Booklet 2 Lines Angles Triangles Quads 11 March 2021

TAS FET EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY COURSE
BOOKLET 2
Lines, Angles, Δ & Quadrilaterals s
S
(Grade 8 to 10 Revision)
A
by The TAS Maths Team
T Lines, Angles, Δ s &

Quadrilaterals
Geometry FET
Course Booklets Set
WWW.THEANSWER.CO. ZA
CONTENTS of Booklet 2
Lines & Angles
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 Vocabulary and Facts
A
Triangles
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 Vocabulary, Facts and Proofs  Area
Quadrilaterals
 Properties  Definitions  Theorems  Area
Grade 10: Midpoint Theorem

 Statement and Converse  Riders
EXERCISES & FULL SOLUTIONS on all 4 sections

LINES, ANGLES & TRIANGLES Know the meanings
of all the WORDS.
LINES: 2 SITUATIONS
The Language (Vocabulary)
 WHEN 2 LINES INTERSECT, WE HAVE . . .
PARALLEL LINES PERPENDICULAR LINES
( adjacent øs & ( vertically opposite øs,
AB || CD AB ⊥ CD
1ˆ and 4ˆ ; 1 1ˆ and 3ˆ
S
A A D 4 2
B
A B 3
D 90º
4ˆ and 3̂ , etc. or 2ˆ and 4ˆ
A
C D C B
C C B D
A
the
transversal
The ANGLE is the  WHEN 2 LINES ARE CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL . . .
SINGLE ANGLES vertex arms amount of rotation
1 2 3 4
T
about the vertex.
2 'families' of 4 angles are formed 1 2
5 6 7 8
NOTE: The plural of vertex is vertices! 4 3
PAIRS OF ANGLES , one from each family:
a right angle a straight angle a revolution
0º 90º 180º 270º 360º • corresponding øs : 1 & 5 ; 2 & 6 ; 3 & 7 ; 4 & 8
5 6
acute obtuse reflex
8 7
angles angles angles • alternate øs : 3 & 5 and 4 & 6
PAIRS OF ANGLES • co-interior øs : 4 & 5 and 3 & 6
• Complementary øs add up to 90º x 90º – x ( Corresponding means their positions correspond.

40º 50º
e.g. 40º and 50º; x and 90º – x
( Alternate means:
• Supplementary øs add up to 180º 180º – x 1
2
e.g. 135º and 45º; x and 180º – x
135º 45º x øs lie on opposite sides of the transversal; 4
3
whereas, 'co-' means: 'on the same side of the transversal'.
s 5 6
• Adjacent ø have a common vertex common arm
common e.g. corresponding alternate co-interior 8 7
and a common arm and lie on vertex angles angles angles
opposite sides of the common arm.
!
e.g. A pair of adjacent A pair of adjacent 140º
40º 40º
complementary øs : 50º supplementary øs :
Copyright © The Answer Series 1

TRIANGLES
The Facts
Classification according to . . .
LINES
SIDES ANGLES
d  INTERSECTING LINES
Scalene Δ Acute ø Δ
(all 3 sides different in length) (all 3 øs are acute) Fact 1
d
Isosceles Δ Right ø Δ
When two lines intersect, any pair of adjacent angles is
(2 sides equal in length) (one ø = 90º) supplementary.
S
d
1 2
Equilateral Δ Obtuse ø Δ
e.g. 4̂ + 1̂ = 180º & 4̂ + 3̂ = 180º 4 3
(all 3 sides equal in length) (one ø is obtuse)
Fact 2 2 intersecting lines
A
the vertical angle form 4 angles
In an isosceles triangle:
the base angles Vertically opposite angles are equal.
e.g. 1̂ = 3̂ and 2̂ = 4̂
T
BASE
s s
We can classify Δ according to sides and ø simultaneously:
Special case: The sizes of the
Examples Perpendicular lines other angles?
  
 PARALLEL LINES
This is a/an . . . . -angled Δ This is a/an . . . . -angled Δ This is a/an . . . . -angled Δ
When ANY 2 lines are cut by a transversal, 2 'families' of four øs are formed,
Answers and there are:
corresponding øs ; 1 2
 An isosceles right-ød Δ  An isosceles acute-ød Δ  A scalene obtuse-ød Δ
alternate øs ; 4 3
& co-interior øs
Interior and Exterior angles . . . whether the lines are parallel or not ! 5 6
8 7
Interior angles: & Exterior angles: An exterior angle Fact 3
b e
is formed between
y
a or f a side of the triangle If 2 PARALLEL lines are cut by a transversal,
x z 1 2
c d and the produced 4 3
(extension) of corresponding angles are equal ;
x is not an exterior ø an adjacent side of alternate angles are equal ; and 5 6
x . . . the side is not 'produced'. the triangle. 8 7
co-interior angles are supplementary.
2 Copyright © The Answer Series
CONVERSE STATEMENTS The Facts, continued
C
FACT 1 says: 1 TRIANGLES
2 B
If ABC is a straight line, then 1̂ + 2̂ = 180º.
A
FACT 1: The Sum of the interior angles of a triangle . . .
The CONVERSE STATEMENT of FACT 1 says A
S
If 1̂ + 2̂ = 180º, then: ABC is a straight line. The sum of the (interior) angles
of a triangle is 180º. Â + B̂ + Ĉ = 180º
B C
Example R
A
y FACT 2: The Exterior angle of a triangle . . .
If, in the sketch alongside, x = 40º and y = 130º, x
Q
is PQR a straight line?

2
T
P The exterior angle of a triangle equals 1̂ = 2̂ + 3̂
the sum of the interior opposite angles.
Answer: x + y = 40º + 130º = 170º ≠ 180º 3 1
Whether it looks
â No, PQR is not a straight line ...
like it or not!
FACT 3: An Isosceles triangle . . .
A
Now, refer to FACT 3 on the previous page . . . If AB = AC,
In an isosceles triangle,
the base angles are equal. then: 1̂ = 2̂
The CONVERSE STATEMENT of FACT 3 says 1 2
B C
If a pair of corresponding angles is equal

B The CONVERSE states: So, conversely:
OR
A If 2 angles of a triangle are equal, If 1̂ = 2̂ ,
If a pair of alternate angles is equal
then: the sides opposite them are equal. then: AB = AC
OR C D
If a pair of co-interior angles is supplementary

Example
then: A Answer
If in isosceles ΔABC,
line AB is PARALLEL to line CD ˆ is a right ø, 2 x = 90º
the vertical angle (A)
. . . whether it looks like it or not! x x C ∴ x = 45º
determine the size of the base øs. B

FACT 4: An Equilateral triangle . . . FACT 7: Similar triangles The symbol: |||
Definition of Similarity
The angles of an equilateral triangle 60º
3 x = 180º
all equal 60º. Two figures are SIMILAR if:
∴ x = 60º 2 conditions
60º 60º  they are equiangular, and
 their corresponding sides are in proportion.
FACT 5: THE THEOREM OF PYTHAGORAS e.g.
S
...
THE THEOREM OF PYTHAGORAS states:
triangles quadrilaterals pentagons
The square on the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
A
equals the sum of the squares on the other two sides (in area). In the case of TRIANGLES (only):
If triangles are equiangular,
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The CONVERSE states: If Ĉ = 90º, then: their corresponding sides are in proportion
then: and therefore: they are similar.
If the square on one side A D
c = a2 + b2
2
of a triangle equals the ˆ A
c i.e. If Â = D̂ , B̂ = Ê and Ĉ = F,
sum of the squares on the b Conversely: E F
AB
other two sides (in area), 2 2
If c = a + b , 2 then: = BC = AC ,
a DE EF DF
then the triangle is B C then: B C
right-angled. and therefore: ΔABC ||| ΔDEF.
Ĉ = 90º
The CONVERSE states:

Note:
• Only one angle can be 90º (a right angle) If the sides of two triangles are in proportion,
• The side opposite the right-angle is called the hypotenuse. then: these triangles will also be equiangular
and therefore: the triangles are similar.
AB
FACT 6: The Area of a triangle i.e. If = BC = AC ,
DE EF DF
base % height then: Â = D̂ , B̂ = Ê and Ĉ = F̂ ,

The area of a triangle =
2 h
and therefore: ΔABC ||| ΔDEF
b
FACT 8: Congruent triangles The symbol: The possibilities are:
Two triangles are congruent if they have  SSS – only one size (& shape) of triangle could
be constructed.
• 3 sides the same length . . . SSS
• 2 sides & an included angle equal . . . SøS

SSø – the case where the angle is NOT INCLUDED
• a right angle, the hypotenuse & a side equal . . . RHS or SS90º
between the sides.
• 2 angles and any side equal . . . øøS
S
This is the ambiguous case because
or
A D there are 2 possible ∆s
which we could draw
obtuse ød ∆ acute ød ∆
A
B C F E
 RHS – the angle is not included,
but it is a right angle,
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If we can prove that ΔABC ΔDEF, then we can conclude that
so only 1 option is possible:
all the sides and angles are equal.
Congruent Δs have the same SHAPE, and the same SIZE.

