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40. PATTERNS Describe and complete the real-world pattern S, M, T, W, . . . .
What real-life situation does the pattern represent?
41. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The diagram below shows the different phases
of the moon over time. The number under each moon phase indicates the
date on which the phase occurs.
1 4 8 12 15 19 23 26 30 ?
a. Patterns Describe the visual pattern.
b. Estimate An equal amount of time
passes from each phase to the next.
Estimate the number of days that pass
between phases.
c. Predict Suppose the first phase begins
on May 1. Use the number pattern to
predict the date of each phase during
June.
42. REASONING Based on the rule “double the number and then add 3,”
you make the following list: 1, 5, 13, 29, 61. . . . Your friend says that this
is the same as adding 4, then adding 4 3 2, then adding 4 3 2 3 2, and
so on. Is your friend correct? Is your friend correct if you start with a
whole number other than 1? Explain.
CHALLENGE Tell whether the result is always, sometimes, or neverr even.
Explain
n your reasoning.
43. even 3 even 3 even 3 even . . . 44. even 3 odd 3 even 3 odd . . .
45. even 1 even 1 even 1 even . . . 46. even 1 odd 1 even 1 odd . . .
MIXED REVIEW
Find the sum, difference, product, or quotient. (pp. 742–744)
Prepare for 47. 792 1 546 48. 301 2 148 49. 809 3 23 50. 168 4 7
Lesson 1.2
in Exs. 47–50
Write the number in expanded form. (p. 735)
51. 55 52. 804 53. 2410 54. 3395
Round the number to the place value of the red digit. (p. 737)
55. 34 56. 382 57. 167 58. 9146
59. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following is the standard form of
3 3 10,000 1 6 3 1000 1 2 3 10? (p. 735)
A 36,200 B 36,020 C 36,002 D 3620
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 1.1, p. 776 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 7
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PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 1 36. DANCE You pay $8 to see a modern dance show. The expression s 1 8,
on p. 8 where s is the cost of snacks you buy, can be used to find the total cost of
for Exs. 36–37 going to the show. You buy snacks that cost $3. Find the total cost.
37. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE To find the actual length in minutes of a TV show
that airs in a one-hour time slot, evaluate 60 2 c, where c is minutes of
commercials. How long is a show with 18 minutes of commercials?
A 18 minutes B 32 minutes C 42 minutes D 52 minutes
SEE EXAMPLE 3 38. ★ SHORT RESPONSE If the variable expression }xy has a value of 3, what are
on p. 9 some possible values of x and y? Describe the relationship of x to y.
for Exs. 38–39
39. BAMBOO You can predict the growth for a stem of
bamboo by evaluating the expression gn. In the
expression, g is the average number of inches grown
each day and n is the number of days. Predict the
amount of growth in one week for bamboo that
grows an average of 12 inches each day.
40. ★ WRITING Rewrite the phrase
two less than a numberr as a
variable expression. Explain Math
how to evaluate it when n 5 5. at classzone.com
41. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Write a variable expression that has a decreasing
value as the value of the variable increases.
w
42. PLUTO The expression } , where w is weight in pounds on Earth, can
17
be used to approximate weight in pounds on Pluto. Tom weighs 153 pounds
on Earth. Find his approximate weight on Pluto. Would a person who had
twice Tom’s weight on Earth also be twice Tom’s weight on Pluto? Explain.
43. CHALLENGE Use xy 5 32. Make a table of the possible whole number
values of x and y, with the x-values in numerical order. Describe the pattern
of the y-values. As the value of x increases, how does y change? Explain.
MIXED REVIEW
Find the product. (p. 743)
Prepare for 44. 5 3 5 3 5 45. 4 3 4 3 4 46. 6 3 6 47. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lesson 1.3 in
Exs. 44–47 Describe the pattern. Then write the next three numbers. (p. 3)
48. 1, 8, 15, 22, . . . 49. 7, 14, 28, 56, . . . 50. 99, 88, 77, 66, . . .
51. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which number is nott divisible by 6? (p. 739)
A 15 B 24 C 72 D 180
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 1.2, p. 776 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 11
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1.3 Powers and
Exponents
Before You multiplied pairs of numbers.
Now You’ll write repeated multiplication using exponents.
Why? So you can count cells, as in Example 1.
KEY VOCABULARY Biology
y A plant grows when its cells divide into pairs, as shown below.
• power, p. 13 What is another way to write the number of cells after the fourth division?
• base, p. 13
Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Division 4
• exponent, p. 13
1 2 2p2 2p2p2 2p2p2p2
A powerr is a way of writing repeated multiplication. The base of a
power is the factor, and the exponentt of a power is the number of
times the factor is used.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Powers and Exponents
base exponent
Numbers 46 5 4 p 4 p 4 p 4 p 4 p 4 The power is read
“four to the sixth power.”
power 4 is a factor 6 times.
Algebra
a If n is a nonzero whole number, then:
an 5 a p a p a p . . . p a The power is read
“a to the nth power.”
a is a factor n times.
EXAMPLE 1 Writing Powers
After the fourth cell division described above, there are 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 cells.
2 p 2 p 2 p 2 5 24
2 is a factor 4 times.
c Answerr There are 24 cells after the fourth cell division.
1.3 Powers and Exponents 13
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43. CHECKERS A checkerboard has 8 rows of 8 squares. Write the number of
squares on the checkerboard as a power. Use mental math to evaluate.
44. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Is a power with an exponent greater than one
always greater than the base of the power? Explain, using examples.
SEE EXAMPLES
1 AND 2 45. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Every hour a cell divides into 2 cells. Which
on pp. 13–14 expression represents the number of cells after 5 hours?
for Exs. 45–46
A 25 B 52 C 2p5 D 245
46. ★ WRITING Given that 28 5 256, describe how to find the value of 29
without multiplying nine 2’s together.
47. PATTERNS Describe the pattern using powers.
48. NUMBER SENSE Without evaluating every power, write the following
numbers in order from least to greatest: 62, 23, 92, 9, 2, 93, and 6.
Explain your reasoning.
49. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS You make a batch of green goo
and split it into 3 portions. Then you split each of those portions into
3 portions. Again you split each of those portions into 3 portions.
a. Make a Model Describee how to use a piece of paper to
find the number of portions of goo you now have.
b. Write an Expression Write and evaluate a power to find
the number of portions of goo you now have.
50. CHALLENGE Evaluate the following powers: 34, 33, 32, and 31. What
happens to the value of the power as the exponent decreases? Based
on this pattern, what do you think is the value of 30 ?
MIXED REVIEW
Write the number in expanded form. (p. 735)
Prepare for 51. 4507 52. 10,548 53. 805,492 54. 5,007,500
Lesson 1.4
in Exs. 51–56 Write the number in standard form. (p. 735)
55. 6 3 10,000 1 9 3 1000 1 7 3 10 56. Three thousand, six hundred seventy
Evaluate the expression for the given value of the variable. (p. 8)
57. 7 1 x when x 5 15 58. y 2 8 when y 5 11 59. 12b when b 5 9
60. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the expression x 2 y when
x 5 13 and y 5 6? (p. 8)
A 0 B 7 C 19 D 20
16 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 1.3, p. 776 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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23. d 5 9 feet, r 5 3 ft/sec, t 5 ? 24. d 5 ? , r 5 7 in./min, t 5 9 min
for Exs. 21–26
25. d 5 72 miles, r 5 ? , t 5 8 hours 26. d 5 240 yd, r 5 60 yd/sec, t 5 ?
27. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
the error in writing the equation at
the right.
28. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE 21
a 5 3?
What is the solution of the equation }
A 3 B 7 C 18 D 63
29. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You are decorating a cake with 15 roses. You want
an equal number of roses in each of the 3 rows on the cake. Which
equation would you use to find the number of roses, r, in each row?
3
A r 1 3 5 15 B 15 2 r 5 3 C 3r 5 15 D }
r 5 15
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30. x 1 4 5 5 and x 1 2 5 3 31. 5y 5 45 and 6y
6 5 48
18 12
32. 12 2 p 5 11 and 5 2 p 5 4 33. } 5 6 and } 53
b b
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34. 1 p x 5 x 35. x 1 3 5 x 1 4 36. 0 p x 5 5 37. 3x 5 6x
CHALLENGE Solve the equation using mental math.
38. 2p 1 0 5 6 39. 4 2 2a 5 0 40. 10 2 3y 5 1 41. 2x 1 1 5 5
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLES 42. ST. LOUIS ARCH The elevator train inside the St. Louis
2 AND 3 Arch can carry a total of 40 people, with 5 people in
on pp. 26–27 40
for Exs. 42–44
each of the cars. Solve the equation }c 5 5 to find the
number of cars in the elevator train.
43. AMUSEMENT PARKS You ride a log flume at an
amusement park 6 times in a row. According to
your watch, you spent a total of 18 minutes on the
ride. Solve the equation 6n 5 18 to find the length
(in minutes) of one ride.
44. BIKING You bike at approximately the same speed for 2 hours.
You travel 24 miles. What is your speed?
28 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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GOAL MATERIALS
Develop formulas for finding • graph paper
Use before Lesson 1.6 the areas of rectangles and
the areas of squares.
1.6 Investigating Area
The area
a of a figure is the number of square units needed to cover it. You can
use graph paper to develop formulas for the areas of rectangles and squares.
EXPLORE Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 10 units and a width
of 4 units.
This represents
STEP 1 On graph paper, draw a rectangle that has a 1 square unit.
length of 10 units and a width of 4 units. 4 units
STEP 2 Count the number of square units that cover
the rectangle. The area is 40 square units. 10 units
P R AC T I C E Find the area of the rectangle or square.
1. 2. 3.
Using graph paper, draw a rectangle or square with the given dimensions.
Then find the area.
4. Rectangle: 5. Square: 6. Rectangle:
length 5 8 units side length 5 6 units length 5 9 units
width 5 7 units area 5 ? width 5 5 units
area 5 ? area 5 ?
7. The perimeterr of a figure is the total length of its sides. For example, the
perimeter of the rectangle above is 10 1 4 1 10 1 4, or 28 units. Find the
perimeter of each rectangle or square in Exercises 1–6.
D R AW C O N C L U S I O N S
8. WRITING How can you use the length and the width of a rectangle to find
its area? to find its perimeter? How can you use the side length of a square
to find its area? to find its perimeter?
9. REASONING Write an equation that relates the area A, length l, and width
w of a rectangle. Similarly, write an equation that relates the area A and side
length s of a square.
10. REASONING Write equations for the perimeter of a rectangle and of a square.
1.6 Perimeter and Area 31
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EXAMPLE 2 Finding Area
xy Find the area of the rectangle or square with the given dimensions.
REVIEW GEOMETRY a. l 5 5 inches, w 5 3 inches b. s 5 10 feet
Need help with
rectangles and squares? SOLUTION
See p. 755.
a. A 5 lw b. A 5 s2
5 5(3) 5 102
5 15 5 100
c Answer The area is 15 in.2 c Answerr The area is 100 ft2.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2
Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle or square.
1. 2.
2m 11 ft
6m
3. Find the perimeter and the area of a rectangle that has a length of
6 inches and a width of 4 inches.
4. Find the perimeter and area of a square with sides that are
30 yards long.
EXAMPLE 3 Using Perimeter and Area
xy Wheelchair Racing
g In a wheelchair slalom event, 16 m
Start
athletes weave around cones and race to the finish
line. A diagram of the rectangular course is shown.
Find the perimeter and the area of the course.
SOLUTION 30 m
P 5 2l 1 2w A 5 lw
5 2(30) 1 2(16) 5 30(16)
Finish
5 60 1 32 5 92 5 480
c Answer The perimeter of the course is 92 m, and the area is 480 m2.
Math at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3
5. What If? In Example 3, suppose the wheelchair slalom course is 40 meters
long and 24 meters wide. Find the perimeter and the area of the course.
1.6 Perimeter and Area 33
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SEE EXAMPLE 4 30. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Your family is getting wall-to-wall 7 yd
on p. 34 carpeting installed in your living room and den, as shown.
for Ex. 30
den 3 yd
The carpeting costs $20 per square yard. What is the total
5 yd
cost for the carpeting? living
4 yd
room
A $380 B $460 C $540 D $820
31. ★ WRITING Find the length of a side of a square whose perimeter and area
are the same number, though not the same unit. Explain n your reasoning.
THEATRE William Shakespeare’s plays were originally
performed in London’s Globe Theatre.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 32. The original Globe Theatre was built in 1598 but
on p. 33 no longer exists. Its rectangular stage had a length
for Exs. 32–34 of 43 feet and a width of 28 feet. Find the stage’s
area and perimeter.
33. The new Globe Theatre, shown at the right,
opened in 1997. Its rectangular stage has a length
of 44 feet and a width of 25 feet. Find the stage’s
area and perimeter.
34. Compare your answers from Exercises 32 and 33.
35. PAINTING You are planning to spray paint the fronts and backs of two
doors. Each door is 3 feet by 7 feet with a window of area 3 square feet.
You will not paint the windows. One can of paint will cover between
22 and 30 square feet.
Estimatee the least number of cans and the greatest number of cans
you will need. How many cans of paint should you buy for this project?
Explain your reasoning.
36. CHALLENGE If you fence a section of pasture in a square, then each side
measures 20 feet. Find a way to fence the pasture in a rectangle with the
same perimeter but less area. Explain whether it is possible to fence the
land in a rectangle with greater area and less perimeter.
MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation using mental math. (p. 25)
Prepare for 37. 4c 5 32 38. 16 2 a 5 11 39. x 1 18 5 25
Lesson 1.7
in Exs. 37–43 40. 6 1 w 5 13 41. b 2 8 5 19 42. 14 4 y 5 2
43. SAVING You save $3 in September. The next three months you save $6,
$12, and $24. If this savings pattern continues, how much will you save
in January? (p. 3)
44. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the expression
9 p 2 1 23 2 14 4 2? (p.17)
A 6 B 19 C 27 D 34
36 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 1.6, p. 776 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
MULTIPLE CHOICE GRIDDED ANSWER
13. Which equation does nott have 4 as a 16. The dimensions of a rectangular soccer
solution? field are shown below. One bag of fertilizer
will cover 15,000 square feet. How many
A p1559 B 14 2 p 5 10
bags are needed to cover the soccer field?
20
C }
p 54 D 9p 5 36
14. What is the next figure in the pattern 150 ft
below?
300 ft
17. On a 3 day hiking trip, you hiked the same
amount on the first and second days, and
A B
5 miles on the third day. You hiked a total
of 17 miles. How many miles were left to
hike after the first day?
C D
18. You travel at a constant speed of 50 miles
per hour for the first 3 hours of a 185 mile
trip. How many miles are left to travel after
15. You have 1 dollar in quarters, 1 dollar in
3 hours?
dimes, 1 dollar in nickels, and 1 dollar in
pennies. How many coins do you have?
A 41 B 129 C 134 D 135
EXTENDED RESPONSE
19. The Spanish club has $30 to spend on a party for the students in the club.
The party for the Spanish club will cost $120.
a. How much more money does the club need for the party?
b. There are 30 students in the Spanish club. The club plans to split the
cost evenly among all the students. How much will each student have
to donate? Justifyy your answer.
c. If the number of students in the Spanish club is greater than 30, what
happens to the cost per student? Explain.
20. Your family wants to carpet the rectangular floor at the right.
a. How many square feet of carpet are needed?
b. The carpet that your family picked out at a flooring store 16 ft
costs $2 per square foot. The store also charges $85 for
installation. How much will the carpet and installation
11 ft
cost? Justifyy your answer.
c. A second store charges $3 per square foot of the same carpet, but it
offers free installation. Should your family purchase the carpet at this
store instead of the store in part (b)? Explain your reasoning.
Standardized Test Practice 51
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57. SCAVENGER HUNT You are in a 3-part scavenger hunt. Your friend’s
team completed the game in 80.63 minutes. Your team’s times for each
part of the game are 22.34 minutes, 25.8 minutes, and 30.15 minutes.
Is your team’s total time faster than your friend’s team’s total time to
complete the game? Explain.
58. DIRECTIONS Internet driving directions from Washington, D.C.’s National
Zoo to the White House Visitor Center are shown below. How much
shorter is the shortest route than the fastest route? The two directions
start the same way. For how many miles are the directions the same?
Fastest Route Shortest Route
Directions Distance Directions Distance
Go SE on Connecticut Go SE on Connecticut
2.1 miles 2.1 miles
Ave. NW Ave. NW
Connecticut Ave. NW
0.2 mile Connecticut Ave. NW
becomes 17th St. NW 0.5 mile
becomes 17th St. NW
Turn left onto H St. NW 0.4 mile
Turn right onto 14th St. NW 0.3 mile Turn left onto E St. NW 0.3 mile
Turn right onto E St. NW becomes 0.0 mile
0.0 mile
Pennsylvania Ave. NW Pennsylvania Ave. NW
59. ★ WRITING When is the sum of two decimals a whole number? When is
the difference of two decimals a whole number? Explain
n and give examples.
60. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A city had 3.57 inches of rain in April, 7.30 inches of
rain in May, and 5.14 inches in June. Which is the most reasonablee answer
for an estimate of rainfall the city had during the three month period?
A less than 15 inches B about 15 inches
C about 16 inches D more than 17 inches
61. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The times, in seconds, below are for the first
three legs of a 4-person relay race. Each leg of the race is 400 meters.
a. How long did runner 2 take?
b. How long did runner 3 take?
c. Your team wants to beat a previous team’s record of 296.22 seconds.
What is the maximum number of seconds the last runner can take?
Explain your reasoning.
64 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
4"-&4 !S A SALESPERSON 4ONY MAKES A DAY (E GETS AN ADDITIONAL
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★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice
Farmer’s Market You go to a farmer’s market. You buy 14.4 pounds of fruits
and vegetables. The prices range from $.25 to $2.10 per pound. What is the
range of the amount of money that you could spend?
ELIMINATE CHOICES
A $3.00 to $29.40 B $3.50 to $30.24
An overestimate of your
cost is 15 3 3 5 45. C $3.60 to $30.24 D $3.60 to $45.00
An underestimate is
12 3 0.25 5 3. So, you
can eliminate choices SOLUTION
A and D.
STEP 1 Calculate the least total cost.
least total cost 5 14.4 lb 3 least cost per lb
C 5 14.4 3 0.25 5 $3.60
STEP 2 Calculate the greatest total cost.
greatest total cost 5 14.4 lb 3 greatest cost per lb
C 5 14.4 3 2.10 5 $30.24
c Answer The least cost for food is $3.60 and the greatest cost is $30.24. The
correct answer is C. A B C D
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4
9. What If? In Example 4, suppose you buy 16.8 pounds of fruits and
vegetables. What is the range of the amount you might spend?
2.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 22, 50, 51, 52, 53, and 65
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 7, 15, 23, 29, 49 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
VOCABULARY Round to the leading digit.
1. 3.5 2. 9.15 3. 18.06 4. 5.85
FINDING PRODUCTS Find the product. Check your answer.
SEE EXAMPLES 5. 0.4 3 0.03 6. 0.06 3 0.6 7. 0.8 3 3 8. 0.05 3 8
1 AND 2
9. 3.4 3 6.5 10. 9.3 3 8.1 11. 3.9 3 0.91 12. 0.7 3 0.01
on pp. 66–67
for Exs. 5–22 13. 78.1 3 4.4 14. 3.9 3 21.8 15. 0.14 3 0.09 16. 0.086 3 0.007
17. 94.2 3 0.14 18. 0.045 3 1.20 19. 25 3 0.052 20. 16.34 3 1.001
21. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error
made in finding the product of 6.21 and 0.04. 6.21 3 0.04 5 24.84
68 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
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50. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Laura has $10 to spend on nail polish. With tax,
each bottle costs $2.89. Can Laura buy 3 bottles of nail polish? Explain.
51. ★ WRITING Find the value of 5.31x
x for the following values of x: 0.001,
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000. Explain the pattern in the products.
52. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A marathon is 26.2 miles. You average 8.5 minutes
per mile. Which expression shows how many minutes it will take you?
A 26.2 4 8.5 B 26.2 3 8.5 C 26.2 2 8.5 D 26.2 1 8.5
53. ★ WRITING Describee how to use dimes and pennies to find 2 tenths of
$1.20. What number sentence does the model show?
SEE EXAMPLE 4 54. GASOLINE A car needs 8.7 gallons of gasoline to have a full tank. The
on p. 68 prices range from $2.79 to $2.99 per gallon. What is the range of the
for Ex. 54 amount of money that it costs to put 8.7 gallons of gasoline in the car?
55. MEASUREMENT The objects below have been magnified. Their actual
width A is much smaller. Measure each object in millimeters.
Pollen Algae Blood cell
A ⫽ 0.0013 ⫻ width shown A ⫽ 0.0037 ⫻ width shown A ⫽ 0.0006 ⫻ width shown
a. Use your measurements to find the actual width A of each object.
b. Order the actual objects from least to greatest width.
56. CHALLENGE A store is selling crafts. The first week it prices 5 baskets
at $20 each. After each week, if a basket is not sold, it will be priced to
sell for 0.9 times the previous week’s price. The store needs to sell the
5 baskets for a total of at least $53. If all 5 baskets sell in the same week,
by the end of what week must they be sold?
MIXED REVIEW
Find the quotient. (p. 744)
Prepare for 57. 156 4 4 58. 357 4 7 59. 96 4 6 60. 1752 4 12
Lesson 2.4
in Exs. 57–60 Solve the equation using mental math. (p. 25)
61. d 1 8 5 17 62. 18 2 f 5 12 63. 5g 5 20 64. 72 4 h 5 9
65. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of 424.1 1 63.5? (p. 60)
A 1059.1 B 487.6 C 430.45 D 105.91
70 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.3, p. 777 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
2.4 Dividing
Decimals
Before You divided whole numbers.
Now You’ll divide decimals.
Why? So you can analyze the cost of the Louisiana Territory, as in Ex. 53.
KEY VOCABULARY Ticket Prices The cost of 11 tickets to see Blue Man Group was
• quotient, p. 744 $574.75. How much did each ticket cost?
• divisor, p. 744 You can use long division to divide a decimal by a whole number.
• dividend, p. 744 Divide as with whole numbers. Then line up the decimal points in the
• compatible quotient and the dividend.
numbers, p. 71
EXAMPLE 1 Dividing a Decimal by a Whole Number
To find the cost of each ticket as described above, divide 574.75 by 11.
52.25 Divide as you would with whole numbers.
}
11q574.75
55 Line up decimal point in quotient with
24 decimal point in dividend.
22
27
22
55
55
0 Stop dividing when you get a zero remainder.
c Answerr Each ticket cost $52.25.
ANOTHER WAY To check the reasonableness of a quotient, use compatible numbers.
You can also check your Compatible numbers are numbers that make a calculation easier.
answer by multiplying
the quotient and the 11 10 Round divisor to place of leading digit.
divisor to see if it equals
574.75 570 Round dividend to nearest multiple of 10.
the dividend:
52.25 3 11 5 574.75.
Because 570 4 10 5 57, the quotient in Example 1 is reasonable.
Math at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1
Find the quotient. Then check your answer.
1. 20.1 4 3 2. 64.35 4 5 3. 380.32 4 4
2.4 Dividing Decimals 71
Dividing by a Decimal Notice the pattern in the equations below.
64352 60 4 30 5 2 600 4 300 5 2 6000 4 3000 5 2
The quotient remains the same when the divisor and the dividend are
both multiplied by the same power of 10. You can use this fact to divide
by a decimal.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Dividing by a Decimal
Words When you divide by a decimal, multiply both the divisor
and the dividend by a power of ten that will make the
divisor a whole number.
0.7
} }
Numbers 12.5q8.75 125q87.5
EXAMPLE 2 Dividing Decimals
Divide: a. 3.804 4 3.17 b. 8 4 1.6 c. 0.114 4 1.9
SOLUTION
} }
1.2
a. 3.17 q3.804 317q380.4 Multiply the divisor and dividend by 100;
317 move both decimal points two places to
63 4 the right.
63 4
Line up decimal points.
0
} }
5
b. 1.6q8.0 16q80 Multiply the divisor and dividend by 10;
80 move both decimal points one place to
0 the right. Write a zero as a placeholder in
the dividend.
}
0.06
}
AVOID ERRORS c. 1.9q0.114 19q1.14 Multiply the divisor and dividend by 10;
Don’t forget to write 1 14 move both decimal points one place to
zeros as placeholders 0 the right.
in the quotient.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2
Find the quotient.
4. 110.85 4 1.5 5. 0.234 4 0.3 6. 9 4 0.3 7. 0.208 4 5.2
8. Explain how the number line below can be used to check Example 2b.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
72 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
EXAMPLE 3 Rounding a Quotient
Collector’s Cards You buy a pack of 8 Collector’s cards for $2.15. Use a verbal
model to find the price of each card. Round to the nearest cent.
STEP 1 Price of Price of
4
Number of cards
5 F TCHE
R
1 card package in package C
S PITCHER
OU
STEP 2 Divide $2.15 by 8. 0.268
} S
OUTF
8q2.150
16
55
ROUND YOUR ANSWER 48
To round to the nearest
70
cent, or hundredth,
divide only until the 64
quotient reaches the 6 KEVIN
BAKER
thousandths’ place.
Then round. STEP 3 Round to the nearest cent: $.268 $.27
c Answerr The price of each card is about $.27.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3
9. What If? In Example 3, suppose there were 12 cards in the pack.
Find the price of each card. Round to the nearest cent.
2.4 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 40, 45, 47, 48, 65, and 66
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 11, 15, 43 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY What two compatible numbers would you use to
estimate the quotient 54.2 4 6.7?
FINDING QUOTIENTS Find the quotient. Then check your answer.
SEE EXAMPLES 2. 3.45 4 15 3. 9 4 7.2 4. 8.7822 4 3.57
1 AND 2
5. 0.3445 4 6.5 6. 172.2 4 82 7. 2199.24 4 41
on pp. 71–72
for Exs. 2–13 8. 1500.96 4 16 9. 7 4 1.4 10. 13 4 6.5
11. 367.7 4 3.677 12. 0.02997 4 9.99 13. 1.387 4 0.19
ROUNDING Find the quotient. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 14. 0.245 4 6 15. 12 4 6.4 16. 68 4 3.1
on p. 73
17. 37.857 4 7.5 18. 9.97 4 2.9 19. 18.01 4 3.28
for Exs. 14–22
20. 73.435 4 3.8 21. 23.5 4 0.66 22. 10.5 4 0.37
2.4 Dividing Decimals 73
23. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Explain your reasoning.
A. 22.5 4 18 B. 22.5 4 1.8 C. 225 4 18 D. 2.25 4 0.18
24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and
correct the error made in dividing
9.342 by 2.7.
