INTERNAL DAYLIGHTING ASSESSMENT

123 ABBOTSBURY ROAD

W14 8EP LONDON

ISSUE 1 26TH JULY 2013

2ND FLOOR 145-157 ST JOHN STREET LONDON EC1V 4PY
ISSUE 3 June 2014 T: 0203051 6264 E: mail@ecostudioxv.com
www.ecostudioxv.com
ECO studio Ltd - Registered in England No. 07610136 - Reg. Office 40 Woodford Avenue, Gants Hill, Essex IG2 6XQ
ECOstudio XV LTD is registered with BRE Global no 400198 and QUIDOS: QUID201107
 1.INDEX
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ON DAYLIGHT ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5 DATA................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
APPENDIX A -REFLECTANCES OF COMMON MATERIALS - SOURCE CIBSE GUIDE L10............................................................................................................... 28
APPENDIX B – DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATIONS RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDIX C – VIEW OF THE SKY CALCULATIONS RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................... 32

QUALITY CONTROL

Created by: Reviewed by: Authorized by:

Samia Durán Xavier Valladares Xavier Valladares

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2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FIGURE 01 - GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF AN AVERAGE DF
CALCULATION
COMPLIANCE

By virtue of its design, the development currently achieves compliance in the following
aspects:

· Average Daylight Factor

Studio, Kitchen / Dining / Siting, Family Room, Drawing Room, Study
· View of the sky
Kitchen / Dining / Siting, Family Room, Drawing Room, Study

By virtue of its design, the development fails to comply with:

· View of the sky

Studio

There are three credits available under EcoHomes credit HEA-1 Daylighting.

1no. credit for complying with the minimum 1.5% average Daylight Factor for living - dining
rooms, drawing room and studies, 1no for complying with kitchens average DF of 2%; and
1no for complying with the View of the Sky criteria for all kitchens, dining rooms, living
rooms (80% or more).

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TABLE 01 - RESULTS SUMMARY-
Kitchen / Kitchen /
Studio Studio Dining / Dining / Family Family Drawing Drawing
Unit Floor DF VS Siting Siting Room Room Room Room
Level Compliance Compliance DF VS DF VS DF VS
Compliance Compliance Compliance Compliance Compliance Compliance

Studio YES NO
123
Abbotsbury
Rd. LGF YES YES YES YES

GF YES YES

Study Study
Unit Floor DF VS
Level Compliance Compliance

Studio
123
Abbotsbury
Rd. LGF

GF YES YES

Based on the above, for EcoHomes 2006, 2no credits are awarded under HEA-1 Daylighting. The first credit, for complying with the minimum average DF
of 1.5% or more for living-dining, family room and studies. A second credit is awarded for complying with the minimum 2.0 % average Daylight Factor for
kitchens.

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3 INTRODUCTION

This document was commissioned by Crawford and Grey Architects.

In order to assess the Daylighting Issue HEA1 for EcoHomes 2006, a detailed study and calculations on the proposed development have been carried out,
according to British Standard BS8206:Pt2.

This report details average Daylight Factor (DF) and View of the Sky (VOS) calculations and results for the following areas within the proposed development:

TABLE 02 - ASSESSED ROOMS

FLOOR AREAS EXAMINED

Studio Floor Studio

Lower Ground Floor Kitchen / Dining / Siting – Family Room

Ground Floor Drawing Room – Study

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4 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ON DAYLIGHT

4.0 THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF DAYLIGHT

The provision of daylight is as important as ensuring low levels of noise, or low levels of odour, in maintaining the enjoyment of one’s property. Adequate
levels of daylight are important not only to light and heat the home, but also for an occupant’s emotional well-being. Daylight is widely accepted to have a
positive psychological effect on human beings and there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that people who are deprived of daylight are more susceptible
to depression and mood swings. This is common in northern countries, such as Norway, Iceland and Canada where daylight is scarce during the winter
months.

When assessing the effects of proposed building projects on the potential to cause issues relating to light, it is important to recognize the distinction
between daylight and sunlight. Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime, whereas sunlight comprises only the direct
elements of sunlight. On a cloudy or overcast day diffused daylight still shines through windows, even when sunlight is absent.

4.1 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ON DAYLIGHT – GENERAL

When assessing the effects of proposed building projects on the potential to cause issues relating to light, it is important to recognize the distinction
between daylight and sunlight. Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime, whereas sunlight comprises only the direct
elements of sunlight. On a cloudy or overcast day diffused daylight still shines through windows, even when sunlight is absent.

