ELECTRONICS

YASIKA M,R AKSH A R

What is electronics?
Electronics is the branch of science that deals
with the study of flow and control of electrons
(electricity) and the study of their behavior and
effects in vacuums, gases, and semiconductors,
and with devices using such electrons.
Branches of electronics:
Electronics has branches as follows: Semiconductor devices,
Digital Electronics, Embedded systems,
Analogue Electronics , Audio Electronics,
Microelectronics, Telecommunications ,
Circuit design,
Nano electronics,
Integrated circuits,
Bio electronics.
Power Electronics,
Optoelectronics,
Applications :
•Aerospace Industry- Ex :space shuttle,satellite
power supply , aircraft power management.
•Medical- Ex : X-ray , MRI
•Automobile- Ex : road vehicles
Applications :
•Commercial- Ex : AC,lift,escalator
•Agriculture-Ex : device to find moisture level &
nutrition level in soil.
•Communication –Ex:phone
Applications:
•Industrial – Ex:welding,textile , cement , pump
•Residential – Ex:Airconditioner , Dryer , PC
•Military-Ex:People sniffer, Night vision
camera,infrared detector.
Principles of Electronics:
Principles of Electronics presents a broad spectrum of
topics, such as atomic structure, Kirchhoff's laws,
energy, power, introductory circuit
analysis techniques, Thevenin's theorem, the maximum
power transfer theorem, electric circuit
analysis, magnetism, resonance, control relays, relay
logic, semiconductor diodes, electron current flow, and
much more.
OHM’S LAW
Ohm's Law states that the current flowing in a circuit is
directly proportional to the applied potential difference
and inversely proportional to the resistance in the circuit.
In other words by doubling the voltage across a circuit the
current will also double. However if the resistance is
doubled the current will fall by half.In this mathematical
relationship the unit of resistance is measured in Ohms.
Ohm's Law formula
The Ohm's Law formula or equation is very straightforward.
Ohm's law can be expressed in a mathematical form:
V=IR

Where:
V = voltage expressed in Volts
I = current expressed in Amps
R = resistance expressed in Ohms

The formula can be manipulated so that if any two quantities are known the third can be ca
I=V/R

R=V/I
Kirchoffs law
However, sometimes in complex circuits such as
bridge or T networks, we can not simply use
Ohm’s Law alone to find the voltages or currents
circulating within the circuit. For these types of
calculations we need certain rules which allow us
to obtain the circuit equations and for this we can
use Kirchoffs Circuit Law.
Kirchoffs Current Law(KCL)
Kirchoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the “total
current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly
equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other
place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the
node”. In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the
currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to
zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchhoff is
commonly known as the Conservation of Charge.
Kirchoffs Current Law
Kirchoffs Current Law
Here, the three currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and
the two currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value. Then this means
we can also rewrite the equation as;
I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0

The term Node in an electrical circuit generally refers to a connection or junction

of two or more current carrying paths or elements such as cables and
components. Also for current to flow either in or out of a node a closed circuit
path must exist. We can use Kirchhoff’s current law when analysing parallel
circuits.
Kirchoffs Second Law – The Voltage
Law, (KVL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any
closed loop network, the total voltage around the
loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops
within the same loop” which is also equal to zero.
In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages
within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by
Kirchhoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.
Kirchoffs Voltage Law
Kirchoffs Voltage Law
Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the
direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back
to the same starting point. It is important to maintain the same direction either
clockwise or anti-clockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero. We
can use Kirchhoff’s voltage law when analysing series circuits.

When analysing either DC circuits or AC circuits using Kirchoffs Circuit Laws a

number of definitions and terminologies are used to describe the parts of the
circuit being analysed such as: node, paths, branches, loops and meshes. These
terms are used frequently in circuit analysis so it is important to understand
them.
Parameter formulas & units
Parameter Measuring Unit Unit/Symbol Formula

Voltage Volt V or E V = I×R

Resistance Ohm R or Ω R = V÷I

Current Ampere I or i I = V÷R

Capacitance Farad C C = Q÷V

Conductance Siemen G G = 1÷R

Charge Coulomb C Q = C×V

Power Watts W P = V×I or I²×R

Inductance Henry L/H VL = -L(di/dt)

Frequency Hertz Hz f = 1÷T

Impedance Ohm Z Z² = R²+X²

Advantages:
The advantages of using electronics include the
following: Electronics such as computers, laptops,
fax machines and printers have become essential
components for many businesses. Each of these
components can help improve staff productivity
and can improve communications.
Disadvantages:
A small electronic gadget may seem harmless, but the manufacture
and disposal of these devices have a significant impact on the
global environment. Many devices contain hazardous materials
such as lead, cadmium and mercury that can contaminate ground
soil if not disposed of properly. The problem of disposal is
compounded by the fact that consumers are urged to upgrade to
new technology before their current devices wear out.
THANK YOU