaches the target pests
while the remaining (99.9%) polluting the surroundings (Carriger et
al., 2006) which has serious effects on human health and ecosystem.
Biopesticides are able to reduce hazardous effects of chemical
pesticides but their use is limited due to their slow and environment-
dependent efficiency against pests. Nanopesticides having more
potential to overcome these limitations. Controlled release slow
degradation of active ingredients of pestisides in the presence of
suitable nanoparticle can act as effective pest control for long time
(Chhipa, 2017). The nanopesticides differ from other pesticides due
Fig.- Application of nanotechnology to having higher efficiency rate (Kah et al., 2019).
Table 1- List of nano particle used against several pathogen (Rohela et
In field of Agriculture: Nanotechnology is very useful al.,2011 )
technology for agriculture due to having lots of potential for S.N Nanoparticle Pathogens Disease Host References
increasing soil fertility and crop productivity. 1 Nano silver Bipolarissorokiniana Spot wheat Jo et al.,
Nanofertilizer: Any product that is used to improve blotch (2009)
2 Nano silver Xanthomonascampestris Black Cabbage Gan et al.,
productivity and nutrient efficiency is called fertilizer and if it is
pv. Campestris rot (2010)
made by nanotechnology then it is called nanofertilizers. (Kah et al., 3 Nano-copper Xanthomonasoryzae pv. Blight rice Gogoi et
2018). Nanofertilizers can also be formed by encapsulating nutrients Oryzae al., (2009)
inside the nanomaterials (DeRosa, 2010). A critical analysis of a 4 TiO2 Xanthomonasperforans Bacterial Tomato Paret et
dataset of nanofertilizers by Kah et al. (2018) revealed a approx. 18- nanoparticles spot al., (2012)
with Ag and
29% efficacy gain by nanofertilizers as compared to the conventional
Zn
fertilizers (Kah et al., 2018). Nanomaterial such as chitosan, 5 Nano copper Phytophthorainfestans Bacterial Tomato Giannousi
polyacrylic acid, clay minerals, hydroxyapatite, zeolite, etc. is blight et al.,
utilized to develop fertilizers for soil and/or foliar application. (2013)
In the present days, the smart agriculture is a way to found
priority of short and long term development in the countenance of Nano-biosensors: Biosensors represents the hybrid system
climate change and serves as a link to others (Helar and Chavan, of receptor-transducer which are used to sense the chemical and
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Advanes in Biosciences Advanes in Biosciences
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Advanes in Biosciences Advanes in Biosciences
temperature adsorbents (200–400 °C), and (3) the low temperature or long term-period. The toxicity of nanoparticle depends on the
adsorbents (<200 °C) (Upendar et al., 2012). Calcium (Ca)-based properties of nanoparticle like shape, size, coating, surface properties
nano-adsorbents are used to capture carbon dioxide at high and aggregating ability. Due to having poor solubility nanoparticle
temperature based on the reversible carbonation reaction of calcium can cause cancer (Buzea et al., 2007). Ultrafine particle of TiO2
oxides (CaO). cause lung injury and below 20 nm size of TiO2 cause complete
Soil pollution: Heavy metals such as zinc, lead, arsenic etc distraction of DNA, whereas 500nm TiO2 having less ability to break
are one of most important factor of soil pollution. It enhances the DNA strand (Wakefield et al., 2004). Exposing to UV rays TiO2 and
quality and fertility of soil by removing soil contaminations. ZnO have ability to generate ROS and free radical which is
Immobilization or adsorption is most widely used techniques and responsible for damage of membrane, protein, DNA, RNA and fat of
recently, nano particles have gained a great interest for heavy metal cells (Shi et al., 2013). Nanoparticle of Co and Cr can cross the skin
immobilization in soil and ground water. Two essential requirements barrier and damage the fibroblast of humans (Posada et al., 2015).
should be met when using nanoparticle as amendment agents Conclusion and Future Prospect: So nanotechnology is an
including the following(An and Zhao, 2012) (1) they must be advance technology which is very helpful in various fields. It is
deliverable to the polluted zones and, (2) when removing the external beneficial for agriculture, environment, medicals, cosmetics etc. But
injection pressure, the delivered nanoparticles should remain under besides its advantage there are some disadvantages also like its
natural groundwater conditions, where the delivered nanoparticles toxicity. In many researches it is proved that nanoparticle may cause
will work as an immobile sink for capturing soluble metals. hazardous health effect in environment and organism. In future by
Zerovalent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles are also used for in situ reducing the toxicity of nanoparticle we can increase the beneficial
reductive immobilization of heavy metals in soil. effect of it.
