Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
What is Public Speaking?
2
Advent of Public Speaking
➢ The inception of Public Speaking in Greece and Rome as a discipline
dates 2,500 years ago.
➢ The famous Greek scholar Aristotle (384-322 BCE) laid the foundation in
his treatise titled Rhetoric - the first book on Public Speaking.
3
Public Speaking and its Development
❑ 21st Century witnessed the advancements in the discourse of Public
Speaking.
4
5
Public Speaking as a Form of Communication
6
Public Speaking Vs. Everyday Communication
7
Public Speaking- An Exercise in Critical Thinking
8
Ingredients of Public Speaking
Topic
Pattern Time
Public
Speaking
Style Language
9
Beneficiaries
➢ There are more avenues to reach people than ever before, but there is
no substitute for face-to-face communication
10
Domains of Public Speaking - I
Entrepreneurial Communication:
➢ Interviews
➢ Leadership
➢ Meetings
➢ Group Discussions
➢ Negotiations
11
Domains of Public Speaking- II
➢ Student-teacher communication
➢ Elocutions
➢ Recitations
➢ Debates
12
Impediments to Public Speaking
➢ Nervousness
➢ Inept Delivery
➢ Lack of Coherence
➢ Negligent Listening
13
Advantages of Public Speaking in diverse fields
➢ Technical
➢ Financial
➢ Bureaucracy
➢ Aesthetic
14
Iconic Speech
"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when
we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very
substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps,
India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but
rarely in history, when we step out from the old to new, when an age ends,
and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance…”
- Jawaharlal Nehru
15
“And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that
for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”
- Steve Jobs
Thank You
16
Works Consulted
▪ Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. McGraw-Hill Book
Co., 2014.
▪ https://www.cam.ac.uk/files/a-tryst-with-destiny/index.html
▪ https://www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-
communication-in-effective-public-speaking.htm
▪ https://www.npr.org/2010/01/18/122701268/i-have-a-dream-
speech-in-its-entirety
▪ Zaresky, David. Public Speaking Strategy for Success. 8th Edition,
Pearson: New York,2016.
17
Public Speaking
Lecture 02- Communication Process and Roadblocks
1
Communication as a Process
2
Communication is a Social Function
❖ Humans as a social being depend on communicative acts to carry out their
personal and public life in a better manner.
❖ Communication provides a channel for two-way influence between
individuals or groups.
❖ An effective communication comprises a well-defined cause with an
intended effect.
❑ Functions of Communication:
➢ To inform
➢ To persuade
➢ To motivate
3
Purposes of Speech Communication
▪ The three main functions of communication posits itself as the purpose to
attain certain intended goals of a speaker through his speech
communication.
▪ The three general purposes of a public speech shall be correlated to
specific goals to be achieved:
● Clarity
01 To inform ●
●
Interest
Understanding
● Belief
02 To persuade ●
●
Action
Stimulation
● Interest
03 To entertain ●
●
Enjoyment
Humor
4
WHO
Lasswell’s Model of Communication SAYS WHAT
IN WHAT CHANNEL
TO WHOM
WITH WHAT EFFECT
5
Types of Communication
Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Communication
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Classification of Communication
Verbal Non-Verbal
7
Choice/Medium of Communication
8
Media Richness Continuum
Business Reports
Face to Telephone
Richer Letters & fliers Leaner
Face and e-mail
Memos Bulletin
9
Public Speaking as a Communicative Act
same as func of comm
Public Speaking is a vital skill for multiple reasons. Some of the reasons are as
follows:
➢ To win over a crowd persuade
■ Public Speaking is an essential skill both inside and outside the
workplace. Speaking with poise and confidence can win over
numerous clients and even oppositions.
■ Language should be fluid, intriguing and should evoke curiosity.
■ Making forward strides is equally essential in order to make a
strong case.
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➢ To motivate people
■ Public Speaking is vested with the power of motivation where one
can influence someone to stop doing something, change a
behaviour, and to obtain goals.
■ It should be exciting enough for peers, customers, employees,
coworkers.
➢ To inform
■ Being informative is a vital component of Public Speaking.
■ Be it demonstrating or convincing, facts are essential to support
any form of persuasion
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Roadblocks in Communication
12
Contd…
3. Cultural barriers:
a. Lacking cultural sensitivity towards the audience.
b. Carrying cultural stereotypes.
c. Name-calling and Abusive language.
4. Physical barriers:
a. Noisy environment/ audience.
b. Poor architecture of seminar/ lecture halls.
c. Faulty channel. Technical issues.
13
Contd…
5. Attitudinal barriers:
a. Personality conflicts.
b. Lack of self-confidence.
c. Motivational deficiency.
6. Interpersonal barriers:
a. Fear for criticism
b. Defensive speech communication.
c. Lack of mutual-confidence.