Care should also be taken when the development is situated to the south of existing buildings, as in the northern hemisphere the majority of the sunlight
comes from the south. In the UK (and other northern hemisphere countries) south- facing facades will, in general, receive most sunlight, while north facing
facades will receive sunlight few hours during summer months, specifically early mornings and late evenings.

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4.2 BRITISH STANDARD BS 8206 PT 2- INTERNALLY

The British Standard BS 8206 Part 2, states in section 5.6 the minimum values of average daylight factor values in dwellings.

Even if a predominantly day lit appearance is not achievable in a dwelling, it is recommended that the average daylight factor should be at least the relevant
value as given in Table 4 below:

TABLE 03- MINIMUM AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR

ROOM TYPE MINIMUM DF REQUIRED %

BEDROOMS 1

LIVING ROOMS 1.5

KITCHENS 2

Where one room serves more than one purpose, the minimum Average
Daylight Factor should be that for the room type with the highest value. For
example, in a space which combines a living room and a kitchen the minimum
average daylight factor should be 2%.

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4.3 AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR

“If a predominantly daylit appearance is required, then DF should be 5% or more if there is no supplementary electric lighting, or 2% or more if supple-
mentary electric lighting is provided. There are additional recommendations for dwellings, of 2% for kitchens, 1.5% for living rooms and 1% for bedrooms.
These last are minimum values of Average Daylight Factor, and should be attained even if a predominantly daylit appearance is not required.”

This method of assessment takes into account the total glazed area to the room, the transmittance quality of the glazing proposed, the total area of the
room surfaces including ceilings and floors, and the internal average reflectance for the room being assessed. The method also takes into account the
Vertical Sky Component and the quantum of reflected light off external surfaces.

Daylight factor calculations have been carried out for the above site in the above rooms using the average daylight factor formula:

The following values and specifications have been used for the calculations
· M is the correction factor for dirt, 1 for vertical windows, 0.7 for horizontal skylights, 0.8 for skylights in sloping roof
· W is the area of the glazing. This is applied as a generic frame type, measured from each structural opening:
· The frame factor coefficient of 0.70 for windows with timber or composite frames
· θ is the angle of visible sky, taken from the centre of each window to the top of the nearest obstruction
· T is the light transmittance value for glazing, a default value of 0.65 for standard double glazing with low emissivity coating
· A is the total area of all room surfaces
· R is the average reflectance of the room surfaces. The following default values have been used as stated in the British Standard BS 8206 Pt2. Refer
to Appendix A for further details on finishes and colours to achieve the recommended Reflectance Values:

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TABLE 04 - AVERAGE REFLECTANCE VALUES FOR ROOM SURFACES

SPACE INTERNAL WALLS R VALUE INTERNAL CEILING R VALUE INTERNAL FLOOR R VALUE
FINISHES FINISHES FINISHES
Default value as per
Studio Default value as 0.65 BS8206 PT2 0.85 Default* 0.3
per BS8206 PT2 White 00E55
(BS 4800 colour code)
Default value as per
Kitchen / Dining / Default value as 0.65 BS8206 PT2 0.85 Default* 0.3
Siting per BS8206 PT2 White 00E55
(BS 4800 colour code)
Default value as per
Family Room Default value as 0.65 BS8206 PT2 0.85 Default* 0.3
per BS8206 PT2 White 00E55
(BS 4800 colour code)
Default value as per
Drawing Room Default value as 0.65 BS8206 PT2 0.85 Default* 0.3
per BS8206 PT2 White 00E55
(BS 4800 colour code)
Default value as per
Study Default value as 0.65 BS8206 PT2 0.85 Default* 0.3
per BS8206 PT2 White 00E55
(BS 4800 colour code)
*NOTE: For further details on reflectance values refer to Appendix A.

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4.4 VIEW OF THE SKY / NO SKY LINE CRITERIA

This assessment is a test to establish where within the proposed room the sky will be visible through the windows, taking into account external obstructions.

The assessment is undertaken at working plane height (850mm above floor level).

Appendix C of the BRE guide: Interior Daylighting Recommendations states that if a significant area of the working plane lies beyond the no skyline (i.e., it
receives no direct skylight), then the distribution of daylight in the room will look poor and supplementary electric lighting will be required. To guarantee a
satisfactory daylight uniformity, this area is more precisely quantified in the BS 8206 Part2 2008 as 20%.

To work out the area where the working plan in each room receives direct light from the sky, we determine the no - sky line using the methodology shown
in Figure 2 below.