ESTIMATION Use compatible numbers to estimate the quotient.
25. 104.26 4 4.98 26. 1206.47 4 29.2 27. 1.90 4 2.007
28. 32.158 4 14.974 29. 143.865 4 3.99 30. 15.4 4 2.461
31. 202.099 4 25.248 32. 36.794 4 9.018 33. 358.1 4 49.86
xy ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when x 5 8.5 and z 5 39.1.
z
34. 31.535 4 x 1 z x 2 0.23
35. } 36. 50z p 170.68 4 x
102
37. } 1 2z 38. x 2 58.65 4 z 39. 7(x 1 z) 4 9.8
3x
40. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the expression 2.4 1 5.6 4 0.02?
A 4.282 B 228.4 C 282.4 D 400
41. MODELING Copy the number line and show how to represent 0.8 4 0.2
to find the quotient.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
42. CHALLENGE Divide 3.24 by 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001. Multiply 3.24 by 10, 100,
and 1000. Explain the relationship. Writee a rule of this property.
PROBLEM SOLVING
43. CAR WASH Your class is holding a car wash
to raise money for a field trip. You earn
$4.75 for each car you wash. Estimate the
number of cars you need to wash to reach
your goal of $750.
44. WOOD How many pieces of wood
measuring 3.75 inches long can be cut from
a piece that is 30 inches long?
45. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You are knitting a scarf using 4 balls of yarn.
The yarn costs a total of $24.88. How much does 1 ball of yarn cost?
A $6.22 B $7.12 C $20.88 D $62.20
46. REASONING If you want to find out how many times heavier an alligator
is than an iguana, would you multiplyy or divide? Explain your reasoning.
74 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
47. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Copy the division problem at the }
32
right. Use estimation to place the decimal point in the 9.76q31.232
quotient. Explain your reasoning.
48. ★ WRITING Explain how to use a number line model to find 1.5 4 0.2.
Then explain how to use dimes and pennies to find $1.50 4 0.2.
A
49. GEOMETRY Use the formula w 5 } , where w is width,
l
l is length, and A is area. Find the width of the rectangle. A ⴝ 45.147 cm 2 w
l ⴝ 8.94 cm
READING IN MATH Read the passage below for Exercises 50–53.
Westward Expansion In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana
Territory, 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River, from
France for $15,000,000. The first of two payments to France for this land
was $11,250,000; the second was for $3,750,000. In 1867, the United States
purchased Alaska from Russia in one payment of $7,200,000.
3 cm ⫽ 1000 mi
3 cm ⫽ 1000 mi
50. Compare Use the maps to visually compare the sizes of the land areas
purchased. Then compare the prices paid for those land areas.
51. Estimate The United States purchased Alaska for about $.02 per acre.
About how many acres is Alaska?
52. Measurement Use the fact that 1 mi2 5 640 acres. Find the number of
square miles that were acquired in the purchase of Alaska.
53. Reasoning How much did the United States pay for each square mile
of the Louisiana Territory? for each square mile of Alaska? Which was a
better deal? Explain your reasoning.
54. REASONING The quotient of a and b is a whole number. Can a be a
decimal number if b is a whole number? Can b be a decimal number if
a is a whole number? Can both a and b be decimal numbers? Can the
quotient be greater than a? Justifyy your answers using examples.
2.4 Dividing Decimals 75
55. GEOMETRY A rectangle has a length of 12.3 feet and a width of 5.6 feet.
A second rectangle has a length of 49.2 feet and a width of 22.4 feet.
a. How many times as great as the perimeter of the smaller rectangle is
the perimeter of the larger rectangle?
b. Comparee the areas of the two rectangles.
56. CHALLENGE Describee the possible values of the digits a and b in the
}
quotient a.bq3.6 such that the quotient is greater than the dividend.
MIXED REVIEW
Evaluate the power. (p. 13)
Prepare for 57. 52 58. 43 59. 74 60. 35
Lesson 2.5
in Exs. 57–60 Find the product. Then check that your answer is reasonable. (p. 66)
61. 2.14 3 78.5 62. 0.89 3 43 63. 31.2 3 7.4 64. 46.5 3 0.032
65. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which number is one hundred thirty thousand,
seven hundred sixteen? (p. 735)
A 13,716 B 130,716 C 100,030,716 D 130,716,000
66. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which number is eleven thousand, seven hundred
twenty-four? (p. 735)
A 11,724 B 110,724 C 117,024 D 11,000,724
QUIZ for Lessons 2.1–2.4
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5. (p. 56)
1. 7.6 ? 7.63 2. 14.09 ? 14.1 3. 5.26 ? 5.260 4. 0.32 ? 0.0327
5. Round 38.4985 to the nearest hundredth. (p. 56)
Find the sum or difference. (p. 60)
6. 20.62 1 9.58 7. 8.56 1 16.4 8. 9.505 2 3.44 9. 80.1 2 17.95
10. SHOPPING You decide to buy a novel that costs $15.89, including tax. You
give the cashier a $20 bill. How much change should you receive? (p. 60)
Find the product or quotient. Then check your answer.
11. 9.58 3 6.19 (p. 66) 12. 3.45 3 1.66 (p. 66)
13. 3.374 4 0.35 (p. 71) 14. 0.329 4 28 (p. 71)
15. CHOCOLATE In 1998, the average American consumed 12.2 pounds of
chocolate. To the nearest hundredth pound, how much chocolate did
the average American consume in one month? (p. 71)
76 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.4, p. 777 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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2.5 Scientific Notation
Before You multiplied whole numbers by powers of 10.
Now You’ll read and write numbers using scientific notation.
Why? So you can express large numbers, as in Example 1.
KEY VOCABULARY Models Joseph King constructed a 23-foot model of
• scientific notation, the Eiffel Tower using 110,000 toothpicks. How can
p. 78 you use powers of 10 to write 110,000?
One way to write large numbers is to use scientific notation, as shown
below. Scientists write numbers in this form to make computations easier.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Using Scientific Notation
A number is written in scientific notation if it has the form c 3 10n where
c is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, and n is a whole number.
Standard
St d d form
f Product
P d t form
f Scientific
S i tifi notation
t ti
2,860,000 2.86 3 1,000,000 2.86 3 106
EXAMPLE 1 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
As described above, Joseph King used 110,000 toothpicks to construct his
VOCABULARY Eiffel Tower model. To write 110,000 in scientific notation, use powers of 10.
Powers of ten:
Standard form Product form Scientific notation
101 5 10
102 5 100 110,000 1.1 3 100,000 1.1 3 105
103 5 1000
5 decimal places 5 zeros Exponent is 5.
104 5 10,000
5
10 5 100,000 c Answer Joseph King used 1.1 3 105 toothpicks to make his model of the
6
10 5 1,000,000 Eiffel Tower.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1
Write the number in scientific notation.
1. 450,000 2. 6,310,000 3. 10,000,000,000
4. 97,200 5. 348,400,000 6. 700
78 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
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GOAL MATERIALS
Measure objects using • metric ruler
Use before Lesson 2.6 a metric ruler.
2.6 Measuring Length
The metric system is a decimal system of measurement. Two units of length
in the metric system are centimeterss and millimeters. To measure the length
of an object using centimeters and millimeters, use a metric ruler.
EXPLORE Measure the length of the tube of paint.
STEP 1 Line up the ruler so that the top of the tube lines up with the
0 centimeter mark.
The distance between consecutive
long tick marks is 1 centimeter
The distance between consecutive
short tick marks is 1 millimeter
STEP 2 Read the measurement. A millimeter is equal to one tenth
centimeter. Look for the tick mark closest to the end of the tube.
It is closest to the fourth tick mark after 8 centimeters. So, the
length of the tube of paint is 8.4 centimeters, or 84 millimeters.
P R AC T I C E Measure the length of the object in centimeters.
1. piece of chalk 2. pencil 3. staple
4. piece of paper 5. width of a belt 6. your shoe
D R AW C O N C L U S I O N S
7. REASONING Measure the objects in Exercises 1–6 in millimeters
instead of centimeters. What do you notice about the measurements?
8. ALGEBRA Use your observations in Exercise 7. Write a rule for relating
a length c of an object in centimeters to its length m in millimeters.
9. WRITING Explain why measuring to the nearest millimeter is more
precise than measuring to the nearest centimeter.
2.6 Measuring in Metric Units 83
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SEE EXAMPLE 4 28. 29.
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for Exs. 28–31
30. 31.
2.0 L
0.5 L 1.5 L
★ MULTIPLE CHOICE In Exercises 32–34, choose the letter of the most
reasonablee measurement.
SEE EXAMPLE 5 32. What is the perimeter of a doormat?
on p. 86
for Exs. 32–34
A 5 cm B 0.3 m C 2.5 m D 30 m
33. What is the mass of a toothpick?
A 1 mg B 100 mg C 10 g D 1 kg
34. What is the capacity of a birdbath?
A 90 mL B 2L C 50 L D 2 kL
35. ERROR ANALYSIS A student claims that the mass of a desk is about
400 grams. Is this a reasonable estimate? Explain your reasoning.
MATCHING Match the object with the appropriate measurement.
36. cell phone 37. paper cup 38. snowboard 39. light bulb
A. 20 g B. 80 g C. 100 cm D. 240 mL
40. CHALLENGE Name an object that has a large capacity and a small mass.
Name an object that has a small capacity and a large mass.
PROBLEM SOLVING
NUMBER SENSE In Exercises 41–43, copy and complete using 3, 30, or 300.
41. WHEELBARROWS An empty wheelbarrow has a mass of about ? kg.
42. BANANAS Two bananas have a mass of ? g.
43. STAMPS A postage stamp has a mass of about ? mg.
44. WOOD Find the length of the piece
of wood shown at the right.
88 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
45. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which capacity could be used to describe the
amount of syrup in two syrup bottles?
A 500 L B 50 mL C 20 L D 500 mL
46. ★ WRITING Julia thinks that the mass of a volleyball is about 300 grams.
Her friend Bailey thinks that its mass is about 3 kilograms. Who is right?
Explain your reasoning.
47. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Use benchmarks to order the measurements
from least to greatest: 1 kg, 5 g, 10 kg, 50 mg. Explain your choice of
benchmarks.
48. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You want to determine
how much flour will fit into a container. Do you
need to know the masss or the capacityy of the
container? Would an appropriate measuring
tool be a scale, a measuring cup, or a tablespoon?
Explain your reasoning.
49. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Find benchmarks other
than those given on page 86 for 1 milliliter, 1 liter,
and 1 kiloliter.
50. CHALLENGE You measure an object to the nearest gram. You find the
measurement to be 8 grams. You then measure the same object to the
nearest tenth of a gram. Describee the range of possible measurements.
Explain your reasoning.
51. CHALLENGE A pool designed for swimming laps is 12 feet wide by
24 feet long by 4 feet deep. Describee the process you would use to
estimate the capacity of the pool in liters.
MIXED REVIEW
Write the number in scientific notation. (p. 78)
Prepare for 52. 12,500 53. 350,400 54. 10,600,000
Lesson 2.7
in Exs. 52–57 55. 2000.1 56. 154,000 57. 600
Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest. (p. 736)
58. 59, 51, 9, 15, 19 59. 100, 101, 110, 10 60. 233, 322, 323, 232
Multiply and divide by powers of 10.
61. 3.9 3 1000 (p. 66) 62. 95 3 10,000 (p. 66) 63. 0.072 3 10 (p. 66)
64. 5280 4 107 (p. 71) 65. 273 4 100 (p. 71) 66. 5.185 4 1000 (p. 71)
67. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which statement is nott true? (p. 56)
A 4.2 > 2.4 B 1.08 > 1 C 2.07 < 2.070 D 3.6 < 3.73
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.6, p. 777 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 89
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55. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Fifty mini-lights are equally spaced on
a string of lights 7.5 meters long. There is a light at one end,
and 15 centimeters between the last light and the plug
at the other end. How many centimeters are between
each light? Explain.
56. CHALLENGE Show two ways to find the area, in square
centimeters, of a rectangle with a length of 4.5 meters
and a width of 2.25 meters.
MIXED REVIEW
Find the sum. (p. 60)
Prepare for 57. 2.1 1 3.02 1 7.59 58. 11.02 1 43.89 1 4 59. 0.034 1 0.34 1 3.4
Lesson 3.1
in Exs. 57–62 60. 18.04 1 1.117 1 0.009 61. 5.57 1 0.06 1 1.73 62. 8 1 6.14 1 4.35
Copy and complete the statement. (p. 752)
63. 8 h 5 ? min 64. 3 d 5 ? h 65. 32 min 5 ? sec
66. 120 min 5 ? h 67. 35 d 5 ? wk 68. 360 sec 5 ? min
69. ★ SHORT RESPONSE What is the appropriate metric unit for the mass
of a large dog? Explain your reasoning. (p. 84)
QUIZ for Lessons 2.5–2.7
1. Write 987,000 in scientific notation. (p. 78)
2. EARTH’S CORE Beneath Earth’s crust, there are 3 layers. The mantlee is
1.8 3 103 miles thick, the outer coree is 1.4 3 103 miles thick, and the
inner coree is 8 3 102 miles thick. Which layer is the thickest? (p. 78)
Copy and complete using the appropriate metric unit. (p. 84)
3. A skateboard is 85 ? long. 4. The mass of a pencil is 10 ? .
Copy and complete the statement. (p. 90)
5. 3200 mg 5 ? g 6. 16 L 5 ? mL 7. 57 cm 5 ? mm
8. PUMPKIN CONTEST A pumpkin contest is held at a county fair.
The pumpkin with the greatest mass is declared the winner. Which
pumpkins will be awarded first, second, and third place? (p. 90)
Name Orange 1 Stumpy Pie Guy Pumped Up Miss P.
Mass 18,000 g 45 kg 6300 g 37.5 kg 40,000 g
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.7,
7 p. 777 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 95
STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 2.5–2.7
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are comparing 5. SHORT RESPONSE Choose the greatest
two frozen fruit smoothie kits. Kit A makes capacity: 1 kL, 5 L, 10 kL, 50 mL. Express your
two 2-liter batches of smoothies. Kit B makes answer in milliliters.
eight 400-milliliter glasses of smoothies.
a. Find the total volume, in liters, that Kit A 6. SHORT RESPONSE The rectangle shown
makes. Find the total volume, in milliliters, is the actual size of a tile for a mosaic box.
that Kit B makes. Measure its dimensions in centimeters. What
is the tile’s area? What is its perimeter?
b. Change the amount that Kit A makes to
milliliters.
c. Compare the two amounts. Which mix will
make more smoothies?
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM In 2004, the distance 7. GRIDDED ANSWER Sanjay buys 8.75 liters
for the 20-stage Tour de France race was of juice for a party. He pours exactly 250 mL
3,385 kilometers. into each of 10 glasses. How many more
a. Write the distance of the race in meters. 250 mL glasses could he pour?
b. Write distance from part (a) in scientific
notation. 8. EXTENDED RESPONSE You are making
c. After 10 stages, the distance traveled is friendship bracelets out of colored string.
1840.5 kilometers. How many meters For each bracelet, you need 75 centimeters
are left in the race? Write your answer in of string. Each meter of string costs $.49.
scientific notation. Is $5 enough to buy string for 12 bracelets?
Explain your reasoning.
3. SHORT RESPONSE Use scientific notation to
9. SHORT RESPONSE When Earth is at the
express the height of the fence in millimeters.
point in its orbit farthest from Jupiter, light
from Jupiter’s moons takes 16 minutes
32 seconds longer to get to Earth than when
Earth is at its closest point. The difference
in distance between these two points is
2.98 3 1011 meters. Use the distance formula,
d 5 rt, to calculate the speed of light in
meters per second. Explain your reasoning.
1.372 m
10. OPEN-ENDED It is recommended that a
teenager’s diet include 1.2 grams of calcium
each day. Design a way to fit servings of these
items into three meals that meet or slightly
4. SHORT RESPONSE A satellite takes a photo exceed the daily recommendations.
using a scale of 4.33 3 104 meters per
centimeter and a second photo using a Food Calcium
scale of 44.316 3 103 meters per centimeter. 1 cup of milk 300 mg
Which photo shows greater detail? Are both 1 cup of cooked broccoli 070 mg
numbers written in scientific notation?
1 slice of cheese 200 mg
Justifyy your reasoning.
6 oz yogurt 275 mg
96 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
2 CHAPTER REVIEW classzone.com
Vocabulary Practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
• decimal, p. 56 • meter, p. 84 • kilogram, p. 85
• front-end estimation, p. 61 • millimeter, p. 84 • liter, p. 86
• leading digit, p. 66 • centimeter, p. 84 • milliliter, p. 86
• compatible numbers, p. 71 • kilometer, p. 84 • kiloliter, p. 86
• scientific notation, p. 78 • gram, p. 85
• metric system, p. 84 • milligram, p. 85
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Give three examples of decimals.
2. What is the leading digit of 0.0398?
3. What is the difference between scientific notation and standard form?
In Exercises 4–6, copy and complete the statement.
4. Milliliters, liters, and kiloliters are metric units of ? .
5. The ? is the basic unit of length in the metric system.
6. The ? is the basic metric unit of capacity.
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES
2.1 Comparing,
p g Ordering,
g and Rounding
g Decimals pp. 56–59
pp
EXAMPLE
Compare 14.3 and 14.14.
The tens’ and ones’ digits are the same.
14.30
Write a zero as a placeholder.
14.14
The tenths’ digits are different. 3 > 1, so 14.30 > 14.14.
EXERCISES
In Exercises 7–9, copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5.
SEE EXAMPLES 7. 8.54 ? 8.55 8. 6.11 ? 6.01 9. 0.051 ? 0.006
1, 2, AND 3
10. Order 1.11, 1.01, 0.01, 1.1, 0.11, and 0.1 from least to greatest.
on pp. 56–57
for Exs. 7–11 11. Explain how to round a decimal to the nearest hundredth.
Chapter Review 97
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2.6 Measuring
g in Metric Units pp. 84–89
pp
EXAMPLE
Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate metric unit:
The mass of a DVD is 22 ? .
The mass of a DVD is greater than the mass of 22 grains of sugar (22 mg),
and it is less than the mass of 22 textbooks (22 kg). Because a good estimate
for the mass of a DVD is 22 paper clips, the appropriate metric unit is grams.
c Answer The mass of a DVD is 22 grams.
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLES Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate metric unit.
1, 2, 3, AND 4
55. The length of a parking space is 5.1 ? . 56. The mass of an insect is 15 ? .
on pp. 84–86
for Exs. 55–60
Match the object with the appropriate measurement.
57. stapler 58. popsicle stick 59. computer keyboard 60. bottle
A. 12 cm B. 3 L C. 42 cm D. 75 g
2.7 Converting
g Metric Units pp. 90–95
pp
EXAMPLE
Copy and complete the statement.
a. 32 g 5 ? mg b. 1300 mL 5 ? L
To convert from grams to milligrams, To convert from milliliters to liters,
multiply by 1000. divide by 1000.
32 3 1000 5 32,000 1300 4 1000 5 1.3
So, 32 g 5 32,000 mg. So, 1300 mL 5 1.3 L.
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLES Copy and complete the statement.
1, 2, AND 3
61. 7 cm 5 ? m 62. 802 L 5 ? mL 63. 9.4 mg 5 ? kg
on pp. 90–91
for Exs. 61–69
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5.
64. 240 cm ? 24 m 65. 9800 mg ? 9.798 g 66. 4.302 kL ? 4320 L
67. 57 g ? 0.57 kg 68. 762 mL ? 7.62 L 69. 1.450 m ? 1450 mm
100 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
2 CHAPTER TEST classzone.com
Chapter Test Practice
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5.
1. 12.01 ? 12.101 2. 34.05 ? 34.04 3. 6.29 ? 6.3
Find the sum, difference, product, or quotient.
4. 4.88 1 219.405 5. 6.67 1 2.36 6. 6 2 2.65 7. 30.105 2 9.9
8. 0.94 3 0.63 9. 0.009 3 0.9 10. 0.16 3 8 11. 0.72 3 0.146
12. 60.25 4 5 13. 53.756 4 8.9 14. 0.291 4 9.7 15. 0.084 4 0.2
16. Evaluate 5.7 1 2.8 4 x when x 5 0.04.
17. Write 786,000 in scientific notation.
18. Write 8.2 3 106 in standard form.
Copy and complete the statement.
19. 8.7 cm 5 ? mm 20. 28 kL 5 ? L 21. 1.7 g 5 ? kg
22. CURRENCY The exchange rates in U.S. dollars for several currencies are
shown below. Write the values in order from least to greatest.
E.U. euro U.S. dollar Canadian dollar Mexican peso Japanese yen
0.8375 1 1.1648 10.767 114.18
23. SCHOOL SUPPLIES You are shopping for
school supplies. You have $12. Can you
buy everything on the list? Assume that
there is no sales tax.
Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate metric unit.
24. The mass of a crayon is 25 ? . 25. The height of a giraffe is 5 ? .
26. Find the length of the eraser shown.
cm
cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
27. REFRESHMENTS You offer to bring soda to 30 people at a fundraiser.
How many 2-liter bottles of soda do you need to bring so that every
person but you can have two 300-mL glasses of soda? Explain your
reasoning.
Chapter Test 101
2
Scoring Rubric EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS
Full Credit
• solution is complete
and correct
PROBLEM
Partial Credit
• solution is complete, FUNDRAISER Your class is selling refreshments at a school dance to raise
but errors are made, money for a class trip. You buy ten 2-liter bottles of soda. Each bottle
or
• solution is without costs $1.29. The soda is served in 250-milliliter plastic cups for $.75 a cup.
error, but incomplete How much money will you raise for your class trip by selling all of the
No Credit soda? Explain your reasoning.
• no solution is given,
or
• solution makes no
sense Below are sample solutions to the problem. Read each solution and the
comments in blue to see why the sample represents full credit, partial
credit, or no credit.
SAMPLE 1: Full Credit Solution
The amount of money raised by selling soda at a school dance is equal to
This reasoning is the key
the total soda sales minus the cost of buying the soda.
to choosing the correct
problem solving plan.
Find the total soda sales.
The steps are clearly
Total millimeters of soda in ten 2-liter bottles:
stated and reflect correct Total amount of soda: 10 bottles 3 2 L 5 20 L 5 20,000 mL
mathematical reasoning.
Number of cups poured:
Number of cups: 20,000 mL 4 250 mL 5 80
Total soda sales:
Total soda sales 5 Number of cups p Price of each cup
5 80(0.75)
5 $60
All of the calculations are
correct.
Find the total cost of buying the soda.
Total cost of soda 5 Number of bottles p Cost per bottle
5 10(1.29)
5 $12.90
Find the amount of money raised.
Subtract the total cost from the total sales.
Money raised: $60 2 $12.90 5 $47.10
A total of $47.10 will be raised for the class trip by selling all of the soda.
The answer is correct.
102 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
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2
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1. The ingredients for a punch recipe are
shown. You plan to serve the punch
in cups that hold 225 milliliters. How
many cups will the recipe fill? If you
make 1.5 times the recipe, will you
need 1.5 as many cups? Explain.
2. You have $30 to spend at a flower shop. You want to buy a bouquet of tulips
for $10.99, a bouquet of lilies for $15.99, and a basket of assorted flowers for
$14.50. Use estimation to determine whether you have enough money. If
not, what combinations of flowers can you afford? Explain your reasoning.
3. Dan is competing in a duathlon that consists of a 5-kilometer run, a
33-kilometer bike, and another 5-kilometer run. He wants to complete the
event in 1 hour 25 minutes. Dan takes 16 minutes 21 seconds to complete
the first run and 48 minutes 5 seconds to complete the bike. What is Dan’s
average rate of speed for the first run? Round your answer to the nearest
tenth meter per second. Does he have to run the second 5-kilometer run
at a faster rate than the first to complete the event in the desired time?
Explainn your reasoning.
4. A city wants to build a patio around a rectangular reflecting pool in a park,
as shown. Estimates for the cost per square foot of two surfaces are given
in the table. The city would prefer to use flagstone, but cannot exceed
its budget of $3500 for the patio. Which surface would you recommend?
Explain your reasoning.
Type of surface Cost per square foot
flagstone $11.25
12 ft 20 ft
concrete paver $9.75
20 ft
28 ft
5. Light travels about 300,000 kilometers per second. It takes about
500 seconds for light to travel from the sun to Earth.
a. Use the distance formula d 5 rtt to approximate the distance between
the sun and Earth. Write your answer in standard form and in scientific
notation.
b. The distance between Pluto and the sun is about 39.3 times greater than
the distance between Earth and the sun. About how far is Pluto from the
sun? Write your answer in scientific notation.
c. How many times longer does it take for sunlight to travel to Pluto than
to Earth? Explain your reasoning.
104 Chapter 2 Decimal Operations
STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
MULTIPLE CHOICE GRIDDED ANSWER
6. About how long is an unsharpened pencil? 9. At a video rental store, it costs $3.50 to rent
a DVD and $3.15 to rent a video game. You
A 20 mm B 20 cm
have a coupon that allows you to rent
C 50 cm D 200 cm 2 DVDs for the price of one. How much will
it cost to rent 2 DVDs and 2 video games?
7. The prices for making copies at a self-
service copy center are listed in the table 10. You bought a bag of apples for $5.85.
below. How much will it cost you to make Apples cost $1.80 per pound. How many
7 copies of a 30-page report? pounds of apples did you buy?
A $2.40 Copies Price per copy 11. What is the total area of the figure below in
B $10.50 1–100 $.08 square kilometers?
C $12.60 101–200 $.06 11,000 m
D $16.80 over 200 $.05
4 km
5.5 km
8. Which statement is nott true? 7 km
A 500 mL < 5 L B 6 g 5 6000 mg
12. A small bottle contains 325 milliliters of
C 3.5 m > 350 km D 17 cm > 17 mm juice. A large bottle contains 0.5 liter of
juice. How many more milliliters does the
large bottle hold than the small bottle?
SHORT RESPONSE
13. A baseball player’s batting average is the quotient Player Hits At-bats
of the player’s hits and the number of times at
Mary 7 20
bat, written as a decimal between 0 and 1. Which
of the players in the table has the best batting Leah 12 33
average? Explain your reasoning. Emily 7 25
Erica 6 24
14. You bought a spool of ribbon that contains
1.5 meters of ribbon. A craft project requires
35 centimeters of ribbon. How many 35 centimeter strips are in the spool?
How much ribbon is left over? Explain your reasoning.
15. Carlene makes greeting cards. She spends $.30 for the materials to make
one card. She sells the cards for $1.50 each. How much profit will she make
if she sells 30 cards? How many cards should she sell to earn $50 in profit?
Explain how you found your answer.
