THE FEASIBILITY OF ORYZA SATIVA HUSK ASH

AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
IN CEMENT

A research paper presented to the faculty of

La Consolacion University Philippines
Senior High School

In partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the subject
Research/Capstone Project

By
Alba, Robert Danielle V.
Arguelles, Janeth A.
Bautista, Carl Justine. V.
Beltran, Olympia

March 2018
ABSTRACT
 The production of rice results into agricultural waste. With the population of the
Philippines already surpassing the 106 million-mark in early 2018, imminent production of rice
to satisfy food demand will increase the production of rice husks. Rice husks are by-products of
rice after the milling process and are widely considered a disposal waste problem in the country.
Recent studies show, however, that rice husks can be applied as an admixture in cement. Rice
husks, when burnt, as analyzed by several studies, are turned into a siliceous and aluminous
material known as a pozzolan which chemically reacts with hydrated lime to yield compounds
having cementitious attributes.

Due to varying results of optimum Rice husk ash (RHA) replacement in cement by other
related articles; the researchers conducted an experimentation to determine the ideal RHA
replacement by testing the compressive strengths of different variations of Rice husk ash partial
replacements in cement namely: 10%, 15%, and 20%. The researchers also included a control
group in the investigation with 0% replacement of RHA. After 15 days of curing, the researchers
tested the compressive strength of the samples through a concrete compressive testing machine
to attain the durability of each groups. It was observed that 10% was the optimum partial
replacement in cement reaching a psi of 6997 with 15%, 20%, and 0% hitting only 4263 psi,
4126 psi, and 3366 psi respectively.

10% RHA replacement greatly increased the durability of the cement. Satisfying
concrete psi standard of 6000 psi for high strength concrete, it can indeed be utilized as a highly
durable construction material especially in the erection of commercial establishments where high
load is expected, as well as with walls, floorings, and foundations. If RHA is incorporated
commercially, it can significantly lessen the cost of purchasing bags and sacks of cement of up to
10%.

I., INTRODUCTION
 Agriculture has always been one of the major sources of nutriment in many developing
countries such as the Philippines. As the county’s staple food, rice is one of the most recognized
agricultural crop and therefore, a definite source of livelihood for millions of Filipino farmers.
Rice is the primary staple sustenance for approximately 80% of Filipinos, which accounts for
their 46% caloric and 35% protein intake (Koirala, 2013). As eloquently stated by the Philippines
Statistics Authority in 2018, October-December rice productivity of 7.32 MT was significantly
higher than 2016 level of 7.01 MT as yield raised from 3.73 MT per hectare to 3.93 MT per
hectare by 1.71 percent. But as rice production increases, the accumulation of rice husk likewise
increases.

With the Philippine population already surpassing the 106 million-mark in 2018, rice
production shall continue to be grown in order to match the increasing demand of supply with
the corresponding growth in population. Due to the imminent rise of rice productivity, rice husks
accumulation shall also continue to multiply. Rice husk is a by-product of rice during the milling
process. Each emi of paddy rice yield approximately 200 kg of husk which, upon burning,
produces about 40 kg ash (Xu et al., 2016). As explained by Rice Knowledge Bank Organization
(n.d), each kilogram of milled white rice results in about 0.28 kg of rice husk. These by-products
are considered waste and a disposal problem by several rice mills in the country. RHA has little
to no commercial value and end up as waste causing disposal predicament for nearby inhabitants
(Hadipramana, 2016). Fortunately, these rice by-products can be used in several materials such
as toothpaste, fertilizer, insulating material, particle boards, and supplementary aggregate and
binder in cement. Moraes (2014) added that the husk can also be applied for poultry farming,
composting, or burning, and are utilized as bio fuel in rice mills to create steam for boiling
processes (Kumar, 2016).