14
Remedies to Communication Roadblocks
15
“ The single biggest problem in communication is the
illusion that it has taken place.”
Thank You
16
Works Consulted
▪ Bovee, Courtland L., John V. Thill, Business Communication, McGraw-Hill,
4th ed., USA, 1995.
▪ https://www.technofunc.com/index.php/leadership-
skills/communication-skills/item/functions-of-communication
▪ Lasswell, H.D. “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society”,
The Communication of Ideas, Harper & Row, 1948, p. 37.
▪ Ross, Raymond. Speech Communication, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.
▪ Sharma, Sangeeta and Binod Mishra. Communication Skills for Engineers
and Scientists. PHI Learning Pvt. Limited. 6th ed., New Delhi, 2015.
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Public Speaking
Lecture 03- Rhetoric in Public Speaking
1
“Rhetoric may be defined as
the faculty of observing in
any given case the available
means of persuasion".
Aristotle in Rhetoric
(trans. by W. Rhys Roberts)
2
Aristotelian Modes of Persuasion
❑ Ethos, Pathos and Logos
pm of india speaking like this will make people
believe him, so he was using ethos
❖ That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant
striving so that we may fulfill the pledges we have so The essence of sophistry consists in the
often taken and the one we shall take today. The service moral purpose, the deliberate use of
of India means, the service of the millions who suffer. fallacious arguments. In Dialectic, the
dialectician has the power or faculty of
❖ “For the price of a cup of coffee, you can feed a starving making use of them when he pleases; when
child.” he does so deliberately, he is called a
sophist. In Rhetoric, this distinction does not
exist; he who uses sound arguments as well
❖ This is no time for petty and destructive criticism, no as he who uses false ones are both known
time for ill will or blaming others. We have to build the as rhetoricians
noble mansion of free India where all her children may
dwell.
pm giving logic
3
Historical Background
➢ The eminent Roman orators, Cicero (106-43 BCE) and Quintilian (35-95 CE), added
significantly to the study of rhetoric.
➢ Cicero tried to resolve the perpetual debate regarding content versus delivery in
oration. He argued for a balance between the style and the substance - harmony of
the rhetorical perspective and the oratorial perspective. He propounded the five
canons of Rhetoric for curating a persuasive speech: Invention, Disposition, Style,
Memorization, and Delivery.
4
➢ In American Revolution, the rhetorical studies of ancient Greece and Rome
were resurrected as speakers and teachers looked to Cicero and others to
inspire defense of the new republic.
5
atheist Rhetoric: Later Trends
➢ Francis Bacon aimed to bring the power of language under rational control
when he said,“. . . the duty of rhetoric is to apply Reason to Imagination for
the better moving of the will.” rhetoric is imp ,yes but it has to ne supported by reason
6
Contd…
7
➢ The Belles Lettres Movement, marked a departure from the rationalists
and elocutionists, valued aesthetic qualities of writing over informative
value.
➢ The Elocutionary Movement focused primarily on delivery and was
widely publicized as planned gestures, loud and dramatic movements.
These trends faded with time.
8
TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECHES
announcemnet
● Makes a proclamation about the present
Demonstrative Rhetoric
situation
● Example- wedding speeches
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technique to persuade people eg antony in julius
ceaser
Psychology of Persuasion
• A public speaker’s personality is entitled with the goal to persuade and
determine audience’s mood and motivation.
• Kluckhohn and Murray have pointed out four personality determinants
for persuader as follows:
❖ Constitution (outward appearance)
❖ Group membership (adaptability) to which party/commitee does he belong?
❖ Role
❖ Situation
10
Persuasion Filters and Barriers Chart (Ross 1977)
book: speech communication
Attention
Constitution
Group membership
Needs
MESSAGE
Topic Objections
Role
Situation
Comprehension
11
Theories of Persuasion
12
Theories of Persuasion
Congruity theory of persuasion:
• This theory positions persuasion as a means to seek common agreement
and harmony.
• Given the established differences between individuals, a public speaker
could act as a mediator to bring people together in congruity.
Balance theory:
• As the name suggests, the theory suggests persuasion as a tool to reduce
tension due to imbalance of ideas, motivation and action through speech.
• It is achieved by “modifying either the affective (feelings)
emotions or cognitive
knowledge (belief)
element of an attitude.” (Ross 274)
13
Rhetorical Devices
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Types of Rhetorical Devices
Alliteration(L) This device is the repetition of sounds of
two or more words placed nearby in any sentence. This is
usually applied to consonants, employed to emphasize and
draw attention. If two witches
were watching
For example, Five miles meandering with a mazy motion. two watches,
(Coleridge). which witch
would watch
And the balls like pulses beat;/For the sky and the sea, and the sea
and the sky/Lay like a load on my weary eye. (Coleridge, Rime of the which watch?