16. The perimeter of the rectangular artist’s canvas
shown at the right is 152.6 centimeters. What is 15.3 cm
the area of the canvas? If you had been given the
area instead of the perimeter, could you find
the perimeter? Explain.
Standardized Test Practice 105
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WRITTEN IN NUMERICAL ORDER )F A DATA SET HAS AN EVEN NUMBER OF VALUES
THE MEDIAN IS THE MEAN OF THE TWO MIDDLE VALUES
4HE MODE OF A DATA SET IS THE VALUE THAT OCCURS MOST OFTEN ! DATA SET
CAN HAVE NO MODE ONE MODE OR MORE THAN ONE MODE
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOHB.FBO
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g
of a data set is the difference between the greatest value and the least value.
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Median, Mode, and Range
Find the median, mode(s), and range of the numbers below.
64 60 64 38 52 65 61 48
SOLUTION
Write the data in order, least to greatest: 38 48 52 60 61 64 64 65
AVOID ERRORS Median: Because there is an even number of data values, the median is the
Make sure you first mean of the two middle values.
order a set of data
60 1 61 121
when finding the Median 5 } 5} 5 60.5
median. 2 2
Mode: The number that occurs most often is 64.
Range: Find the difference between the greatest and the least values.
Range 5 65 2 38 5 27
EXAMPLE 3 Choosing the Best Measure
Dance-a-Thon You receive the pledge
amounts listed below for your
participation in a dance-a-thon.
Which measure best represents the
pledge amounts?
$1 $8 $12 $10 $45 $9 $1 $7 $6
SOLUTION
1 1 8 1 12 1 10 1 45 1 9 1 1 1 7 1 6
STEP 1 Find the mean: }}}} 5 $11
9
The mean suggests that most pledges are greater than they actually are.
STEP 2 Find the median: 1 1 6 7 8 9 10 12 45
The median is $8. It is the middle value of the nine values.
STEP 3 Find the mode: The pledge that occurs most often is $1.
The mode suggests that most pledges are less than they actually are.
STEP 4 Find the range: $45 2 $1 5 $44
The range suggests that the data are more evenly spaced than they are.
c Answer The median best represents the pledge amounts.
110 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice
City Parks A city council paid about $300 for 15 new trees for one of its
parks. Two years later, 5 of the trees die and are replaced for $120. What
is the mean cost of all the trees?
ELIMINATE CHOICES
A $20 B $21 C $24 D $420
Choice D can be
eliminated because
$420 is the totall cost
of all the trees.
SOLUTION
To find the mean cost of the trees, divide the sum of the costs by the total
number of trees purchased.
300 1 120 420
Mean 5 } 5} 5 21
20 20
c Answer The mean cost of the trees is $21.
The correct answer is B. A B C D
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2, 3, and 4
Find the median, mode(s), and range.
3. 9, 13, 19, 14, 16, 11, 7, 6, 13 4. 18, 52, 23, 79, 66, 17, 20, 10
5. What If? In Example 3, you receive three more pledges of $15, $20,
and $22. Which measure best represents the pledge amounts?
6. What are the mode and median costs of the trees in Example 4?
3.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 13, 25, 26, 30, 31, 34, 36, and 44
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 9, 13, 25 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
VOCABULARY Tell whether the statement is true
e or false.
1. The value that occurs the most often in a data set is the mode.
2. The range of a data set is the sum of the greatest and the least values.
FINDING AVERAGES AND RANGE Find the mean, median, mode(s), and range
of the data.
SEE EXAMPLES 3. 17, 30, 38, 38, 42 4. 4, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 22
1 AND 2
5. 108, 490, 502, 502, 502, 518 6. 20, 26, 31, 42, 44, 47, 51, 75
on pp. 109–110
for Exs. 3–12 7. 46, 23, 63, 23, 81, 75, 46 8. 9, 63, 87, 45, 8, 87, 25, 12
9. 1.1, 0, 3, 2.8, 4.6 10. 7.6, 7.6, 6.1, 6, 14.3
11. 5.1, 5.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2 12. 68.4, 65.7, 63.9, 79.5, 52.5
3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode 111
SEE EXAMPLE 2 13. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The data below are the number of televisions that
on p. 110 11 students have in their homes. Find the mode of the data.
for Exs. 13–14
3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 5, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and
correct the error made in finding
the median of the data set.
AVERAGES Find the three averages. Tell which average best represents the data.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 15. College class ages: 19, 17, 34, 22, 25, 54, 43, 23, 21, 28, 22, 31
on p. 110
for Exs. 15–18
16. Minutes waited in line at an amusement park: 11, 24, 16, 65, 5, 0, 35, 20, 45
17. Ages of players on a Little League team: 11, 11, 13, 13, 12, 13, 11, 12, 10,
13, 13.
18. Number of after-school activities for 10 students: 4, 1, 2, 7, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 9.
xy ALGEBRA Find the value of x that makes the mean the given number.
19. 5, 8, 9, 4, 1, x; mean 5 5 20. 12, 7, 18, 15, 11, 9, x; mean 5 12
21. 3.5, 1.5, 2.4, 4.6, 6.8, x; mean 5 4.3 22. 3.0, 5.1, 9.8, 11.2, 12.5, 9.3, x; mean 5 8.5
23. CHALLENGE Find five numbers with a mean of 16, a median of 15, a mode
of 21, and a range of 11.
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 4 24. DOLPHIN RESORT The following list shows how
on p. 111 many dolphins at a resort for wild dolphins
for Exs. 24–26 were present for the feeding session each day
for a month. What is the most common number
of dolphins that attended the feeding sessions?
7, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8, 6, 8,
4, 6, 10, 8, 8, 7, 5, 5, 5, 5, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8
25. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The amount of money you earned each week
from baby-sitting is listed below. Find the mean of the data.
$15 $20 $10 $15 $20 $15 $15 $10
A $10 B $15 C $20 D $25
26. ★ WRITING A basketball team purchases 9 shirts, 9 pairs of basketball
shoes, and 2 basketballs for the team. If the shirts cost $12 each, the shoes
cost $65 each, and the balls cost $19 each, what is the mean of the total cost
of the new gear? Explain why the median and mode are not acceptable to
consider when figuring the average cost of one piece of new gear.
112 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
EARRINGS In Exercises 27 and 28, use the following information.
Sixteen girls were asked how many pairs of earrings they own.
The results are listed below.
23, 27, 12, 20, 11, 9, 5, 10, 16, 32, 14, 31, 13, 8, 37, 32
27. Find the mean, median, mode(s), and range.
28. Which measure best represents the data? Explain
your reasoning.
29. INDY 500 The table shows the speeds of the fastest qualifiers in the
Indy 500 each year for 1999–2004. Find the median and mean rounded
to the nearest thousandth. Which average better represents the speeds?
Which 3 consecutive years had the least range? Explain.
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Speed (mi/h) 225.179 223.471 226.037 231.342 231.725 222.024
30. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You have 7 baseball cards worth a total $30. A few
weeks later you add 5 cards to your collection with a combined value of
$12. What is the average value of each card?
A $2.40 B $2.60 C $3.50 D $8.40
31. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Find the mode(s) of the following colors: red, yellow,
red, blue, blue, yellow, red, blue, yellow, red. Why is the mode the only
appropriate average?
MEMBERSHIP The line plot shows the ages of
students in a comic book club.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 32. Find the mean, median, mode(s), and
on p. 110 range of the data.
for Exs. 32–35
33. Which measure best represents the
10 11 12 13 14 15
data? Explain your reasoning.
Comic Book Club
34. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE In which data set are the mean, median, mode,
and range all the same number?
A 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2 B 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1
C 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1 D 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3
35. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Sally’s scores on her science quizzes are
listed below.
86 78 70 68 95 81 85 89 95
a. Calculate Find the mean, median, mode(s), and range of the data.
b. Interpret Which measure best represents Sally’s scores? Explain your
reasoning.
c. Compare and contrast Sally receives a score of 100 on the next
quiz. How does this score affect the mean, median, and mode(s)
of Sally’s scores?
3.1 Mean, Median, and Mode 113
36. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Read the school news article below.
The student council surveyed
students about the number of
hours they spend on homework
each night. The responses
spanned 3 hours, falling
between 0 and 3 hours.
The typical response was
1 hour and the most frequent
response was 0.5 hour.
Which value in the paragraph represents the range? Which value represents
the mode? Can you tell whether or not the other value given is the mean or
the median? Explain your reasoning.
CHALLENGE Create a set of at least seven data values that meet the
conditions.
37. The mean is not a good average to represent the data.
38. The data include at least four different values, and all three averages are equal.
MIXED REVIEW
SURVEYS Use the bar graph showing the results Favorite Ice Cream Flavors
of a survey on favorite ice cream flavors. (p. 757)
Prepare for 16
Lesson 3.2 in 39. Which ice cream flavor is favored the most? 12
Exs. 39–41
Students
40. How many students favored strawberry?
b ? 8
4
41. Eleven students chose which flavor? 0
la
te
ug ie
ry
r
he
er
Do ok
nil
ola
h
Ot
Copy and complete the statement. (p. 90)
wb
Co
Va
oc
ra
Ch
St
42. 5 kg 5 ? g 43. 3.7 m 5 ? cm
44. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Write an expression using three different
operations that equal 12. (p. 8)
Brai
Brain
n Gam
Gamee
What’s My Age?
The median is 12. The mean is 21. The mode is 41.
114 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.1, p. 778 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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P INFORMATION ABOUT 7HEN IT IS DIFFICULT TO SURVEY AN ENTIRE POPULATION
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Survey Questions The questions asked on a survey should be phrased in a
way that reflects the opinions or actions of the people surveyed. If not, the
results may be biased.
EXAMPLE 2 Identifying Potentially Biased Questions
Tell whether the question could produce biased results. Explain.
a.
b.
SOLUTION
a. A response of “no” implies that this person disagrees with most people
his or her age and likes listening to “boring” classical music. Therefore,
the question encourages a response of “yes.” So, the question could
produce biased results.
b. This question assumes that the person responding knows the town’s
policy. Without information about the policy, the response may not be
an accurate opinion. So, the question could produce biased results.
EXERCISES for Examples 1 and 2
LIBRARIES A town wants to know if residents will favor a tax raise for a
library expansion. Tell if the method is likely to result in a biased sample.
Explain.
1. Ask people as they leave the library.
2. Ask every fifth person who enters the bookstore in town.
3. Ask every tenth person listed in the phone book.
4. Music A radio station wants to know what type of music its audience
would prefer to hear. Describee a sampling method that the radio station
can use that is not likely to result in a biased sample.
Tell whether the question could produce biased results. Explain.
5. Would you rather spend a Friday night with your friends at an exciting
movie or baby-sitting a crying baby?
6. How often do you read
d the
h school
h l newspaper??
7. The fewer trash cans that
h t a city
itt has,
h theth more litter
litt the
th city
it has.
h Should
Sh ld
our city include money in its budget for more trash cans?
8. Do you agree with this state’s
t t ’ process for
f getting
tti a driver’s
d i ’ license?
li ?
116 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
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INTERPRETING LINE GRAPHS The line graph
Average Gold Prices
shows the average price of gold for 1997–2003.
Price (dollars per ounce)
400
SEE EXAMPLE 3 12. About how many dollars per ounce was the
360
on p. 118 average price of gold in 1998? 320
for Exs. 12–15
13. Between what years did the average price 280
of gold decrease most sharply? 240
200
14. Estimate the total change in average gold 0
price from 1997 to 2003.
00
01
99
02
03
98
97
20
20
19
20
20
19
19
15. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which conclusion is
supported by the graph?
A The average price of gold was highest in 1997.
B The average price of gold increased from 1997 to 2001.
C The average price of gold was about the same in 1999 and 2000.
D The average price of gold decreased from 2001 to 2003.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 16. MAKING LINE GRAPHS Read the temperatures on the thermometers
on p. 119 and make a line graph of the data.
for Ex. 16
17. CHALLENGE Use the line graph for average gold prices above. The plotted
point in 2003 is about twice as far from the horizontal axis as the point
for 2001. Does this mean that the average price of gold in 2003 was twice
the average price of gold in 2001? Explain why or why not.
PROBLEM SOLVING
18. GUIDED PROBLEM SOLVING The table shows the average cost of a movie
ticket since 1940.
Average Cost of a Movie Ticket
Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Average Cost $.24 $.53 $.69 $1.55 $2.69 $ 4.23 $5.39
a. Draw a line graph to represent the data visually.
b. Compare the steepness of each of the line segments. Write a
statement that describes the change in cost over time.
3.2 Bar Graphs and Line Graphs 121
WEATHER The line graph shows the number Tornadoes in the United States
of tornadoes in the United States each year
for 1991–1997. 1400
1300
Tornadoes
SEE EXAMPLE 3 19. Between which years was the decrease 1200
on p. 118 in the number of tornadoes greater: 1100
for Exs. 19–20 1992–1993 or 1995–1996? Explain 1000
your answer. 0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20. Make a conclusion about the graph.
21. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The graph shows the average heights of boys and
girls at specific ages. Which conclusion is supported by the graph?
Average Height
80
Girls Boys
y
70
Inches
60
50
40
0
6 8 18
Age (years)
A Girls are taller than boys until the age of 14.
B Girls and boys grow the same amount each year.
C After the age of 14, boys grow faster than girls.
D Boys are always taller than girls.
22. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Ask the same number
of seventh and eighth graders in your school
what kind of pet(s) they have. Display the data
in a double bar graph. Make a conclusion
about your data.
23. REASONING Can the data collected in
Exercise 22 be displayed in a double line
graph? Explain.
NEWSPAPERS The table shows the circulation of daily newspapers each
year for 1999–2003, grouped by morning and evening papers.
SEE EXAMPLES 24. Make a double line graph of the data. Use Circulation (millions of papers)
3 AND 4 different colors for the morning and the
on pp. 118–119 Year Morning Evening
evening papers.
for Exs. 24–26 1999 46.0 10.0
25. Make a conclusion about how the
2000 46.8 9.0
circulation of morning and evening
papers changed from 1999 to 2003. 2001 46.8 8.8
2002 46.6 8.6
26. Predictt the circulation of morning
i and
d
evening papers for 2004 and beyond.
y 2003 46.9 8.3
122 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
27. ★ WRITING Is it more appropriate to make a double bar graph or a
double line graph to display the populations of two countries over time?
Explain your reasoning.
28. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The horizontal Length of Day
bar graph shows the length of a day (in
hours) for several planets. Neptune
a. Name three pairs of planets whose day Uranus
Planet
Saturn
lengths are most similar.
Jupiter
b. Make other conclusions about the data. Mars
c. As you go up the vertical axis, the Earth
planets become farther away from the 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
sun. Does the length of a planet’s day Hours
seem to be related to its distance from
the sun? Explain why or why not.
CHALLENGE The table shows the distance, to the nearest hundredth of a
meter, of the gold medal winning discus throw for both men and women
in the Olympics from 1976 to 2004.
Year 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Women 69.00 69.96 65.36 72.30 70.06 69.66 68.40 67.02
Men 67.50 66.64 66.60 68.82 65.12 69.40 69.30 69.89
29. Make a double line graph of the data.
30. Notice the varying steepness of each of the line segments. In which
years are the distances increasing the most? Decreasing the most?
What could this imply? Explain.
MIXED REVIEW
Make a line plot of the data. (p. 758)
Prepare for 31. 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 5, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 4 32. 10, 10, 14, 12, 10, 13, 14, 17, 12, 10, 12, 15
Lesson 3.3
In Exs. 31–32 Use a number line to order the numbers from least to greatest. (p. 736)
33. 29, 5, 23, 19, 0, 9 34. 32, 47, 40, 38, 34 35. 48, 47, 54, 60, 51
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5. (p. 56)
36. 5.15 ? 5.5 37. 1.78 ? 1.708 38. 2.01 ? 2.0100
Find the mean, median, and mode(s) of the data. (p. 109)
39. 6, 5, 11, 7, 9, 4 40. 3, 8, 15, 1, 8, 7, 10 41. 12, 10, 22, 5, 14, 5, 19, 12
42. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the perimeter of a square with side length
53 centimeters? (p. 32)
A 106 cm B 212 cm C 2809 cm D 2809 cm 2
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.2, p. 778 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 123
GOAL
Use after Lesson 3.2 Use spreadsheet
software to display
data in bar graphs and
line graphs.
3.2 Making Data Displays
E X A M P L E 1 The prices of the merchandise at a A B
concert are shown at the right. Use 1 Merchandise Price (dollars)
spreadsheet software to make a 2 Hat 15
vertical bar graph of the data. 3 Long-sleeve shirt 35
4 Poster 10
5 Sweatshirt 40
6 T-shirt 25
SOLUTION
STEP 1 Enterr the data in the first two columns of a Merchandise Prices
spreadsheet, as shown above. 50
Price (dollars)
40
30
STEP 2 Highlightt the data in cells A2:B6. The expression
20
A2:B6 refers to the rectangular array of cells that
10
has A2 and B6 at the corners.
0
sh eve
irt
t
Sw ter
ng Hat
hir
tsh
irt
s
e
T-s
Po
STEP 3 Use the Insert menu to insert a graph. Select
-sl
ea
Lo
a vertical bar graph, or column chart, as the
type of graph. Then choose the options for your
graph, such as the titles and labels.
STEP 4 Change other features of your graph after it has been created by
double clicking on the part of the graph that you wish to change
and adjusting the formatting.
P R AC T I C E Use spreadsheet software and the table, which shows the number of
shopping centers in Midwestern states.
1. Make a vertical double bar graph of the data. Follow Shopping Centers
the steps for a single bar graph, but highlight three
State 1999 2000
columns of data. Adjust the scale on the vertical axis
so that it starts at 600. Illinois 2146 2175
Indiana 918 926
2. Make a horizontal double bar graph of the data.
Follow the steps for a vertical bar graph but select Michigan 1039 1056
horizontal bar graph from the Insert menu. Ohio 1716 1741
Wisconsin 629 637
3. REASONING Make a conclusion about the number
of shopping centers in the states listed.
124 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
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83*5*/( #OMPARE THE DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURES FOR #HICAGO WITH
THOSE FOR THE CITY YOU SELECTED
410354 &IND THE NUMBER OF MEDALS AWARDED TO THE COUNTRY OF YOUR
CHOICE IN THE PAST FIVE 7INTER /LYMPICS 5SE THE PHRASE h)NTERNATIONAL
/LYMPICS #OMMITTEE 7INTER /LYMPICSv TO SEARCH FOR THE DATA 4HEN
MAKE A LINE GRAPH OF THE DATA
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11. CHALLENGE Find the median of the 41 2
stem-and-leaf plot at the right. Make a 42
mark where the median occurs. Find the 43 1 7
median of the lower half of the data and the 44 4 5 5 6 6 8
median of the upper half of the data. What 45 1 4 7 8 9
do these values tell you about the data? 46 0 1 2 3 Key: 41 2 5 41.2
PROBLEM SOLVING
U.S. PRESIDENTS The ages of recent U.S. Presidents at the time of their
inaugurations are listed below.
54 46 62 69 52 61 56 55 43 62 60 51 54 51
12. Make an ordered stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 13. ★ WRITING Make a conclusion about the data.
on p. 127 for
Exs. 13, 15–18 SKIING The data below show the times (in seconds) for the women’s super
giant slalom event at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
73.86 74.08 73.95 74.44 74.28 73.99 73.59 74.99
74.73 74.89 75.13 73.64 74.84 74.83 75.17
14. Make an ordered stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
15. ★ WRITING Make a conclusion about the data.
FAMILY REUNION The stem-and-leaf plot shows the ages of people at
a reunion.
0 2 5 5 7 9
1 1 1 3 4 7 9
2 2 5 7 8
3 2 3 4 4 9
4 0 2
5 3 7
6 0 1 Key: 5 3 5 53
16. How many people attended the reunion?
17. How old was the oldest person there?
18. ★ WRITING Make a conclusion about the data.
19. An outlierr is a data value that is much less than or much greater than
most of the other values in the data set. Suppose that a 98 year old great-
grandfather attended the reunion. Why do you think his age is an outlier?
20. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The stem-and-leaf plot shows 0 3
the number of video games sold at a store each day 1 0 0 2
over two weeks. Find the mean, median, mode(s), and 2 3 8 9
range of the data. Make a conclusion about the data. 3 0 2 5 5 7 9
4 1 Key: 2 8 5 28
3.3 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 129
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AND A MEDIAN OF
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( &9".1-& 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
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8 4HE NUMBER OF BUTTERFLIES SPOTTED BETWEEN !- AND !- IS
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IS ABOUT THE SAME AS THE NUMBER OF BUTTERFLIES SPOTTED BETWEEN
0- AND 0-
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3.5 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 25
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 7, 11, 13, 15 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: The ? of an interval is the number
of values that lie in the interval.
2. VOCABULARY Describee how a histogram differs from a bar graph.
MAKING FREQUENCY TABLES Copy and complete the frequency table.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. Ages of camp counselors: 4. Minutes spent on phone daily:
on p. 138 19, 23, 26, 23, 16, 20, 26, 19, 21, 9, 19, 9, 13, 20, 8, 9, 19, 6, 12,
for Exs. 3–6 24, 21, 17, 27, 25, 22, 17, 16, 25 6, 18, 20, 10, 13, 17, 9, 5, 16, 5
Interval Tally Frequency Interval Tally Frequency
16–18 ? ? ? ? ?
19–21 ? ? 9–12 ? ?
22–24 ? ? 13–16 ? ?
? ? ? 17–20 ? ?
5. ERROR ANALYSIS The prices of
televisions at a store are given below. Interval Tally Frequency
Describe and correct the error(s) in
the frequency table of the prices.
170, 135, 120, 175, 200, 260, 275, 160,
230, 165, 280, 150, 180, 280, 125, 100
6. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which intervals can be used to make a frequency
table of the lengths, in inches, of alligators at an alligator farm?
140, 127, 103, 140, 118, 100, 117, 101, 116, 129, 130, 105, 99, 143
A 90–110, 111–130, 131–150 B 91–110, 111–130, 131–150
C 90–110, 110–130, 130–150 D 81–100, 101–120, 121–140
MAKING HISTOGRAMS
ah
histogram of the data.
SEE EXAMPLES
7. MATH TEST SCORES FOR A CLASS: 70, 78, 68, 82, 91, 98, 76, 97, 89, 79, 88,
1 AND 2
on pp. 138–139
90, 85, 77, 84, 82, 90, 86, 93, 64, 94, 68, 86, 87
for Exs. 7–9
8. HEIGHTS (IN FEET) OF TREES: 5, 21, 18, 16, 8, 10, 16, 12, 21, 11, 7, 21, 19,
12, 13, 15, 8, 17, 11, 5, 9, 7, 20, 19
9. PRICES (IN DOLLARS) OF WICKER FURNITURE: 199, 329, 79, 149, 179, 149,
99, 69, 69, 99, 279, 129, 279, 79, 129, 189, 199, 79, 109, 89, 119, 119, 149, 99
3.5 Histograms 141
$)"--&/(& 7RITE A SURVEY QUESTION WHOSE RESULTS CAN BE DISPLAYED IN
A HISTOGRAM -AKE A PREDICTION ABOUT YOUR RESULTS 4HEN SURVEY YOUR
CLASS AND DISPLAY THE RESULTS IN A HISTOGRAM (OW DOES YOUR PREDICTION
COMPARE WITH YOUR RESULTS
130#-&.40-7*/(
3%% %8!-0,%3 (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 4HE HISTOGRAM
!.$ SHOWS THE YEARS THAT THE STATES WERE
POQQo ADMITTED TO THE 5NION (OW MANY
GPS&YTo STATES WERE ADMITTED DURING THE YEARS
n
6 7
8 9
(83*5*/( -AKE A CONCLUSION ABOUT
THE DATA DISPLAYED IN THE HISTOGRAM AT
THE RIGHT
(01&/&/%&%."5) -AKE A FREQUENCY TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF
CHAPTERS IN DIFFERENT TEXTBOOKS 7HAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU MAKE
8"-,*/(53"*-4 4HE FREQUENCY TABLE BELOW GROUPS THE LENGTHS IN MILES
OF HISTORICAL WALKING TRAILS IN THE 5NITED 3TATES
-AKE A HISTOGRAM OF THE DATA -FOHUI 'SFRVFODZ
(83*5*/( -AKE A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE DATA BASED
o
ON YOUR HISTOGRAM o
3&"40/*/( #AN YOU DETERMINE THE DATA VALUES BY
o
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o
(4)0353&410/4& 5SE THE FREQUENCY TABLE IN
%XERCISES n TO MAKE A NEW FREQUENCY TABLE WITH o
THE FOLLOWING INTERVALS n n n (OW
DOES CHANGING THE INTERVALS AFFECT THE HISTOGRAM
.6-5*1-&3&13&4&/5"5*0/4 4HE NUMBER OF MINUTES SPENT
ONLINE BY STUDENTS DURING ONE DAY ARE LISTED BELOW
A .BLFB5BCMF -AKE A FREQUENCY TABLE OF THE DATA
B .BLFB)JTUPHSBN -AKE A HISTOGRAM OF THE DATA
C .BLFB#PYBOE8IJTLFS1MPU -AKE A BOX AND WHISKER PLOT OF THE DATA
D $PNQBSF #OMPARE THE BOX AND WHISKER PLOT WITH THE HISTOGRAM
7HAT INFORMATION CAN YOU FIND IN THE BOX AND WHISKER PLOT THAT YOU
CANNOT FIND IN THE HISTOGRAM 7HAT INFORMATION CAN YOU FIND IN THE
HISTOGRAM THAT YOU CANNOT FIND IN THE BOX AND WHISKER PLOT
(45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$& )*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1BUDMBTT[POFDPN
19. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The point totals for each team in a Hawaiian
canoe racing regatta are listed below. The team with the most points wins.
72, 69, 65, 54, 45, 44, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32,
32, 29, 27, 24, 21, 20, 18, 14, 14, 14, 13,
12, 11, 10, 10, 9, 8, 7, 7, 4, 4, 1, 0
a. Make a histogram of the data. Explain how
you chose the intervals.
b. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
c. Comparee the stem-and-leaf plot from
part (b) with the histogram from part (a).
How are they similar in describing the
data? How are they different?
BUS DEPARTURES The histogram shows the number of departures from
a bus station during a 24-hour period beginning at 12:01 A.M.
20. Find a range for the possible number of bus
Bus Departures
departures that took place between 8:01 A.M.
and 2 P.M. 30
25
Departures
21. CHALLENGE From the histogram, can you 20
15
determine the number of departures that took 10
place between 4:01 P.M. and 4 A.M.? If so, find 5
0
this number. If not, explain why not.
4:0 .M.– 4 .
.– M.
.