A cement sack is mostly constituted with lime. As graphically put into words by British
Lime Association (n.d.), during the process of derivation, when rocks and minerals are quarried
from a source, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is procured. When CaCO3 is subjected to burning or
“calcination” at 1100°C, it transforms them into quick lime or calcium oxide. Calcium oxide is
the powder commonly present in a bag of cement, along with Silicon dioxide (SiO2) extracted by
sand mining and purification of quartz and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) acquired by purifying
Bauxite or Aluminum ore. As this powdered combination is gradually added with water, it is
then converted to slaked lime or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Silicate phases and calcium
oxide when hydrated creates a reaction product known as Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H)
which is the main binding phase in concrete. Calcium hydroxide, when added with fine or coarse
aggregates, turns into mortar or cement paste constructions use in binding cement blocks such as
stones and bricks or in forming concrete. To reduce the use of cement, it can be replaced with
materials with pozzolanic characteristics such as ground nut shell ash etc. (Krishna, 2016).
 Soil consists of Silica. It is the second most copious element in the world’s crust and it is
involved in the mineral nourishment of plants (Tubana, Babu, & Datnoff, 2016). Rice plant is
capable of absorbing silicon from the soil. Klotzbucher, Leuther, Marxen, Vetterlein, Horgan,
and Jahn (2015) further added that Silicon is advantageous to rice plants. It amplifies their
resistance against pests and diseases. Moreover, in another study by Klotzbucher et al. (2015), it
has been said that Si can augment rice crop resistance against pathogens and restrain the
absorption of toxic metals. It is up taken from the soil and is accumulated in the straw where it
makes a structure composed of cellulose (Munshi, Dey, & Sharma, 2013). Rice straw is mainly
composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin (Termura et al., 2015). On the firing process, it
has been pinpointed that the cellulose-lignin matrix of rice husk burns away leaving only the
silica skeleton, together with only small amounts of trace elements (Cameron, 2016). Husks are
composed of 75% organic matter and the remaining 25% of it is altered into ash during the
burning process. Each burnt husk contains about 85% to 90 % amorphous silica (Kumar, 2016).
When the cellulose is burnt, silica is left behind which is then pulverized into fine powder as a
pozzolana.

As stated by Ambas et al. (2015), in rice producing nations, rice husk ash is capable
of being utilized as a supplementary cement material and a substitute for a little portion of
cement in concrete without sacrificing its compressive strength. Ramezanianpour (2013) added
that well burnt and well ground rice husk ash is active and increases the durability of the cement
and concrete. Rice husk ash or RHA displayed high pozzolanic properties when produced under
a controlled setting (Muthadhi, 2013). A pozzolan is a siliceous and aluminous component that
holds no cementing property but can with the aid of moisture to chemically react with calcium
hydroxide and create compounds having cementitious attributes (Washington, 2017). Since Rice
husk ash is a pozzolan also containing silica and aluminum, it can be substituted as a material in
cement as it is similar to the components inside a normal bag of cement namely: Silicon dioxide
and Aluminum oxide. This pozzolan mixed with calcium oxide, with the presence of water (now
calcium hydroxide), also form calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) which is also, as aforementioned,
the main reaction product of common silicate phases in cement bags mixed with water. The
creation of C-S-H from a pozzolanic reaction is a factor to concrete microstructure densification;
it diminishes porosity and enhances durability (Zareei, Ameri, Dorostkar, & Ahmadi, 2017
December).

Several studies have conducted experimentations by comparing different proportions

of Rice Husk Ash as partial replacement in cement. Most investigations used 10%, 15%, and
20% distributions of RHA in their mixtures. They then determined whether which amount of
RHA replacement is deemed appropriate and effective as replacement for cement. The majority
of the studies tested their samples with compressive strength in terms of Pound-force per square
inch (psi). Psi is commonly used to measure pressure exhibited by a specific machinery.
Compressive strength tests are initiated in order to determine if a certain concrete mixture meets
the necessary strength required with regards to its purpose whether as moderate strength concrete
for residential buildings only and high strength concrete for commercial buildings or both. Calica
(2015) explained that concrete with a compressive strength of 3000 psi and below is deemed as
low strength concrete, 3000 psi to 6000 psi is regarded as moderate strength concrete while 6000
psi and above is considered as high strength concrete. It is measured by fracturing slabs or
cylindrical concrete samples in a compression-straining machine.

According to Krishna, Mini, and Sandeep (2016), 10% was the optimum replacement
of rice husk in cement in terms of workability and strength. The study was then backed up by Lo,
Ouyang, Wang, Wang, Xing, and Xu (2016) where they comparably assessed RHA and Silica
Fume (SF) as supplementary materials in cement mixtures and concretes. Likewise to the
previous study, 10% was found to be the ideal amount of replacement of RHA and SF for
cement. Calica (2015), also argued that hardened concrete with 10% RHA replacement falls
under normal durability of concrete. The argument was further strengthened by Goel (2016),
with his experiment where distinct replacement levels of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% of
RHA were subjected to compressive tests. The 7-day observation showed that 10% RHA
replacement levels acquired 3907 psi of compressive strength significantly higher than 15%
RHA replacement yielding only 3337 psi of compressive strength. Bastola, Bhushan, Gochhe,
and Singh (2017) in their cost analysis, added that concrete with a partial replacement of 10%
costs less than conventional concrete by 3.08%. They also stated that RHA can be added to
cement without reducing any property of the concrete.

