1.

The use of dampers absorbs and releases a large amount of the seismic energy created in the
structure which contributes to reducing structural stress. The study by Ezzaki et al. (2019)
entitled “The Use of Damper Systems in Buildings with Reinforced Concrete Structures”
examines the efficiency of damper systems as a material in enhancing structural safety during
seismic activities used for buildings with reinforced concrete structures designed and erected in
accordance with P13-type standards (from 1963). The study showed that using dampers can be
considered an alternative to using reinforced concrete jackets in retrofitting.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
336593292_THE_USE_OF_DAMPER_SYSTEMS_IN_BUILDINGSWITH_REINFORCED_CONCRETE_S
TRUCTURES

The effectiveness of using visco-elastic dampers in a structure is presented in the study

"Improving the Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Structures by Use of Viscous Dampers" by
Bogdanovic et al. (2019). The study demonstrates how the use of viscous dampers affects a
structure's dynamic behavior by dissipating earthquake energy and preventing it from being
transferred to the structural elements of the bridge, thereby lowering the risk of damage to
individual bridge segments and ultimately the entire bridge structure.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
349427157_IMPROVING_THE_SEISMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_RC_BRIDGE_STRUCTURES_BY_USE
_OF_VISCOUS_DAMPERS

The above-mentioned studies demonstrated the effectiveness of dampers in enhancing the

structure’s seismic performance. In the studies of Ezzaki et al. (2019), Theodore et al. (2012),
and Bogdanovic et al. (2019), including this current study, both used visco-elastic dampers as the
subject in investigating how effective this material is in regulating structural displacement and
floor vibrations, providing for occupant comfort, and protecting against significant earthquakes.
Meanwhile, most of the studies mentioned above focused on the performance of visco-elastic
dampers in retrofitting structural buildings. However, the current study will analyze the
performance of viscoelastic dampers as a retrofitting material for a bridge in resisting high
seismic forces.

2. A study conducted by Farokh (2017) entitled “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges for
the Retrofitting and New Design” analyses the structural elements that might have an impact on
the performance of such bridges during seismic activity. Researchers also examine the effects of
load requirements and aging deterioration. The capacity and demands of some bridge
components, such as bearings, columns, and bent caps, might change with age. As a result,
these components' overall performance and capacity during an earthquake event may be
affected.

https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/55467/PDF/1/play/
 It is an unpredictable, naturally occurring phenomenon that causes significant damage to
structures, communities, and the environment. Based on the aforementioned studies, it is
obvious how important it is to take seismic activities into account while designing a structure.
This is supported by the evaluation of a structure under seismic forces in the research of Farokh
(2017). Similarly, the present study will inspect a bridge that has experienced numerous seismic
events. The current study, however, will make use of a bridge that is at least 30 years old or
older that complied with an old NSCP code.

3. The study by Alam et al. (2020), entitled "The Role of Viscoelastic Damping on Retrofitting
Seismic Performance of Asymmetric Reinforced Concrete Structures," used a structure
retrofitted with visco-elastic dampers to analyze its structural behavior. It has been found that
retrofitting structures using visco-elastic dampers corresponds well with the limitation of
displacement demands.  Additionally, it has been shown that additional damping up to a certain
level substantially reduces seismic response in terms of inter-story drifts. However, increasing
and exceeding this level will no longer reduce the seismic response of the considered structure.
Furthermore, it was discovered that the additional dampening increased the total acceleration
of the building under consideration at all floor levels. This finding suggests that, for irregular tall
structures of this type, the use of VE dampers may not be appropriate for structures that are
acceleration sensitive.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11803-020-0558-x

The study by Alam et al. (2020), as well as the current study, are both analyzing the
performance of a structure retrofitted with visco-elastic dampers. Meanwhile, the asymmetric
reinforced concrete structure is the focus of the work of Alam et al. The current study, on the
other hand, will assess if visco-elastic dampers may be utilized to modify a bridge in order to
increase its seismic resistance.

4. Response spectra are effective tools for analyzing how well buildings and other equipment
respond during earthquakes in earthquake engineering. The study by M. Brinisat et al. (2021)
entitled “Dynamic seismic analysis of bridges using response spectrum and time history
methods” analyzed the seismic response of the designed bridge under 10 ground motion
records. This study uses response spectrum analysis as well as time history analysis.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
350289286_Dynamic_seismic_analysis_of_bridge_using_response_spectrum_and_time_history
_method

Based on the study conducted by M. Brinisat et al. (2021), it is recommended to use the non-
linear time history method in analyzing geometrically complex bridges. This is because time
history produced more realistic results of bridge behavior compared to the response spectrum
analysis.

The results
of nonlinear response history analyses indicated that seismic responses of all the bridge
configurations are affected by damping modeling characteristics. The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic intensity and bridge configurations.

of nonlinear response history analyses indicated that seismic responses of all the bridge
configurations are affected by damping modeling characteristics. The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic intensity and bridge configurations.
5. In the study by Patil et al. (2021) entitled “Time History Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey
Buildings” time history analysis of a multi-story building is carried out using STAAD Pro. The time
history analysis calculates the displacement of the structure across the entire period of the
ground motion at identical intervals, typically 0.05 to 0.01 seconds. This study gives time history
analysis by using time-acceleration data as an input function, and then the performance of the
structure is evaluated with various mode shapes and time-acceleration results.

https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-9/Issue-7/Series-7/G09073843.pdf

A regular structure built in accordance with BNBC (2015) was examined using non-linear time
history analysis in the study of Ghosh et al. (2019) entitled "Performance Evaluation of RC
Buildings by Time History Analysis". The structure satisfies the performance criteria for
serviceability earthquakes and earthquakes based on design. The building, however, loses its
stability following a major earthquake. The BNBC (2015) guidelines can be better understood
with the help of the findings of this study.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
330385864_PERFORMANCE_EVALUATION_OF_RC_BUILDINGS_BY_TIME_HISTORY_ANALYSIS

Through the studies mentioned, it is clear how time history analysis is important to structural
seismic analysis. Additionally, the time history method is employed in both the current and past
studies by Patil et al. (2021) and Ghosh et al. (2019) to analyze a structure. On the other hand,
the current study will use an old-code-based structural bridge to evaluate the performance of a
bridge retrofitted with dampers.