12 .M.– .M.
8:0 P.M. .M.
8:0 .M. .M.
P.M
.M
P.
P
A
A
1A 4A
:01 12
1 P –8
12
1 A –8
4:0 .M.–
22. CHALLENGE Find a range for the possible
.M
P
A
1
:01
number of bus departures that took place
12
between 10:01 A.M. and 2 P.M.
MIXED REVIEW
CD TRACKS The number of tracks on 20 CDs are listed below.
Prepare for 21, 10, 11, 11, 17, 10, 17, 9, 13, 9, 13, 19, 20, 14, 12, 8, 9, 15, 10, 13
Lesson 3.6
in Exs. 23–25 23. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. (p. 126)
24. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data. (p. 133)
25. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Use the stem-and-leaf plot from Exercise 23 and
the box-and-whisker plot from Exercise 24 to make a conclusion about
the data. (p. 133)
Find the sum or difference. (p. 60)
26. 3.7 1 0.58 27. 0.413 1 8.07 28. 7.29 2 2.12 29. 5.02 2 1.76
30. 6.1 1 0.81 31. 7.6 1 0.5 32. 4.05 2 1.01 33. 8.13 2 1.75
Multiply. Then check that your answer is reasonable. (p. 66)
34. 6.283 3 7 35. 0.2 3 5.8 36. 9.2 3 4.99 37. 1.01 3 4.4
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 3.5, p. 778 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 143
3.6 Appropriate
Data Displays
Before You displayed data using several types of graphs.
Now You’ll choose an appropriate display for a data set.
Why? So you can display cycling data, as in Ex. 20.
KEY VOCABULARY
• bar graph, p. 117
ACTIVITY
• line graph, p. 118
• stem-and-leaf plot, STEP 1
p. 126
• box-and-whisker
plot, p. 133
• histogram, p. 139
STEP 2
Using appropriate data displays helps you make meaningful conclusions.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Appropriate Data Displays
Use a bar graph to display data in distinct categories.
Use a line graph to display data over time.
13
2 59 Use a stem-and-leaf plott to group data into ordered lists.
Use a box-and-whisker plott to display how the data are spread out.
Use a histogram to compare the frequencies of data that fall in
equal intervals.
EXAMPLE 1 Choosing an Appropriate Data Display
Bowling
g A professional bowler wants to display his scores for the year,
without displaying individual data. What data display(s) should he use?
c Answer A line plot or a stem-and-leaf plot will show data values. A line
USE A LINE PLOT? graph or bar graph will not show distribution. Only
y a box-and-whisker plot
Need help with line or a histogram will show how the data are distributed without showing
plots? See p. 758. individual data.
144 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
.JTMFBEJOH%BUB%JTQMBZT 9OU NEED TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY POTENTIALLY
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POTENTIALLY MISLEADING DATA DISPLAYS ARE SHOWN BELOW
! " # $
n
n
n
n
n
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IN BAR LENGTHS VERTICALLY THE CLUSTERING OF DATA
& 9 " . 1 - & *EFOUJGZJOH.JTMFBEJOH%BUB%JTQMBZT
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VERTICAL AXIS AS IT JUMPS FROM TO 4HE GRAPH INDICATES A SIGNIFICANT RISE
IN SALES (OWEVER THIS RISE WOULD LOOK LESS IMPRESSIVE IF THE VERTICAL AXIS DID
NOT HAVE A BREAK IN THE SCALE
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
$BS%FBMFSTIJQ ! CAR DEALERSHIP SELLS SEVEN MAKES OF CARS 7HICH DATA
DISPLAYS COULD BE USED TO COMPARE SALES FOR EACH MAKE OF CAR LAST YEAR
1SPGJUT ! STORE WANTS TO DISPLAY PROFITS FOR THIS QUARTER 7HICH TYPE OF
DATA DISPLAYS COULD BE USED TO COMPARE THIS QUARTERS PROFITS TO LAST
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3.6 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 7, 11, 12, 13, 25, and 37
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 5, 11, 13 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY List five data displays that you have learned.
2. VOCABULARY
Y Copy and complete: A ? is used to display data over time.
CHOOSING DISPLAYS In Exercises 3–5, choose an appropriate data display
for the data. Explain
n your choice.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. You want to display the lengths of the long distance phone calls that you
on p. 144 made last month so that the lengths are in four equal groups.
for Exs. 3–7
4. You want to display the change in heron population at a bird sanctuary
over the last five years.
5. You want to display the results of a survey that asked people to name
their favorite basketball team.
6. ERROR ANALYSIS A student wants to display the increasing value of a
savings account over the past 10 months. The student chooses a stem-
and-leaf plot to display the data. Describe and correct the error made in
choosing that display for the data.
7. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which data display would you use to compare
frequencies of data falling in equal intervals?
A Line plot B Stem-and-leaf plot
C Box-and-whisker plot D Histogram
MAKING DISPLAYS Tell which of the two given types of data displays
would not be appropriate for the set of data. Then make the appropriate
data display.
8. A line graph or a stem-and-leaf plot
Price for a Gallon of Gasoline at Different Gas Stations
$2.45 $2.25 $2.50 $2.31 $2.28 $2.46 $2.41
$2.29 $2.37 $2.19 $2.50 $2.27 $2.39 $2.44
9. A bar graph or a histogram
Ages of Students in a CPR Class
Interval 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69
Frequency 5 11 9 7 7 5
10. CHALLENGE Find a potentially misleading data display in a newspaper
or a magazine. Explain why the display could be misleading.
146 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
130#-&.40-7*/(
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POQ DONATIONS COLLECTED DURING A FUNDRAISER
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MISLEADING
6 "REAK IN THE VERTICAL AXIS
7 ,ARGE INCREMENTS ON THE VERTICAL AXIS
8 3MALL INTERVALS ON THE HORIZONTAL AXIS
9 "REAK IN THE HORIZONTAL AXIS
(4)0353&410/4& 4HE TEST GRADES FOR A SCIENCE CLASS ARE DISPLAYED IN
THE HISTOGRAM %XPLAIN WHY THE GRAPH COULD BE MISLEADING
(83*5*/( 3HOULD A BAR GRAPH OR A LINE GRAPH BE USED TO COMPARE THE
NUMBER OF RESTAURANTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES IN A CITY %XPLAIN
'"703*5&.&"-4 4HE GRAPH SHOWS THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY THAT ASKED
STUDENTS TO CHOOSE THEIR FAVORITE MEAL 4ELL WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE
OR FALSE %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
#HICKEN IS TWICE AS POPULAR AS BEEF 0ASTA IS TWICE AS POPULAR AS FISH
#HICKEN IS TWICE AS POPULAR AS FISH 3TUDENTS CHOSE BEEF TWICE AS OFTEN AS /THER
0ASTA IS TWICE AS POPULAR AS /THER "EEF IS MORE POPULAR THAN 0ASTA
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3
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DAYS CYCLISTS COMPETE IN STAGE RACES HELD
MOSTLY WITHIN THE BORDERS OF &RANCE ,ANCE
!RMSTRONG HAS WON THE 4OUR MORE TIMES THAN
ANY OTHER ATHLETE
4HE TABLE SHOWS THE LENGTHS IN KILOMETERS OF EACH
OF THE RACING STAGES OF THE 4OUR DE &RANCE
4UBHF
,N
4UBHF
,N
$SFBUFB%JTQMBZ $RAW A BOX AND WHISKER PLOT STEM AND LEAF PLOT
AND A LINE GRAPH OF THE DATA IN THE TABLE
$PNQBSF #OMPARE THE RESULTS YOU GET FROM EACH OF THE DISPLAYS
8SJUJOH 7HAT INFORMATION ARE YOU ABLE TO READ OFF ONE DISPLAY THAT YOU
CANNOT READ OFF ANOTHER %XPLAIN
.6-5*45&1130#-&. 4HE GRAPH SHOWS
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5NITED 3TATES
A *OUFSQSFU !BOUT HOW MANY TIMES MORE
WASTE WAS RECYCLED IN THAN IN
B "OBMZ[F !BOUT HOW MANY TIMES GREATER
IS THE AREA OF THE RECYCLE BIN FOR THAN
THE AREA OF THE RECYCLE BIN FOR $OES
THIS AGREE WITH YOUR ANSWER TO PART A
C .BLF$PODMVTJPOT %XPLAIN WHY THE GRAPH
COULD BE MISLEADING
$0--&$5%"5" !SK AT LEAST STUDENTS HOW MANY #$S THEY OWN
#HOOSE A DATA DISPLAY FOR THE DATA %XPLAIN YOUR CHOICE 4HEN DISPLAY
THE DATA AND MAKE CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE DATA
(01&/&/%&%."5) 'IVE AN EXAMPLE OF DATA THAT CAN BE DISPLAYED IN
A LINE GRAPH BUT NOT IN A BAR GRAPH AND OF DATA THAT CAN BE DISPLAYED IN
$2!7 6%.. A HISTOGRAM BUT NOT IN A LINE GRAPH %XPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS
$)!'2!-3
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ESBXJOH7FOO 3PANISH AND STUDENTS TAKE 'ERMAN %IGHT STUDENTS TAKE BOTH &RENCH
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$)004&"453"5&(: 5SE A STRATEGY FROM THE LIST TO SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
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9OU ARE BUYING ART SUPPLIES TO MAKE SIGNS FOR
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A CAR WASH %ACH PIECE OF POSTER BOARD COSTS
N 'UESS #HECK AND 2EVISE e#,+(
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH OF THE FOLLOWING COMPLETES THE STATEMENT
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803,8&&, 4HE HOURS WORKED DURING A WEEK BY EACH EMPLOYEE AT
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#"4,&5#"-- 9OU WANT TO DISPLAY THE NUMBER OF POINTS SCORED DURING
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 3.4–3.6
1. OPEN-ENDED The histogram shown gives the 5. SHORT RESPONSE A marine biologist wants
numbers of points scored per game by a high to display the lengths of manatees living in
school football team over the past several a Florida waterway. What data display(s)
years. Make conclusions about the data. should the biologist use to see how the data
are distributed, without displaying individual
Football Scoring data values? Explain your choice.
15
10
Games
0
11
5
5
7
–2
–2
–3
0–
–1
6–
18
24
30
12
Points
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A teacher offers study 6. GRIDDED ANSWER The box-and-whisker
sessions after school for upcoming tests. plot displays the number of home runs hit
The data below show how many students in each season of a baseball player’s career.
attended each study session this year. What fraction of the seasons did the player
hit between 18 and 42 home runs?
8, 2, 5, 6, 6, 1, 5, 9, 7, 11, 10, 4, 8, 7
a. Find the extremes, the quartiles, and
d the
h
median of the data. 0 10 20 30 50 60
b. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data.
c. Make a conclusion about the data.
1 18 36 42 59
3. GRIDDED ANSWER The range in the
7. SHORT RESPONSE The line graph shows
diagonals of television screens offered at a
the value of a plot of land over four years.
store is 45 inches. The lower extreme of the
Explain how the graph could be misleading.
diagonals is 15 inches. What is the upper
extreme of the diagonals?
Land Value
4. EXTENDED RESPONSE The price, in dollars, 80,000
of airplane tickets between two cities on
Value (dollars)
60,000
different airlines are listed.
40,000
145, 155, 159, 170, 175, 190, 195, 199,
20,000
225, 240, 250, 250, 310, 410, 420, 450
0
a. Make a frequency table of the data using 1 2 3 4
$100–$199 as the first interval. Years
b. Make a histogram of the data.
c. How does the number of prices from $100
to $199 compare to the number of prices
from $200 to $500? Explain.
150 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
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3 CHAPTER TEST classzone.com
Chapter Test Practice
In Exercises 1 and 2, find the mean, median, mode(s), and range.
1. 2, 7, 2, 7, 13, 7, 11, 9, 6, 5, 8 2. 48, 67, 88, 82, 41, 66, 72, 64, 49, 53
3. Find the missing values
l in
i the data below so that the mean is 28 and
d the
h
mode is 15.
20, 40, 36, ? , 15, 38, ? , 30, 41
FUNDRAISING In Exercises 4 and 5, use the data below, that show the
numbers of tins of popcorn sold by members of a school band.
40, 32, 16, 14, 11, 16, 11, 12, 26, 1, 15, 9, 6, 3, 27, 5, 12, 18, 23, 33, 17, 50
4. Make a stem-and leaf-plot of the data.
5. Use the stem-and-leaf plot to make a histogram of the data.
6. PETS The miles you walk your dog each day over two weeks are listed
below. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data.
1.8, 2.6, 0.4, 2, 0.9, 2.5, 2, 1.9, 1.5, 1.5, 0.5, 0.8, 1.3, 1.6
BASEBALL Use the bar graph at the right. Baltimore Orioles
It shows the wins and losses for the
Baltimore Orioles over three seasons. 100
Wins Losses
90
7. In which season did the Orioles lose
Games
80
14 more games than they won?
70
8. About how many more games did the 60
Orioles win in 1999 than in 2000? 0
1999 2000 2001
9. Which of the three seasons would you
Season
consider the most successful? Explain.
10. COMPUTERS The table shows a computer’s price over time. Make a line
graph of the data. Then make a conclusion about the data.
Date
October November December January February March
15 15 15 15 15 15
Price $699 $699 $649 $629 $599 $499
11. RESTAURANTS What data display should a restaurant owner use to
display the number of customers served on each Saturday night during
the past year? Explain your choice.
Chapter Test 155
3
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
If you have difficulty solving a multiple choice problem directly, you may be
able to use another approach. Try to eliminate incorrect answer choices and
obtain the correct answer.
PROBLEM 1
What are the mean, median, mode, and range of the ages?
10, 5, 23, 21, 28, 16, 5, 14, 22
A mean 5 16 B mean 5 32 C mean 5 16 D mean 5 24
median 5 16 median 5 16 median 5 28 median 5 28
mode 5 5 mode 5 5 mode 5 10 mode 5 5
range 5 23 range 5 23 range 5 12 range 5 12
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY Use the definitions to find the ELIMINATE CHOICES In some multiple choice
mean, median, mode, and range. questions, you can identify answer choices that
can be eliminated.
STEP 1 Write the ages in order from least to
greatest. The mode of the data is 5. You can eliminate
choice C.
5, 5, 10, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 28
You can eliminate choice B because the mean
STEP 2 Find the mean. cannot be larger than the largest value in the
5 1 5 1 10 1 14 1 16 1 21 1 22 1 23 1 28 data set.
}}}} 5 16
9 To find the range, you first have to write the
STEP 3 Find the median. Because there is an ages in order from least to greatest. You can
odd number of data values, the median eliminate choice D because the range listed
is the middle age. The median is 16. under choice D was found without placing
the numbers in order.
STEP 4 Find the mode. The age that occurs The correct answer is A. A B C D
most often is 5.
STEP 5 Find the range. The difference between
the greatest and the least values is
28 2 5 5 23.
The correct answer is A. A B C D
156 Chapter 3 Data and Statistics
STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
PROBLEM 2
The histogram shows the times, Time for Running 1 Mile
in minutes, that it took students
at a school to run 1 mile. How 40
35
many more students had times in 30
Students
the 7–8.9 minute interval than in 25
the 9–10.9 minute interval? 20
15
A 10 B 15 10
5
C 20 D 41 0
9
9
.9
9
9
6.
8.
2.
4.
10
5–
7–
–1
–1
9–
11
13
Minutes
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY Use the two bars that ELIMINATE CHOICES In some multiple choice
represent the number of students with times questions, you can identify answer choices that
in the two specified intervals. can be eliminated.
STEP 1 The scale on the vertical axis uses For choice A, 10 units below the 7–8.9 bar
increments of 5. would make the 9–10.9 bar end at about 30. ✗
STEP 2 Because there are about 4 increments For choice B, 15 units below the 7–8.9 bar
of 5 separating the bars, the difference would make the 9–10.9 bar end at about 25. ✗
between the bars is about 20. For choice C, 20 units below the 7–8.9 bar
The correct answer is C. A B C D would make the 9–10.9 bar end at about 20. ✓
The correct answer is C. A B C D
EXERCISES
Explain why you can eliminate the highlighted answer choice.
1. SOCCER GOALS The numbers of goals scored by a soccer team in each
game over a season are listed below. What is the mean number of goals?
6, 2, 1, 2, 5, 1, 3, 4, 4, 3, 7, 2, 1, 3, 0, 4
A 0 B 2 C 3 D 8
2. DAIRY CATTLE A farmer wants to display the weights of the dairy cows.
What data display should he use to see how the data are distributed,
without displaying the individual data?
A stem-and-leaf plot B line graph
C bar graph D histogram
Standardized Test Preparation 157
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another number that belongs in Group B.
Group A: 1764, 1089, 1225 Group B: 1232, 2310, 112
45. CHALLENGE Find the composite number between 50 and 60 whose
prime factors have a sum of 11.
PROBLEM SOLVING
46. GUIDED PROBLEM SOLVING You are a tour guide and want to divide
90 people into the same size groups. The group size must be from
11 to 15 people. How many people should be in each group?
a. Find all the factors of 90.
b. Use the factors of 90 to find all the possible group sizes.
c. Is more than one answer possible? Explain your reasoning.
47. SOUVENIR POUCHES As a volunteer at a museum,
you fill souvenir pouches with semiprecious st
Each pouch has the same number of stones,
and there are no leftover stones. There is
more than one stone per pouch. Is the
total number of stones in all the souvenir
pouches combined primee or composite?
Explain your reasoning.
48. ★ WRITING Explain the difference between finding the factors of a
number and finding the prime factorization of a number.
49. CLASS GROUPS A teacher wants to divide the 28 students in the class
into groups for one assignment. Find all possible group sizes by writing
all the factors of 28.
50. CHINESE NEW YEAR In the Chinese
calendar, the year 2019 is the Year of
the Pig. Is 2019 prime or composite?
Explain your reasoning.
51. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A classroom in
your school contains 32 desks, and
another classroom contains 35 desks.
Which classroom allows for more
rectangular desk arrangements if you
use all the desks? Explain your answer.
52. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Find two
composite numbers whose prime
factors have a sum of 18.
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denominator less than 1000.
3 5 6 2
36. } 37. } 38. } 39. }
8 9 7 3
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 1 40. U.S. PRESIDENTS During the 1800s, there were 22 different presidents of
on p. 176 the United States, and 6 of them were born in Virginia. Write a fraction,
for Ex. 40 in simplest form, comparing the number of presidents born in Virginia
with the total number of presidents in the 1800s.
41. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The highway speed limit in 20 states is 65 mi/h. In
simplest form, what fraction of states have a speed limit of 65 mi/h?
20 2 4 10
A } B } C } D }
65 5 10 25
42. FOOTBALL STATISTICS The diagram shows data for the quarterbacks
(QB) of one game. It compares the numbers of passes completed to
passes attempted for three lengths of passes. Write fractions for each data
pair. For which length of pass do the two players have the same record?
10 out 14 out
of 12 6 out of 18 8 out
QB1
QB
QB1
1 of 9 QB2
QB
QB22 of 12
3 out 5 out
of 7 of 10
0–10 yards 10–20 yards 20+ yards 0–10 yards 10–20 yards 20+ yards
43. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You read 35 pages of a chapter in a book and have
15 pages left. What fraction of the chapter have you read? Write the
fraction in simplest form. Explain how you found your answer.
44. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The table below shows
the
h number of bones for different parts of the body.
Location Number of Bones
64
Wrists 16
Lower limbs 62
Ankles 14
a. Make a Model Draw a model for the fraction that represents the part
of the upper limb bones that are found in the wrists.
b. Write a Verbal Model Write a verbal model that represents the part
of the lower limb bones that are ankle bones.
c. Compare Rewrite your answers from parts (a) and (b) as fractions in
simplest form. Comparee your answers. Are the fractions equivalent?
4.3 Equivalent Fractions 179
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4 CHAPTER REVIEW classzone.com
Vocabulary Practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
• prime number, p. 165 • numerator, p. 176 • least common denominator,
p. 189
• composite number, p. 165 • denominator, p. 176
• prime factorization, p. 166 • equivalent fractions, p. 176 • mixed number, p. 194
• factor tree, p. 166 • simplest form, p. 177 • proper fraction, p. 194
• common factor, p. 170 • multiple, p. 182 • improper fraction, p. 194
• greatest common factor (GCF), • common multiple, p. 182 • terminating decimal, p. 199
p. 170
• least common multiple (LCM), • repeating decimal, p. 199
• relatively prime, p. 171 p. 182
• fraction, p. 176
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. The number 71 is a(n) ? because its only factors are 1 and itself.
13
2. The fraction } is a(n) ? .
8
3. The ? of 2, 4, and 7 is 28.
3
4
4. The fractions } and } have a(n) ? of 10.
10 5
5. The ? of 2, 4, and 8 is 2.
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES
4.1 Prime Factorization pp. 165–169
pp
EXAMPLE
List the factors of the number. Tell whether it is primee or composite.
a. 36
The factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36. It is composite.
b. 17
The only factors of 17 are 1 and 17. It is prime.
EXERCISES
Write all the factors of the number. Then tell whether the number is prime
or composite.
SEE EXAMPLES 6. 27 7. 68 8. 43 9. 72
1, 2, AND 3
10. 60 11. 91 12. 64 13. 31
on pp. 165–166
for Exs. 6–14 14. Use a factor tree to write the prime factorization of 726.
Chapter Review 207
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
PROBLEM 2
The animals at a local zoo can be Zoo Animals
divided into five categories as
shown in the circle graph. The graph Birds 68
also shows how many of each type Mammals 80
of animal the zoo has. What fraction Reptiles 40
of the animals are nott mammals? Amphibians 12
3 4 Spiders and
A } B }
5 7 insects 20
7 4
C } D }
11 55
Plan
STEP 1
INTERPRET THE GRAPH You can use the circle graph to determine both
Read the problem
the total number of animals and how many mammals are at the zoo.
carefully and make
a plan. Subtract the number of mammals from the total number of animals.
Use the result to write a fraction that represents the animals that are
STEP 2 not mammals.
Find the total number
of animals and non- Solution
mammals.
Total number of animals: 68 1 80 1 40 1 12 1 20 5 220.
Total number of non-mammals: 220 2 80 5 140.
1
STEP 3 Number of non-mammals 140
}}} 5 } 5 } 5 }
7 p 20 7
Write the fraction. Total number of animals 220 11 p 20 11
1
7
The fraction of animals that are nott mammals is } . The correct answer
11
is C. A B C D
PRACTICE
1. In Problem 2, what fraction of the animals are nott spiders and insects?
1 9 1 10
A } B } C } D }
10 10 11 11
2. You are making gift baskets using the Materials for gift baskets
materials in the table. You want to make
Jars of jam 104
the gift baskets so that they are identical
and have no materials left over. What is Boxes of chocolate 26
the greatest number of gift baskets you Scented candles 65
can make?
A 4 B 10 C 13 D 26
Standardized Test Preparation 213
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NUMBER OF BOYS
A 7HAT IS THE MOST TEAMS THAT CAN BE FORMED
B (OW MANY PLAYERS WOULD BE ON EACH TEAM
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NUMBER OF BASKETBALLS HOW MANY TEAMS CAN BE FORMED (OW MANY
PLAYERS ON A TEAM (OW MANY BASKETBALLS PER TEAM
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THE FRACTION OF GIRLS ON EACH TEAM TO BE THE SAME OR DIFFERENT THAN THE
FRACTION THAT YOU JUST FOUND %XPLAIN
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5 Review Prerequisite Skills
VOCABULARY CHECK
REVIEW WORDS w word from the list at the left.
• greatest common e same part-to-whole relationship are
factor (GCF), p. 170
• equivalent
fractions, p. 176 as a whole number part and a fraction part.
p
• simplest form, nzero whole numbers is the greatest
p. 177 tor of each number.
• least common
denominator SKILL CHECK
(LCD), p. 189
Write the fractions in simplest form. Tell whether they are equivalent. (p. 176)
• mixed number,
p. 194 14 12 8 10 15 25 24 36
4. } ,} 5. }, } 6. }, } 7. } ,}
28 21 12 15 24 40 27 42
• improper
fraction, 9 6
8. }, }
15 18
9. }, }
10 30
10. }, }
16 10
11. }, }
p. 194 36 24 18 21 15 48 32 20
Write an improper fraction and a mixed number to describe the model. (p. 194)
12. 13.
Prerequisite skills practice at classzone.com
Notetaking Skills Using Your Notes
In each chapter you will
learn a new notetaking
skill. In Chapter 5 you
will apply the strategy
of using your notes to
Example 3 on p. 233.
218
5.1 Adding and
Subtracting Fractions
Before You added and subtracted whole numbers and decimals.
Now You’ll add and subtract fractions.
Why? So you can count musical beats, as in Exs. 62–65.
KEY VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY
• least common
denominator, You can use models to add and subtract fractions.
p. 189
1 5 2 5
1 1 2 3 1 2
} 1 } 5 } } 2 } 5 }
3 3 3 5 5 5
Use a model to find the sum or difference.
2 1 1 1 7 3 3 1
1. } 1 } 2. } 1 } 3. } 2 } 4. } 2 }
3 3 5 5 9 9 4 4
The activity suggests the following rules about adding and subtracting
fractions with common denominators.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Fractions with Common Denominators
Words To add or subtract two fractions with a common denominator,
write the sum or difference of the numerators over the
denominator.
1
}1}5}
2 3 a b a1b
Numbers Algebra }1}5} (c Þ 0)
5 5 5 c c c
4 1 3 a b a2b
}2}5} }2}5} (c Þ 0)
7 7 7 c c c
EXAMPLE 1 Adding Fractions
AVOID ERRORS 2 5 215
}1}5} Add numerators.
When adding fractions,
9 9 9
you do not add the
denominators. 5 }7 Simplify numerator.
9
5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 219
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★ EXAMPLE 4 Standardized Test Practice
5
Construction A piece of wood that is } inch thick
8
7
is sanded down to be } inch thick. How much
16
thinner is the wood now?
ELIMINATE CHOICES 1 3 1 1
A} in. B } in. C } in. D 1} in.
The piece of wood is 8 16 4 16
5
} inch thick. It is going
8
to be made thinner, so
the answer should
SOLUTION
5 1 5 7 5
be less than }. 1} > }. To find how much thinner the wood is, subtract } from } .
8 16 8
Choice D can be
16 8
eliminated. 5 7 10 7 5 5 7
}2}5}2} Rewrite } using the LCD of } and }.
8 16 16 16 8 8 16
3
5} Subtract numerators.
16
3
c Answer The wood is now } inch thinner.
16 Math
The correct answer is B. A B C D at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4
Add or subtract. Simplify if possible.
