1.

Damper/Damping System

1.1 Dampers are devices that limit structural stress by absorbing and dissipating a significant
portion of the seismic energy induced in the structure. The effectiveness of some damper
systems as modern variants of seismic structural safety enhancement used for buildings
with reinforced concrete structures designed and erected in accordance with P13-type
standards (from 1963) and considered as an alternative option to retrofitting with reinforced
concrete jackets, Ezzaki et al. (2019) “The Use of Damper Systems in Buildings with
Reinforced Concrete Structures”.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
336593292_THE_USE_OF_DAMPER_SYSTEMS_IN_BUILDINGS_WITH_REINFORCED_CONCRETE_STRU
CTURES

1.2 In the study conducted by Theodore et al. (2012) showed that the insertion of visco-elastic
dampers improves the behavior of frame buildings significantly. Another experimental
program on two-story four-bay steel frames verifies that the median peak floor
accelerations of moment-resisting steel frames equipped with compressed-elastomer
dampers are less than traditional frames by 21% on the first floor.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
336058405_Improving_the_Seismic_Performance_Of_Buildings_by_Increasing_Structural_Damping_
-_MSc_Dissertation

1.3 Nonstructural damage has been found to critically influence economic losses and building
downtime following earthquakes. Attaining a target level of seismic performance mandates,
the harmonization of structural and nonstructural performance. Retrofitting buildings with
fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) can improve inter-story drifts and floor accelerations,
parameters that characterize seismic demands.

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:29da2030-ff4e-4435-ad29- 5855e503e05f/download_file?
file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=thesis_corrections_print.pdf

1.4 In a study titled "Seismic performance evaluation and retrofitting with viscous fluid dampers
of an existing bridge in Istanbul," Guliz et al. (2014) investigate three different bearing cases:
adjustable bearings, restrained bearings, and adjustable bearings with viscous fluid dampers
in the radial direction. The findings demonstrate that the bridge can be retrofitted using
viscous fluid dampers. To preserve the bridge's original architectural appearance, the
reinforced concrete piers do not need to be strengthened using any jacketing techniques.

http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201405262618894.page
 1.5 Most of bridge structures are not designed to behave in the elastic ranger under the effects
of strong earthquakes. These are designed to have a lesser capacity. These are designed to
have a lesser capacity than that required for elastic behavior under an earthquake so that
they are expected to suffer structural damage due to their inelastic response to strong
earthquakes. “Improving The Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Structures By Use of Viscous
Dampers”, Bogdanovic et al. (2019) shows that the use of viscous dampers affects the
dynamic behavior of a structure by dissipation of energy induced by an earthquake,
preventing thus transfer of the energy to the structural elements of the bridge whereby the
risk of damage to parts of the bridge and hence the entire bridge structure is reduced.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
349427157_IMPROVING_THE_SEISMIC_PERFORMANCE_ OF_RC_BRIDGE_STRUCTURES_BY_USE_OF_
VISCOUS_DAMPERS

2. Earthquake/Seismic Activities

2.1 Earthquake is an unpredictable natural phenomenon that create a vast amount of damage,
affecting communities and their environment. “Seismic Fragility Analysis for Highway
Bridges With Consideration of Soil-Structure Interaction and Deterioration” Xin Zong (2015),
it is very important for the owner or designer to perform the risk assessment of the highway
bridges during extreme events, such as earthquakes, due to their importance to the
network, commerce, economic vitality, and mobility. Recent studies show that seismic
fragility curves are useful tools for the seismic risk assessment of highway bridges.
https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/80335/Wilson_colostate_0053N_11962.pdf

2.2 The load-carrying capacity assessment of existing road bridges is a growing challenge for
civil engineers worldwide due to the age and condition of these critical parts of the
infrastructure network. The critical loading event for road bridges is the live load; however,
in earthquake-prone areas bridges generally require an additional seismic evaluation and
often retrofitting in order to meet more stringent design codes. Skokandić et al. (2022)
“Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Road Bridges: State of the Art Review
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8999726/

2.3 A study conducted by Farokh (2017) entitled “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges
For the Retrofitting And New Design” evaluates the seismic vulnerabilities of those bridges
and the structural factors that could affect their performance during a seismic event. The
effects of load demands and age deterioration were also studied. The aging of certain bridge
components such as bearings, columns, and bent caps can affect the capacity and demands
of these components and accordingly might affect the global behavior and capacity of a
bridge during an earthquake event.
 https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/55467/PDF/1/play/

2.4 In a study titled “Design of Earthquake Resistant Bridges Using Rocking Columns “ Barthes
(2012), current philosophy in bridge earthquake engineering is to ensure the continuity
between the different parts of the structure. The columns are designed to yield and form
zones (plastic hinges) where plastic deformation is expected to occur while keeping the
developed resisting forces capped and under control. The remaining bridge elements are
then capacity-designed to remain elastic under the forces capped by those that can be
developed in the column plastic hinges.
https://escholarship.org/content/qt7gf04022/
qt7gf04022_noSplash_1c6c255a003e992ea836f0f828c0af2e.pdf