Ancient Mariner)
Labour and care are rewarded with success, success produces confidence, confidence relaxes the
industry, and negligence ruins the reputation. (Dr Johnson’s Rambler no. 21)
Antistrophe-(Gk ‘ counter turning’) While using this device, there is a specific type
of repetition of words at the end of consecutive phrases/clauses/sentences.
“What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us.” Ralph Waldo
Emerson
“Selfishness is not living as one wishes to live. It is asking others to live as one wishes to live…” ( Wilde)
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Antithesis-(Gk.) There are two
juxtaposed ideas in one sentence which
ulta is stated in next sentence
are opposite and contrasting.
For example, “Ask not what your country can
do for you; ask what you can do for your
country.”
And so if we praise him, our words seem rather small, and if we praise him, to some extent
we also praise ourselves. ( J.L. Nehru)
Diacope (Gk.) - a repeated word or phrase split up by another word, to display strong
emotion.
For example, Free at last! Free at last! Thank god we are free at last! (Martin Luther King)
"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. (Leo Tolstoy)
Ellipsis- This particular device has a few words, depicting an event that is omitted to highlight
the narrative gaps for readers. shows time lapse
For instance, “Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth…the proposition that all men are
created equal.” ( Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address)
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Litotes (Gk litos) This is a commonly used device in conversations where double
negatives that present a positive statement. An understatement for emphasis,
you speak 2 negatives but the meaning is positive
For example, ‘She is not thin’, ‘You are not unfamiliar with speech’.
“He hath not failed to pester us with message” - Hamlet (Act 1 Scene 2)
Hyperbole (Gk overcasting) A commonly used expression of mere exaggeration, this
device is often used to draw attention to the gravity of the matter or to make a
strong point.
For instance, ‘ I have not seen him for ages.’
“I’ll love you till the ocean/ is folded and hung up to dry” - W.H. Auden in his poem “As I
Walked Out One Evening.”
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The Power of Rhetoric
“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning
of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves
and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table
of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a
nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of
their character. I have a dream today.” (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.)
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“The rhetoric is the key to the character.
It's the verbal music of the piece.”
-Peter Shaffer
Thank You
21
Works Consulted
• Barot, Hrideep. “4 Ways to Use Rhetorical Devices to Make Powerful Speeches (with
Examples).” Frantically Speaking, 15 Feb. 2021, https://franticallyspeaking.com/4-
ways-to-use-rhetorical-devices-to-make-powerful-speeches-with-examples/.
• Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, et al. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: In Seven Parts. Calla
Editions, 2015.
• Cuddon, Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 1999
• Kluckhohn, Clyde et al. Personality in nature, society, and culture, Knopf, 1956.
• Roberts, W. Rhys. Jebb's Translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric., 1909.
• Ross, Raymond. Speech Communication, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.
● Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Fingerprint Publishing, 2016.
● https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/rhetorical-strategies-list
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Public Speaking
Lecture 04- Role of Listening in Public Speaking
Prof. Binod Mishra
DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
1
rhetoric attract u to a speakerbut if u want to coph a speaker
u need to listen to talks, rhethorj can provide u technique but
listening is vimp Hearing Vs Listening
⮚ Hearing, according to Merriam-Webster
is the “process, function, or power of
Hearing Listening
perceiving sound; specifically: the special
sense by which noises and tones are Accidental Focused
received as stimuli.”
⮚ Listening, on the other hand, means “to Involuntary Voluntary
pay attention to sound; to hear
something with thoughtful attention and
Effortless Intentional
to give consideration.”(Merriam-
Webster)
2
Listening as a lost art
Stephen Lucas illustrates the difference between listening and hearing as follows in the Chapter 3
of The Art of Public Speaking as follows:
3
Importance of Listening
✓ Listening is the other half of talking. In fact,
listening is the first step for speaking.
✓ Of the four basic skills of learning, i.e. Listening,
Speaking, Reading and Writing - it is evident
that listening occupies the larger part. Hearing
✓ Studies reveal that students with the highest Filtering
Interpreting
grade are usually great listeners showing great Responding
attention during lectures and discussions. Remembering
✓ It also plays a significant role in developing
workplace culture and even forming healthy
interpersonal relationships.
4
Listening as a Process
⮚ It begins with hearing.
⮚ According to Ernest D. Nathan, “Perceptive
listening is a conscious cognitive effort
involving primarily the sense of hearing
reinforced by other senses and leading to
understanding. When perceptive listening
is inspired by a sincere desire to
understand, it becomes more than a
sensory process. It is an attitude well
expressed as a listening spirit.” This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
5
Effective Listening Situations
❖ Conversation
❖ Group discussion
❖ Negotiation
❖ Interviews
❖ Meetings
❖ Speeches
12/07/2022 6
Advantages of Listening
7
Listening is also Communicating
misunderstood.