31 3 1 7 2 51
9. } 1 } 10. } 1 } 11. } 2 } 12. } 2 }
4 12 5 2 8 3 6 10
3
13. What If? Suppose the } -inch thick wood in Example 4 is sanded down to
4
19
be } inch thick. How much thinner is the wood now?
32
5.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 31, 54, 56, 57, 60, and 80
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 9, 15, 27, 53 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: To add fractions with different denominators,
first rewrite the fractions using the ? .
COMMON DENOMINATORS Evaluate the expression. Simplify if possible.
1 8 4 5 5 1 9 7
SEE EXAMPLES 2. } 1} 3. } 1} 4. } 1 } 5. } 1 }
10 10 7 7 7 7 20 20
1 AND 2
on pp. 219–220 3 1 7 5 8 2 7 4
6. } 2 } 7. } 2 } 8. } 2 } 9. } 2 }
for Exs. 2–13 5 5 12 12 9 9 9 9
2 7 11 11 5 1 4 5 2 13 2 6
10. } 1} 1} 11. } 2} 1} 12. } 1}2} 13. } 2 } 2}
20 20 20 12 12 12 9 9 9 15 15 15
5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 221
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PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 3 3
53. ALLIGATORS A recently hatched alligator is } foot
4
on p. 220 5
long and grows } foot over the next 5 months.
for Ex. 53 12
How long is the alligator at 5 months old?
54. ★ WRITING Describee how }
1 1 43
1 } is related to } 1 } .
4 3 12 12
SEE EXAMPLE 4 1 1
55. RUNNING Sara runs first in a } -mile relay running event. She runs } mile.
2 8
on p. 221
What is the total distance that her teammates have left to run?
for Exs. 55–57
56. ★ SHORT RESPONSE From the time you wake up, you need } hour to get
3
4
5
ready for school and } hour to travel from home to school. Find the time,
12
in fractions of an hour, it takes for you to get to school from the time you
wake up. If you wake up at 6:30 A.M., can you get to school by 7:30 A.M.?
Explain your reasoning.
57. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression can you use to find how many
9 4
pounds greater } pound of bananas is than } pound of bananas?
10 5
9 4 4 9 4 9 9 4
A } 2} B } 2} C } 3} D } 1}
5
10 5 5 10 5 10 10
58. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Chris, Ted, and Leroy are practicing for a swimming
event. They swim a total of }7 mile. How far does Leroy swim? How much
8
farther does Leroy swim than either Chris or Ted? Explain your reasoning.
8
3
59. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A recipe for trail mix calls for } cup of
4
1 1
dried mixed fruit, } cup of mixed nuts, and } cup of granola. How many
2 3
cups of trail mix does this recipe make?
a. Make a Model Draw a model to answer the question.
b. Write an Expression Write and evaluate a numerical expression to
answer the question. Estimate to check your answer.
60. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Find three fractions greater than 0 and less
than 1 whose sum is greater than 1. Find three fractions greater than 0
and less than 1 whose sum is less than 1.
1 1
61. POSTCARD COLLECTION In one postcard collection, } are scenic, } are
2 3
comic, and the rest are advertising cards. What fraction of the cards have
ads? If the collection contains 744 cards, how many of them have ads?
5.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions 223
3
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THIS TIME SIGNATURE ARE IN THE TABLE
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5.2 Adding and Subtracting
Mixed Numbers
Before You added and subtracted fractions.
Now You’ll add and subtract mixed numbers.
Why? So you can find totals, as with innings pitched in Example 1.
KEY VOCABULARY World Series In 2004, the Boston Red Sox won the World Series for the
• least common first time in 86 years. In the American League Championship Series
denominator, 1
leading up to the 2004 World Series, Tim Wakefield pitched 7 } innings
p. 189 3
1
and his teammate Derek Lowe pitched 11 } innings. What is the total
• mixed number, 3
number of innings they pitched?
improper fraction,
p. 194 To find the total number of innings, you need to add two mixed
numbers using the rules below.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers
1. Find the LCD of the fractions, if necessary.
2. Rename the fractions, if necessary. Then add or subtract the fractions.
3. Add or subtract the whole numbers.
4. Simplify if possible.
EXAMPLE 1 Adding with a Common Denominator
ANOTHER WAY To solve the real-world problem above, you need to find the sum
Rewrite the mixed 1 1
of 7 } and 11 } .
numbers as improper 3 3
fractions, then add. 1
1 1 22 34
7}
7 } 1 11 } 5 } 1 } 3
3 3 3 3 Add the whole Add the
numbers. 1 fractions.
56
5} 11 }
3 3
2 2
5 18 } 18 }
3 3
2
c Answerr Wakefield and Lowe pitched a total of 18 } innings.
3
Check Estimate the sum by rounding each mixed number to the nearest
whole number.
1 1
7} 1 11 } ø 7 1 11 5 18 ✓
3 3
226 Chapter 5 Fraction Operations
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3 1 1
39. 2 } 1 3.25 40. 12 } 2 6.8 41. 4.625 2 2 }
8 10 6
1 1 1 9 1
42. 4.75 2 2 } 1 1.2 43. 1 } 1 3.85 2 1 } 44. 9.48 2 6 } 1 11 }
8 5 4 10 2
xy SOLVING EQUATIONS Solve the equation using mental math.
1 3 2 4 1 3 1
45. x 1 2 } 1 1} 5 5 46. x 1 3 } 2 1} 5 3} 47. x 2 5 } 2 3 } 52
2 4 3 9 3 8 4
5 7 7 5 5 17 1 1 1
48. 4 } 2 x 1 3 } 5 5 } 49. 3 } 1 4 } 1 x 5 10 } 50. 6 } 1 x 2 1} 5 11 }
6 10 15 6 8 24 5 10 10
51. CHALLENGE Using each digit from 1 to 9 exactly once and only proper
fractional parts, find an expression with the greatest value that has the
b n y
form a } 1 m} 1 x }. What is the value of the expression?
c p z
PROBLEM SOLVING
1
SEE EXAMPLES 52. RUNNING At track practice, you run 5 } miles.
2
3 AND 4 You cool down by walking a distance of
on p. 227 1
for Exs. 52–54 1} miles. What is your total distance?
3
53. CHILD DEVELOPMENT Anastasia was
1
19 } inches long at birth. At her 3 month
4
1
checkup, she was 23 } inches long. How much
2
has she grown? If she grows the same amount
before her next checkup, how long will she be?
54. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE At the beginning of a trip, a boat’s gasoline tank
1
contained 14 } gallons of gasoline. At the end of the trip, it contained
5
2
8 } gallons. How many gallons of gasoline did the boat use?
3
8 1 7 13
A 5} gallons B 6} gallons C 6} gallons D 22 } gallons
15 4 15 15
55. ★ WRITING 2
Explain how you can use mental math to find 7 2 3 } .
5
1 1
56. GEOMETRY A rectangle is 2 } inches long. Its width is 1 } inches less than
2 8
its length. Find the perimeter of the rectangle.
57. ★ SHORT RESPONSE 4
A car has a length of 14 } feet. Another car is
5
1 1
1} feet longer. Can the two cars fit in a driveway that is 31 } feet long?
10 2
Explain how to estimate the answer.
58. REASONING Can you subtract two fractions with common denominators
and get an answer with a different denominator? Explain your reasoning.
If yes, provide two examples.
5.2 Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers 229
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Dividing Out Common Factors When multiplying fractions, you can divide
out common factors from the product’s numerator and denominator so
that the product will be in simplest form.
EXAMPLE 2 Multiplying Whole Numbers and Fractions
3
Election The winner for class president got } of
5
the votes. If 200 students voted, use a verbal model
to find how many students voted for the winner.
SOLUTION
ANOTHER WAY Votes for 3
5 }5 of 200 votes
You can find the product winner
using 200 chips. Divide
the chips into fifths of 5 }3 3 }
200
Write of as 3 and 200 as }.
200
1
40 chips each. Then 5 1
3 40
} of 200 5 3 3 40, or
5 3 3 200
120 chips. } Use rule for multiplying
531
1 fractions. Divide out GCF of 200 and 5.
120
5} , or 120 Multiply.
1
c Answerr There were 120 students who voted for the winner.
Multiplying Mixed Numbers When multiplying mixed numbers, first rewrite
them as improper fractions. Then use the rule for multiplying fractions.
EXAMPLE 3 Multiplying Mixed Numbers
1 2 21 14 1 2
5} 3 4} 5} 3} Write 5 } and 4 } as improper fractions.
4 3
4 3 4 3
7 7
TAKE NOTES 21 3 14
5} Use rule for multiplying fractions. Divide out
If you don’t understand 433
2 1 GCF of 21 and 3 and GCF of 14 and 4.
the process of dividing
out common factors, 49 1
5} , or 24 } Multiply; write as mixed number.
write a question down 2 2
in your notebook and
discuss the question Check
k Estimate by rounding each factor to the nearest whole number.
with a friend or teacher. 1 2
5} 3 4} < 5 3 5 5 25 ✓ Math at classzone.com
Then write down what 4 3
you learn.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3
Find the product. Simplify if possible.
4 1 1 3
5. 45 p } 6. } p 28 7. 8 p 6 } 8. 2 } p 20
5 6 2 4
1 3 2 3
9. 12 } 3} 10. } 3 6 }1 1
11. 2 } 3 3 } 4
12. 4 } 3 1 }1
9 8 3 2 4 6 5 9
5.3 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers 233
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REASONING Copy and complete the statement using always, sometimes,
or never. Explain
n your reasoning.
SEE EXAMPLES 39. The product of a mixed number and a proper fraction is ? greater
2 AND 3 than 1.
on p. 233
for Exs. 39–41 40. The product of two proper fractions is ? equal to 1.
41. The product of two mixed numbers greater than 1 is ? greater than 1.
1
42. CHALLENGE Find 1 } p 4. Explain how you can apply the process for
2
multiplying a two-digit number by a one-digit number to multiply
a mixed number by a whole number.
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLES 43. HORSE HEIGHT Trainers measure horses in hands,
2 AND 3 the distance across an adult’s palm. The average
on p. 233 1
height of a horse is 15 } hands. A hand is about
for Exs. 43–45 2
1
} foot. About how tall is an average horse in feet?
3
44. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You have 50 bricks that are
5
each 7 } inches long. Which expression can you
8
use to find how far, in inches, the 50 bricks would
extend when laid out end to end?
5 5
A 50 1 7 } B 50 2 7 }
8 8
5 5
C 50 3 7 } D 50 4 7 }
8 8
45. ★ SHORT RESPONSE 1
Each glass of lemonade requires 1 } tablespoons of
2
drink mix. Between 15 and 20 members usually attend your drama club
meetings. Find a high and low estimate for how much drink mix is
needed to serve each person a glass of lemonade. Is 20 tablespoons
a reasonable guess? Explain your answers.
46. ★ WRITING Your water cooler contains 5 gallons of water. You
3
drink } gallon each day. Do you have enough water to last 6 days?
5
Explain your reasoning.
47. STAINED GLASS The Darwin D. Martin house, built by Frank Lloyd
Wright, has a rectangular stained glass window with a length of
1 1
41 } inches and a width that is 15 } inches less than the length. What
2 4
is the area of the window?
48. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Give an example of a real-world situation you
1
could model by multiplying each of the following: 20 3 8 } inches,
2
1 1
20 3 8 } feet, and 20 3 8 } miles.
2 2
5.3 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers 235
49. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Jen wrote a 4-page book report. Each page
3
took } hour to write. She also spent 1 hour proofreading.
4
a. Write and evaluate a numerical expression to describe the total
amount of time Jen spent on the report.
b. Including proofreading, Andre completed his 4 page report at a rate
of one page per hour. Write and evaluate an expression to describe
the time Andre spent on the report.
c. Comparee Jen’s time with Andre’s time.
50. BAKING A recipe that makes 24 apple Recipe: APPLE MUFFINS
muffins is shown. How should you 2 c baking mix
change the recipe to make 32 muffins? 2 apples (peeled, cored,
r and grrated)
3 eggs
Write the new recipe. 1/2 c sugar
1 c milk
51. CHALLENGE Explain how you could 2 tsp cinnamon
1 3
multiply 2 } 3 6} without renaming
3 8
the mixed numbers as improper fractions.
52. CHALLENGE Aubrey, Jasmine, and Neil each bowled 3 games.
1
The mean of all 9 scores was 93 } . Aubrey’s mean score was
3
1
81 } and Neil’s total for all the games was 291. Which bowler
3
had the highest 3 game total? Explain your reasoning.
MIXED REVIEW
Estimate the quotient. (p. 748)
Prepare for 53. 792 4 19 54. 38.68 4 41 55. 21,625 4 24 56. 98.63 4 23
Lesson 5.4
in Exs. 53–56 Find the sum or difference. (p. 226)
1 1 1 4 2 7 4 5
57. 6 } 2 2} 58. 5 } 2 2} 59. 3 } 1 2} 60. 8 } 1 3}
3 4 3 5 9 18 9 6
Write the decimal as a fraction or mixed number. (p. 199)
61. 0.6 62. 0.17 63. 5.375 64. 10.34
CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to solve the following
problem. Explain
n your choice of strategy.
65. Jackie, Sean, Tim, and Katie have four seats in a row at Problem Solving Strategies
a basketball game. In how many different ways can ■ (p. 765)
they sit? ■ (p. 766)
■ (p. 770)
66. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the median of the data: 2, 5, 5, 9, 11, 16, 23?
(p. 109)
A 5 B 9 C 10 D 11
236 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 5.3, p. 780 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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4 4 1
CHECK SOLUTION }425}p} Multiply by reciprocal.
5 5 2
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4p1 Use rule for multiplying fractions.
the quotient and divisor. 5}
5p2 Divide out common factor.
The result should equal 1
the dividend.
2 2 2 4 2
}325}3}5}
5 5 1 5
5 }5 Multiply.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2
Find the quotient. Simplify if possible.
5 7 9 3 1 2
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6 9 2 2 6 3
★ EXAMPLE 3 Standardized Test Practice
In-line Skating
g You set up an in-line skating course 21 feet long to practice
1
weaving around cones. You want a cone every 3 } feet, but not at the start
2
or end of the course. How many cones will you need?
ELIMINATE CHOICES A 4 cones B 5 cones C 6 cones D 7 cones
You are placing the
1
cones 3 } feet apart,
2
1
but 3 } p 7 > 21.
2
SOLUTION
Choice D can be
eliminated.
METHOD 1 Draw a diagram on graph paper. Make the course 21 grid
boxes long. Draw a point to mark the location of a cone
1
every 3 } grid boxes.
2
METHOD 2 Use division.
1 7 1
21 4 3 } 5 21 4 } Write 3 } as an improper fraction.
2
2 2
21 2
5} p} Multiply by reciprocal.
1 7
3
21 p 2 Use rule for multiplying fractions.
5}
1p7 Divide out common factors.
1
56 Multiply.
1
c Answer 6 is the number of 3 } -foot spaces separated by
2
cones. Subtract 1 to get the number of cones. You will need
5 cones. The correct answer is B. A B C D
238 Chapter 5 Fraction Operations
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SEE EXAMPLE 1 25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and
on p. 237 correct the error made in finding
for Exs. 25–26 the quotient.
26. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which multiplication expression is equivalent to
3 4
the division expression } 4} ?
20 9
3 4 3 9 20 4 20 9
A } 3} B } 3} C } 3} D } 3}
20 9 20 4 3 9 3 4
27. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE 2
What is the value of x 4 2 } 1
when x 5 1 }
5
?
2
5 3 1 3
A } B 1} C 2} D 3}
8 5 5 5
5
xy ALGEBRA Evaluate the expression when x 5 } 3
, y 5 3, and z 5 2 } .
8 16
1
28. x 4 y 29. y 4 x 30. 4 } 4y 31. x 4 10
6
32. (z 4 x) p y 33. (y 4 z) p x 34. (x 1 z) 4 y 35. (y 2 z) 4 x
xy NUMBER SENSE Describee the whole number value(s) of x that make the
statement true.
2 1 2 2 7
36. x 4 } 5x 37. 4 } 4x59 38. 1 } 4 x < 1} 39. x 4 } > x
3 2 5 5 8
40. CHALLENGE Describee what happens to the value of the expression y 4 100 as
y gets closer to zero. Describee what happens to the value of the expression
100 4 x as x gets closer to zero. Justifyy your answers.
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLES 41. SANDWICHES To surprise the guests at a party, the host prepares a long
2, 3, AND 4 submarine sandwich. The sandwich is cut into equal pieces as shown.
on pp. 238–239 Use a verbal model to help you find the length of each piece.
for Exs. 41–43
5 12 ft
42. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Making pasta requires boiling 6 cups of water. Your
1
measuring cup holds 1 } cups. How many times do you need to fill the cup?
2
1
A 4 B 4} C 5 D 9
2
43. ★ WRITING Explain how to divide a mixed number by a mixed number.
240 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
44. ★ SHORT RESPONSE On a slalom skiing course,
the distance from the start to the first gate is
15 meters, and the distance from the last gate
to the finish is 20 meters. The slalom course is
637 meters long and the distance between gates
3
is 10 } meters. How many gates are needed for
4
the course? Explain your answer.
45. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS You are an editor for your school
5
yearbook. Each row of student photos is 8 } inches wide, including
8
1 1
} inch margins on each side of the page. The photos are 1 } inches wide
4 4
1
and } inch apart.
8
a. Make a Model On a sheet of paper make a model of one row of photos.
b. Write an Expression Write an expression to represent the number of
photos p that fit in each row. How many photos will be in each row?
Explain your reasoning.
46. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE 3
A CD case is }
8
inch wide. A cassette case is
1
} inch wider than a CD case. You put 8 cassettes on a shelf that is 20 inches
4
wide. How much space is left on the shelf? How many CDs will fit in the
remaining space? Explain your reasoning.
UNIT RATES For each unit rate, a per b, write the unit rate b per a. Explain
how the two unit rates are related.
1 1 5
47. 3 } miles per hour 48. 1 } dozen eggs per carton 49. } ounce per box
3 2 8
50. CHALLENGE A customer paid more than $12.50 but less than $13 for
1
3} pounds of cheese. Find a range describing possible prices of a pound
4
of cheese. Could the cheese have been $3.84 per pound? $4 per pound?
Explain your reasoning.
MIXED REVIEW
Use a ruler to draw a segment with the given length. (p. 753)
Prepare for 1 3 5
51. 5 inches 52. 3 } inches 53. } inch 54. 2 } inches
Lesson 5.5 2 4 8
in Exs. 51–58
Copy and complete the statement with the appropriate metric unit. (p. 84)
55. The capacity of a vase is 325 ? . 56. The mass of a basketball is 0.62 ? .
57. The width of a driveway is 6.2 ? . 58. The length of a calculator is 14 ? .
59. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE 5
What is the product of }
12
3
and 7 } ? (p. 232)
5
25 1 1 1
A } B 3} C 7} D 8}
456 6 4 60
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 5.4, p. 780 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 241
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)*,*/( !T -OUNT -ONADNOCK IN .EW (AMPSHIRE THE DISTANCE FROM THE
MILES 9OU
PARKING LOT TO THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN ALONG 2ED 3POT 4RAIL IS ]z
HIKE TO THE TOP AND BACK DOWN (OW FAR HAVE YOU TRAVELED %XPLAIN Q
#00,4 2YAN GAVE AWAY ]z OF THE REMAINING
OF HIS BOOKS AND THEN SOLD ]z
BOOKS (OW MANY OF HIS BOOKS DID HE SELL %XPLAIN YOUR ANSWER Q
"RAIN'AME
-IX AND -ATCH
0LAY THIS GAME WITH A PARTNER 4AKE TURNS DOING THE FOLLOWING
#HOOSE TWO FRACTIONS FROM THOSE GIVEN &RACTIONS CANNOT BE USED MORE
THAN ONCE
,ET ONE FRACTION BE THE DIVIDEND AND THE OTHER BE THE DIVISOR
&IND THE QUOTIENT 9OUR PARTNER SHOULD CHECK YOUR ANSWER
!DD THE QUOTIENT TO YOUR SCORE 9OU BOTH START WITH A SCORE OF ZERO
/NCE ALL THE FRACTIONS HAVE BEEN USED THE PLAYER WITH THE GREATER SCORE WINS
$IBQUFS'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
(0"-
6TFBGUFS-FTTPO 6TFBDBMDVMBUPSUPQFSGPSN
PQFSBUJPOTPOGSBDUJPOT
BOENJYFEOVNCFST
'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
3OME CALCULATORS ALLOW YOU TO PERFORM OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS AND MIXED
NUMBERS )F YOU HAVE SUCH A CALCULATOR BE SURE IT IS SET TO DISPLAY ANSWERS AS
MIXED NUMBERS IN SIMPLEST FORM
& 9 " . 1 - & (OW MANY ]z
MINUTE COMMERCIALS CAN A TELEVISION STATION RUN DURING
MINUTE BREAK
A ]z
40-65*0/
4O FIND THE NUMBER OF COMMERCIALS YOU NEED TO FIND THE QUOTIENT ]z
]z
+EYSTROKES $ISPLAY
5IF LFZJTVTFEUPXSJUFBNJYFE
OVNCFS5IFEJTQMBZGPSUIFLFZJT
Cg"OTXFS 4HE TELEVISION STATION CAN RUN COMMERCIALS DURING THE BREAK
1 3 "$ 5 * $ & 5SE A CALCULATOR TO EVALUATE THE EXPRESSION
]z
]z
]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
|]z
]z
|
]z
]z
]z
|
]z
]z
]z
1045&34 ! STANDARD MOVIE POSTER IS ]z FEET WIDE 4HE WIDTH OF A WALL IS
FEET (OW MANY STANDARD MOVIE POSTERS CAN YOU FIT ACROSS THE WALL
]z
WITHOUT OVERLAPPING )F EACH POSTER SELLS FOR HOW MUCH WILL IT COST
TO PUT POSTERS ACROSS THE WALL
%JWJEJOH'SBDUJPOTBOE.JYFE/VNCFST
45"5&5&4513"$5*$&
DMBTT[POFDPN
-FTTPOTo
.6-5*45&1130#-&. ! BALL DROPPED FROM &95&/%&%3&410/4& 4HE TABLE BELOW GIVES
A HEIGHT OF FEET BEGINS BOUNCING 4HE HEIGHT THE HEIGHTS IN FEET OF RED PANDAS &IND THE
OF THE HEIGHT OF THE
OF EACH BOUNCE IS ]z MEAN MEDIAN MODES AND RANGE OF THE
DATA 7HICH AVERAGE BEST REPRESENTS THE DATA
PREVIOUS BOUNCE
%XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
A &IND THE HEIGHTS OF THE FIRST SECOND THIRD
AND FOURTH BOUNCES )FJHIU
1BOEB
B $RAW A DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS EACH BOUNCE GFFU
HEIGHT
" ]z
C 4HE BALL REACHES A HEIGHT LESS THAN ]z
OF
ITS INITIAL HEIGHT BETWEEN WHICH BOUNCES
# ]z
(3*%%&%"/48&3 ! hBOOKWORMv EATS ITS
$ ]z
WAY THROUGH VOLUMES OF AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
BY STARTING AT THE LAST PAGE OF 6OLUME ) AND
% ]z
CONTINUING UNTIL IT COMES TO THE FIRST PAGE OF
6OLUME ))) ALWAYS TRAVELING PERPENDICULAR
& ]z
TO THE PAGES AND COVERS %ACH COVER IS ]z INCH
THICK AND THE PAGES OF EACH BOOK ARE
' ]z
INCHES THICK 4HE VOLUMES ARE ARRANGED
]z
ON THE SHELF AS SHOWN (OW FAR IN INCHES
01&/&/%&% 'IVE AN EXAMPLE OF A
DOES THE hBOOKWORMv EAT 7RITE YOUR ANSWER
REAL
WORLD SITUATION YOU COULD MODEL BY
AS AN IMPROPER FRACTION
MILE
MULTIPLYING ]z
.6-5*45&1130#-&. 9OU WANT TO PAINT
THE OUTSIDE OF A STORAGE BUILDING THAT HAS A
FEET HIGH
SQUARE FOUNDATION %ACH WALL IS ]z
FEET LONG 9OU HAVE TWO CANS OF PAINT
AND ]z
THAT WILL COVER SQUARE FEET EACH
A &IND THE TOTAL AREA OF ALL FOUR WALLS
B $O YOU HAVE ENOUGH PAINT TO COVER ALL
FOUR WALLS %XPLAIN
C $O YOU HAVE ENOUGH PAINT TO APPLY A
4)0353&410/4& ! RECIPE FOR TRAIL MIX CALLS SECOND COAT TO ALL FOUR WALLS %XPLAIN
CUP OF RAISINS ]z
FOR ]z
CUPS OF GRANOLA ]z CUP 4)0353&410/4& 9OU AND THREE FRIENDS
CUP OF CHOCOLATE CHIPS
OF MIXED NUTS AND ]z POUND OF HAM AND ]z
BOUGHT ]z POUND OF
7HAT FRACTION OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE TURKEY $ID YOU BUY ENOUGH MEAT SO THAT
RECIPE INGREDIENTS IS GRANOLA %XPLAIN YOUR
POUND OF MEAT FOR A
EVERYONE HAS ]z
REASONING &OR A CAMPING TRIP YOU NEED
TO MAKE CUPS OF TRAIL MIX (OW MANY SANDWICH %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
BATCHES OF THIS RECIPE DO YOU NEED TO MAKE
$IBQUFS'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
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8IZ 4PZPVDBOFTUJNBUFXFJHIUXJUICFODINBSLT
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,&:70$"#6-"3: 4HE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR LENGTH WEIGHT AND CAPACITY COMMONLY
s 53 CUSTOMARY USED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES ARE PART OF THE 53 CUSTOMARY SYSTEM
SYSTEM LENGTH
-FOHUI 4HE INCH IN IS A UNIT OF LENGTH IN THE CUSTOMARY SYSTEM
INCH FOOT YARD
MILE P 4HREE OTHER CUSTOMARY UNITS OF LENGTH ARE THE FOOT FT YARD YD AND
MILE MI 9OU CAN USE THE FOLLOWING BENCHMARKS TO ESTIMATE LENGTH
s WEIGHT OUNCE
POUND TON P INCH FOOT YARD
s CAPACITY FLUID LENGTH OF A DISTANCE FROM WIDTH OF
OUNCE CUP PINT SMALL PAPER CLIP SHOULDER TO ELBOW A DOOR
QUART GALLON
P
MILE COMBINED LENGTH OF FOOTBALL FIELDS
& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUTPG-FOHUI
4O ESTIMATE THE LENGTH OF A BARRETTE THINK OF SMALL PAPER CLIPS LAID NEXT TO IT
4HEN MEASURE THE BARRETTE WITH A RULER TO CHECK YOUR ESTIMATE
PAPER CLIPS FIT BESIDE
!BOUT ]z 4HE RULER SHOWS SIXTEENTHS OF AN INCH
INCHES LONG
IT SO IT IS ABOUT ]z
SO IT IS ]z INCHES LONG
OR ]z
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
-FOHUI %STIMATE THE LENGTH OF A PEN IN INCHES #HECK WITH A RULER
.FBTVSJOHJO$VTUPNBSZ6OJUT
Weight The weight of an object tells you how heavy the object is. Three
customary units of weight are the ounce (oz), pound (lb), and ton (T). You
can measure the weight of an object using a scale.