 SøS – the angle is included.
Only 1 option is possible.
Similar Δs have the same SHAPE, but not necessarily the same SIZE.
 øøS – given 2 angles, we actually have all 3 angles since the sum of
the angles must be 180º.
The side restricts the size of the triangle.

Conditions of Congruency 
So, only 1 option is possible.

or
Congruency can be understood best by constructing triangles,
However, when comparing triangles, 
even casually imagining the construction! the given equal sides must correspond
in relation to the angles.
A triangle has 6 parts, 3 sides and 3 angles, which can be measured. or
However, we use 3 measurements at a time to construct a triangle. 
øøø – A side is
required!
Any number of possible options.

Comparing Triangles – Congruence vs Similarity Draw line DAE through A, parallel to BC.
A
D E
( If 2 triangles are equal in every respect (i.e. all 3 sides and 1 2 3
all 3 angles), we say they are congruent.
We write: ABC PQR.
B C
( Enlarging or reducing a triangle, as on a copier, will produce a triangle
S
similar to the original one.
We know: 1̂ + 2̂ + 3̂ = 180º . . . adjacent øs on a straight line, DAE
i.e. It will have the same shape (all angles will be the same size as before)
But 1̂ = alternate B̂ & 3̂ = alternate Ĉ . . . DAE || BC
A
but the respective sides will not be the same length.
The sides will, however, be proportional.
â B̂ + 2̂ + Ĉ = 180º
We write: ABC ||| PQR.
T
Triangle Fact 2
Proofs of Triangle Facts 1 and 2
Why is the exterior angle of a triangle equal to
the sum of the two interior opposite angles?
A
Triangle Fact 1
Why is the sum of the interior angles of a triangle 180º?

x y
A B C D
See ΔABC:
x̂ + ŷ = 180º . . . see LINES fact 1 (Page 2)
B C ˆ + B)
ˆ = 180º
but x̂ + (A . . . see TRIANGLES fact 1 (Page 3)
Can we prove that B̂ + Â + Ĉ = 180º ? ˆ + B

â ŷ = A ˆ
Logical !

Investigating quadrilaterals, using diagonals:
QUADRILATERALS fig. 1 : Use a diagonal to determine the sum of How would you find the sum
the interior angles of a quadrilateral. of the interior angles of
fig. 2 : Use a diagonal to find the area of a pentagon? A hexagon?
The Facts a trapezium.
fig. 3 - 6 : Which of these quadrilaterals have their areas bisected by
the diagonal?
Properties of Quadrilaterals
fig. 3 - 6 : Draw in the second diagonal. For each figure, establish whether the
• Recall all the quadrilaterals ... (kite, trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, square). diagonals are :
• What properties do they have? equal bisect each other
intersect at right angles bisect the angles of the quadrilateral
S
Equal sides?
fig. 6 : Find the area of a kite in terms of its diagonals.
Could this formula apply to a rhombus? A square?
Defining Quadrilaterals
A
kite rectangle parallelogram rhombus square
A trapezium
Definition : A trapezium is a quadrilateral with
T
ONE PAIR OF OPPOSITE SIDES parallel.
'any' quadrilateral rhombus square
kite
A parallelogram
Parallel sides? We have observed the properties of a parallelogram :
rectangle
'any' both pairs of opposite sides parallel
square We will, however, define the
quadrilateral trapezium parallelogram both pairs of opposite sides equal
parallelogram in terms of
both pairs of opposite angles equal its parallel lines.
diagonals which bisect one another.
rhombus
Definition : A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with

Angles? TWO PAIRS OF OPPOSITE SIDES parallel.
Which are equal? Which are supplementary? Which are right angles? Observe the progression of quadrilaterals below as we discuss further definitions :
4a rectangle
Diagonals?
'any' square
5 quadrilateral trapezium parallelogram
1 2 3
rhombus
4b
6a 6b
A diagonal of a • Which property does a parallelogram need to become a rectangle?
quadrilateral is • Which property does a parallelogram need to become a rhombus?
or a line joining • Which property does a rectangle need to become a square?
opposite vertices.
• Which property does a rhombus need to become a square?
A rectangle A kite
Definition : A kite is a quadrilateral with 2 pairs of adjacent sides equal.
Definition : A rectangle is a parallelogram with 1 right angle
OR : A rectangle is a quadrilateral with . .?. . right angles? Is a rhombus a kite?
A rhombus is a kite with .....................................................................................

A rhombus
A square is a kite with ........................................................................................
Definition : A rhombus is a parallelogram with a pair
of adjacent sides equal Definitions tell us what the minimum (least) is that one needs !
OR : A rhombus is a quadrilateral with . .?. . equal sides?
S
See the summary of quadrilaterals on the next page:
A square
'Pathways of definitions, areas and properties'
A
Definition : A square is a rhombus with . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A square is a rectangle with . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A square is a parallelogram with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observing the progression of quadrilaterals – along routes 1 & 2 – is essential for
understanding definitions, properties (especially diagonals) and area formulae.
T
A square is a quadrilateral with . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
None of these facts and proofs should need to be memorised.

Note:
The further back you go on the route,
the more the definition requires !
Proving conjectures
All these definitions are extremely important to know when you're doing sums.
Note : The curriculum says :
e.g. If asked to prove that a particular quadrilateral is a rectangle, and you already
• Define the quadrilaterals.
know it is a parallelogram, all you need to show is that one angle is a right angle.
• Investigate and make conjectures about the properties of the
Observe the following progression of quadrilaterals before the next definitions : sides, angles, diagonals and areas of these quadrilaterals.
• Prove these conjectures.
e.g. 1 Conjecture : The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles of the rhombus.
'any' quadrilateral rhombus square
kite Proof : x2 x̂1 = x̂ 2 . . . øs opp = sides
x4
x1 = x̂ 3 . . . alt øs ; || lines
x3
= x̂ 4 . . . øs opp = sides
e.g. 2 Conjecture : The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.