However in 2017, Haider, Sahoo, Samal, and Washington administered an experiment

to determine a good RHA replacement distribution for cement. In the investigation, partial
replacements of 10%, 20%, and 30% RHA were mixed with cement. The compressive strength
of concrete was shown to be 5804 psi, 4405 psi, and 3568 psi for 10%, 20%, and 30% of RHA
replacement, respectively. 10% and 20% RHA replacement were recommended for construction
purposes. Almost similarly, Rashid (2016) also arranged an investigatory study by constructing
concrete samples with distinct variations of: 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% rice husk of its mass.
The samples were then subjected to compressive strength tests at 7, 28, 90, 350 days. Results
show that strength increased with 15% to 20% RHA replacement level on ordinary Portland
cement.

In a recent study conducted by Gupta, Kumar, Kumar, and Tomar (2016), it was also
stated that using rice husk ash in concrete can significantly enhance its properties. The
researchers initiated an experimental investigation where replacement is done partially with
proportions of 0% and 20% to test its workability in concrete. Compressive tests were initiated
with 0% and 20% RHA replacement and results shown highest compressive strength at 20%
RHA replacement in comparison to 0% RHA replacement for 14, 21, 28 days; similar to the
study administered by Bina, Kartik, and Priyanka (2017), where they investigated the application
of Rice Husk Ash as 0% and 20% partial replacement in cement. The samples were then tested
via compression testing as well. After 14 days, 20% was also deemed the optimum partial
distribution in cement. Kothandaraman and Muthadhi (2013) backed up this claim when they
tested concrete with proportions of 10% up to 30% of RHA replacement in cement which
resulted to cement with 20% RHA exhibiting an increase in compressive strengths compared to
its counterparts. In addition, Seyed (2017) presented advantages yielded from different ratios of
rice husk ash on concrete indicators through 5 combination plans with distributions of
5%,10%,15%, up to 25% RHA by weight of cement in addition of micro silica to be collated
with a reference mixture with 100% Portland cement. Test results also showed 20% as the ideal
replacement amount in cement in terms of its strength and durability.

Due to these contradictory arguments, the researchers have decided to perform an

experiment and observation to determine whether which of the following proportions of 0%,
10%, 15%, and 20% can show a higher compressive resistance and durability than its fellow
counterparts.

This study entitled: “The Feasibility of Oryza sativa Husk Ash as Partial Replacement in
Cement” attempts to answer the following questions:

1. Between different variations of 10%, 15%, and 20% RHA-mixed cement: which is more
effective and better to use as a construction material?
2. Can cement with Oryza sativa husk ash show greater durability than pure cement?
3. How much cost will be reduced if a certain variation of RHA replacement in cement is
incorporated commercially?

The findings of this study will verify if RHA cement has a higher strength than its sole
cement counterpart and also determine the specific optimum percentage of RHA replacement in
cement. In relation to the field of architecture and engineering, the resulting data collected from
this research will be of use to architects and engineers alike as it can provide a confirmation
whether RHA is cost and structurally effective as a partial replacement in cement as it is
commonly used in construction and erection of several establishments.

The information acquired from this thesis is not limited to professionals only but to
students taking architecture and engineering as well. The concept presented in this study shall
serve as an innovative idea which can possibly be augmented and incorporated as a
commercialized product in the market in succeeding years. Future researchers shall also benefit
from this analysis as it can serve as a basis or reference for their own research works and theses.

II. METHODS

The researchers will be conducting a quantitative experimental comparative. Altman and

Krzywinski (2014) explained that an Experimental design is utilized to identify data-collection
schemes to attain sensitivity and specificity demands despite biological and technical
variability, whilst maintaining time and resources cost low. The goal of an experimental design
is to determine the effects of several factors in a given variable. This experiment aims to
compare the strengths of different partial distributions of Rice husk ash in cement namely: 0%,
10%, 15%, and 20%. The researchers carried out the experiment utilizing 4 distinct materials in
order to observe which percentage of rice husk ash in cement would show greater strength,
resistance, and durability than its counterparts. This investigation would also determine if RHA-
infused cement can achieve given several concrete standards in terms of 15-day compressive
resistance/strength.