EXAMPLE 2 Measuring Weight
READING Find the weight of the bananas.
Be careful to distinguish
between mass and 0 lb
weight. Your mass is the 9 lb 1 lb 0 lb
Each pound is divided into sixteenths, so 8 lb 2 lb b 1 lb
same wherever you are, 14 7
the arrow is at the 1 } lb or 1 } lb mark.
but your weight depends 16 8 7 lb 3 lb
2 lb
6 lb 4 lb
on gravity. 5 lb
3 lb
7
c Answerr The bananas weigh 1 } pounds.
8
You can use the following benchmarks to estimate weight.
1 ounce 1 pound 1 ton
slice of bread soccer ball walrus
EXAMPLE 3 Using Customary Units of Weight
Copy and complete the statement using the appropriate customary unit:
The weight of a bowling ball is 14 ? .
The weight of a bowling ball is greater than the weight of 14 slices of bread
(14 oz), and it is certainly less than the weight of 14 walruses (14 T). Because
a good estimate for the weight of a bowling ball is the weight of 14 soccer
balls, the appropriate customary unit is pounds.
c Answerr The weight of a bowling ball is 14 pounds.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3
2. Produce Find the weight of the peppers.
Baseball Copy and complete the statement:
0 lb
9 lb 1 lb 0 lb
3. The weight of a baseball bat is 33 ? . 8 lb 2 lb b 1 lb
7 lb 3 lb
4. The weight of a leather catcher’s 6 lb 4 lb
2 lb
mitt is 2 ? . 5 lb
3 lb
246 Chapter 5 Fraction Operations
$BQBDJUZ #APACITY IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT THAT A CONTAINER CAN HOLD
&IVE CUSTOMARY UNITS OF CAPACITY ARE THE FLUID OUNCE FL OZ CUP C
PINT PT QUART QT AND GALLON GAL 4HESE UNITS ARE ALSO USED TO DESCRIBE
THE AMOUNT OF LIQUID IN A CONTAINER
& 9 " . 1 - & .FBTVSJOHB-JRVJE"NPVOU
&IND THE AMOUNT OF LIQUID IN THE MEASURING CUP
&BDIDVQJTEJWJEFEJOUPGPVSUIT
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CUPS OF LIQUID IN THE MEASURING CUP
9OU CAN USE THE BENCHMARKS
SHOWN TO ESTIMATE CAPACITY
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( & 9 " . 1 - & 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
7HAT IS THE MOST REASONABLE CAPACITY OF A LEMONADE PITCHER
%,)-).!4% #(/)#%3
6 C 7 OZ 8 QT 9 GAL
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4HE CHOICES THAT ARE MEASURES OF CAPACITY ARE C QT AND GAL 4WO CUPS
UIFDPOUBJOFS$IPJDF# OF WATER IS NOT ENOUGH TO FILL THE PITCHER AND GALLONS IS TOO MUCH 4HAT
DBOCFFMJNJOBUFE LEAVES QUARTS OF WATER WHICH SEEMS AN APPROPRIATE CAPACITY
Cgg"OTXFS 4HE MOST REASONABLE CAPACITY OF A LEMONADE PITCHER
IS QT 4HE CORRECT ANSWER IS # 6 7 8 9 BUDMBTT[POFDPN
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
&IND THE AMOUNT OF MILK IN THE MEASURING CUP
-ATCH THE OBJECT WITH THE APPROPRIATE CAPACITY
*UICE GLASS 0AINT CAN )CE CUBE TRAY
! GAL " PT # FL OZ
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70$"#6-"3: 7HICH UNIT MEASURES WEIGHT FOOT TON OR QUART
3%% %8!-0,% &45*."5*0/ %STIMATE THE LENGTH OF THE OBJECT IN INCHES 4HEN MEASURE
POQ THE OBJECT USING A RULER
GPS&YTo
BACKPACK YOUR SHOE CALENDAR PICTURE FRAME
.&"463*/(8&*()5 &IND THE WEIGHT OF THE OBJECT
3%% %8!-0,%
POQ
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LB
LB
LB
LB LB LB
LB
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LB
LB
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LB
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LB
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$)004*/(6/*54 #OPY AND COMPLETE USING THE APPROPRIATE CUSTOMARY UNIT
3%% %8!-0,%3 ! NEWBORN BABY WEIGHS ]z ! TENNIS RACKET WEIGHS ]z
!.$
POQQo ! SHAMPOO BOTTLE HOLDS ! TEAKETTLE HOLDS
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6bj\]daYh[aj^Y!
ERROR MADE IN COMPLETING THE STATEMENT
hdVbj\lZ^\]h
! MUG WEIGHS
&+[aj^YdjcXZh#
.&"463*/(-*26*% &IND THE AMOUNT OF LIQUID IN THE MEASURING CUP
.&"463*/( .AME A MEASUREMENT TOOL THAT IS APPROPRIATE FOR THE GIVEN UNIT
FLUID OUNCE INCH POUND YARD
%&5&3.*/*/(13&$*4*0/ 4ELL WHETHER AN EXACT ANSWER OR AN ESTIMATE IS
MORE APPROPRIATE FOR THE GIVEN SITUATION
3AWING WOOD TO BUILD A DECK $ISTANCE FROM HOME TO THE PARK
4HE AMOUNT OF FOOD YOU GIVE YOUR DOG
9OUR FINISH TIME IN A TRACK RACE
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH IS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE
6 INCHES 7 FEET 8 ]z
MILE 9 YARD
$IBQUFS'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
$)"--&/(& #AN TWO FILLED CONTAINERS HAVE THE SAME WEIGHT BUT
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130#-&.40-7*/(
3%% %8!-0,% (4)0353&410/4& 9OU WANT TO MEASURE THE
POQ LENGTH OF A WALL 7OULD YOU USE A TAPE MEASURE A
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN !USTIN 4EXAS AND 4ALLAHASSEE &LORIDA
6 YD 7 FT
8 IN 9 MI
3%% %8!-0,% (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS THE WEIGHT OF A
POQ TYPICAL )NDIAN BULL ELEPHANT
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4 7 LB 8 OZ 9 LB
46/(-"44&4 $AVE THINKS THAT A PAIR OF SUNGLASSES WEIGHS ABOUT OUNCES
-ARY THINKS THAT THE WEIGHT IS ABOUT POUNDS 7HO IS RIGHT %XPLAIN
3&"40/*/( /N ONE SCALE EACH POUND IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHTHS /N
ANOTHER SCALE EACH POUND IS DIVIDED INTO TENTHS 7HICH SCALE WILL
GIVE YOU A MORE PRECISE MEASUREMENT %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
(83*5*/( %XPLAIN HOW YOU CAN ESTIMATE HOW TALL A PERSON IS IN FEET
BY USING THE WIDTH OF A DOOR
&9".1-&4"/%/0/&9".1-&4 ! PROJECT REQUIRES YOU TO USE ONLY UNITS
OF LENGTH AND UNITS OF CAPACITY ,IST SEVERAL CUSTOMARY UNITS AND TOOLS
THAT YOU MAY USE ,IST SEVERAL UNITS AND TOOLS THAT YOU WILL NOT USE
(01&/&/%&%."5) 'IVE THREE EXAMPLES OF AN OBJECT FOR WHICH A
REASONABLE WEIGHT WOULD BE OUNCES
$)"--&/(& 7HICH CUSTOMARY UNIT WOULD YOU USE TO MEASURE THE ITEM
CM LEAF METER WALL KILOGRAM ROCK LITER FRUIT JUICE
.*9&%3&7*&8
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT Q
1SFQBSFGPS MIN H SEC MIN WK D
-FTTPO
JO&YTo (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS A REASONABLE LENGTH FOR A FISH AQUARIUM
Q
6 M 7 KM 8 MM 9 CM
&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
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8IZ 4PZPVDBODPOWFSUMFOHUIT BTJO&YBNQMF
,&:70$"#6-"3: MILE LONG FABRIC FENCE IN
"SU )N THE ARTIST #HRISTO BUILT A ]z
s 53 CUSTOMARY -ARIN AND 3ONOMA #OUNTIES #ALIFORNIA (E AND HIS TEAM JOINED
SYSTEM LENGTH TOGETHER PIECES OF FABRIC EACH FEET LONG TO FORM THE FENCE (OW
INCH FOOT YARD MANY YARDS LONG WAS EACH PIECE
MILE P
s WEIGHT OUNCE
POUND TON P ,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
s CAPACITY FLUID
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QUART GALLON P
,ENGTH 7EIGHT #APACITY
FT IN LB OZ C FL OZ
YD FT IN TON LB PT C
MI YD FT QT PT
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$POWFSUJOH6OJUT 4O CONVERT BETWEEN CUSTOMARY UNITS THE EQUATIONS
ABOVE CAN BE USED TO MULTIPLY BY A CONVENIENT FORM OF 3OME USEFUL
FACTS ARE
FT
s 4O CONVERT INCHES TO FEET MULTIPLY BY ]z
IN
IN
s 4O CONVERT FEET TO INCHES MULTIPLY BY ]z
FT
& 9 " . 1 - & $POWFSUJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUTPG-FOHUI
4O FIND THE LENGTH IN YARDS OF EACH PIECE OF FABRIC DESCRIBED ABOVE CONVERT
FEET TO YARDS
YD FT YD 6TFSVMFGPSNVMUJQMZJOHGSBDUJPOT%JWJEFPVU
]z
FT ]z
-5,4)0,9 "9 FT FT DPNNPOGBDUPSBOEVOJU
#FDBVTFZEGU
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C "OTXFS %ACH PIECE OF FABRIC WAS YARDS LONG
$IBQUFS'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
& 9 " . 1 - & $POWFSUJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUTPG8FJHIU
8IBMFT ! HUMPBACK WHALE WEIGHS TONS (OW MANY
POUNDS DOES THE WHALE WEIGH
40-65*0/
!6/)$ %22/23 5SE THE FACT THAT 4 LB
.BLFTVSFZPVVTF 6TFSVMFGPS
UIFDPSSFDUGPSNPGUIF LB
4 ]z 4 LB
]]z
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]z
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5 MC C "OTXFS 4HE HUMPBACK WHALE WEIGHS POUNDS
& 9 " . 1 - & $POWFSUJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUTPG$BQBDJUZ
#ONVERT FLUID OUNCES TO PINTS 5SE THE FACT THAT C FL OZ AND
#(%#+ 5.)43 PT C
6TFSVMFGPSNVMUJQMZJOH
0OFXBZUPDIFDLZPVS PT FL OZ C PT
BOTXFSJTUPNBLF
C ]z
FL OZ ]z ]]z
z
GSBDUJPOT%JWJEFPVU
FL OZ C FL OZ C
TVSFZPVFOEVQXJUI DPNNPOVOJUT
PT OR ]z
PT
UIFDPSSFDUVOJUTBGUFS
]z .VMUJQMZ
TJNQMJGZJOH
& 9 " . 1 - & 4PMWFB.VMUJ4UFQ1SPCMFN
#ONVERT FLUID OUNCES TO CUPS AND FLUID OUNCES
C
34%0 #ONVERT FLUID OUNCES FL OZ ]z FL OZ C
]]z
FL OZ FL OZ
TO CUPS
C
C OR ]z
]z
C FL OZ
34%0 #ONVERT THE FRACTIONAL C ]z
]z FL OZ
]z
PART FROM CUPS TO FLUID C C
OUNCES
z FL OZ
C "OTXFS 3O FLUID OUNCES CUPS FLUID OUNCES BUDMBTT[POFDPN
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFT BOE
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
YD IN LB 4 C FL OZ
FT MI FT OZ LB OZ PT QT PT
IN FT IN OZ LB OZ LB 4 LB
$POWFSUJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUT
.JYFE6OJUT 7HEN ADDING OR SUBTRACTING MEASURES GIVEN IN MIXED
UNITS YOU MAY NEED TO CONVERT BETWEEN UNITS
& 9 " . 1 - & "EEJOHBOE4VCUSBDUJOHXJUI.JYFE6OJUT
8BLFCPBSET /NE TYPE OF WAKEBOARD WEIGHS
POUNDS OUNCES !NOTHER TYPE OF
WAKEBOARD WEIGHS POUNDS OUNCES
A &IND THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS
B &IND THE DIFFERENCE OF THE WEIGHTS
40-65*0/
A !DD 4HEN RENAME THE SUM B 2ENAME 4HEN SUBTRACT
LB OZ
LB OZ
LB OZ
2%.!-).' LB OZ
?? LB OZ
??? LB OZ
??
P[ MC
LB OZ OZ
TPP[JTFRVBM
LB OZ LB LB OZ
UPMC P[
g g C "OTXFS 4HE SUM IS LB OZ C "OTXFS 4HE DIFFERENCE IS OZ
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
8IBU*G )N %XAMPLE SUPPOSE THE WEIGHTS OF THE WAKEBOARDS ARE
POUNDS OUNCES AND POUNDS OUNCES &IND THE SUM AND
DIFFERENCE OF THE WEIGHTS
&9&3$*4&4
)0.&803,
,&:
( 45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$&
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BUDMBTT[POFDPN
4,*--13"$5*$&
70$"#6-"3: #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
MI LB MI
PT GAL TON
$0/7&35*/(6/*54 #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
3%% %8!-0,%3 OZ LB PT C IN FT
!.$
POQQo FT IN FT MI ]z LB OZ
GPS&YTo
]z
4 LB ]z C FL OZ C PT
$IBQUFS'SBDUJPO0QFSBUJPOT
&3303"/"-:4*4 $ESCRIBE AND
*
CORRECT THE ERROR MADE IN CONVERTING
(%[i] (%[i&^c#
&^c#z] z *z ^c#
]
FEET TO INCHES &'[i &'[i '
'
83*5*/(.*9&%6/*54 #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
3%% %8!-0,% IN FT IN C PT C LB TON LB
POQ
GPS&YTo
IN YD FT
QT GAL QT OZ LB OZ
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH IS EQUAL TO OUNCES
6 LB OZ 7 LB FL OZ 8 GAL OZ 9 GAL FL OZ
"%%*/("/%46#53"$5*/(.&"463&.&/54 &IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
3%% %8!-0,%
C FL OZ
LB OZ
LB
OZ
POQ C FL OZ
??? LB OZ
?? LB OZ
???
GPS&YTo
FT IN
FT IN
MI
FT
FT IN
??? FT IN
?? MI FT
???
$0.1"3*/(.&"463&.&/54 #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT USING
OR
IN FT
PT GAL LB OZ
YD FT
C FL OZ 4 LB
03%&3*/(.&"463&.&/54 /RDER THE MEASUREMENTS FROM LEAST TO GREATEST
LB OZ ]z
]z LB LB ]z
OZ FT IN ]z
IN ]z
FT ]z
IN
YZ "-(" #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
4HERE ARE MILES IN X INCHES 4HERE ARE HOURS IN Y SECONDS
$)"--&/(& #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
MILES PER HOUR FEET PER SECOND OZ PER CUP POUNDS PER GALLON
130#-&.40-7*/(
3%% %8!-0,%3 (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& /NE LAP OF THE )NDY IS ]z MILES LONG (OW
!.$ MANY FEET ARE IN THREE LAPS
POQQo
GPS&YTo 6 FEET 7 FEET 8 FEET 9 FEET
$0/5"*/&34 ! CONTAINER HOLDS FLUID OUNCES OF LIQUID #ONVERT THIS
TO CUPS AND FLUID OUNCES
3&"40/*/( 7HEN CONVERTING FROM POUNDS TO OUNCES WILL THE NUMBER
OF OUNCES BE GREATER THAN OR LESS THAN THE NUMBER OF POUNDS %XPLAIN
$POWFSUJOH$VTUPNBSZ6OJUT
.6-5*45&1130#-&. 9OU HAVE JUGS AND BOTTLES OF SPRING WATER
%ACH JUG CONTAINS GALLON OF SPRING WATER AND EACH BOTTLE CONTAINS
FLUID OUNCES OF SPRING WATER
A (OW MANY CUPS OF SPRING WATER DO YOU HAVE IN THE JUGS
B (OW MANY CUPS OF SPRING WATER DO YOU HAVE IN THE BOTTLES
C (OW MANY CUPS OF SPRING WATER DO YOU HAVE ALTOGETHER
(4)0353&410/4& )N SOME AREAS FISHING REGULATIONS SET DAILY WEIGHT
LIMITS 7HEN YOU CATCH A FISH THAT MAKES THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF YOUR CAUGHT
FISH GREATER THAN ]z POUNDS YOU MUST STOP FISHING )F YOU CATCH A LB OZ
RAINBOW TROUT AND A LB OZ BROOK TROUT CAN YOU CONTINUE TO FISH %XPLAIN
3
& " % * / ( * / . " 5 ) 3FBEUIFJOGPSNBUJPOCFMPXGPS&YFSDJTFTo
1ZSBNJETPG&HZQU 4HE THREE GREAT PYRAMIDS OF 'IZA
1ZSBNJE )FJHIU 8JEUI
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5.6 Converting
g Customary
y Units pp. 250–255
pp
EXAMPLE
Convert 5720 yards to miles.
Use the fact that 1 mi 5 1760 yd.
13
5720 yd 1 mi 5720 yd 3 1 mi Use rule for multiplying fractions.
} 3 } 5 }}
1 1760 yd 1 3 1760 yd
yd Divide out common factor and unit.
4
13
5} mi Simplify.
4
1
5 3} mi Rewrite improper fraction as a mixed number.
4
EXERCISES
Copy and complete the statement.
SEE EXAMPLES 40. 19 yd 5 ? in. 41. 8500 lb 5 ? T 42. 48 c 5 ? qt
1, 2, 3, AND 4
43. 30 pt 5 ? gal ? pt 44. 200 ft 5 ? yd ? ft 45. 50 oz 5 ? lb ? oz
on pp. 250–251
for Exs. 40–46
46. Fruit Punch You need to make 16 one-cup servings of punch for a party.
How many quarts of punch do you need to make?
EXAMPLE
Find the sum or difference.
Rename
a. 7 gal 3 qt b. 6 gal 1 qt 5 gal 5 qt
1 7 gal 2 qt 2 4 gal 3 qt 2 4 gal 3 qt
14 gal 5 qt 1 gal 2 qt
14 gal 5 qt 5 14 gal 1 1 gal 1 qt
c Answer The sum is 15 gal 1 qt. c Answer The difference is 1 gal 2 qt.
EXERCISES
Find the sum or difference.
SEE EXAMPLE 5 47. 5 pt 1 c 48. 9 ft 2 in. 49. 3 T 654 lb
on p. 252 1 2 pt 1 c 2 3 ft 11 in. 2 1 T 1541 lb
for Exs. 47–52
50. 5 c 6 fl oz 51. 20 mi 52 yd 52. 158 lb 9 oz
2 2 c 7 fl oz 2 16 mi 763 yd 1 22 lb 12 oz
260 Chapter 5 Fraction Operations
5 CHAPTER TEST classzone.com
Chapter Test Practice
Find the sum or difference.
4 2 1 8 2 4 3 3
1. } 1} 2. } 1} 3. } 2} 4. } 2 }
5 15 2 9 3 7 4 10
3 1 1 5 2 3 3 4
5. 9 } 2 5 } 6. 14 } 1 12 } 7. 6 } 1 4} 8. 7 } 2 5 }
8 8 6 6 3 8 4 5
Find the product or quotient.
1 1 4 3 3 1 7
9. } p} 10. } p} 11. 10 p } 12. 5 } p 2}
5 8 9 16 4 2 9
9 3 7 7 2 1 6 2
13. } 4 } 14. } 4 } 15. 8 } 4 5} 16. 3 } 4 1 }
17 34 8 12 3 6 7 7
Copy and complete the statement.
17. 20 lb 5 ? oz 18. 2 gal 5 ? pt
19. 5 yd 5 ? in. 20. 34 oz 5 ? lb ? oz
21. Find the length of the pencil to the nearest quarter inch.
Copy and complete using the appropriate customary unit.
22. The weight of an empty wallet is 3 ? . 23. The length of a toothbrush is 7 ? .
24. The capacity of a kitchen sink is 20 ? . 25. A lawn mower weighs 76 ? .
1
26. APPLE PIE You have 2 } pounds of apples, and your friend has
3
1 1
2} pounds. A pie recipe calls for 4 } pounds of apples. Do you
6 2
and your friend have enough apples to make this pie? Explain.
27. RAIN A rain gauge is used to collect rainfall data. During a rainstorm,
3 1
a gauge reads 1 } inches after the first three hours and 2 } inches
8 3
two hours later. How much rain fell in the last two hours?
28. POPULATION A middle school has 900 students. Seventh-grade
2
students make up } of all the students. How many of the students
5
are in the seventh grade?
29. NECKLACES You want to make a necklace that has a bead placed every
1
1} inches. The necklace needs to be 20 inches long. There should be no
4
beads at the ends of the necklace. How many beads do you need?
Chapter Test 261
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4HE TABLE SHOWS THE TRIPLE JUMP ATTEMPTS MADE "UIMFUF TU+VNQ OE+VNQ SE+VNQ
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47. xy ALGEBRA Three times a given integer plus four is between 29 and 7.
Give three possible values of this integer.
48. CHALLENGE The missing integer in the list of numbers below is the median
of the numbers. What could the missing integer be?
244, 23, 211, 12, 227, ? , 24, 0, 1
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 3 49. MINIATURE GOLF In miniature golf, the player with
on p. 270 the least score wins. Order the scores given in the
for Exs. 49–51 table from least to greatest. Who was the winner?
Player Andrew Mandy Mitchell Pedro
Score 25 13 0 24
50. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The integers 17, 210, 32, 229,
and 0 are temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit. Show
how to find the median temperature. Would the median
change if 229 was 228? if 229 was 29? Explain.
51. ROMAN BATTLES The location and date of Location Date
five Roman battles are listed in the table.
Alexandria 47 B.C.
Use a number line to order the battles from
earliest in time to most recent. Let positive Byzantium 196 A.D.
integers represent the years A.D. and negative Carthage 147 B.C.
integers represent the years B.C. (for example, Jerusalem 70 A.D.
89 B.C. 5 289). Syracuse 211 B.C.
52. FOOTBALL The diagram below shows 4 plays in a football game. Each tick
mark represents 1 yard. How many total yards did the team gain or lose during
these four plays if they were headed for the goal line shown? If they gained at
least 9 yards, they made a touchdown. Did they make a touchdown?
Goal
53. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The table below lists the freezing temperatures
of five liquids. Which is the median of these temperatures?
Liquid Benzene Butane Cesium Mercury Nitrogen
Freezing 5.58C 21388C 28.58C 238.878C 2209.868C
Temperature
A 28.58C B 238.878C C 270.5468C D 2352.738C
272 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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.&/5"-."5) 5SE MENTAL MATH TO SOLVE THE EQUATION
D A C
G
D W
YZ "-(" 3OLVE FOR X
{X{
{X{ {X{
{X{
{X{ {X{
$)"--&/(& &OR THE DATA SET BELOW WHAT ARE ALL THE POSSIBLE INTEGER VALUES
OF X SO THAT X {3{ WHERE 3 IS THE SUM OF THE DATA %XPLAIN
X
130#-&.40-7*/(
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3%% %8!-0,% (83*5*/( %XPLAIN WHY THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF
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GPS&Y
4$6#"%*7*/( ! SCUBA DIVER DIVES TO A DEPTH OF FEET THEN RISES
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(83*5*/( )N HIS YOUTH THE %NGLISH MATHEMATICIAN
!UGUSTUS $E-ORGAN n REFUSED TO USE NEGATIVE NUMBERS
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH STATEMENT IS CORRECT
6 4HE SUM OF A POSITIVE INTEGER AND A NEGATIVE INTEGER IS ALWAYS POSITIVE
7 4HE SUM OF A POSITIVE INTEGER AND A NEGATIVE INTEGER IS NEVER POSITIVE
8 4HE SUM OF THREE NEGATIVE INTEGERS IS ALWAYS NEGATIVE
9 4HE SUM OF THREE POSITIVE INTEGERS IS SOMETIMES NEGATIVE
"EEJOH*OUFHFST
(&95&/%&%3&410/4& $ISC GOLF IS A VERSION OF )PMF 1BS ,ZSB .BSL
GOLF PLAYED WITH DISCS THAT ARE THROWN AT A TARGET ON
EACH HOLE 0AR IS THE EXPECTED NUMBER OF THROWS
NEEDED TO HIT THE TARGET 9OUR SCORE FOR EACH HOLE IS
THE NUMBER OF THROWS YOU MAKE ABOVE OR BELOW
PAR AND THE PLAYER WITH THE LOWEST TOTAL SCORE WINS
4HE TABLE GIVES THE SCORES OF TWO PLAYERS FOR THE FIRST
HOLES OF A
HOLE DISC GOLF COURSE
A $BMDVMBUF 7HAT IS EACH PLAYERS TOTAL SCORE AFTER
(OLE
B "QQMZ -ARK SCORES ON (OLE &OR THE SCORE
TO BE TIED AFTER (OLE WHAT DOES +YRA NEED TO
SCORE
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PLAYERS USUALLY NEED ONE MORE THROW ON (OLE
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%XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
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ANSWER IS WORTH POINT AND AN INCORRECT ANSWER IS WORTH POINT 4EN
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SIX CORRECT ANSWERS 7HAT IS YOUR SCORE IF YOU ARE IN SECOND PLACE (OW
MANY OF YOUR ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
$)"--&/(& ! LOCAL BIKE SHOP KEEPS TRACK OF EACH
DAYS INCOME AND EXPENSES BY HAND 4HE SUM OF
ALL OF THE TRANSACTIONS FOR THE DAY WAS 7HAT
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WRENCH SET
.*9&%3&7*&8
7RITE THE OPPOSITE OF THE INTEGER Q
1SFQBSFGPS
-FTTPOJO
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!MANDA PLACED CANDLES AROUND THE EDGE OF A 0ROBLEM 3OLVING 3TRATEGIES
RECTANGULAR CAKE THAT WAS INCHES WIDE AND N $RAW A $IAGRAM e#,+'
INCHES LONG 3HE PLACED ONE CANDLE ON EACH N 'UESS #HECK AND 2EVISE e#,+(
CORNER AND THEN PLACED ONE CANDLE EVERY N -AKE A 4ABLE e#,+*
INCHES ALONG EACH SIDE (OW MANY CANDLES
DID SHE PLACE ON THE CAKE
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH NUMBER IS PRIME Q
6 7 8 9
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.PEFMJOH*OUFHFS4VCUSBDUJPO
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4O l ND A B USING A NUMBER LINE FOLLOW THESE STEPS
34%0 $RAW A NUMBER LINE ON A SHEET OF PAPER OR USE
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A NUMBER LINE #HOOSE THE EDGE OF ONE TILE TO
REPRESENT GBDFGPSXBSE
34%0 3TART AT -OVE {A{ UNITS FORWARD IF A OR
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34%0 )NTERPRET THE SUBTRACTION SIGN )T TELLS YOU TO FACE THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION
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34%0 -OVE {B{ UNITS FORWARD IF B OR BACKWARD
IF B MOVE FORWARD MOVE BACKWARD
& 9 1 - 0 3 & &IND THE DIFFERENCE
34%0 3TART AT "ECAUSE MOVE {{ UNITS FORWARD
34%0 5SE THE SUBTRACTION SIGN )T TELLS YOU TO TURN AND
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34%0 -OVE {{ UNITS FORWARD BECAUSE .OW l ND
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1 3 "$ 5 * $ & 5SE A MODEL TO l ND THE DIFFERENCE
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34%0 -OVE {{ UNITS BACKWARD BECAUSE
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3&"40/*/( 7RITE EQUIVALENT ADDITION EXPRESSIONS FOR %XERCISES n
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,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
4VCUSBDUJOH*OUFHFST
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6TFSVMFGPSBEEJOHJOUFHFST
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6TFSVMFGPSBEEJOHJOUFHFST
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4VCUSBDUJOH*OUFHFST
& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOH*OUFHFS4VCUSBDUJPO
(FPHSBQIZ 4HE HIGHEST POINT IN !SIA IS
-OUNT %VEREST AT METERS 4HE SHORE OF
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METERS BELOW SEA LEVEL 7HAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THESE ELEVATIONS
40-65*0/
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START VALUE OF THE VARIABLE FROM THE NEW OR END VALUE OF THE VARIABLE
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOHB$IBOHFJO5FNQFSBUVSF
8FBUIFS )N &AIRFIELD -ONTANA ON $ECEMBER THE AIR TEMPERATURE
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40-65*0/
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4VCTUJUVUFWBMVFT
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(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
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$IBQUFS*OUFHFST
6.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 19, 44, 46, 47, and 58
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 7, 13, 15, 41 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: To simplify the expression 8 2 (29),
you can add the ? of 29 to 8.