(The proof is on the SUMMARY on the next page)
QUADRILATERALS - pathways of definitions, areas and properties - A Summary
All you need to know! A Rectangle

A Parallelogram
'Any' Quadrilateral The Square
A Trapezium
b DEFINITION :
a b
f A ||m with one right ø
c 2
S
d h 1 DEFINITION :
e Area = ℓ % b
Quadrilateral with 2 pairs opposite sides || the 'ultimate' quadrilateral !
s
Sum of the ø of a
any quadrilateral = 360º DIAGONALS are EQUAL Area = s 2
Area = base % height
DEFINITION :
A
Quadrilateral with 1 pair of opposite sides || A Q
P D
Properties :
Sum of the interior angles A Rhombus
= (a + b + c) + (d + e + f) Area = Δ 1 + Δ 2 It's all been said 'before' !
B C
. . . (2 Δs) = 1 ah + 1 bh
T
= 2 % 180º Since a square is a rectangle,
= 360º 2 2 ||m ABCD = ABCQ + ΔQCD a rhombus, a parallelogram,
1 rect. PBCQ = ABCQ + ΔPBA a kite, . . . ALL the properties
= (a + b) . h
2
where ΔQCD ≡ ΔPBA . . . RHS of these quadrilaterals apply.
'Half the sum of the || sides
â ||m ABCD = rect. PBCQ (in area)
% the distance between them.' DEFINITION :
= BC % QC
A ||m with one pair of sides
adjacent sides equal
The arrows indicate
Properties :
various ‘pathways’ 2 pairs opposite sides equal Area
from ‘any’ 2 pairs opposite angles equal
quadrilateral to the A Kite = 1 product of diagonals (as for a kite) diagonals
& DIAGONALS BISECT ONE ANOTHER 2
square (the ‘ultimate or
quadrilateral’). These = base % height (as for a parallelogram)
pathways, which combine a a
DEFINITION :
logic and fact, are 2 2
Quadrilateral with 2 pairs of THE DIAGONALS angles
essential to use when adjacent sides equal
• bisect one another PERPENDICULARLY
proving specific types b
• bisect the angles of the rhombus
of quadrilaterals. Given diagonals a and b
• bisect the area of the rhombus
1 a ab
Area = 2Δs = 2 ⎛⎜ b . ⎞⎟ =
See how the properties ⎝2 2⎠ 2
Note : Quadrilaterals
accumulate as we 'Half the product of the diagonals' y x play a
move from left to right. y x
prominent role
i.e. the first quad has
THE DIAGONALS in both Euclidian
no special properties
• cut perpendicularly x
y y
and Analytical
and each successive x
• the LONG DIAGONAL bisects: Geometry right
quadrilateral has all
the short diagonal, the opposite angles and the area of the kite 2x + 2y = 180º . . . øs of , or through to
preceding properties.
² x + y = 90º co-int. øs suppl. Grade 12 ! 2

K Theorems and Proofs Theorem 4 : If a QUADRILATERAL has 2 pairs of opposite angles equal,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The following section deals with the properties of a parallelogram. We firstly prove
all the properties. Secondly, we prove that a quadrilateral with any of these Theorem 5 : If a QUADRILATERAL has 2 pairs of opposite sides equal,
properties has to be a parallelogram. then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Geometry is an exercise in LOGIC. Initially, we observe, we measure, we Theorem 6 : If a QUADRILATERAL has 1 pair of opposite sides equal and
record . . . But, finally . . . We decide on how to define something and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
then we prove various properties logically, using the definition.
Theorem 7 : If a QUADRILATERAL has diagonals which bisect one another,
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
S
THE DEFINITION OF A PARALLELOGRAM
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with
2 PAIRS OF OPPOSITE SIDES PARALLEL.
O AN ASSIGNMENT O
A
Beyond the DEFINITION of a parallelogram, we noticed other facts / properties
TASK A: Theorems 1 → 3
regarding the lines, angles and diagonals of a parallelogram. The statement and
proofs of these properties make up our first three THEOREMS ! Prove each of these properties yourself,
T
STARTING WITH THE DEFINITION as the 'given'.
The PROPERTIES of a parallelogram
Hint
TASK B: Theorems 4 → 7 Use your FACTS on II lines
All the properties are to be deduced from the definition! Prove these four converse theorems, and congruent triangles.
Theorem 1 : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. WORKING TOWARDS THE DEFINITION,
Theorem 2 : The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal. i.e. you need to prove, given any one of these situations, that the quadrilateral
would have 2 pairs of opposite sides parallel, i.e. that, by definition, the
Theorem 3 : The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect one another.
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The CONVERSE theorems
Given a property, prove the quadrilateral is a parallelogram,

i.e. prove both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
There are four converse statements, each claiming that IF a quadrilateral

has a particular property, it must be a parallelogram.
In these cases, we work towards the definition !

K The Theorem Proofs Theorem 3: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
one another.
THE PROOFS OF THE PROPERTIES
Given : ||m ABCD with diagonals AC and BD intersecting at O.
DON'T EVER MEMORISE THEOREM PROOFS!
RTP: AO = OC and BO = OD A B
>
Develop the proofs/logic for yourself before checking against the methods shown below. 1
3
Proof: In Δs AOB and DOC 4

2
1) 1ˆ = 2ˆ . . . alt øs ; AB || DC >
Theorems : Definition Property Make sense of D C
Converse theorems : Property Definition
THE LOGIC! 2) 3ˆ = 4ˆ. . . vert opp øs
3) AB = DC . . . opposite sides of ||m – see theorem 2 above
S
â ΔAOB ≡ ΔCOD . . . øøS
Theorem 1: The opposite angles of a ||m are equal.
â AO = OC and BO = OD
Given : ||m ABCD A B
A
i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC
Note: We used the result in theorem 2 in the proof of theorem 3 –
RTP: Â = Ĉ and B̂ = D̂ D C but, we could've started from the beginning,
T
i.e. from the definition of a parallelogram.
Proof: Â + B̂ = 180º . . . co-interior øs ; AD || BC
We would just have needed to prove an extra pair of Δs
But, Â + D̂ = 180º . . . co-interior øs ; AB || DC congruent (as in theorem 2).
â B̂ = D̂
Similarly, Â = Ĉ RTP: Required to prove
THE CONVERSE PROOFS
m
Theorem 2: The opposite sides of a || are equal.
Theorem 4: If a QUADRILATERAL has 2 pairs of opposite
Given : ||m ABCD angles equal, then the quadrilateral is a ||m
i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC
Given : Quadrilateral ABCD with Â = Ĉ and B̂ = D̂
RTP: AB = CD and AD = BC A B
>
It doesn’t matter which RTP: ABCD is a parallelogram, x y
Construction: Draw diagonal AC ...
diagonal you draw i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC
y x
Proof: In Δs ABC and ADC A B >
> D C
1) 1̂ = 2̂ . . . alternate øs ; AB || DC 4 1 Proof: Let Â = Ĉ = x and D̂ = B̂ = y
2) 3̂ = 4̂ . . . alternate øs ; AD || BC then Â + B̂ + Ĉ + D̂ = 360º . . . sum of the øs of a quadrilateral
3
2
3) AC is common > â 2x + 2y = 360º
D C
â ΔABC ≡ ΔCDA . . . øøS ÷ 2) â x + y = 180º
â AB = CD and AD = BC i.e. Â + D̂ = 180º and Â + B̂ = 180º
â AB || DC and AD || BC . . . co-interior øs are supplementary
We could, of course, also have proved the first theorem this way!
â ABCD is a parallelogram . . . both pairs of opposite sides ||
Theorem 5: If a QUADRILATERAL has 2 pairs of opposite Theorem 7: If a QUADRILATERAL has diagonals which
sides equal, then the quadrilateral is a || m bisect one another, then the quadrilaterals
is a ||m.
Given : Quadrilateral ABCD with AB = CD A B
and AD = BC 1 Given : Quadrilateral ABCD with diagonals AC and BD intersecting at O and
3
AO = OC and BO = OD.
A B
RTP: ABCD is a parallelogram, 2 4 3 1
i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC D C RTP: ABCD is a parallelogram,
i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC 2
4
Construction: Draw diagonal AC . . . it doesn’t matter which diag. you draw D C
s
S
Proof: In Δs ACD and CAB Proof: In Δ AOB and COD
1) AC is common 1)AO = OC . . . given
2) AD = BC . . . given 2) 1ˆ = 2ˆ . . . vert opp øs In Geometry, we never have
3)BO = O . . . given to repeat a 'logic sequence'
3) CD = AB . . . given
A
â ΔAOB ≡ ΔCOD . . . SøS (as would’ve been required
â ΔACD ≡ ΔCAB . . . SSS here) –
ˆ ˆ
â BAD = OCD we just say: Similarly, . . . !
â 1̂ = 2̂ and 3̂ = 4̂
â AB || DC . . . alternate øs equal
T
â AB || DC and AD || BC . . . alternate øs are equal
â ABCD is a parallelogram . . . both pairs of opposite sides || Similarly, by proving ΔAOD ≡ ΔCOB it can be shown that AD || BC
â ABCD is a parallelogram . . . 2 pairs of opp. sides are ||
Theorem 6: If a QUADRILATERAL has 1 pair of opposite
sides equal and ||, then the quadrilateral is a ||m
In our sums, we may use ALL properties and theorem statements . . .
Given : Quadrilateral ABCD with AB = and || DC A B
>
4 1 To prove that a quadrilateral is a ||m we may choose one of 5 ways :
RTP: ABCD is a parallelogram, 1) Prove both pairs of opposite sides || (the definition).
2 3
i.e. AB || DC and AD || BC >
D C . . . THE SIDES
2) Prove both pairs of opposite sides = (a property).
Construction: Draw diagonal AC . . . It doesn’t matter which 3) Prove 1 pair of opposite sides = and || (a property).
diagonal you draw
Proof: In Δs ABC and CDA 4) Prove both pairs of opposite angles = (a property). . . . THE ANGLES
1) AB = DC . . . given 5) Prove that the diagonals bisect one another (a property). . . . THE DIAGONALS
2) 1̂ = 2̂ . . . alternate øs ; AB || DC
3) AC is common
Using diagonals . . .
â ΔABC ≡ ΔCDA . . . SøS
To prove a parallelogram is a rectangle: prove that the diagonals are equal.
â 3̂ = 4̂
â AD || BC . . . alternate øs equal To prove a parallelogram is a rhombus : prove that the diagonals intersect
at right angles, or
But AB || DC . . . given prove that the diagonals bisect
â ABCD is a parallelogram . . . both pairs of opposite sides || the angles of the rhombus.
K Area of Quadrilaterals and Triangles Why is the area of a parallelogram = base % height?
A SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR

