Unit 2 Fundamentals of Human Development

by
SHAH JEHAN
Age concepts
• Chronological age : Number of years since birth
• Biological age: Age in terms of physical health
• Psychological age: Adaptive capacity compared to others of the same
chronological age
• Social age: Social roles and expectations relative to chronological age
Growth
•Growth refers to physical increase in some quantity over
time. It is the process of physical maturation resulting an
increase in size of the body and various organs. It occurs
by multiplication of cells and an increase in in
intracellular substance.
• It is quantitative
changes of the body.
Development:

Development refers to the qualitative changes in the organism as

whole. It is the process of functional and physiological maturation of
the individual. It is progressive increase in skill and capacity to
function. It is related to the experience and maturation of the nervous
system. It includes psychological, emotional and social changes. It is
qualitative aspects.
Different parts of growth and development

 Physical growth and development

 Social growth and development
 Emotional development
 Mental development
General Nature of Growth and Development

Growth Development

Growth refers to physiological overall changes in the individual.

changes

Changes in the quantitative Changes in the quality along with

quantitative aspect
Growth does not continue throughout Development continues throughout life
life
Growth stops after maturation Development is progressive
Growth occurs due to the Development occurs due to both
multiplication of cells maturation and interaction with the
environment

Growth is cellular Development is organizational

Growth is one of the parts of the Development is a wider and

developmental process comprehensive term

Growth may or may not bring Development is possible without

development. growth.
The changes produced by growth Development brings qualitative
are subjects of measurements. changes which are difficult to
They may be quantified and measure directly. They are
observable in nature assessed through keen observation
of behavior in different situations.

Growth may or may not bring Development is possible without

development. growth.
General Nature of Growth and Development
Principles of Growth and Development
• 1. Principle of Continuity
• 2. Principle of Integration
• 3. Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate
• 4. Principle of individual difference
• 5. Principle of uniformity pattern
• 6. Principe of proceeding from general to specific
•Environment
7. Principle of interaction between Heredity and
• 8. Principle of interrelation
• 9. Development follows a
pattern or a sequence
• Principle of Cephalocaudal
• Principle of Proximodistal
• 10. Principle of Association of
Maturation and Learning
 Factors Influencing Child Development
• Internal Factors
• All those factors which lie within the individual are called internal
factors. These factors include
1.Heredity factors
2.Biological or constitutional factors
3.Intelligence
4.Emotional Factors
5.Social Nature
Internal Factors

• The environment in the womb of the mother

The Physical and mental health of the mother during pregnancy
Single child or multiple children getting nourished in the womb
The quality & quantity of nutrition received by the embryo within
the womb of the mother
Normal or abnormal delivery
Any damage or accident to the baby in the womb
•The environment available after birth
•Accidents and incidents in life
•The quality of the physical environment, medical care
and nourishment
•The quality of the facilities and opportunities provided
by the social and cultural forces
Educational Implication of the principles of
growth and Development
•Development is a continuous and non-stop
process
•The principle of individual differences
•Principles of interrelation and interdependence
•The principle of interaction