MATCHING EXPRESSIONS Match the subtraction expression with the
equivalent addition expression. Justify using number line models.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 2. 27 2 3 3. 7 2 (23) 4. 27 2 (23) 5. 7 2 3
on p. 285
A. 27 1 3 B. 7 1 (23) C. 27 1 (23) D. 7 1 3
for Exs. 2–19
SUBTRACTING INTEGERS Find the difference.
6. 13 2 (24) 7. 29 2 3 8. 10 2 12 9. 217 2 9
10. 15 2 (218) 11. 13 2 24 12. 25 2 5 13. 7 2 (27)
14. 25 2 (225) 15. 254 2 (27) 16. 256 2 28 17. 33 2 (227)
18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error made in finding 3 2 (26).
19. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is 214 2 (27)?
A 221 B 27 C 22 D 7
xy ALGEBRA
A Evaluate the expression for the given value(s) of
the variable(s).
20. m 2 5 when m 5 4 21. x 2 y when x 5 9 and y 5 211
22. 10 1 t 2 (263) when t 5 217 23. 222 2 x 1 4 when x 5 216
COMPARING DIFFERENCES Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5.
24. 4 2 (21) ? 7 2 4 25. 23 2 (29) ? 5 2 (22)
26. 26 2 8 2 (25) ? 2 2 (210) 27. 2 2 9 ? 24 2 (23) 2 6
MENTAL MATH Copy and complete using <, >, or 5.
28. 24 2 (25) ? 0 29. 5 2 (28) ? 0 30. 28 2 9 ? 0
31. 6 2 (22) ? 4 32. 3 2 5 ? 2 33. 24 2 5 ? 29
CRITICAL THINKING For what types of numbers is the statement true?
34. ⏐a 2 b⏐ 5 ⏐a⏐ 2 ⏐b⏐ 35. 2⏐a 2 b⏐ 5 ⏐b 2 a⏐ 36. ⏐a 2 b⏐ 5 ⏐b 2 a⏐
3
37. ⏐a 1 b⏐ 5 ⏐a⏐ 1 ⏐b⏐ 38. ⏐a 1 b⏐ 5 ⏐a⏐ 2 ⏐b⏐ 39. ⏐a 1 b⏐ 5 2⏐a 2 b⏐
40. CHALLENGE
E Find two integers whose sum is 2 and whose difference is 8. P
6.3 Subtracting Integers 287
130#-&.40-7*/(
3%% %8!-0,% (&0(3"1): 4HE HIGHEST AND LOWEST POINTS IN 3OUTH !MERICA ARE
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GPS&Y 0ENINSULA AT FEET BELOW SEA LEVEL &IND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THESE ELEVATIONS
3%% %8!-0,% (6*%&%130#-&.40-7*/( ! PROFESSIONAL CLIFF
POQ DIVER DIVES FROM A LEDGE FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE OF
GPS&YTo THE WATER 4HE DIVER REACHES AN UNDERWATER DEPTH OF
FEET BEFORE RETURNING TO THE SURFACE 7HAT WAS THE
DIVERS CHANGE IN ELEVATION FROM THE HIGHEST POINT
OF THE DIVE TO THE LOWEST
A 7HAT OPERATION DO YOU USE TO FIND A CHANGE IN
ELEVATION
B 7HICH INTEGERS REPRESENT THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST
ELEVATIONS OF THE DIVE
C 7RITE AND EVALUATE AN EXPRESSION TO FIND THE
CHANGE IN ELEVATION
%&"5)7"--&: 9OU ARE GOING TO TRAVEL FROM THE LOWEST POINT TO THE
HIGHEST POINT IN $EATH 6ALLEY #ALIFORNIA 9OU WILL BEGIN AT FEET
BELOW SEA LEVEL IN "ADWATER AND END UP AT FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL ON
4ELESCOPE 0EAK 7HAT WILL YOUR CHANGE IN ELEVATION BE
(83*5*/( ! NEGATIVE INTEGER IS SUBTRACTED FROM A POSITIVE INTEGER
)S THE RESULT POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
1-"/&55&.1&3"563&4 ! TEMPERATURE EXPRESSED
1MBOFU .FBO4VSGBDF
USING THE +ELVIN + UNIT CAN BE CONVERTED TO 5FNQFSBUVSF
DEGREES #ELSIUS # BY USING THE FORMULA
# + #ONVERT THE TEMPERATURES GIVEN .FSDVSZ ,
IN THE TABLE TO DEGREES #ELSIUS &BSUI ,
+VQJUFS ,
(4)0353&410/4& $ESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING
PATTERN IN TWO WAYS 4HEN WRITE 4BUVSO ,
THE NEXT THREE INTEGERS %XPLAIN HOW THIS SHOWS THE 1MVUP ,
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEGER ADDITION AND INTEGER
SUBTRACTION
(01&/&/%&%."5) 7RITE AND EVALUATE THE ADDITION EXPRESSION
THAT IS EQUIVALENT TO THE SUBTRACTION EXPRESSION 4HEN GIVE A
REAL WORLD SITUATION THAT THE EXPRESSION COULD REPRESENT
$)&.*453: !TOMS HAVE AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF )N THE PRESENCE OF
CHLORINE SODIUM ATOMS LOSE ONE ELECTRON TO BECOME IONS OR CHARGED
PARTICLES #HLORINE ATOMS EACH CAPTURE ONE ELECTRON TO ALSO BECOME
IONS %LECTRONS HAVE A CHARGE OF &IND THE CHARGE OF EACH TYPE OF ION
4HEN WRITE AND EVALUATE AN EXPRESSION TO FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE CHARGES OF A SODIUM ION AND A CHLORINE ION
(45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$& )*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1BUDMBTT[POFDPN
$)"--&/(& 4HE ILLUSTRATION SHOWS THE CONSTRUCTION DATES OF SIGNIFICANT
LANDMARKS 4HE POSITIVE INTEGERS REPRESENT THE YEARS !$ AND THE
NEGATIVE INTEGERS REPRESENT THE YEARS "# &IND THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
EACH PAIR OF EVENTS LISTED
! " # $ %
'REAT 0YRAMID 0ARTHENON 'REAT 7ALL !NGKOR -ACHU
OF 'IZA OF #HINA 7AT 0ICCHU
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1SFQBSFGPS
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{{ {{ {{ {{ {{ {{
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EXPRESSION X PRIME Q
6 7 8 9
26*;GPS-FTTPOTo
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7RITE THE INTEGER THAT REPRESENTS THE SITUATION Q
PROFIT OF LOSS OF YARDS DEGREES BELOW
/RDER THE INTEGERS FROM LEAST TO GREATEST Q
&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
Q
Q
Q
z Q
Q
Q
5&.1&3"563& !T DAWN THIS MORNING THE TEMPERATURE WAS & "Y NOON
THE TEMPERATURE WAS & 7HAT WAS THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE Q
1&340/"-'*/"/$& &IND THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING TRANSACTIONS RECORDED
FOR A BANK ACCOUNT OVER A ONE WEEK PERIOD
Q
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GIVES THE SCORES OF THE TOP PLAYERS ON EACH SUBTRACTION EXPRESSION THAT IS EQUIVALENT TO
OF THE FIRST DAYS AT PROFESSIONAL GOLFS THE ADDITION EXPRESSION 4HEN GIVE
-ASTERS 4OURNAMENT 4HE OVERALL SCORE A REAL
WORLD SITUATION THAT THE EXPRESSION
OF EACH PLAYER IS THE SUM OF THEIR SCORES FOR COULD REPRESENT
EACH DAY OF THE TOURNAMENT
4)0353&410/4& ! FOOTBALL TEAM GAINED
(PMGFS 5IV 'SJ 4BU YARDS ON ONE PLAY AND LOST YARDS ON THE
$ISJT%JNBSDP NEXT PLAY 7RITE AN EXPRESSION THAT REPRESENTS
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.JLF8FJS ANSWER REPRESENTS
1IJM.JDLFMTPO
5JHFS8PPET &95&/%&%3&410/4& 4HE FOLLOWING ARE
AVERAGE YEARLY SNOWFALL TOTALS OF CITIES IN THE
5SFWPS*NNFMNBO
5NITED 3TATES AS COMPARED TO -INNEAPOLIS
7JKBZ4JOHI
$JUZ 4OPXGBMM JO
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$IJDBHP
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$MFWFMBOE
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IS WHAT DOES THE PLAYER HAVE TO .JOOFBQPMJT
SCORE IN ORDER TO BEAT THE LEADER 1JUUTCVSHI
(3*%%&%"/48&3 /NE HOTEL IN 'REENLAND IS A /RDER THE CITIES FROM THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
MADE ENTIRELY OF ICE 4HE TEMPERATURE INSIDE SNOWFALL TO THE MOST
A GUEST ROOM IS USUALLY # )F THE OUTSIDE
B &IND THE GREATEST AND MEDIAN VALUES OF
TEMPERATURE IS # WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
THE DATA
BETWEEN THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES
IN DEGREES #ELSIUS C 7HICH CITY HAS A SNOWFALL TOTAL CLOSEST TO
THE MEDIAN 7HICH CITY HAS A SNOWFALL
FURTHEST FROM THE MEDIAN
D )F THE AVERAGE SNOWFALL IN -INNEAPOLIS IS
INCHES WHAT IS THE AVERAGE SNOWFALL IN
THE CITY CLOSEST TO THE MEDIAN
(3*%%&%"/48&3 4HE MONTHLY AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE IN -ISSOULA -ONTANA RANGES
FROM # IN *ULY AND !UGUST TO #
IN $ECEMBER AND *ANUARY 7HAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST
AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES IN DEGREES
#ELSIUS
BUDMBTT[POFDPN
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"$5*7*5:
9OU CAN USE PATTERNS TO FIND RULES FOR MULTIPLYING NUMBERS
34%0 #OPY AND COMPLETE 4ABLE 4ABLE
34%0 7HAT PATTERN DO YOU SEE AS YOU READ DOWN &YQSFTTJPO 1SPEVDU
THE 0RODUCT COLUMN IN 4ABLE %XTEND +
4ABLE USING THIS PATTERN TO FIND THE NEXT
TWO PRODUCTS + AND + +
+
34%0 7HAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE PRODUCT OF
A POSITIVE INTEGER AND A NEGATIVE INTEGER +
34%0 #OPY 4ABLE 4HEN USE YOUR ANSWER FROM 4ABLE
3TEP TO COMPLETE THE TABLE
&YQSFTTJPO 1SPEVDU
2%6)%7 0!44%2.3 34%0 7HAT PATTERN DO YOU SEE AS YOU READ DOWN +
/FFEIFMQXJUI THE 0RODUCT COLUMN IN 4ABLE %XTEND
EFTDSJCJOHBOEFYUFOEJOH 4ABLE USING THIS PATTERN TO FIND THE NEXT +
QBUUFSOT 4FFQ TWO PRODUCTS + AND + +
34%0 7HAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE PRODUCT OF +
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)N THE ACTIVITY YOU MAY HAVE FOUND THREE RULES FOR MULTIPLYING INTEGERS
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
.VMUJQMZJOH*OUFHFST
7ORDS .UMBERS
4BNF4JHOT 4HE PRODUCT OF TWO INTEGERS +
WITH THE SAME SIGN IS POSITIVE +
%JGGFSFOU4JHOT 4HE PRODUCT OF TWO +
INTEGERS WITH DIFFERENT SIGNS IS NEGATIVE +
;FSP 4HE PRODUCT OF AN INTEGER AND IS +
+
.VMUJQMZJOH*OUFHFST
EXAMPLE 1 Multiplying Integers
a. 25(27) 5 35 The product of two integers with the same sign is positive.
b. 28(2) 5 216 The product of two integers with different signs is negative.
c. 212(0) 5 0 The product of an integer and 0 is 0.
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating Variable Expressions
xy a. Evaluate a2 when a 5 23.
b. Evaluate xyz when x 5 2, y 5 24, and z 5 6.
SOLUTION
a. a2 5 (23)2 Substitute 23 for a.
5 23(23) Write 23 as a factor two times.
59 Multiply 23 and 23.
b. xyz 5 2(24)(6) Substitute 2 for x, 24 for y, and 6 for z.
5 28(6) Multiply 2 and 24.
Math
5 248 Multiply 28 and 6. at classzone.com
EXAMPLE 3 Using Integer Multiplication
Greenland Most of Greenland is covered with ice that
is almost two miles thick in some places. Scientists
estimate that 3 feet of this ice melts each year. Find
the change in the thickness of the ice after 10 years.
ANOTHER WAY SOLUTION
You can use integer You can find the total change in the ice thickness by
chips to find this multiplying the yearly change by the number of years.
product. Form 10
Use 23 for the yearly change because the thickness of
groups that represent
23. The total the ice decreases by 3 feet each year.
represents ⫺3 (10), Change in ice thickness 5 23(10) 5 230
or ⫺30.
c Answer The thickness of the ice will decrease 30 feet in 10 years.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3
Find the product.
1. 29(2) 2. 23(24) 3. 5(25) 4. 0(214)
5. Evaluate the expressions x 2y and 23xy 2 when x 5 22 and y 5 3.
6. What If? What is the change in the thickness of the ice in Example 3
after 18 years?
292 Chapter 6 Integers
&9&3$*4&4 )0.&803,
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4HE PRODUCT OF TWO NEGATIVE INTEGERS IS
4HE PRODUCT OF A NEGATIVE INTEGER AND ITS OPPOSITE IS
4HE PRODUCT OF THREE NEGATIVE INTEGERS IS
3%% %8!-0,% .6-5*1-:*/(*/5&(&34 &IND THE PRODUCT
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6 7 8 9
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POQ
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6 7 8 9
YZ &7"-6"5*/(&913&44*0/4 %VALUATE THE EXPRESSION WHEN A
B AND C
C B A AB
B + C AB BC
A C AB + B C
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39. 225s 5 2100 40. 2n 5 210 41. 26m 5 260
42. 29p 5 36 43. 4a 5 232 44. 25x 5 65
45. 24m 5 248 46. x5 5 21 47. a 3 5 28
NUMBER SENSE Find the missing numbers in the pattern.
48. __, 263, 189, __, 1701 49. 7, 228, __, __, 1792 50. 25, __, __, 625, 23125
51. CHALLENGE The first four numbers in a pattern are 21, 2, 23, and 4.
What is the 25th number in the pattern? Write an expression for the nth
number in the pattern.
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 3 52. GUIDED PROBLEM SOLVING In degrees Fahrenheit, the lowest
on p. 292 temperature recorded in May at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, is 3 times
for Exs. 52–55 the average low temperature for May. The average low temperature for
May is 168F below 08F. What is the lowest temperature recorded in May?
a. What integer represents the average low temperature for May?
b. What operation is needed to solve this problem?
c. Write and evaluate an expression to find the lowest temperature
recorded in May at McMurdo Station.
53. DIVING SEALS A seal dives at a speed of 2 meters
every second. What integer represents the seal’s
change in position after 30 seconds?
54. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A whale dives down 3 feet
each second. What integer represents the whale’s
change in position after 15 seconds?
A 245 B 215
C 18 D 45
55. AIRPLANE LANDING Suppose an airplane descends 4 feet every second
prior to landing. Write and simplify an expression to represent the
change in the altitude of the airplane after 10 seconds.
56. ★ WRITING Explain how to use an addition model to find 6(28).
57. GAMES Peter is playing a card game in which you gain points for playing
cards and lose points for cards not played. The Jack, Queen, and King are
each worth 10 points. The Ace and the numbers 2–10 are worth 5 points
each. Peter has gained 30 points, but he still has 2 Jacks, a 3, a 7, and an
8 in his hand. What is his score for the game?
58. ★ SHORT RESPONSE What is the least possible sum for two integers
whose product is 36? Justify your answer.
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★ EXAMPLE 2 Standardized Test Practice
Cold Temperatures The table shows the Day Temperature
high temperatures for five days in January in
Monday 38 C
Bangor, Maine. Which expression can be used
to find the average daily high temperature? Tuesday 238 C
ELIMINATE CHOICES Wednesday 258 C
A 31315121745
Because some
Thursday 28 C
temperatures are B (3 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 7) 4 5
negative, you can Friday 278 C
eliminate choices A C [3 1 (23) 1 (25) 1 2 1 (27)] 4 5
and B.
D 3 1 (23) 1 (25) 1 2 1 (27) 4 5
SOLUTION
The mean is calculated by finding the sum of the high temperatures and
then dividing by the number of days.
3 1 (23) 1 (25) 1 2 1 (27)
210
ANOTHER WAY Mean 5 }}} 5 } 5 22.
5 5
You can find the
210 The mean temperature for these five days was 228C.
quotient } using
5
integer chips. Divide
chips representing 210 c Answerr Only C divides the sum by 5. The correct answer is C. A B C D
into 5 equal groups.
Each group of 22
represents the quotient. Temperature Conversions Operations with positive and negative numbers
are needed to convert temperatures between degrees Celsius C and degrees
Fahrenheit F.
F
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Temperature Conversions
Words Formulas Numbers
9 9
Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit F5}
5
C 1 32 71.6 5 } (22) 1 32
5
5 5
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9 9
6.5 Dividing Integers 297
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on p. 298 temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
for Exs. 53–54
54. NITROGEN The melting point of nitrogen is about 23468F. What is this
temperature in Celsius?
55. ★ WRITING What can you tell about two integers when their quotient is
positive? negative? zero?
56. ESTIMATION Explain why the expression 2C 1 30 can be used to
estimate the value of a Celsius temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Then
use the expression to estimate the value of 2158C in degrees Fahrenheit.
57. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Explain using an example why a negative integer
divided by a negative integer is a positive integer.
58. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The temperature was 2128C at 6:00 A.M., 498F
at noon, and 48C at 6:00 P.M.
a. Model Make a line graph of the data in degrees Fahrenheit.
b. Calculate What was the mean change in temperature in one hour,
in degrees Fahrenheit, between 6:00 A.M. and noon? between noon
and 6:00 P.M.?
c. Reasoning The next day, the changes in temperature between
6:00 A.M. and noon and between noon and 6:00 P.M. were the same
as the day before. If the temperature at 6:00 A.M. was 288C, what was
the temperature at noon and 6:00 P.M. in degrees Fahrenheit?
59. CHALLENGE The mean of five daily high temperatures is 238C. Four of
the temperatures are shown. Find the fifth temperature. Explain how to
use integer chips or a number line to model the quotient.
228C 278C 18C 248C
MIXED REVIEW
Find the product. (p. 291)
Prepare for 60. 213(5) 61. 9(26) 62. 24(252) 63. 27(80)
Lesson 6.6
in Exs. 60–66 Order the numbers from least to greatest. (p. 199)
64. 4 }, 4.} 4 } 4 }
3 30 3 9 15
3, }, 4.5, 4.25 65. 0.4, } , 0.4, }, 0.53 66. 0.85, } , 0.8, }, }
8 7 7 5 5 11 16
Write a fraction to represent the shaded part of the set or region. (p. 740)
67. 68. 69.
70. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE 3
What is the value of 5 4 }
4
? (p. 237)
15 17 4 20
A } B } C 5} D }
4 4 3 3
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2 24 3 45 7 175
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9 9 3 1
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3)
50. 23 0 32 51. (32)3 0 (33)2 52. (22)3 0 2(2
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 2 53. RAINFALL The table shows the amount of rainfall, in
on p. 301 inches, above or below the mean for four regions of
for Exs. 53, 54 Oklahoma during a recent drought. Order the numbers
from least to greatest to determine which region’s rainfall
was the most above and the most below the mean.
Region Panhandle Northeast Southwest Southeast
Departure 631 4
25.87 2} 28 } 1.97
from Mean 100 25
54. LOW TEMPERATURES The record low temperatures by month in Minot, ND,
are: 2448C, 2458C, 218C, 2248C, 2138C, 2428C, 238C, 2338C, 2168C, 2278C,
and 248C. Find the median of the data.
55. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Your team needs a total of 21 points to win a
volleyball game. Your team’s current score is 15. Which expression can
not be used to find the number of points you need to reach 21?
A 21 2 15 B 21 1 (215) C 215 1 21 D 15 2 21
56. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Give an example of a rational number that is not
an integer. Give an example of an integer that is not a whole number.
Tell what each number could represent in the real world.
57. ★ WRITING You are given two rational numbers. Tell how to find a
rational number that is between the two numbers. Does it make a
difference how close together the given numbers are? Explain.
6.6 Rational Numbers 305
3
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130#-&.40-7*/(
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6 7 8 9
(83*5*/( /NE MEANING OF THE WORD DISTRIBUTE IS TO SUPPLY OR
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5"-&/54)08 !T A TALENT SHOW EACH PERFORMER HAS
MINUTES TO SET UP MINUTES FOR AN INTRODUCTION
AND MINUTES FOR THE ACT 4HERE ARE PEOPLE
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(01&/&/%&%."5) $ESCRIBE AN EVERYDAY
SITUATION THAT CAN BE MODELED BY THE EQUATION
4HEN SOLVE THE PROBLEM AND INTERPRET
THE SOLUTION
53"%*/($"3%4 ! FRIEND IS SELLING HIS COLLECTION OF TRADING CARDS (E
IS SELLING EACH CARD FOR AND YOU WANT TO PURCHASE CARDS 7RITE
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PROPERTY AND MENTAL MATH TO EVALUATE THE EXPRESSION
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51. BANK
K A scale drawing of the layout of a bank is shown.
Write two expressions for the actual perimeter of 1 cm
the bank, if the actual bank is x times as large as this
drawing. Evaluate each expression when x 5 400 and 3 cm
when x 5 282.8.
3 cm
1 cm
52. WALL AREA Two outer walls of a building have length
16 feet and height 12 feet. Each wall has one square 1 cm
window, with side length 3 feet. Write two equivalent
expressions for the number of square feet of bricks needed
to cover the walls. Then evaluate.
53. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE A rectangular table is 3 feet wide and 6 feet
long. Each of the shorter sides has a drop leaf, which can be raised to
lengthen the table. The dimensions of the table are twice those of each leaf.
a. Use the distributive property to write two equivalent expressions for
the area of the table with one leaf raised. Illustratee each expression
with a diagram.
b. If the dimensions of both the table and the leaves are doubled, does
the area of the table with one leaf raised double? Explain.
54. CHALLENGE A club is selling sandwiches and pizzas to raise money. The
club charges $4.75 for each sandwich and $5.75 for each pizza. It costs
the club $2.25 for each sandwich and $2.50 for each pizza. The club sells
30 sandwiches and 20 pizzas. Write an expression to represent the total
profit made. How much profit does the club make?
55. CHALLENGE You and two friends go to a baseball game. Together you
have $50. Each ticket costs $10, and each of you buys a hot dog that
costs $2 and a large drink. When you leave the stadium, all together you
have $2 left. How much did each drink cost?