Compare ||m ABCD and rectangle EBCF
AREAS OF QUADRILATERALS E A F D
m Δ1 Δ2
|| ABCD = ABCF + Δ2
So far, we have established: a
>
1 h
& rectangle EBCF = ABCF + Δ1 B C
The area of a trapezium = (a + b) . h
S
2 >
b
1
The area of a kite = the product of the diagonals
2
But, we know that the opposite sides of rectangles and
A
parallelograms are equal
But also, remember:
â Δ1  Δ2 . . . SS90º or RHS
T
The area of a square = s2,
s â Δ1 = Δ2 in area
where s = the length of a side of a square
The area of a rectangle = ℓ % b â Area of ||m ABCD = Area of rectangle EBCF

b
where ℓ = the length & b = the breadth = BC . FC ... ℓ%b
ℓ
The area of a parallelogram = base % height = base % height (of the ||m )
. . . See the explanation of

this formula below:
The area of a rhombus = . . . . . . . (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NB:
or = . . . . . . . (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Study THE SUMMARY OF QUADRILATERALS for
Answers
'pathways of definitions, areas, properties', etc.
(1) base % height (because a rhombus is a parallelogram), or KNOW THIS WELL ! (page 9)
(2) 1 product of the diagonals (because a rhombus is a kite)
2
SOME IMPORTANT FURTHER FACTS ON AREAS 4. The diagonal of a parallelogram (or rhombus or
rectangle or square!) bisects the area A B
OF ΔS & QUADRILATERALS
ΔABC ≡ ΔCDA . . . (SøS)
D C
The height of these Δs & ||ms is the distance between the parallel lines . . .
â ΔABC = ΔCDA [= 1 ||m ABCD] in area
2
1. Δs on the same base & between the same || lines
S
are equal in area Q 5. If two triangles lie between
A h A
P
the same parallel lines:
Area of Δ = 1 base (BC) % height (h)
2
A
C h
â ΔPBC = ΔABC = ΔQBC in area THE RATIO OF THEIR AREAS
B
B x D 4x C
= THE RATIO OF THEIR BASES
T
2. Parallelograms on the same base and between Q
1. x. h . x. h 1
the same || lines are equal in area P h area of ΔABD 2 1 area of ΔABD 1
B = = Also, = 2 =
A area of ΔDAC 1 . 4x . h 4 area of ΔABC 1 . 5 x. h 5
Area of ||m = base (DC) % height (h) 2 2
C ⎛ base of ΔABD ⎞
â ||m ABCD = ||m PQCD in area D ⎜= !⎟ â Area of ΔABD =
1
area of ΔABC
⎝ base of ΔDAC ⎠ 5
1
3. The median of a Δ bisects the area of the Δ â Area of ΔABD = Area of ΔDAC
4
A
Area of ΔABD = 1 BD.h &
2
h
Area of ADC = 1 DC.h
2 B x D x C
median AD bisects
But BD = DC ...
the base
â Area of ABD = Area of ADC [ 1 Area of ABC!]

2
Gr 10: THE MIDPOINT THEOREM PROOFS
Use the diagrams below to prove facts 1 and 2:

FACT 1
The line segment through the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel to a second
side, bisects the third side.
1.
A
S
Given :
P midpoint AB & PQ || BC
Result : P Q
Q midpoint AC & PQ = 1 BC
A
2
B C
(See Exercise 4 Q3.2 for the proof)
T
FACT 2
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to half of the third side.
A 2.
Given :
P & Q midpoints of AB & AC
P Q
Result :
PQ || BC & PQ = 1 BC
2
B C
(See Exercise 4 Q3.1 for the proof)
Regard these Facts 1 & 2 as a special case

of the Proportion Theorem in Gr 12 Geometry.

Grade 8 to 10
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
S
EXERCISES & FULL SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 1:
EXERCISE 2:
T A
Lines and Angles
Lines, Angles and Triangles
EXERCISE 3: Quadrilaterals
EXERCISE 4: Midpoint Theorem

ˆ = 200º (see figure below).
EXERCISE 1: Lines and Angles 6. Given : reflex AOD
Reasons :
(Answers on page 22) ˆ (6.1) (6.2)
C 200º Obtuse AOD =
A O (6.3) (6.4)
B ˆ =
140º 40º BOD
1. 140º and 40º are adjacent supplementary angles : D ˆ
AOC = (6.5) (6.6)
The angle supplementary to x is : x ? (1)

7. 1
1
1
S
2 2 2
s
2. In this figure : x + 90º + y = 180º . . . ø on a straight line
x y
1̂ and 2̂ are 1̂ and 2̂ are 1̂ and 2̂ are
A
(2.1) (2.2)
â x+y= and so they are called angles. (7.1)
øs (NAME)
(7.2)
øs (NAME)
(7.3)
øs (NAME)
T
RELATIONSHIP : RELATIONSHIP : RELATIONSHIP :
3. Is ADB a straight line? Give a reason for your answer. (7.4) (7.5) (7.6)
C
C E
(3.1) 90º - x x (3.2)
45º 145º
(8.1) (8.2)
A D B A D B 8. 1̂ and are corresponding øs and they are
1 3 5 (8.3) (8.4)
4 6 1̂ and are alternate øs and they are
2
(8.5) (8.6)
1̂ and are co-interior øs and they are
The sum of the
4. 100º
40º (4.1) x (4.2) adjacent angles
60º ? ? about a point
is 360º.
9. NB : It is ONLY BECAUSE THE LINES ARE (9) , that
s
the corresponding and alternate ø ARE EQUAL and the
co-interior øs are SUPPLEMENTARY !!!
5. x + y = 180º . . . øs on a
When two lines intersect, x straight line
the vertically opposite øs y
z
are equal. Why? and z + y = 180º . . . øs on a
straight line
(5)
â

