To show that the energy-momentum tensor T µν is conserved on the equations of motion, we need to

demonstrate that ∂µ T µν = 0. First, let’s write down the Euler-Lagrange equation for the given Lagrangian
density L:
 
∂L ∂L
− ∂µ =0 (1)
∂ϕ ∂(∂µ ϕ)
Applying the derivatives to the Lagrangian, we get:

(−m2 ϕ) − ∂µ (∂ µ ϕ) = 0 ⇒ ∂µ ∂ µ ϕ + m2 ϕ = 0 (2)
µν
Now let’s compute ∂µ T :

∂µ T µν = ∂µ (∂ µ ϕ∂ ν ϕ − η µν L) (3)
Using the product rule, we get:

∂µ T µν = (∂µ ∂ µ ϕ)∂ ν ϕ + ∂ µ ϕ(∂µ ∂ ν ϕ) − ∂µ (η µν L) (4)

Now, we can substitute the Euler-Lagrange equation we derived earlier:

∂µ T µν = (−m2 ϕ)∂ ν ϕ + ∂ µ ϕ(∂µ ∂ ν ϕ) − ∂µ (η µν L) (5)

Using integration by parts, we can rewrite the second term as:

∂ µ ϕ(∂µ ∂ ν ϕ) = −∂µ (∂ µ ϕ∂ ν ϕ) + ∂µ (∂ µ ϕ)∂ ν ϕ (6)

So, the equation becomes:

∂µ T µν = (−m2 ϕ)∂ ν ϕ − ∂µ (∂ µ ϕ∂ ν ϕ) + ∂µ (∂ µ ϕ)∂ ν ϕ − ∂µ (η µν L) (7)

Now, notice that the first and third terms cancel out, and we have:

∂µ T µν = −∂µ (∂ µ ϕ∂ ν ϕ) − ∂µ (η µν L) (8)
Rearranging the terms, we get:

∂µ T µν = −∂µ (∂ µ ϕ∂ ν ϕ − η µν L) = −∂µ T µν (9)

This shows that the energy-momentum tensor T µν is indeed conserved on the equations of motion, as
∂µ T µν = 0.
Now let’s compute the Noether charge E = d3 xT 00 :
R

Z
E = d3 x(∂ 0 ϕ∂ 0 ϕ − η 00 L) (10)

Recall that ∂ 0 ϕ = ϕ̇, and η 00 = 1. Thus,

Z   
3 2 1 2 1 ⃗ 2 1 2 2
E = d x ϕ̇ − ϕ̇ − (∇ϕ) − m ϕ (11)
2 2 2
Simplifying the expression, we get:
Z  
3 1 2 1 ⃗ 2 1 2 2
E= d x ϕ̇ + (∇ϕ) + m ϕ (12)
2 2 2
This expression coincides with the total energy of the field configuration, which is the sum of the kinetic
energy T and the potential energy V :
Z  
1 1 ⃗ 2 1 2 2
T + V = d3 x ϕ̇2 + (∇ϕ) + m ϕ (13)
2 2 2
Thus, we have shown that the associated Noether charge E coincides with the expression for the total
energy of the field configuration T + V .

1
 To show that the Maxwell Lagrangian is invariant under local gauge transformations, we first apply the
gauge transformation to the field strength tensor Fµν :

Fµν → F̃µν = ∂µ (Aν + ∂ν ξ) − ∂ν (Aµ + ∂µ ξ) (14)

Expanding this expression gives:

F̃µν = ∂µ Aν − ∂µ ∂ν ξ − ∂ν Aµ + ∂ν ∂µ ξ (15)
Since partial derivatives commute, we have ∂µ ∂ν ξ = ∂ν ∂µ ξ. Therefore, the transformed field strength
tensor becomes:

F̃µν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ = Fµν (16)