Water pollution: According to The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water pollution is classified References
into the following categories: (a) plant nutrients (b) biodegradable
1. An B, Zhao, D. (2012). Immobilization of As (III) in soil and
waste (c) sediment (d) heat (e) hazardous and toxic chemicals and (f) ground water using a new class of polysaccharide stabilized Fe–
radioactive pollutants. Water pollutants contains organic pollutants, Mn oxide nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 211–212:332–341.
industrial discharge containing heavy metals, pathogens and different doi:10.1016/j. jhazmat. 2011.10.062
anions etc.(Goyal et al., 2013) and due to presence of it the property 2. Arora, N., Agarwal, S., and Murthy, R. S. (2012). Latest
Technology Advances in Cosmaceuticals. International Journal of
of water body become changed. There are some nanoscale metal
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 4(3), 168-182.
oxides, like iron oxides titanium dioxides, alumina, zinc oxides etc., Retrieved from
which are cost effective and good adsorbent for water treatment and https://www.ijpsdr.com/index.php/ijpsdr/article/view/212
providing a better remediation technology due to nanosize and 3. Buzea, C., Pacheco, I., and Robbie, K. (2007). Nanomaterials and
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Limitations of Nanotechnology: Although there are several
4. Carriger, J.F., Rand, G.M., Gardinali, P.R., Perry, W.B.,
benefits of nanotechnology but some limitations of it is also present Tompkins, M.S., and Fernandez, A.M. (2006). Pesticides of
like its toxicity. Due to high penetration ability nanoparticle also potential ecological concern in sediment from South Florida
affects health of environment and organism either short-term period
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canals: an ecological risk prioritization for aquatic arthropods. 16. Guerra, F. D., Attia, M.F., Whitehead, D.C., and Alexis, F. (2018).
Soil Sediment Contam.15, 21–45 Nanotechnology for environmental remediation: materials and
5. Chhipa, H. (2017). Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides for applications. Molecules 23, 1760.
agriculture. Environ. Chem. Lett.15, 15–22 17. Bethany H.,(2017). “Zapping nanoparticles into nail polish,”
6. DeRosa, M., Monreal, C., Schnitzer, M., Walsh, R., and Sultan, Y. LaserAblation Method Makes Cosmetic and Biomedical Coatings
(2010). Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nature Nanotechnology, in a Flash, vol. 95, no. 12, p. 9.
5(2), 91-91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.2 18. Helar, G., and Chavan, A. (2015). Synthesis, characterization and
7. Duarah, S., Pujari, K., Durai, R. D., and Narayanan, V. H. B. stability of goldnanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium
(2016). nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals: A review. oxysporum and its impact on seed. Int.J. Recent Sci. Res. 6, 3181–
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8. Engates K, and Shipley H (2011). Adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, for dermatologists. Dermatol. Clin. 11, 143–154.
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18:386–395. doi:10.1007/s11356-010-0382-3 21. Jo, Y., Kim, B., and Jung, G. (2009). Antifungal Activity of Silver
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Rakesh(2012). “Topical Liposomes in Drug Delivery: A Review,” P.(2014) “Cubosomes- a drug delivery system,” International
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Study on the inhibitory activities of nano-silver to Xanthomonas critical evaluation of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers against
campestris pv. campestris. Acta Agric. Univ. Jiangxi., 3, 016. their conventional analogues. Nature Nanotechnology, 13(8), 677-
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Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of copper based 25. Kaul, S., Gulati, N., Verma, D., Mukherjee, S. and Nagaich, U.
nanoparticles as agrochemicals against Phytophthora infestans. (2018). Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of
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