EXERCISE 2: 3. Determine the values of x and y in the following 5.3 K P
diagrams. Give reasons for your answers.
Lines, Angles and Triangles E Q
3.1 A
y x
C
100º
(Answers on page 22)
60º T R
1. In the sketch, F
AB is a straight line. 6.1 Find the value of x, by forming an equation first
If x - y = 10º, find the
x+y 120º and then solving for x.
value of x and y. x y
B
Show all your working and give reasons.
D
3.2 F A C
6.1.1 D
2.1 Find the size of angles a to g (in that order),
S
giving reasons. 66º
g
E
60º 35º 3x x
x 60º
A
a 3x y 2x A B C
G
B D
b e 6.1.2 A B
c d f 3x - 10º
T
= T̂ P
2.2 Calculate x and give reasons. 4. Prove that P
by first proving that x + 30º
2.2.1 2.2.2 C D
120º the 2 triangles x Q
R
are congruent.
3x 4x 110º T 6.2 In the diagram, A
5x AB || ED and 53º
x x BE = EC. E
S ˆ = 27º
Also, ABE
P S and BACˆ = 53º.
2.3 If PQ = SR and 27º
øPQR = øSRQ, 5. State whether the following pairs of triangles are
congruent or similar, giving reasons for your choice. x
prove that B D C
PR = SQ. 5.1 B X
ˆ ,
ˆ and CED
6.2.1 Write down the sizes of BED
56º giving reasons.
18 18
Q R 6.2.2 Hence, or otherwise, calculate the
37º 87º
value of x, showing all working and
(Hint : first prove that ∆PQR ≡ ∆SRQ) A 30 C Y 30 Z
giving reasons.
A
2.4 State whether PQ || RS, P R
7. Calculate the area
giving reasons. 5.2 E L
of the kite alongside. 4 cm
E
17 23 B D
U V 104º 12 cm
T W 51 69
76º F 25 H
13 cm
Q S M 75 N
C
8. Calculate the value A 13. In the accompanying H 16. In each of the following, state whether the given
F triangles are congruent or not , and in each case
of x giving figure BG || CF. 12 G
reasons. give a reason for your answer. Do not prove the
x + 10º 11 2
1 3 triangles congruent, but name each congruent
Complete the 4 pair correctly.
following statements
3x - 50º 2x + 36º
B C D (giving reasons) : 16.1 A B 16.2 P S
10 9 8 7 6 5
A A B C D E
9. If AC || DB, prove with C
geometric reasons that y D
13.1 1ˆ + 2ˆ + 3ˆ + 4ˆ = . . . . (degrees)
x = y + z. z
= . . . . (degrees)
x 13.2 1̂ + 11 D E Q R
13.3 6ˆ + 7ˆ + 2ˆ = . . . . (degrees)
S
C
B
13.4 9ˆ + 6ˆ = . . . (the no. of one angle)
16.3 A 16.4 A
13.5 7̂ = . . . . (list only one angle)
10. In ΔABC, BC is produced to D and CE || BA. = 10 , then GD = . . . .
13.6 If 12
A
Prove that: D B
ˆ , ABE
14.1 Express CEB ˆ and A
ˆ = 180º
10.1 Aˆ + Bˆ + C 1
ˆ in terms of x.
AEB
ˆ = Aˆ + Bˆ
T
10.2 ACD B D C C
14.2 What is the relationship B is the centre of the circle
A B E
E
between CE and AD? 16.5 A E
Explain.
x y x
14.3 If CE bisects ACDˆ
C D
what is the relationship
2 between BE and CD? Explain.
1 3 x y
B C D B C D
15.1 Make a neat copy of this sketch and fill in all the
ˆ = 45º.
11. Prove that DOC B other angles in terms of x. Reasons are
not required. 17. Given ΔPQR and ΔABC.
x x A E D P
O y
y A
12
A D C x 8
12. If AB || CD, B C 9 6
ˆ = 140º and E
BOE 15.2 Complete the following statement : R
ˆ = 35º.
AOC 140º ∆ABE ||| ∆ . . . ||| ∆ . . . Q C
3 6 B
A O B 3
35º 2 1
Determine, 15.3 If BC = 18 cm and BE = 12 cm,
17.1 Show that ΔPQR is NOT similar to ΔABC.
stating reasons, calculate the length of
the values of Clearly show all relevant calculations
15.3.1 AE
x and y. 1 x and reasons.
C D 15.3.2 AB correct to one decimal.
y
15.4 Hence calculate the area of rectangle ABCD. 17.2 Prove that ΔPQR is not right-angled.

6. ABCD is a parallelogram. 11. ABCD is a parallelogram, and
EXERCISE 3: Quadrilaterals E is a point on AD such
A E D A B
AE and BF bisect Â and B̂ x y
that AE = AB and x y
(Answers on page 23) respectively.
EC = CD.
ˆ = 90º. P is the point of intersection
1. Which of the following quadrilaterals is definitely a BEC B C P
of AE and BF.
parallelogram? (Not drawn to scale.) ˆ .
Calculate the size of EBC
11.1 Find the magnitude
A. B. D F E C
ˆ .
of APB
7. In each of the following cases, calculate the value
of x giving reasons. W X 11.2 Show that BC = CF.
7.1 WXYZ is a x + 10º 11.3 Prove that DF = EC.
C. D. parallelogram.
S
3x - 30º 12. ABCD is a parallelogram. A B
1 2 1
Z Y ˆ and
AP bisects DAB 2
2. If the area of P 15 cm S 7.2 ABCD is a square. A B ˆ .
BP bisects ABC
parallelogram PQRS ˆ = 125º.
BFD E 1 2 3
A
x Prove that AB = 2BC
is equal to 90 cm2 10 cm F 125º D P C
then PT is equal to
. . . cm.
D C 13.1 Prove the theorem which says that if both pairs of
T
Q T R opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal,
8. Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram. then it is a parallelogram.
3. In the given diagram, P U Q A E D
115º 13.2 PQRS is a quadrilateral P Q
PQRS is a parallelogram. 65º
with PS = PR = QR and 2
SP = PT and 1
UR = RQ. 65º PQ || SR.
B F C
9. In the accompanying F
S T R figure ABCD is a E
C x S R
Prove that TRUP is a parallelogram. parallelogram. D
The diagonal is Prove that it is a parallelogram.
4. In the diagram, A D F produced to E and
ABCD is a AB = BE and 13.3 Write down 2 facts about a rhombus which are
A B not generally true of any parallelogram.
parallelogram. AD = CE.
AB is produced ˆ = x, prove, giving reasons, that FDC
If CEB ˆ = 3x.
B 14. PQRS is a parallelogram. P Q
to E and AD to F. C m
L M x
m x
Prove that ECF 10. LM = 5 cm,
is a straight line. LP = 6 cm and R B
E
PS = 1 cm. A
A B C
5. ABCD is a rhombus. y
D
By setting up an equation N
P S n y
and showing all steps and n y
reasons in the process, What type of quadrilateral is LMPN? Give reasons. Prove that ABCD S R
4y - 18º
find the value of y. D C Find NM and MS. is a rectangle.
3.2 The diagram shows a P 7. With reference to the diagram,
EXERCISE 4: Midpoint Theorem
triangle PQR with M the prove that
(Answers on page 25) midpoint of PQ. 7.1 FE = EC = CA
MNT is drawn parallel N T B
M 7.2 ΔBCA ≡ ΔAED
to QR so that RT || QP.
1.1 Complete (giving missing words only): x
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides Use this diagram to
prove the theorem D
of a triangle is . . . . . . to the third side and
Q R y
equal to . . . . . . . which states that
O
MN bisects PR.
y x
A
1.2 ΔABC has medians F E C A
4. Triangle DEF has G D
BN and CM drawn,
S
cutting each other the midpoint of DE,
M N
at O. H the midpoint of DF. 8. In ΔPQR, PT = TQ, while PV = VR = RS.
O G H
P and Q are the GH is joined.
P Q
midpoints of BO HJ is parallel to DE. P
A
and CO B C
E J F
respectively. Prove :
Prove that MNQP is a parallelogram. 4.1 GHJE is a parallelogram.
T V
T
ˆ = JHF
4.2 GDH ˆ
2. In the diagram below QS || TV; PQ || ST; 4.3 JF = GH
QT = TR = 9 cm and PS = 15 cm. R
A Q W
P 5. M, N and T are the
15 midpoints of AB, 60º
BC and AC in ∆ABC. T
S
M Show that WR = 1 QR. S
Â = 60º and B̂ = 80º. 4
V
Calculate the angles 80º
of ∆MNT. B N C 9. ABCD is any quadrilateral.
Q 9 T 9 R
E is a point BC. P, Q, R and S are the midpoints
1 6. ABCD is a square. A D of AB, AE, DE and DC.
2.1 Prove VR = 7 cm.
2 The diagonals AC and 1 D
2.2 Calculate PQ if PQ = 16 VR and hence BD intersect at O. A
5 M is the midpoint of BO O
ˆ = 90º.
prove that PQR and AM = ME. R S
Q
M P
2.3 Write down the length of ST. 6.1 Prove that MD || EC.
6.2 Prove that DOEC is
B C B
3.1 With reference to the diagram, A a parallelogram. E C
prove the theorem which
6.3 Determine, with reasons, Prove that :
states that PQ is parallel to DC
and half its length. P Q the size of :
E 9.1 PQ || RS
6.3.1 Dˆ 1
ˆ 9.2 PQ + QR + RS = 1 (AD + BC)
D C 6.3.2 ECD 2
2.2.3 In ∆s PQR & SRQ [Note: order of letters !] ˆ
6.2.1 BED = 27º . . . alt. øs ; AB || ED
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
(1) PQ = SR . . . (given) ˆ
CED = 53º . . . corresp. øs ; AB || ED
(2) ˆ = SRQ
PQR ˆ . . . (given)
6.2.2 ˆ
ABD = x . . . corresp. øs ; AB || ED
EXERCISE 1: Lines & Angles (3) QR is common ˆ
â EBC = x - 27º
1. 180º - x â ∆PQR ≡ ∆SRQ . . . SøS â Ĉ = x - 27º . . . øs opp = sides
2.1 90º 2.2 complementary â PR = SQ â In ∆ABC : 53º + x + x - 27º = 180º . . . sum of øs in ∆
3.1 No . . . 45º + 145º ≠ 180º â 2x = 154º
2.4 ˆ = 180º - 76º = 104º . . . øs on str line
PUV
3.2 Yes . . . 90º – x + 90º + x = 180º â x = 77º
4.1 160º 4.2 360º - x 5. â x = z ˆ = RVW
â PUV ˆ
6.1 160º 6.2 s