Picture 1. De-husking Picture 2. Accumulation of rice Picture 3. Barrel of rice husk

establishment in San Felipe, straws beside the de-husking stocked alongside the building
Malolos, Bulacan facility

The Rice Husk ash used in the experiment was acquired in a small-scale de-husking
facility in San Felipe Subdivision, Jupiter Street, Barangay Mojon, Malolos, Bulacan. The
establishment stated that in order to avoid the accumulation of rice husks in their premises, they
burn the leftover materials into ashes. The rice husks were subjected to firing in a large pugon
oven for 1-4 hours dependent on the amount of rice husks cumulated in the facility. The yielded
material was then manually pestled into fine particles with a large hammer to crush remaining
large sized particles.
 Table 1. Physical Properties of Rice Husk Ash
Picture 4. Rice huskClassification
utilized by the owners Picture Description
5. Rice husk ash inside the
as an alternative fuel for cooking food
Color pugon
Black oven.
Odor Odorless
Appearance Very fine
Texture Powdery

The fine aggregate used in the examination was left over sand obtained from a close at
hand construction site. No coarse aggregates or gravel was used in the fabrication of the samples.
The water used was only procured from a nearby water faucet close to the construction site. The
water was noticeably clean without traces of impurities and small particles when illuminated
with light. There were also no presence of color and smell.

The cement used was Republic Portland Cement Plus as it is more convenient to be
bought and obtained within Malolos area. It was acquired from a hardware store in Barangay
Panasahan, Malolos, Bulacan. The cement, as proclaimed, contained a mix of “special
ingredients” and small particles thereby making it more compact which reduces water and
chemical penetrations that usually results to cracking and detoriation. A test was conducted by
the company by creating three mortars with three distinct cement brands in Sodium hydroxide at
25◦ Celsius. The results showed Republic Portland Cement as more compact than its competitors
as it is not easily penetrated by water and chemicals and exhibited the least chemical reaction.

Prior to the experimentation, the researchers began by constructing three slabs each
comprised of a similar distribution of 3000 g of cement and 3000 g of sand aggregate. Then,
10%, 15% and 20% of the cement was removed and replaced with 300 g, 450 g, and 600 g of
Rice Husk ash, respectively. The researchers also created a cement mixture with sand aggregates
and 0% of RHA to display a controlled group in the experimentation. The mixtures were then
gradually added with water into pliable consistency and were left to settle outside in 32◦C
weather with a humidity of 67%.
 Table 2. Measurement of Each Sample
Initial
Picture Amount
6. Rice husk of
ash and Replaced
Picture 7. MixtureFinal Amount
of cement, Variation
Picture 8.ofConstructed
RHA
Amount
sand-mixedof cementSand
before Amount
sand, andofrice husk
of Cement
ash with RHA slabs with
cement replacement
different
Cement mixingAggregate Cement
the gradual addition of water replacement
proportions of rice husk ash
3000g 3000g 0% 3000g 0% 0g
3000g 3000g 10% 2700g 10% 300g
3000g 3000g 15% 2550g 15% 450g
3000g 3000g 20% 2400g 20% 600g

Picture 9. Terms Concrete and Picture 10. Mr. Aquino with Picture 11. Fractured concrete
Materials Testing Laboratory his compressive testing samples after several
in Guiguinto, Bulacan machine compressive strength tests
In addition, the samples were cured by misting with faucet water for 15 days. The goal of
this research is just to compare the compressive strengths of the 4 samples which can be done
even after just 15 days. After curing, the four slabs were tested in Terms Concrete Testing with
the assistance of Marahay and Aquino at Unit 4, D & A Bldg, MC Arthur Highway, Guiguinto,
Bulacan. The four slabs were then subjected to compressive strength tests to determine the
strength and durability of the concrete. Finally, the researchers obtained a laboratory data sheet
to write down their findings. The experimentation was only conducted once similar to those of
the related articles and literature.