FIGURE 02 - VIEW OF THE SKY FORMULA DIAGRAM

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4.5 SUMMARY DAYLIGHTING CRITERIA

The Average Daylight Factor gives a more detailed assessment of the daylight within a room and takes into account the highest number of factors in estab-
lishing a quantitative output.

However, the conclusion of Appendix C of the BRE guide: Interior Day lighting Recommendations states that the criteria need to be satisfied if the whole of
the room is to look adequately daylight. Even if the amount of daylight in a room (given by the Average Daylight Factor) is sufficient, the overall daylight
appearance will be impaired if its distribution is poor.

In most urban areas it is important to recognise that the distribution of daylight within a room may be difficult to achieve, given the built up nature of the
environment. Consequently, most local authorities seek to ensure that there is sufficient daylight within the room as determined by the Average Daylight
Factor calculation. However, the additional recommendations of the BRE and British Standard for residential accommodation, set out above, ought not to be
overlooked.

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4.6 RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR ASSESSING DAYLIGHT

The Daylight in Urban Areas Design Guide (Energy Saving Trust CE257, 2007) provides a key recommendation with regards to Daylight levels in urban areas:

If ‘theta’ (Visible sky angle) is greater than 65 º conventional window designs will usually give reasonable results.
If ‘theta’ is between 45º and 65º special measures such as larger windows and changes to room layout are usually needed to provide adequate daylight.
If ‘theta’ is between 25º and 45º it is very difficult to provide adequate daylight unless very large windows are used.
If ‘theta’ is less than 25º it is often impossible to achieve reasonable daylight, even if the whole window wall is glazed.”

Figure 03 shows the typical sections drawn from window centre

FIGURE 03 - THETA- ANGLE OF VISIBLE SKY

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5 DATA

Most of the information has been taken directly from surveyed data and digital files provided by the Design Team. The height of the obstructions has been
taken from survey data or from aerial photographs available online. Where available, further data has been taken used Google Earth and Bing Maps eye
level views.

Following the guidance stated in Eco Homes and BS8206:Pt2, each window has taken into account their specific angle of visible sky.
FIGURE 04 –GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF SITE AS EXISTING LOOKING NORTH SHOWN IN RED SOLID

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FIGURE 05 –GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF SITE AS EXISTING LOOKING NORTH SHOWN IN RED SOLID

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FIGURE 06 – LOCATION OF THE THETA VALUE USED IN THE SPREADSHEETS FOR THE AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR

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TABLE 05 – STUDIO ROOM FLOOR – AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR AND VIEW OF THE SKY CALCULATIONS

Table 5 shows a summary of the results achieved by the proposed design.

AVERAGE COMPLIES
VIEW OF
ROOM DAYLIGHT WITH: NOTES
UNIT TYPE FLOOR ROOM NAME THE SKY
ID FACTOR BS8206:
%
% Pt2?

In order to comply with the average DF of

1.57% 2no Solarspot® D-90 sun pipes or
123
Studio ST-01 1.57 36 YES-DF equivalent with 900mm diameter have been
Abbotsbury BASEMENT
NO-VS incorporated to this room.
Rd.

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 MEDIA ROOM

LGF -01 LGF -02

Kitchen Media Room
Dining - Sitting
TABLE 05 – LOWER GROUND FLOOR – AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR AND VIEW OF THE SKY CALCULATIONS

Table 5 shows a summary of the results achieved by the proposed design.

AVERAGE COMPLIES
VIEW OF
ROOM DAYLIGHT WITH: NOTES
UNIT TYPE FLOOR ROOM NAME THE SKY
ID FACTOR BS8206:
%
% Pt2?

Kitchen / Dining / LGF-01 5.29 100 YES

Siting
123 Lower
Abbotsbury Ground
Rd. Floor

Media Room LGF-02 1.58 40 YES DF

NO SF

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TABLE 05 – GROUND FLOOR – AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR AND VIEW OF THE SKY CALCULATIONS

Table 5 shows a summary of the results achieved by the proposed design.

AVERAGE COMPLIES
VIEW OF
ROOM DAYLIGHT WITH: NOTES
UNIT TYPE FLOOR ROOM NAME THE SKY
ID FACTOR BS8206:
%
% Pt2?

GF-01 3.52 100 YES

Drawing Room

123
Ground
Abbotsbury
Floor
Rd.

Study GF-02 4.65 100 YES

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GF-01 GF-02
Drawing Room Study
7 CONCLUSION

The criteria to comply with both British Standard BS8206:Pt2 and EcoHomes 2006, Issue HEA1 Daylighting is:

· 1no. credit for complying with the minimum 1.5% average Daylight Factor for living - dining rooms, drawing room and studies.
· 1no. credit for complying with the minimum 2.0 % average Daylight Factor for kitchens.
· 1no.credit for complying with the View of the Sky criteria for all kitchens, dining rooms, living rooms (80% or more).