revolution / ø about a point â Yes, PQ || RS . . . because corresponding 7. BE ⊥ AC . . . diagonals of a kite
s øs are equal BE = 5 cm . . . 5 : 12 : 13 ∆ ; Pythag.
S
6.3 20º 6.4 ø on a straight line
6.5 20º Area of kite = 2. 1 (12 + 4).5 ... 2%∆
ˆ 3.1 x = 100º - 60º = 40º . . . ext. ø of EFC 2
6.6 øs on a straight line or vertically opposite to BOD 2
y = 120º - 40º = 80º . . . ext. ø of ABC = 80 cm
7.1 corresponding 7.2 co-interior 7.3 alternate
[OR : 1 product of diagonals . . . why?]
A
7.4 equal 7.5 supplementary 7.6 equal 3.2 4x = 2x + 60º . . . corr. øs ; BA || DC 2
8.1 5̂ 8.2 equal â 2x = 60º
8.3 4̂ 8.4 equal â x = 30º 8. 2x + 36º = 3x - 50º + x + 10º . . . ext. ø of ∆
y = 180º - 4x = 60º . . . øs on a straight line â - 2x = -76º
T
8.5 3̂ 8.6 supplementary 9. parallel
â x = 38º A VERY IMPORTANT THEOREM !
4. In ∆s QRP and SRT
EXERCISE 2: 9. Ĉ = z . . . alt. øs ; AC || DB
(1) Q̂ = Ŝ (= x)
â x = y+z . . . ext. ø of ∆
Lines, Angles and Triangles (2) ˆ = SRT
QRP ˆ . . . vertically opposite øs
(3) QR = SR . . . given 10.1 Cˆ 3 + Cˆ 2 + Cˆ 1 = 180º . . . øs on a straight line
1. 2x + 2y = 180º . . . øs on a straight line
â x + y = 90 â ∆QRP ≡ ∆SRT . . . øøS But Cˆ 2 = Â . . . alternate øs ; CE || BA
But x - y = 10º â P̂ = T̂ & Cˆ 3 = B̂ . . . corresp. øs ; CE || BA
â x = 50º and y = 40º . . . by inspection
5.1 Congruent ; SøS . . . [ Ĉ = 87º ø sum of ∆] â B̂ + Â + Cˆ 1 = 180º
2.1 a = 60º . . . vertically opposite angles 5.2 Similar ; sides in proportion 10.2 ˆ
ACD = 180º - Cˆ 1 . . . str. line
b = 35º . . . alternate øs ; || lines . . . [17 : 23 : 25 = 51 : 69 : 75]
& Â + B̂ = 180º - Cˆ 1 . . . ø sum of ∆
c = 35º . . . øs opp = sides 5.3 Similar ; equiangular (alt. øs & vert. opp. øs ) ˆ
â ACD = Â + B̂
d = 85º . . . sum of øs in ∆ . . . [no sides]
e = 60º - 35º = 25º . . . ext. ø of ∆ 11. ˆ
DOC = x+y . . . ext. ø of ∆
LOOKS MAY NOT DECEIVE !
f = 35º + 35º = 70º . . . either ext. ø of ∆ or But 2x + 2y = 90º . . . ø sum of rt. ød ∆ABC
corresp. øs ; || lines 6.1.1 3x = 66º + x . . . ext ø of ∆ â x + y = 45º
g = 60º – 35º = 25º . . . ext. ø of ∆
â 2x = 66º ˆ = 45º
â DOC
2.2.1 12x = 360º . . . revolution â x = 33º
s
â x = 30º 12. Oˆ 1 = 40º & Oˆ 3 = 40º . . . ø on a straight line
6.1.2 (3x - 10º) + (x + 30º) = 180º . . . co-int. øs; AB || CD
2.2.2 120º + 110º + x = 2(180º) â x = 40º . . . alt. or corresp. øs ; AB || CD
â 4x + 20º = 180º
â 230º + x = 360º . . . 2 prs. co-int. øs; Cˆ 1 = 35º . . . alt. øs ; AB || CD
â 4x = 160º
â x = 130º || lines
â x = 40º â y = 145º . . . øs on a straight line
13.1 360º . . . revolution 16.1 Yes, ∆ABC ≡ ∆EDC . . . øøS 4. A D F
s x
13.2 180º . . . co-interior ø ; BG || CF 16.2 No . . . 2 sides and an angle, but the angle isn’t included
y
13.3 180º . . . vert. opp. øs ; ø sum of ∆ 16.3 Yes, ∆ABD ≡ ∆ACD . . . RHS The angle is not B x C
13.4
12 . . . ext. ø of ∆ included, but
it is a right angle y
13.5 9̂ . . . corresp. øs ; BG || CF
E
= 10
= 9 ; sides opp = øs 16.4 Yes, ∆ADB ≡ ∆CDB . . . SSS [Note: equal radii] Let F̂ = x
13.6 BD . . . 12 11
ˆ = x
then BCE . . . corr. øs ; BC || AD(F) in ||m
16.5 No . . . 2 angles and a side, but they don’t correspond
ˆ s
14.1 CEB = x . . . ø opp = sides Similarly, let Ê = y
ˆ
ABE = 2x . . . ext. ø of ∆ 12 4 8 4 6 ˆ = y
then DCF
17.1 = ; = but =2
Â + AEBˆ = (180º - 2x) . . . sum of ø in ∆ s 9 3 6 3 3
In ΔAEF : Â + x + y = 180º . . . ø sum of 
â The sides are not in proportion
S
ˆ
â AEB = 90º - x . . . øs opp = sides ˆ . . . opposite øs of ||m
But Â = BCD
A â ∆PQR ||| ∆ABC
ˆ + x + y = 180º
â BCD
â ECF is a straight line . . . conv. of 'øs on a str. line'
2 2 2
2x 17.2 12 = 144 and 6 + 8 = 36 + 64 = 100
B x E 2 2 2
â 12 g 6 + 8
A
x CONVERSE
ˆ = y . . . diagonals of a A B
â Q̂ g 90º, i.e. ∆PQR is not rt. ød. . . of Theorem 5. DAC
y
C D rhombus bisect the y
of Pythag.
14.2 They are perpendicular to each other; i.e. CE ⊥ AD;
øs of the rhombus
ˆ and AEB
ˆ are complementary
T
Explanation : CEB
â DCA = y . . . øs opp = sides,
ˆ
. . . x + (90º - x) = ? EXERCISE 3: Quadrilaterals sides of a D
4y - 18º y
C
14.3 They are parallel; i.e. BE || CD ; rhombus (or alternate angles)
1. D : diagonals bisect one another
ˆ =x
Explanation : ECD ˆ
. . . CE bisects ACD â 4y - 18º + 2y = 180º . . . ø sum of 
ˆ
â ECD ˆ
= alternate angle, CEB 2. m
Area of || PQRS = 15 % PT = 90 . . . base % height â 6y = 198º
â PT = 6 cm â y = 33º
15.1 A E D
90º - x x U
6. x̂ 1 = x̂ 2 . . . øs opp = sides
3. P Q
x x x = x̂ 3 . . . alt. øs ; AD || BC in ||m
12
90 º- x (= x, say) A E D
x x2 y2 y1
90º - x x x1
x x
B 18 C x3 y3
S T R
15.2 ∆ABE ||| ∆ECB ||| ∆DEC NB: The order of B C
Let Ŝ = x
the letters! Similarly, y1 = y2 = y3 (= y, say)
15.3.1 ∆ABE ||| ∆ECB
ˆ = x
Then PTS . . . øs opp = sides
ˆ or øs of BEC
x + y = 90º . . . str. AED
ˆ
â TPQ = x . . . alt. øs ; PQ || SR in ||m PQRS
AE = BE . . . sides in proportion and y = 2x . . . opp. øs of ||m
BE BC
â 3x = 90º
2 2 But Q̂ = x . . . opp. øs of ||m PQRS
%BE) â AE = BE = 12 = 8 cm â x = 30º, i.e. EBCˆ = 30º
BC 18 ˆ
â RUQ = x . . . øs opp = sides
ˆ ˆ
15.3.2 AB2 = 122 - 82 = 80 . . . Theorem of Pythagoras â TPQ = RUQ 7.1 3x - 30º = x + 10º . . . opp. øs of a ||m
s
â AB = 80 â PT || UR . . . corresponding ø equal â 2x = 40º W X
j 8,9 cm But PU || TR . . . opposite sides of || PQRS m â x = 20º x + 10º
15.4 Area of rect. ABCD = 8,9 % 18 j 161 cm2 â TRUP is a parallelogram . . . both pairs opp. sides || 3x - 30º
Z Y
Copyright © The Answer 23
7.2 ˆ = 45º . . . diagonals of a square bisect
BAE 10. A rhombus ; 2 prs. opp. sides || 12. A B
L 5 M y 1
(right) angles of a square and diagonals intersect 1 2x
x 2
ˆ
â ABE = x - 45º . . . ext. ø of Δ at right øs 3 R y
A B
ˆ = 90º . . . ø of square E x 1 2 3y
FAB x
3
ˆ = ABE
ˆ + FAB
ˆ F 125º D P C
BFD . . . ext. ø of Δ
N P 1 S
â 125º = x - 45º + 90º
â x = 80º D C Pˆ1 = Aˆ 2 . . . alt. øs ; AB || DC in ||m
LR = RP = 3 cm . . . diagonals bisect
= Aˆ 1 (= x) . . . given
â RM = 4 cm ˆ = 90º ; 3:4:5∆ ; Pyth.
. . . LRM
â DP = DA . . . øs opp = sides
8. A E D â NM = 8 cm . . . diagonals bisect
115º 65º 65º Similarly, Pˆ3 = Bˆ1 = Bˆ 2 = y
. . . sides of rhombus
S
65º MP = 5 cm
â CP = BC
50º â MS2 = 52 - 12 = 24 . . . Pythagoras
65º 65º But BC = DA . . . opp. sides of ||m
B F C â MS = 24 j 4,9 cm & AB = DC . . . opp. sides of ||m
= DP + CP
A
ˆ + FCE
AEC ˆ = 115º + 65º = 180º
= DA + BC
â AE(D) || (B)FC . . . co-interior øs supplementary = 2BC
11.1 A B
B̂ = 65º . . . øs opp = sides x y
T
x
ˆ = 65º
& CED . . . str. line AED y
13.1 In the notes (Theorem 4)
â D̂ = 65º . . . øs opp = sides
ˆ = 50º
â ECD . . . ø sum of Δ P
y x 13.2 PQ || SR P Q
ˆ = 65º + 50º + 65º = 180º
â B̂ + DCB
D F E C Let Ŝ = x; then 2 x
â AB || DC . . . co-interior øs supplementary 1 x
â ABCD is a || . . . 2 pairs opp. sides ||
m ˆ
PRS = x . . . øs opp = sides
2x + 2y = 180º . . . co-int. øs ; AD || BC in ||m
â Pˆ2 = x . . . alt. øs ;
â x + y = 90º
ˆ = 90º . . . ø sum of  PQ || SR
â APB x x
9. F â Q̂ = x . . . øs opp = sides
E S R
D
C 11.2 ˆ = ABF
BFC ˆ =y . . . alt. øs ; AB || DC â In ∆s PSR and PRQ
x
2x ˆ ˆ
â CBF = CFB ˆ = 180º - 2x . . . ø sum of  s
Pˆ1 and PRQ
2x
x â BC = CF . . . sides opp = øs
x â PS || QR . . . alt. øs equal
A B
â PQRS is a ||m . . . 2 prs. opp. sides ||
ˆ = x s 11.3 DF = DE - FE
EAB . . . ø opp = sides
OR: Could've proved 2 prs. opp. øs equal
ˆ = x
â DCA . . . alt. øs ; DC || AB in ||m & EC = CF - FE
OR : Could've proved 2 prs. opp. sides equal
ˆ = x
CBE . . . øs opp = sides
ˆ = BAE
AED ˆ (= x) . . . alt. øs ; AB || DC in ||m
ˆ = 2x â DE = AD . . . øs opp = sides
â ACB . . . ext. ø of Δ 13.3 The diagonals intersect at right angles.
= BC . . . opp. sides of ||m
ˆ = 2x
â DAC . . . alt. øs ; AD || BC in ||m The diagonals bisect the angles of the rhombus.
= CF . . . proved in 11.2
ˆ = DAC ˆ
ˆ + DCA (& 2 adjacent sides are equal)
FDC . . . ext. ø of Δ â DF = EC
= 2x + x
= 3x