8
Basic Modes of Listening
Combative Listening
Attentive Listening
Reflective Listening
9
⮚ Combative Listening
Listeners tend to be more conscious of their own viewpoints than the content
delivered by the speaker. They deliberately draw attention and are mostly
immature listeners.
⮚ Attentive Listening
Listeners have the patience to instill whatever is being uttered by the speaker.
They neither check the facts presented by the speaker nor mistrust them. They
lack independent thinking and easily get carried away by what has been said.
➢ Reflective Listening (most effective type of listening)
Listeners are alert, actively opine and evaluate everything delivered by the
speaker and reciprocate in the best possible manner.
10
Degrees of Active Listening
11
Feedback in Active Listening
12
Advantages of Listening
13
Impediments to Listening
14
How to listen effectively?
15
“Hearing is through ears, but listening is
through the mind.”
Thank You
16
Works Consulted
• https://inpd.co.uk/blog/benefits-of-active-listening/
• https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/listening-skills.html
• Lucas, Stephen. The Art of Public Speaking. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 2014.
• Nikitina, Arina. Successful Public Speaking, 2011
• Ross, Raymond. Speech Communication, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.
• Sharma, Sangeeta and Binod Mishra. Communication Skills for Engineers and
Scientists. PHI Learning Pvt. Limited. 6th ed., New Delhi, 2015.
• Zaresky, David. Public Speaking Strategy for Success. 8th Edition, Pearson:
New York,2016.
17
Public Speaking
Lecture 05- Role of Ethics in Public Speaking
1
On Ethics
❑ Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as “a set of concepts
and principles that guide us in determining what behaviour helps or
harms sentient creatures”.
❑ Paul and Elder state that most people confuse ethics with behaving in
accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs and the law and
don’t treat ethics as a stand-alone concept.
2
Contd…
4
Ethics in Public Speaking
5
Brutus’ Speech Antony’s Speech
brutus, a dear friend of caesar killed him along with ither
conspirators. mark anthony turned the tide in favor of ceasar
using his speech, he supported him in his speech
6
Ethical Guidelines for Public Speaking
• The speech, in general, should be for the benefit for the greater goodwill
of listeners than the speaker’s personal interests.
• Get the facts right: The more thorough and well researched the content
is, lesser the chance of ethical deviance or dubiousness.
7
Caution in Speech
A speaker must exercise caution while developing an ethically sound speech.
S/he should refrain from the following:
❖ Cooked-up data or statistics.
❖ Equipping irrelevant quotes.
❖ Poor oral citation strength.
❖ Failing to bring the bigger picture.
❖ Lack of strong evidence to back their opinions.
❖ Insensitive to a particular individual/ socio-ethnic group and culture.
❖ Lacking dignity and politeness.
8
Plagiarism in Speech
❖ A strong speech shall arise from one’s heart boosted with emotional
feelings and intellectual fervour.
❖ However, if the speaker chooses to merely read a full speech, an excerpt
or even a quote from a third-party and fails to acknowledge the source–
then the speaker indulges in a serious ethical crime called plagiarism.
❖ An ideal speaker shall refrain from putting up a fake impression by
stealing someone else’s speech–which, in fact, defeats the purpose of
public speaking i.e, to exchange one’s own opinion and thoughts on the
subject of a critical matter.
9
Types of Plagiarism
Stephen Lucas jots down three kinds of
plagiarism in public speaking in his book Global
“The Art of Public Speaking.”
10
Contd…
One must be careful with the last form of plagiarism as it is most common
mistake carried out by speakers when delivering public speeches.
11
Consequences of Plagiarism
❖ The speaker shall lose credibility, power of speech, reputation and even
considerable amount of money when sued for liability.
12
Oral Citations
13
Ethical Listening
▪ If one end of the public speaking is held
by the speaker, then the other end is
completed by listeners.
▪ The clear-cut contact of message
through channel, interferences and
situation determines the efficiency of
speech delivered. It blesseth him that gives and him that
▪ Listeners play an important role as takes:
‘Tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes
much as speaker in order to make a The throned monarch better than his
public speech achieve its effect. crown; (Shakespeare)
14
How to be a good listener?
15
Ways to be ethical
✓ Avoid Ethnocentrism
✓ Avoid misquoting
✓ Respect the audience
✓ Avoid alienating the audience
✓ Avoid being too personal
16
“In law, man is guilty when he violates the rights of
others, in ethics he is guilty if he thinks of doing so.”
- Immanuel Kant
Thank You
17
Works Consulted
❖ Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. McGraw-Hill
Book Co. International Edition, 11th Ed. 2014.
❖ Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar.
❖ Ross, Raymond. Speech Communication, Prentice-Hall Inc.,
1977.
❖ Zaresky, David. Public Speaking Strategy for Success. 8th
Edition, Pearson: New York,2016.
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