III. RESULTS

The findings of the experimentation are as follows:

Table 3. Compressive Strength of Variations of RHA replacement

Sample Identification Compressive Strength (psi)
Sample #1 (3000g cement, 3000g sand, 0% 3366
ash)
Sample #2 (2700g cement, 3000g sand, 10% 6997
ash)

Sample #3 (2550g cement, 3000g sand, 15% 4263

ash)

Sample #4 (2400g cement, 3000g sand, 20% 4126

ash)
Pounds-force per square inch

8000
7000
6997
6000
5000 Compressive Strength (psi)
4000 4263 4126
3000 3366
2000
1000
0
0% 10% 15% 20%
Amount of Rice husk ash replacement

Graph 1. Compressive Strength of Different Variations of RHA replacement

Graph 1 presents the compressive strength of cement with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%
RHA replacement. As indicated, cement with 10% RHA partial replacement showed a higher
compressive resistance of 6997 psi in comparison to its counterparts. It was followed by 15%
and 20% RHA replacement with compressive resistances of 4263 psi and 4126 psi, respectively
while 0% acquired the lowest compressive resistance of 3366 psi. It can be observed that high
amounts after 10% of cement replaced by RHA reduced the compressive strength of the
concrete.

However, it was seen that cement with RHA partial replacements still exhibited
greater compressive resistances than the control group. Between RHA-mixed cements, it was
determined that 10% was the optimum partial replacement in cement in comparison to its
counterparts. It was ascertained as a better replacement amount to utilize as a construction
material than 15% and 20% RHA-mixed cement. 10% RHA replacement was then solely
compared to 0% RHA replacement. It was discerned that 10% RHA replacement still displayed
greater durability than the control group.

IV. DISCUSSION

This study explored the feasibility of using rice husk ash as a partial replacement in
cement. Through experimentation, it was found that the use of 10% replacement in cement can
greatly increase the strength and durability of concretes and mortars. With 10% RHA
replacement reaching a 6997 psi, it satisfied the required standard of 6000 psi for high strength
concrete. Therefore it can be concluded as a highly durable concrete that it is an excellent
construction material for walls, foundation, and concrete footings to support heavy loads in
commercial structures like shops and warehouses, while 15%, 20%, and 0% with 4263 psi, 4126
psi, and 3366 psi, correspondingly, only met the standard of 3000 – 6000 psi for moderate
strength concrete which is considered moderately durable concrete. Moderate strength cement
can still be applied for general use in construction of residential structures.

The possibility of incorporating Rice husk ash in cement is not only limited to the
strengthening properties it can exhibit in construction of establishments but, in terms of values, it
can also reduce the amount of costs in purchasing concrete.

Cost Analysis

Prior to the experimentation, the researchers bought 1 kilogram (kg) of cement for
only 10 Philippine pesos. The needed amount of kilograms to construct one slab is 3 kg of
cement which costs 30 pesos. With the replacement of 10% RHA in cement, it can lessen the
cost in acquiring a bag of cement if incorporated commercially.

Table 4. Cost Analysis if Cement is bought per bag

Kilograms Initial cost Optimum Amount reduced Final cost
(Philippine peso) Percentage of (Philippine peso) (Philippine peso)
Replacement
1 10 10% 1 9
3 30 10% 3 27
 6 60 10% 6 54
9 90 10% 9 81
12 120 10% 12 108
15 150 10% 15 135
18 180 10% 18 162
21 210 10% 21 189
24 240 10% 24 216
27 270 10% 27 243
30 300 10% 30 270
33 330 10% 33 297
36 360 10% 36 324
39 390 10% 39 351
40 400 10% 40 360

Consumers may also purchase cement through sacks especially when large amounts
of cement is necessary in construction of several structures.

As indicated below on Table 5, when consumers purchase 200 Philippine pesos worth
of cement per sack, they can save an amount of up to 20 pesos if 10% RHA partial replacement
is applied in commercial production of cement.

Table 5. Cost Analysis if Cement is bought per sack

Sack Kilograms Initial cost Optimum Amount Final cost
(Philippine Percentage of Reduced (Philippine
peso) Replacement (Philippine peso)
peso)
1 40 200 10% 20 180
2 80 400 10% 40 360
3 120 600 10% 60 540
4 160 800 10% 80 720
5 200 1000 10% 100 900

In conclusion, 10% is the optimum amount of replacement in cement, as revealed by

our experimentation, similar to the studies of Krishna, Xu, Goel, Calica, and Bhushan. It was
determined that even with partial replacement of RHA in cement, the strength and durability of
the concrete is still greater than that of cement and sand aggregates only. It was also found out
that commercial incorporation of RHA replacement in bag/sack of cement can reduce the cost in
the purchasing of aforementioned material.
 The researchers recommend that commercial application of RHA in cement is
necessary as it can not only enhance the durability of the concrete or mortar and aid in disposal
problems in a rice productive country such as the Philippines, but it is also cost and structurally
effective as a building material. As a suggestion, future researchers should construct samples
with cylindrical moldings to fully determine the strength of the concrete.

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