P Q D
14. 2.1 In ∆RQP : T midpoint QR & TS || QP 4.1
m x
m x â S midpoint PR . . . converse of
midpoint theorem G H
B â SR = 15 cm
A
C Similarly : In ∆RQS : V midpoint SR
E J F
D â VR = 1 (15) = 7 1 cm
n 2 2 P HJ || GE . . . given
y
n y 15
& In ∆DEF : G & H are midpoints of DE & DF
S R 2.2 PQ = 16 % 15 = 24 cm S
5 2
2m + 2n = 180º . . . co-int. ø ; PQ || SR in || s m V â GH || EJ(F) [and GH = 1 EF]
2
â m + n = 90º â sides of ∆PQR :
9 T 9 R
â GHJE is a ||m . . . 2 pairs opp. sides ||
ˆ 18 : 24 : 30 = 3 : 4 : 5 Q
â PAS = 90º . . . ø sum of 
S
ˆ
â BAD = 90º . . . vertically opp øs ˆ = 90º
â PQR . . . ratio of sides = Pythag. 'triple' 4.2 ˆ = JHF
GDH ˆ . . . corresp. øs ; HJ || DE
Similarly, x + y = 90º i.e. converse Pythag.
ˆ = 90º 4.3 EJ = GH . . . opp. sides of ||m
â QCR
ST = 1 (24 cm) = 12 cm . . . midpoint
OR : Pythag
2.3
= 1 EF
A
ˆ = 90º
â BCD 2 9 : 12 : 15 . . . see 4.1
theorem 2
= 3:4:5 !
So, too, n + y = 90º (â JF = 1 EF too)
â B̂ = 90º . . . ø sum of  2
A
T
â JF = GH
â The 4th angle, D̂ = 90º . . . ø sum of quad. 3.1 Construction :
â ABCD is a rectangle . . . all angles = 90º Extend PQ to R
Q
P R 5. A
such that PQ = QR
Join AR, PC and CR 60º
EXERCISE 4: Midpoint Theorem D C T
m M
1.1 . . . parallel . . . half of the third side. Proof : APCR is a || . . . diagonals bisect one another
A â CR = and || AP
1.2 80º
â CR = and || PD B N C
m
â PDCR is a || . . . 1 pr. opp. sides = and ||
N Ĉ = 180º - (80º + 60º) . . . sum of øs in 
M â PR || and = DC
O = 40º
1
P Q â PQ || and = 1 DC . . . PQ = PR
2 2 In ΔABC : M & T are midpoints of AB and AC
B C P â MT || BC . . . midpoint thm.
3.2. MQRT is a ||m ... 2 pairs
Join MN and PQ opp. sides || ˆ = 80º
â AMT . . . corresp. øs ; || lines
â TR = and || MQ
In ∆ABC : M & N are midpoints of AB & AC N T
â TR = and || PM M Similarly, M & N are midpoints of AB & BC
â MN || BC and MN = 1 BC . . . midpoint thm s
â In ∆ PNM & RNT ˆ
â BMN = 60º . . . corresp. øs ; MN || AC
2
& In ∆OBC : P & Q are midpoints of OB & OC (1) PM = RT . . . proved Q R ˆ
â TMN = 180º - (80º + 60º) . . . øs on a str. line
= 40º
â PQ || BC and PQ = 1 BC . . . midpoint thm ˆ
(2) PNM ˆ
= RNT . . . vertically opp øs
2
ˆ
(3) PMN ˆ
= NTR . . . alternate øs ; PM || TR The same method can be followed to determine the
1
â MN || PQ and MN = PQ . . . both || and = BC other two angles of ΔMNT.
2 â ∆PNM ≡ ∆RNT . . . øøS
â MNQP is a ||m . . . 1 pair of opp. sides = and || â PN = NR Answer : 40º ; 80º ; 60º
Copyright © The Answer 25