For EcoHomes 2006, 2no credits under HEA-1 Daylighting can be awarded. The first credit, for complying with the average daylight factor of 1.5% for the
living-dining rooms, drawing room and studies. The second credit, for complying with the minimum 2.0 % average Daylight Factor for kitchens.

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APPENDIX A -REFLECTANCES OF COMMON MATERIALS - SOURCE BRITISH STANDARD BS 8206 PT 2
A.1.1 REFLECTANCES
The reflectance of a building material in use is affected by weathering, dirt and moisture. The
overall reflectance of a surface is also affected by its shape: a deeply corrugated surface reflects
less light than a smooth surface of the same material. Glossy surfaces have a slightly higher
reflectance than matt materials of the same body colour, but the distribution of reflected light
and the appearance of the surface is more significant than the change in total reflectance.
Approximate reflectance values are given in Table A.1.
Table A.1. Approximate values of the reflectance of light
Material Reflectance
Ground
Snow (new) 0.8
Sand 0.3
Paving 0.2
Earth (dry) 0.2
Earth (mois) 0.1
Grass 0.1
Green Vegetation 0.1
Other external materials
Brickwork (white glazed) 0.7
Portland stone 0.6
Medium limestone 0.4
Concrete 0.4
Brickwork (London stock) 0.3
Brickwork (red) 0.2
Granite 0.2
Window glass 0.1
Tree foliage 0.1
Materials used internally
White paper 0.8
Stainless steel 0.4
Cement screed 0.4
Carpet (cream) 0.4
Wood (light veneers) 0.4
Wood (medium colours) 0.2
Wood (dark oak) 0.1
Quarry tiles 0.1
Window glass 0.1

Table A.1. Approximate values of the reflectance of light (continued)

Material Reflectance
Paint Colours (with BS 4800 colour Code)
White 00E55 0.85

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APPENDIX A -REFLECTANCES OF COMMON MATERIALS - SOURCE BRITISH STANDARD BS 8206 PT 2
A.1.1 REFLECTANCES
The reflectance of a building material in use is affected by weathering, dirt and moisture. The
overall reflectance of a surface is also affected by its shape: a deeply corrugated surface reflects
less light than a smooth surface of the same material. Glossy surfaces have a slightly higher
reflectance than matt materials of the same body colour, but the distribution of reflected light
and the appearance of the surface is more significant than the change in total reflectance.
Approximate reflectance values are given in Table A.1.
Table A.1. Approximate values of the reflectance of light
Material Reflectance
Ground
Snow (new) 0.8
Sand 0.3
Paving 0.2
Earth (dry) 0.2
Earth (mois) 0.1
Grass 0.1
Green Vegetation 0.1
Other external materials
Brickwork (white glazed) 0.7
Portland stone 0.6
Medium limestone 0.4
Concrete 0.4
Brickwork (London stock) 0.3
Brickwork (red) 0.2
Granite 0.2
Window glass 0.1
Tree foliage 0.1
Materials used internally
White paper 0.8
Stainless steel 0.4
Cement screed 0.4
Carpet (cream) 0.4
Wood (light veneers) 0.4
Wood (medium colours) 0.2
Wood (dark oak) 0.1
Quarry tiles 0.1
Window glass 0.1

Table A.1. Approximate values of the reflectance of light (continued)

Material Reflectance
Paint Colours (with BS 4800 colour Code)
White 00E55 0.85

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 Pale cream 10C31 0.81
Light grey 00A01 0.68
Strong yellow 10E53 0.64
Mid-grey 00A05 0.45
Strong green 14E53 0.22
Strong red 04E53 0.18
Strong blue 18E53 0.15
Dark grey 10a11 0.14
Dark brown 08C89 0.10
Dark red-purple 02C39 0.10
Black 00E53 0.05
A) References given are values for gloss paint. BS 4800 lists approximate Munsell references for
paint colours for building purposes, and gives a useful method for deriving reflectances from
Munsell references.

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APPENDIX B – DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATIONS RESULTS
DETAILED SPREADSHEETS WITH THE CALCULATIONS ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.

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APPENDIX C – VIEW OF THE SKY CALCULATIONS RESULTS

DETAILED SPREADSHEETS WITH THE CALCULATIONS ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST.

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