of the

Printed in the
epublic of South Africa
/

iii
 document '"maintenance" is used as a generic term embracing routine maintenance, special
rnaintenance and rehabilitation.

Nomenclature for pavements

1-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
TERMINAL LEV

'Note that the pavement is only one part of the road. The functional requirements of the road as a
whole cansequently incorporate those of the pavement.

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 ive;?assessment in

(ii) Measurement of ridin

ular inspection

kid ke-forc
resistant ulum apparatus**

ection during r

*Instruments must s calibrated from present results obtained subjectively by a panel of raters (see
Section 2.l)).

Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRW6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
*The term "present servic ability index" is widely used overseas to refer to a value of riding quality ob-
tained from instruments. This term ses confusion with the wider concept of serviceability and has
therefore not been included in this . It does, however, remain a very important term when reading
the literature.

Nomenclature for pavements

TRI-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1
 s a service to road authorities, the NI'TR ertake the measurement of riding quality on re-
quest.

Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRWG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1
Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, f 9
Nomenclature for pavements
Nomenclaturefor pavements
retoria, South Africa, 14
rake-force trailer

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
The pendulum tester

Nomenclature for pavements

TRt-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 7
A section of road with poor surface drainage

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
EXTENT : LENGTH 40 Oh

POSITION : SHOULDER

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 -- -

ckin

cin

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 19
Nomenclature for pavements
TRI-06, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for wvements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 ion

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, Sopth Africa, 5 985
Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRWG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclature for pavements
"rRW6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
*These figures are expressed in units of the pendulum tester.
**Harsh stones have surfaces that are rough to the touch.

'Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
DEGREE MODE OF DISTRESS
OF
DISTRESS DEFORMATION CRACKING

RAVELLING BLEEDING I POLISHING

SINGLE SEALS MULTIPLESEALS APPEARANCE I PENDULUM 1 APPEARANCE

AND SLURRY
SEALS

Less than 5 mm Not visibly No discernible No discernible No discernible No clear >1,0 mm Stones very
cracked loss of stone or loss of stone loss of stone development of of binder >4 mm harsh, edges
slurry potholes or depth between sharp to touch
edge breaks stones
I

Faint cracks No discernible No discernible Up to 2 mm Width t 5 O mm -0,6 to

loss of stone or loss of stone but disintwration (first with shallow
slurry but assessed sign of fine stones depths (2-4 mm)
assessed hardening lost, surface has between stones
hardening (dryness) of binder pitted
(dryness) of binder appearance)

Distinct cracks No definition Loss of stones 2to7mm Width 50 to 0,3 to

applies from the top disintegration (loss 150 mm 0,6 mm appearance with
layer of a triple of intermediate asperities >2 mm
seal sized stones)

3pen cracks No definition

I
Loss of second 7 t o l 2 mm Width l50 to 0,O to
width <3 mm applies layer of triple seal disintegration(loss 300 mm 0,3 mm
or top layer of of intermediate
double seal sized stones) stones visibte in
the binder

5 l Greater than 3pen cracks

~idth>3 mm covering all stones and smooth to
touch
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 transverse cracki

*Such a description will include those attributes of the distress that are relevant and are possible to ob-
tain from a visual inspection. These are given in the example an are indicated in the followin

** - pavement component
*3 - mechanism *6 - cause
Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Namenclature for pavements
TWHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Date .....................,................

: Road No. ................................................................... km to ......................-............. km

: Assessment .................... . ...... vehicles/day

Riding quality (subjective assessment)

very
very
poor poor fair good good

Average texture depth I ROUGH 1 ADEQUAT I SMOOTH 1

Surface drainage

Type of surfacing ............................

.........................................................................................................
e (comment) ................... ... ... .. . .................................................................................................
......Ct9
........(comment)
.........................
(attach measurements)

Distress:
1. Cracking z: Degree 3

isintegration of surfacing:
avelling 2 Degree 4 .......................................... O/O Area ............................................ % Length

ualifyingcomment .............................................................................................................................
Patches ............................ Number ............................. spacing (or ............................. O/O Len

moothing of sudacing:
.....................
egree 4 . ...............................................................................% L
olishing Degree 5 ............................................................................................................... Len O/O

umber of depressions or displacements along edge of pavement ......................................................

Type of maintenance require : .....................................................................................................................

easons for assessment: ..................... ..............................................................................................

nf
Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRI-46, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 L INSPECTION DATE ..................................
................,.e.. .............................................................

REGION ......................
...e..... .,.....,.....................................,...,..,.....,.....,.,..,...........................................
.,m,.*.,

Only cracks in the riding surface of the road are considered, i.e. cracks in the shoulders are
ignored.
Only patches along lengths of road not cracked are considered. This means that:
% length cracks + % length patches S 100.
Only bleeding in the wheel paths is considered.
The severity of the loss of stone is recorded according to a procedure set out in the accompanying
guide. This takes into account the degree and extent of the loss of stone. Photographs are supplied
to assist the inspector in recognizing the various cases.

Nomenclature for pavements

IRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
ttri

loc S

es of distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in

~omenclaturefor pavements
TRt-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
*The types of distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in Appendix A.

Nomenclature for pavements

TRX6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 l
*The tqpe$ bf distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in ~ppendixA.
,
Nomenclature for pavements
h TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
*The types of distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in Appendix A.

Nomenclaturefor pavements
VRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 tural evaluation (3)

E! stresses a

ehaviour) to some

*The types of distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in Appendix A.

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
*The types of distress are defined further, with the aid of photographs, in

Nomenclature for pavements

TWH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
s . Displacement, Degree 5 in outer wheel path

Nomenclature for pavements

TRWG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 ss . Depression on edge of pavement
ponding of water)

Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRI-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
G
istress : Rut in outer wheel path, Degree 5

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 15
' Transverse ridge
&use : Active clay subgrade
de under culvert because of concentration

<.

omenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Distress : Corrugations, Degree 3 Length 5 Spacing 1 m
dame
of road

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Distress : Undulations
ctive subgrade
*. Heave

Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
18
: Transversecrack, Degree 4

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclature for pavements
TRWG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 lock cracks, Degree 5 Spacing 3 m
rinkage and cracking of stabilised
flection of cracks through surface

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
<
22
: Parabolic cracks, Degree 5
and base on steep upgrade
ear at the infe

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 p cracks, Degree 4

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
F 2
Distress : Crocodile cracks, Degree 2
(Straightedge marked horizontally in decimeters)

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 2
Distress : Groco

Nomenclature for pavements

TRI-16, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclature for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Distaress : Amorphous cracks, Degree 5
Primary transverse cracking. Secondary block cracking followed by croc-
odile cracking
ause : Hard (brittle) binder in surfacing
: Shrinkage of surfacin

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 ree 5 Spacing 100 mm
: Ageing of binder

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6 Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 : Ravelling, Degree 5 Area 50 % Spacing 100 mm
Cause : Too hard a grade of binder used
*. Loss of adhesion

Nomenclature for pavements

TRW6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
: Pothole, Degree S
: Crocodile crackin

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclature for pavements
TRMG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
Nomenclatilre for pavements
TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 egree 1 Stones hars

343
An illustration of the different degrees of

Nomenclature for pavements

TRH6, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 ree 3 Stones sharp and angular but not harsh

36 (continued)

Nomenclature for pavements

TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 1985
 Nomenclaturefor pavements
TRHG, Pretoria, South Africa, 2985