2.5 There are many aging bridges in service in the US and around the world that were not
constructed to modern seismic design codes and standards. As a result, they are expected to
perform poorly during intense earthquake ground shaking. Older reinforced concrete (RC)
bridges are often supported on poorly detailed and seismically deficient columns. The most
common deficiencies in these columns are lap-splices located in the plastic hinge region
above the footing, insufficient lap-splice length, and inadequate transverse reinforcement
that does not adequately confine the concrete core. These three features result in the non-
ductile response of RC columns that can lead to bridge collapse during strong earthquake
ground shaking. “Seismic Retrofit of Square Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns using
Titanium Alloy Bars”, Shrestha et al. (2019)

https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/4j03d5118

3. Retrofitting

3.1 Retrofitting was suggested as a practical solution for strengthening the structure while
considering its architectural, aesthetic, functional, and economic features, Pradhan et al.
(2019). The retrofitting approach can be employed to strengthen the structure and increase
its seismic capacity. Seismic retrofit is an effective technique by which the structure can be
strengthened to improve its seismic performance without affecting its aesthetic value and
architectural identity. To achieve public safety by considering the use of various materials
and structural stability, retrofitting is economically applied to meet the functional and
structural requirements. This proactive disaster mitigation technique has been effective in
modifying the existing structure for strengthening to improve its structural performance.
https://www.academia.edu/23960943/
Retrofitting_Design_of_Kathmandu_University_Library_Building_after_Gorkha_Earthquake_2015
 3.2

4. Static Analysis

5. Response Spectrum Analysis

5.1 Response spectra are effective tools for analyzing how well buildings and other equipment respond
during earthquakes in earthquake engineering. In the study of M. Brinisat et al. (2021) entitled
“Dynamic seismic analysis of bridge using response spectrum and time history methods” it
uses response spectrum analysis as well as time history analysis to evaluate the seismic
responses of the designed bridge. The performance of the designed bridge is assessed using
10 ground motion records. The proposed methodology allows an efficient comparison of the
seismic response of the bridge in terms of base shear forces, bending moment, and
displacements.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
350289286_Dynamic_seismic_analysis_of_bridge_using_response_spectrum_and_time_history_met
hod

5.2 Response Spectrum Analysis is a method widely used for the design of buildings. Conceptually the
method is a simplification of modal analysis, i.e., Time History Analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits from the properties of the response spectrum concept. The purpose of
the method is to provide quick estimates of the peak response without the need to carry out a
response history analysis. This is very important because RSA is based on a series of quick and simple
calculations, while time history analysis requires the solution of the differential equation of motion
over time. Despite its approximate nature, the method is very useful since it allows the use of the
response spectrum, a very convenient way to describe the seismic hazard. “Response Spectrum
Analysis of Structures Subjected to Seismic Actions”, M. Fragiadakis (2013).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
278661406_Response_Spectrum_Analysis_of_Structures_Subjected_to_Seismic_Actions
 6. Time History Analysis

The results
of nonlinear response history analyses
indicated that seismic responses of all
the bridge
configurations are affected by
damping modeling characteristics.
The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic
intensity and bridge configurations.
The results
of nonlinear response history analyses
indicated that seismic responses of all
the bridge
configurations are affected by
damping modeling characteristics.
The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic
intensity and bridge configurations.

ponse spectrum analysis (RSA)

is a method widely used for the
design of buildings. Concep-
tually the method is a
simplification of modal
analysis, i.e., response history
(or time history)
analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits
from the properties of the
response
spectrum concept. The purpose
of the method is to provide
quick estimates of the peak
response
without the need to carry out
response history analysis. This
is very important because
response
spectrum analysis (RSA) is
based on a series of quick and
simple calculations, while time
history
analysis requires the solution of
the differential equation of
motion over time. Despite its
approx-
imate nature, the method is very
useful since it allows the use of
response spectrum, a very
convenient way to describe
seismic hazard
ponse spectrum analysis (RSA)
is a method widely used for the
design of buildings. Concep-
tually the method is a
simplification of modal
analysis, i.e., response history
(or time history)
analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits
from the properties of the
response
spectrum concept. The purpose
of the method is to provide
quick estimates of the peak
response
without the need to carry out
response history analysis. This
is very important because
response
spectrum analysis (RSA) is
based on a series of quick and
simple calculations, while time
history
analysis requires the solution of
the differential equation of
motion over time. Despite its
approx-
imate nature, the method is very
useful since it allows the use of
response spectrum, a very
convenient way to describe
seismic hazard
ponse spectrum analysis (RSA)
is a method widely used for the
design of buildings. Concep-
tually the method is a
simplification of modal
analysis, i.e., response history
(or time history)
analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits
from the properties of the
response
spectrum concept. The purpose
of the method is to provide
quick estimates of the peak
response
without the need to carry out
response history analysis. This
is very important because
response
spectrum analysis (RSA) is
based on a series of quick and
simple calculations, while time
history
analysis requires the solution of
the differential equation of
motion over time. Despite its
approx-
imate nature, the method is very
useful since it allows the use of
response spectrum, a very
convenient way to describe
seismic hazard
Response spectrum analysis
(RSA) is a method widely used
for the design of buildings.
Concep-
tually the method is a
simplification of modal
analysis, i.e., response history
(or time history)
analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits
from the properties of the
response
spectrum concept. The purpose
of the method is to provide
quick estimates of the peak
response
without the need to carry out
response history analysis. This
is very important because
response
spectrum analysis (RSA) is
based on a series of quick and
simple calculations, while time
history
analysis requires the solution of
the differential equation of
motion over time. Despite its
approx-
imate nature, the method is very
useful since it allows the use of
response spectrum, a very
convenient way to describe
seismic hazard.
Response spectrum analysis
(RSA) is a method widely used
for the design of buildings.
Concep-
tually the method is a
simplification of modal
analysis, i.e., response history
(or time history)
analysis (RHA) using modal
decomposition, that benefits
from the properties of the
response
spectrum concept. The purpose
of the method is to provide
quick estimates of the peak
response
without the need to carry out
response history analysis. This
is very important because
response
spectrum analysis (RSA) is
based on a series of quick and
simple calculations, while time
history
analysis requires the solution of
the differential equation of
motion over time. Despite its
approx-
imate nature, the method is very
useful since it allows the use of
response spectrum, a very
convenient way to describe
seismic hazar