This shows that Fµν is invariant under the local gauge transformation. Subsequently, the Lagrangian L
is also invariant, as it only depends on Fµν :
1 1
L̃ = − F̃ µν F̃µν = − F µν Fµν = L (17)
4 4
Now we use the Noether theorem to construct the energy-momentum tensor T µν for the electromagnetic
field. The Noether current associated with the translation symmetry is given by:
∂L
T µν = − ∂ ν Aρ + η µν L (18)
∂(∂µ Aρ )
Taking the derivative of the Lagrangian with respect to ∂µ Aρ , we get:
∂L
− = F µρ (19)
∂(∂µ Aρ )
Substituting this result back into the expression for T µν :
1
T µν = F µρ ∂ ν Aρ − η µν F αβ Fαβ (20)
4
Now let’s consider the new tensor given by:

Θµν = T µν − F ρµ ∂ρ Aν (21)
To show that this object is conserved on the equations of motion, we first need to find the equations of
motion for the electromagnetic field. The Euler-Lagrange equations for the electromagnetic field are:

∂µ F µν = 0 (22)

Now we need to show that ∂µ Θµν = 0. First, let’s compute ∂µ T µν :

1
∂µ T µν = ∂µ (F µρ ∂ ν Aρ ) − ∂µ (η µν F αβ Fαβ ) (23)
4
Using the product rule and the equations of motion, this becomes:

∂µ T µν = F µρ ∂µ ∂ ν Aρ + ∂µ F µρ ∂ ν Aρ − 0 = F µρ ∂µ ∂ ν Aρ (24)
Next, let’s compute ∂µ (F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ):

∂µ (F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ) = ∂µ F ρµ ∂ρ Aν + F ρµ ∂µ ∂ρ Aν (25)
Using the equations of motion, this simplifies to:

∂µ (F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ) = 0 + F ρµ ∂µ ∂ρ Aν (26)
µν
Now we compute ∂µ Θ :

2
 ∂µ Θµν = ∂µ T µν − ∂µ (F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ) = F µρ ∂µ ∂ ν Aρ − F ρµ ∂µ ∂ρ Aν = 0 (27)
This shows that Θµν is conserved on the equations of motion.
To show that Θµν is symmetric, we need to show that Θµν = Θνµ . To do this, we can simply swap the
indices µ and ν:

Θνµ = T νµ − F ρν ∂ρ Aµ (28)
Using the fact that F µρ = −F ρµ , we have:
1
Θνµ = F νρ ∂ µ Aρ − η νµ F αβ Fαβ − (−F ρν ∂ρ Aµ ) = Θµν (29)
4
This shows that Θµν is symmetric.
Now let’s show that Θµν is invariant under gauge transformations, which means that T µν is invariant up
to a total derivative term:

δT µν = −F ρµ ∂ρ (∂ ν ξ) = −∂ρ (F ρµ ∂ ν ξ) (30)
µν
Now let’s consider the gauge transformation of Θ :

δΘµν = δT µν − δ(F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ) = −∂ρ (F ρµ ∂ ν ξ) − F ρµ ∂ρ (∂ ν ξ) (31)

Using the fact that partial derivatives commute, this simplifies to:

δΘµν = −∂ρ (F ρµ ∂ ν ξ) + ∂ρ (F ρµ ∂ ν ξ) = 0 (32)

This shows that Θµν is gauge invariant.
Finally, we need to show that Θµν is traceless, i.e., Θµµ = 0. To do this, let’s compute the trace:

Θµµ = ηµν Θµν = ηµν (T µν − F ρµ ∂ρ Aν ) (33)

Using the fact that ηµν F ρµ ∂ρ Aν = 0, we get:
1
Θµµ = ηµν T µν = ηµν (F µρ ∂ ν Aρ − η µν F αβ Fαβ ) (34)
4
It can be shown that ηµν F µρ ∂ ν Aρ = 0 and ηµν η µν F αβ Fαβ = 4F αβ Fαβ . Therefore, the trace becomes:
1 1
Θµµ = 0 − (4F αβ Fαβ ) + (4F αβ Fαβ ) = 0 (35)
4 4
This shows that Θµν is traceless. In summary, we have shown that the new tensor Θµν is conserved on
the equations of motion, symmetric, gauge invariant, and traceless.