6.1 In ∆AEC : O midpoint AC . . . diagonals bisect 8. In ∆PQR : T & V are midpoints of PQ & PR
& M midpt. AE . . . given
â TV || QR and = 1 QR . . . midpoint
2 theorem
â MO(D) || EC . . . midpoint theorem
â In ∆STV : R midpoint VS and WR || TV
A D
1 â WR = 1 TV
2
6.2 We have DO || CE . . . in 6.1 O
diagonals of
P = 1 ( 1 QR)
M 2 2
sq. bisect
& DO = OB ... = 1 QR
B C 4
T V
= 2OM . . . M midpt. BO
S
= EC . . . midpoint. theorem E
â DOEC is a ||m . . . 1 pair of opp. sides = and || R

Q W
These Geometry materials (Booklets 1 to 4)
A
6.3.1 Dˆ 1 = 45º . . . right øs of sq. bisected by diagonal
were created and produced by
S
6.3.2 ˆ
ECA ˆ
= BOA . . . corresp. øs ; MO || EC in 6.1 The Answer Series Educational Publishers (Pty) (Ltd)
. . . diagonals of sq. int. at rt. øs to support the teaching and learning of
T
= 90º
ˆ = 45º 9. This drawing looks confusing at first. But, look at each
& OCD . . . just as Dˆ above
1 Geometry in high schools in South Africa.
triangle separately – the 'middle' one is just upside down!
ˆ = 90º + 45º = 135º
â ECD – and apply the facts to each, one at a time.
They are freely available to anyone
9.1 In ΔABE : who wishes to use them.
7.1 In ∆FBC : D midpoint FB & DE || BC
P & Q are midpoints of AB & AE
â FE = EC . . . converse of midpoint thm This material may not be sold (via any channel)
â PQ || BE(C)
& In ∆EDA : O midpoint AD and (B)OC || DE or used for profit-making of any kind.
â EC = CA . . . converse of midpoint thm Similarly, in ΔDEC :
D
â FE = EC = CA RS || (B)EC A
B
â PQ || RS
x R
D . . . both are Q S
parallel P
y
O to BEC
y x
F E C A B
7.2 s
In ∆ BCA & AED E C
s
ˆ
(1) CBA ˆ
= EAD . . . both = x 9.2 In Δ ABE, AED and DEC :
ˆ
(2) BCA ˆ
= AED . . . corresp. øs ; DE || BC PQ + QR + RS = 1 BE + 1 AD + 1 EC
2 2 2
(3) CA = FE . . . in 7.1
= ED . . . øs opp = sides = 1 (AD + BE + EC)
2
â ∆BCA ≡ AED . . . øøS = 1 (AD + BC)
2

Booklet 2 Lines Angles Triangles Quads 11 March 2021

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Booklet 2 Lines Angles Triangles Quads 11 March 2021

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TAS FET EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY COURSE

Lines, Angles, Δ & Quadrilaterals s

T Lines, Angles, Δ s &

Grade 10: Midpoint Theorem

EXERCISES & FULL SOLUTIONS on all 4 sections

PAIRS OF ANGLES • co-interior øs : 4 & 5 and 3 & 6

• Complementary øs add up to 90º x 90º – x ( Corresponding means their positions correspond.

Copyright © The Answer Series 1

is PQR a straight line?

If a pair of corresponding angles is equal

If a pair of co-interior angles is supplementary

Copyright © The Answer Series 3

The CONVERSE states:

base % height then: Â = D̂ , B̂ = Ê and Ĉ = F̂ ,

• 2 sides & an included angle equal . . . SøS

Congruent Δs have the same SHAPE, and the same SIZE.

The side restricts the size of the triangle.

So, only 1 option is possible.

Any number of possible options.

We write: ABC PQR.

Why is the sum of the interior angles of a triangle 180º?

Can we prove that B̂ + Â + Ĉ = 180º ? ˆ + B

6 Copyright © The Answer Series

Definition : A trapezium is a quadrilateral with

Definition : A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with

A rhombus is a kite with .....................................................................................

None of these facts and proofs should need to be memorised.

e.g. 2 Conjecture : The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.

All you need to know! A Rectangle

Copyright © The Answer Series 9

The CONVERSE theorems

Given a property, prove the quadrilateral is a parallelogram,

There are four converse statements, each claiming that IF a quadrilateral

In these cases, we work towards the definition !

Copyright © The Answer Series 10

Proof: In Δs AOB and DOC 4

A SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR

The area of a rectangle = ℓ % b â Area of ||m ABCD = Area of rectangle EBCF

. . . See the explanation of

The area of a rhombus = . . . . . . . (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. Δs on the same base & between the same || lines

â Area of ABD = Area of ADC [ 1 Area of ABC!]

Use the diagrams below to prove facts 1 and 2:

(See Exercise 4 Q3.1 for the proof)

Regard these Facts 1 & 2 as a special case

Copyright © The Answer Series 15

Lines, Angles and Triangles

EXERCISE 4: Midpoint Theorem

The angle supplementary to x is : x ? (1)

Copyright © The Answer Series 17

Copyright © The Answer Series 19

6.1 160º 6.2 s

Copyright © The Answer Series 24

Copyright © The Answer 25

â DOEC is a ||m . . . 1 pair of opp. sides = and || R

Copyright © The Answer Series 26

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