MIXED REVIEW
Draw a number line and graph the integers. Then order the integers from
least to greatest. (p. 269)
Prepare for
Lesson 6.8 56. 4, 24, 3, 23, 5, 26 57. 7, 28, 29, 10, 25, 8, 9
in Exs. 56–59
58. 6, 21, 3, 9, 22, 24 59. 11, 8, 210, 25, 23, 4, 0
Order the rational numbers from least to greatest. (p. 301)
1 2 8 22 21 16
60. 2} , 0.2, } , 2}, 22 61. 2} , 25, 2} , 2}, 24.8
2 5 7 5 4 3
1 18 4 14 2.5 1
62. 2.5, 2}
4
, 0.1, }, 2} 63. } , 23.6, 20.7, 2}5 }
,
3 2 15 3
64. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE How many inches are in 24 feet? (p. 250)
A 2 B 4 C 144 D 288
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 6.7,
7 p. 781 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 311
(0"- ."5&3*"-4
.BLFBOEJOUFSQSFUB tNFUSJDUBQFNFBTVSF
6TFCFGPSF-FTTPO TDBUUFSQMPU tHSBQIQBQFS
.BLJOHB4DBUUFS1MPU
! SCATTER PLOT IS A WAY TO REPRESENT PAIRED DATA VISUALLY %ACH POINT ON A
SCATTER PLOT REPRESENTS ONE DATA PAIR
7ORKING IN A GROUP OF SIX PEOPLE MAKE A SCATTER PLOT THAT SHOWS THE
& 9 1 - 0 3 & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEIGHT AND LOWER
ARM LENGTH
34%0 -AKE A TABLE LIKE THE ONE SHOWN -EASURE AND -PXFS"SN
/BNF )FJHIU DN
RECORD THE HEIGHT AND LOWER ARM LENGTH OF EACH -FOHUI DN
PERSON IN YOUR GROUP TO THE NEAREST CENTIMETER %BNPO
9OUR LOWER ARM LENGTH IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
YOUR ELBOW AND YOUR l NGERTIPS
34%0 -AKE A SCATTER PLOT OF
1MPUUIFQPJOU
GPS
YOUR GROUPS DATA BY BQFSTPOXJUIBIFJHIUPG
PLOTTING EACH PERSONS
,OWER
ARM LENGTH CM
DNBOEBMPXFSBSN
HEIGHT AND LOWER
ARM MFOHUIPGDN
LENGTH AS A DATA PAIR
,ABEL THE AXES AND PLOT
THE POINTS AS SHOWN
(EIGHT CM
% 3 "8 $ 0 / $ - 6 4 * 0 / 4
-00,'03"1"55&3/ 7HAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE POINTS ON THE
SCATTER PLOT 7HAT TENDS TO HAPPEN TO A PERSONS LOWER ARM LENGTH AS
HEIGHT INCREASES
13&%*$5 3UPPOSE A STUDENT IS CENTIMETERS TALL 5SE YOUR SCATTER
PLOT TO PREDICT THE STUDENTS LOWER ARM LENGTH %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
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1MBOF
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8IZ 4PZPVDBOGJOECSPBEDBTUEJTUBODFT
BTJO&YTo
,&:70$"#6-"3: ! COORDINATE PLANE IS FORMED BY THE INTERSECTION OF A HORIZONTAL
s COORDINATE PLANE NUMBER LINE CALLED THE X
AXIS AND A VERTICAL NUMBER LINE CALLED THE
P Y
AXIS 4HE X
AXIS AND THE Y
AXIS MEET AT A POINT CALLED THE ORIGIN AND
s ORIGIN P DIVIDE THE COORDINATE PLANE INTO FOUR QUADRANTS
s QUADRANT P
s ORDERED PAIR P
s X
COORDINATE P
s Y
COORDINATE P
s SCATTER PLOT P
0OINTS IN A COORDINATE PLANE ARE REPRESENTED BY ORDERED PAIRS IN
WHICH THE FIRST NUMBER IS THE X
COORDINATE AND THE SECOND NUMBER IS
THE Y
COORDINATE &OR EXAMPLE POINT 0 IS REPRESENTED BY THE ORDERED
PAIR AND LIES IN 1UADRANT )) ! POINT ON AN AXIS SUCH AS 1 DOES
NOT LIE IN ANY QUADRANT
& 9 " . 1 - & /BNJOH0SEFSFE1BJST
.AME THE ORDERED PAIR THAT REPRESENTS THE POINT
A ! B "
40-65*0/
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UP 3O THE X COORDINATE IS AND THE Y COORDINATE
IS 0OINT ! IS AT
B 0OINT " IS UNITS TO THE LEFT OF THE ORIGIN AND
UNITS DOWN 3O THE X COORDINATE IS AND
THE Y COORDINATE IS 0OINT " IS AT
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
.AME THE ORDERED PAIRS THAT REPRESENT POINTS # AND $ IN %XAMPLE
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( & 9 " . 1 - & 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
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6 0 7 1 8 2 9 3
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0OINT 0 IS LOCATED IN 1UADRANT )6 0OINT 1 IS
LOCATED IN 1UADRANT ))) 0OINT 2 LIES ON THE
Y
AXIS 0OINT 3 IS LOCATED IN 1UADRANT ))
Cgg"OTXFS 0OINT 3 IS IN 1UADRANT ))
4HE CORRECT ANSWER IS $ 6 7 8 9
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOH4FHNFOU-FOHUITBOE"SFB
&IND THE LENGTH WIDTH AND AREA OF Y
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WIDTH
40-65*0/
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4HE LENGTH OF THE RECTANGLE IS THE HORIZONTAL
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DISTANCE FIND THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR X
COORDINATES
LENGTH
,ENGTH {X
COORDINATE OF ! X
COORDINATE OF "{
{ { {{ UNITS
4HE WIDTH OF THE RECTANGLE IS THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN ! AND $ 4HIS
DISTANCE IS THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR Y
COORDINATES
7IDTH {Y
COORDINATE OF ! Y
COORDINATE OF ${
{ { {{ UNITS
4HE AREA OF THE RECTANGLE IS FOUND BY MULTIPLYING THE LENGTH AND WIDTH
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BY THE POINTS ! " # AND $
$IBQUFS*OUFHFST
Scatter Plots You can use a coordinate plane to make a scatter plott of
paired data. Each data pair is plotted as a point, and from the collection of
plotted points you can recognize patterns and make predictions.
EXAMPLE 4 Making a Scatter Plot
Pine Trees The table gives the ages and heights
of 10 pine trees. Make a scatter plot of the data.
Then make a conclusion about the data.
WRITING ORDERED PAIRS Age (years) 0 1 6 10 13 18 21 32 36 39
With a table, the first Height (feet) 0 2 4 8 14 16 23 31 34 34
value is the x-value
x
and the second value
is the yy-value. Use this STEP 1 Draw
w the first quadrant of a coordinate y
35
information to write and plane and show ages on the x-axis and
30
plot ordered pairs. heights on the y-axis.
Height (feet)
25
STEP 2 Plott the ordered pairs in the table. 20
15
STEP 3 Look
k for a pattern. The points tend to rise 10
from left to right. 5
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x
c Answerr As the age of a pine tree increases,
Age (years)
Ag ( )
its height tends to increase as well.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4
7. What If? Predict the height of a 27-year-old
y pine tree in Example
p 4.
6.8 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 23, 24, 42, 46, 47, and 62
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 7, 15, 21, 41, 43 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
VOCABULARY Copy and complete the statement.
1. In a coordinate plane, the horizontal number line is called the ? .
2. The second number in an ordered pair is called the ? .
NAMING ORDERED PAIRS Name the ordered B y C
3
pair that represents the point. H G A
2
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. A 4. B 1
D
on p. 313 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 O 1 2 3 4 x
for Exs. 3–10
5. C 6. D
F
7. E 8. F E
⫺3
9. G 10. H
6.8 The Coordinate Plane 315
PLOTTING POINTS Plot and label the points in the same coordinate plane.
Describe the location of each point.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 11. L(23, 3) 12. M(0, 23) 13. N(22, 24) 14. P(4, 1)
on p. 314
15. R(22, 5) 16. S(7, 0) 17. T(21, 28) 18. U(6, 3)
for Exs. 11–23
V 22)
19. V(4, W 24, 25)
20. W( 21. X(0, 24) Y 27)
22. Y(5,
23. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE K 23)?
In which quadrant is the point K(4,
A I B II C III D IV
SEE EXAMPLE 3 24. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the length of a line segment with
on p. 314 endpoints G(3, 3) and H(3, 24)?
for Exs. 24–31
A 27 units B 0 units C 3 units D 7 units
FINDING SEGMENT LENGTHS AND AREA Plot and connect the points to
form a rectangle. Then find the length, width, and area of the rectangle.
25. A(0, 0), B(6, 0), C(6, 2), D(0, 2) 26. M(7, 1), N(7, 5), U(8, 5), P(8, 1)
W 24), X(21, 24), Y(
27. W(3, Y 21, 5), Z(3, 5) K 21), L(22, 21)
28. I(22, 2), J(8, 2), K(8,
29. E(3, 4), F(25, 4), G(25, 2), H(3, 2) 30. Q(24, 2), R(24, 4), S(2, 4), T(2, 2)
31. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
the error made in finding the distance
between A and B using the points
A(3, 214) and B(3, 26).
SEE EXAMPLE 4 32. REASONING Make a conclusion about the data shown in the scatter plot.
on p. 315
y
for Ex. 32 5
4
3
2
1
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
xy ALGEBRA Tell what you know about the numbers x and y
y, given the
location of the point (x
( , y).
y
33. The point is in Quadrant I. 34. The point is in Quadrant IV.
35. The point is
i on the
th x-axis.
i 36. The point
i t is
i on the
h y-axis.
i
37. The point
i is in Quadrant II. 38. The point is in Quadrant III.
2
39. GRAPHING EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS List 5 fractions equivalent to } . Use
3
the list to graph 5 ordered pairs of the form (numerator, denominator).
What conclusions can you make about this scatter plot?
40. CHALLENGE Let a and b be integers, both not zero. If you plot O(0, 0),
P(a, b), and Q(2b, a), you can connect these points to form ∠POQ. What
type of angle is ∠POQ
Q regardless of the values of a and b? Explain.
316 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 1 41. SHIPWRECKS Suppose a researcher uses
on p. 313 a coordinate plane in which each unit is
for Ex. 41 equal to 1 mile to record the location of a
shipwreck. The research station is at the
origin. The shipwreck is 15 miles west and
8 miles south of the station. What ordered
pair can the researcher use to represent the
location of the shipwreck?
Math at classzone.com
SEE EXAMPLE 3 42. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Draw a vertical line
on p. 314 segment on a coordinate grid. Label the
for Ex. 42 coordinates of the endpoints and show how
to calculate the segment’s length.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 FUEL ECONOMY In Exercises 43–45, use the table below showing the
on p. 315 engine size, in liters, and highway mileage, in miles per gallon, for 12 cars.
for Exs. 43–47
Engine Size (L) 3 5 1 6 2 2 4 3 3 2 4 5
Highway Mileage
28 23 47 19 33 31 25 24 25 37 24 22
(mi/gal)
43. Make a scatter plot of the data.
44. What can you conclude about the data?
45. Predict the highway mileage for a 5.5 liter engine.
46. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A group of scientists record information on a
population of red foxes in a geographic region. The ordered pairs show
the length, in feet, and the weight, in pounds, of 15 red foxes. Make a
scatter plot
p of the data. Then make a conclusion about the data.
(3, 8), (3.4, 11), (3.1, 8.5), (3.5, 13), (3.5, 12.5), (3, 9), (3.7, 15), (3.7, 14.5),
(3.4, 10), (3.3, 12), (3.2, 9), (3.2, 11.5), (3.6, 14.5), (3.6, 15), (3.5, 14)
47. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The table shows the freezing temperatures of
water and of three bodies of water, and the salt content in each of these
in parts per thousand (ppt).
Water Caspian Sea Black Sea Great Salt Lake
Approximate freezing
0 20.7 21.0 26.6
temperature (8C)
Salt content (ppt) 0 13 18 105
a. Graph Make a scatter plot of the data.
b. Analyze Describe the trend shown in the graph.
c. Calculate If ocean water averages a salt content of about 35 ppt,
predict its freezing temperature. Explain your reasoning.
6.8 The Coordinate Plane 317
.6-5*45&1130#-&. ! COMPUTERIZED DRILL FOLLOWS INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN AS
ORDERED PAIRS IN WHICH THE X COORDINATE DETERMINES HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT
AND THE Y COORDINATE DETERMINES VERTICAL MOVEMENT 4HE DRILL BEGINS AT THE
ORIGIN AND RETURNS TO THE ORIGIN AFTER EACH HOLE IS DRILLED
A *OUFSQSFU 9OU WANT THE DRILL TO MAKE A STAIR STEP PATTERN BEGINNING
7HAT MOVEMENT WILL THE
DRILL MAKE TO DRILL THE FIRST HOLE
B "QQMZ 7RITE THE NEXT FIVE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DRILL
C 1SFEJDU 7ILL THE TWELFTH HOLE BE TO THE RIGHT OR ABOVE THE ELEVENTH
HOLE 7HAT ARE THE COORDINATES OF THE TWELFTH POINT
#30"%$"453"/(& 4HE COORDINATE PLANE SHOWS THE BROADCAST AREA OF A
LOW
POWER RADIO STATION AS A CIRCLE AND ITS INTERIOR
7HICH OF THE HOUSES LOCATED AT THE FOLLOWING
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6 CHAPTER REVIEW classzone.com
Vocabulary Practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
• integer, p. 269 • multiplicative identity, p. 302 • quadrant, p. 313
• negative integer, p. 269 • additive inverse, p. 302 • ordered pair, p. 313
• positive integer, p. 269 • multiplicative inverse, p. 302 • x-coordinate,
x p. 313
• opposite, p. 269 • equivalent expressions, p. 307 • y-coordinate,
y p. 313
• absolute value, p. 278 • distributive property, p. 307 • scatter plot, p. 315
• rational number, p. 301 • coordinate plane, p. 313
• additive identity, p. 302 • origin, p. 313
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Identify all integers and all pairs of opposites among the numbers 2.3,
24, 5, 22.3, 22, and 4.
2. Explain the difference between an additive inverse and an additive
identity.
3. How is the multiplicative inverse of a number different from the
additive inverse of a number?
4. How are the quadrants of a coordinate plane numbered?
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES
6.1 Comparing
p g and Ordering
g Integers
g pp. 269–273
pp
EXAMPLE
Compare 22 and 3.
⫺2 3
⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4
c Answer Because 22 is to the left of 3, 22 < 3 or 3 > 22.
EXERCISES
Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
SEE EXAMPLES 5. 12 ? 223 6. 244 ? 7 7. 221 ? 219 8. 24 ? 27
1, 2, AND 3
9. Order the integers from least to greatest: 7, 9, 8, 28, 210, 11.
on pp. 269–270
for Exs. 5–10
10. Finance Write the integer that corresponds to a bank withdrawal
of $350.
322 Chapter 6 Integers
6.2 Adding
g Integers
g pp. 277–282
pp
EXAMPLE
Find the sum 22 1 (24) using a number line.
Start at 0. Move 2 units to the left. ⫺4
⫺2
Then move 4 more units to the left.
⫺6 ⫺4 ⫺2 0 2
c Answer The final position is 26, so 22 1 (24) 5 26.
EXERCISES
Find the sum.
SEE EXAMPLE 11. 214 1 29 12. 31 1 (273) 13. 247 1 (213) 14. 216 1 (222)
1 AND 4
15. 52 1 (211) 16. 294 1 71 17. 236 1 (219) 18. 227 1 (268)
on pp. 277, 279
for Exs. 11–23
Evaluate the expression when x 5 219 and s 5 7.
19. x 1 (26) 20. x 1 s 21. 5 1 (2s) 22. x 1 (2s)
23. Lowest Points The lowest point in Europe is 28 meters below sea level.
The lowest point in Australia is 16 meters higher than this. Write an
addition expression involving integers that represents the elevation of
the lowest point in Australia. Then evaluate the expression.
6.3 Subtracting
g Integers
g pp. 285–289
pp
EXAMPLE
Find the difference. Then check.
5 2 8 5 5 1 (2 8) Write as addition expression.
5 23 Use rule for adding integers. ⫺5⫺4⫺3⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5
EXERCISES
Find the difference. Check using a number line.
SEE EXAMPLES 24. 1 2 8 25. 11 2 (22) 26. 27 2 3 27. 34 2 (241)
1 AND 2
on pp. 285–286
28. 215 2 7 29. 19 2 (228) 30. 12 2 35 31. 248 2 (239)
for Exs. 24–35
Evaluate the expression when a 5 28 and b 5 4.
32. b 2 29 33. 18 2 a 34. a 2 b 35. a 2 (2b)
Chapter Review 323
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6
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1. Your class is planning a field trip to a science center. The bus ride will
cost $200. Admission is $10 and lunch is $4 for each person. Write two
expressions to find the total cost for x students. What would the cost be if
25 students went on the trip? 30 students? Could you use the distributive
property to find your answer? Explain why or why not.
2. The corner points for a rectangular garden y
3
are plotted in a coordinate plane as shown. R 2
L
Name the ordered pair that represents each 1
point. Then find the area and perimeter of
⫺4 ⫺33 ⫺2 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
the garden if each unit in the coordinate
plane represents 5 feet. ⫺22
B T
3. The heights (in feet) and number of floors of 12 buildings in Chicago are
shown in the table. Make a scatter plot of the data. What is the general
relationship between the buildings’ height and the number of floors?
What are two exceptions? Explain.
Height (in feet) 725 850 680 635 767 599 871 651 580 641 844 695
Number of floors 63 60 50 46 57 44 66 50 39 57 67 52
4. On one day, the temperature was 418F at 7 A.M., 208C at 3 P.M., and 598F
at 6 P.M.
a. Make a line graph of the temperature data in degrees Celsius.
b. What was the change in temperature, in degrees Celsius, between
7 A.M. and 3 P.M.? What was the change in temperature, in degrees
Celsius, between 3 P.M. and 6 P.M.?
c. The next day, the changes in temperature between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m.
m
and between 3 p.m.m and 6 p.m. were the same as the day before. If the
temperature at 7 a.m. was 328F, what was the temperature at 3 p.m.
m and
6 p.m., in Celsius? Explain how you found your answers.
5. Use the coordinate plane to answer the questions below. y
4
a. Find the length, width, perimeter, and area of the A (ⴚ1, 3) B (2, 3)
rectangle. 2
b. Draw a new rectangle that has twice the length and 1
twice the width of the original rectangle. Find the ⫺7 ⫺6 ⫺5 ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 O 1 3 4 5 6 7 x
perimeter and area of the new rectangle. D(ⴚ1, ⴚ1) C (2, ⴚ1)
⫺2
c. Does the new rectangle have twice the perimeter of ⫺3
the original rectangle? Does the new rectangle have ⫺4
twice the area of the original rectangle? Explain.
330 Chapter 6 Integers
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In Exercises 48 and 49, write an equation to represent the situation.
Then use mental math to solve the equation.
48. SWIMMING In 1994, Tammy and John Van Wisse became
the first brother and sister to swim across the English
Channel. Tammy’s crossing time of 512 minutes was
15 minutes longer than her brother’s crossing time.
How long, in hours and minutes, did it take John to
swim across the English Channel?
49. TEMPERATURE The water temperature dropped by
248F from 758F. Water freezes at 328F. By how many
more degrees does the temperature need to drop to
reach the freezing point?
50. DENTAL COSTS Amy has an orthodontist’s appointment to get her braces
checked every 6 weeks. A check-up costs $40. About how much money
does she spend getting her braces checked for 1 year? Justifyy your estimate.
51. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Is “three less than a number” equivalent to
“the difference of three and a number”? Explain your reasoning.
52. GEOMETRY Write an expression for the area of a rectangle whose length
is 5 inches longer than its width. Evaluate this expression to find the
area of this rectangle if the width is 3 inches.
53. CHALLENGE Your age is x. Your older brother’s age y is 3 years more
than your age. Your younger brother’s age z is 4 years less than your
older brother’s age. Write an equation using y and z that represents your
younger brother’s age.
1
54. CHALLENGE You walk at 4 miles per hour for } hour, and then jog at
2
6 miles per hour for h hours. The total distance that you cover both
walking and jogging is 6 miles. Write an equation that represents this
situation. For how long do you jog?
MIXED REVIEW
Use the distributive property to write an equivalent expression without
parentheses. (p. 307)
Prepare for
1
Lesson 7.2 55. 6(5 1 3) 56. 9(24 2 2) 57. 8(27 1 13) 58. } (7 2 13)
in Exs. 55–58 2
CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to Problem Solving Strategies
solve the following problem. Explain
n your choice of ■ (p. 762)
strategy. ■ (p. 763)
59. On Oak Street, there are 60 houses numbered from 1 ■ (p. 765)
to 60. How many houses have at least one 2 as a digit?
60. ★ WRITING Describee two ways you can find the greatest common
factor of 45 and 56. Then find the GCF. (p. 170)
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 7.1, p. 782 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 341
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1UESTION 7
HAT IS THE LONGEST WORD IN THE %NGLISH LANGUAGE THAT HAS ALL
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!NSWER
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PROPERTY OF EQUALITY SIMILAR TO THE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON )N YOUR OWN WORDS
EXPLAIN WHAT THIS PROPERTY ALLOWS YOU TO DO
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P EQUATION TO FIND THE SPEED OF THE BLIMP
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KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Multiplication Property of Equality
Words Multiplying each side of an equation by the same nonzero
number produces an equivalent equation.
x x
Al b
Algebra a 5 b (a Þ 0)
} ap}
a5apb
EXAMPLE 2 Solving a Division Equation
x
TAKE NOTES xy } 5 0.75.
2
In your notebook, you x
may want to compare } 5 0.75 Write original equation.
2
and contrast solving
x
multiplication and 2p} 5 2 p 0.75 Multiply each side by 2.
division equations. This 2
will help you remember x 5 1.5 Simplify.
how to solve these types
of equations.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 2
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
c d s
7. } 5 13 8. 23.4 5 } 9. } 5 3
2 5 24
a z r
10. 211.2 5 } 11. } 5 215 12. 5 5 }
210 7 6
Reciprocals When you are solving an equation containing a fractional
coefficient, multiply each side of the equation by the reciprocal, or
multiplicative inverse, of the coefficient.
EXAMPLE 3 Solving an Equation Using a Reciprocal
2
xy Solve the equation 24 5 } x.
3
24 5 }2x Write original equation.
3
USE RECIPROCALS
For help with multiplying sd
3
sd
3 2
} (24) 5 } } x
2 2 3
3 2
Multiply each side by }, the reciprocal of } .
2 3
by a reciprocal, see
page 237. 26 5 x Simplify.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3
Solve the equation. Check your solution.
4 2 1
13. } r51 14. 22 5 } t 15. 2} p 5 –10
2
5 5
7.4 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations 355
( &9".1-& 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
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%,)-).!4% #(/)#%3
6 n MILES PER HOUR 7 MILES PER HOUR
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C "OTXFS 4HE SPEED OF THE BLIMP IS MILES PER HOUR
4HE CORRECT ANSWER IS # 6 7 8 9
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
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BONUS MATERIAL 4HIS IS TIMES AS LONG AS THE MOVIE ITSELF 7RITE AND
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CHOOSE A STRATEGY Explain how to solve the equation. Then solve.
x x
SEE EXAMPLES 23. 3x 5 15 24. 216x 5 4 25. } 5 22 26. }5 27
9 15
1, 2, AND 3
on pp. 354–355 27. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which describes how to solve 28y
8 5 40 in one step?
for Exs. 23–30
A Divide each side by 40. B Multiply each side by 28.
C Divide each side by 28. D Divide each side by 8.
28. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation has a solution of 22?
A 4y
4 58 B 24y
4 58 C 8y 5 4 D 28y 5 4
ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error made in solving the
equation.
29. 30.
TRANSLATING SENTENCES Write the verbal sentence as an equation.
Then solve.
31. The product of 10 and a number is 222. 32. The quotient of a number and 3 is 6.6.
2
33. A number divided by 211 is 7. 34. The product of } and a number is 18.
3
1
35. A number multiplied by 23 } is 2. 36. The quotient of a number and 25 is 211.3.
4
ROUNDING SOLUTIONS Solve the equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.
37. 2x 1 3x 5 12 38. 7a 2 5a 5 15 39. 10 5 b + 8b
40. 9z 1 3z 5 6 41. 3 5 m 1 3m 42. 6p 2 2p 5 9
CHALLENGE Use mental math to solve the equation.
48 58 5.6
43. 2} 5 60 44. } 5 2.9 45. 20.7 5 }
x a y
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 4 46. FLYING DISC You throw a flying disc to your dog. It stays
on p. 356 in the air for 2.5 seconds before your dog catches it 30 feet
for Exs. 46–47 away from you. Write and solve an equation to find the
speed of the disc.
47. GEOMETRY A rectangle has a length of 7.5 meters and an
area of 45 square meters. Write and solve an equation to
find the rectangle’s width.
7.4 Solving Multiplication and Division Equations 357
48. MIGRATION Use the diagram at the right. Plover Migration
Write and solve an equation to find the
average speed of the golden plover. Canadaa
49. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Your telephone bill lists United
States
a call that lasted 18 minutes and cost $1.08.
How much were you charged for each minute
of the call?
A $0.01 B $0.06 South
America
C $0.08 D $0.19
50. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Opening a door and shutting it can be thought
of as inverse operations. Describe two other real-world situations that
can be thought of as inverse operations.
JUMP ROPE In Exercises 51 and 52, use the following information.
Suppose that in the 3-minute speed event at a
jump rope competition, a jumper’s right foot
strikes the ground 309 times. Assume that the
jumper keeps a steady pace.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 51. Write and solve an equation to find the
on p. 355 number of times the jumper’s right foot
for Exs. 51–52 strikes the ground in 1 minute.
52. How many times does the jumper’s right
foot strike the ground in 1 second? Round
your answer to the nearest tenth.
53. ★ WRITING Describee a real-world situation that could be solved using
the equation 5t 5 20.
54. ★ SHORT RESPONSE In one day, a ski lift can carry 11,200 people. The
lift runs from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. Write and solve an equation to find
the number of people the lift can carry in 1 hour. Estimate the number
of people who could ride the lift by noon. Explain your reasoning.
55. REASONING Is it possible to solve the equation 5x 5 29 by multiplying
each side of the equation by the same number? Explain your reasoning.
56. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The top female runner in the 2001 Boston
Marathon completed the 26.2 mile race in about 2 hours 24 minutes.
The top female wheelchair racer finished in about 1 hour 54 minutes.
a. Write the time for each racer as a decimal.
b. Write and solve equations to find each racer’s speed in miles per hour.
c. About how much faster was the wheelchair racer? Explain.
57. BASEBALL In 1932, Ernest Swanson set a record by circling the 4 bases
of a baseball diamond in 13.3 seconds. Consecutive bases are 90 feet
apart. Assuming that Swanson ran at a constant speed, how fast did he
run, in feet per second? Round your answer to the nearest tenth.
358 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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classzone.com
Lessons 7.1–7.4
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The Empire State 4. SHORT RESPONSE On a trip to the zoo,
Building is in New York City. The Bank of 6 adults paid $33 for admission, $43.50 for
America Tower is in Seattle, Washington. lunch, and $54 for souvenirs. Write and
Use the diagram below of these buildings. solve an equation to find the cost for one
adult to spend a day at the zoo. Explain
your reasoning.
86 meters
5. OPEN-ENDED Describee real-world situations
that can be represented by the expressions
381 x
x + 10, x – 10, 10x, and } .
meters 10
Empire State h Bank of
Building America 6. GRIDDED ANSWER In wood shop class, it
Tower took you 45 minutes to make a bird house.
To make the bird house, you had to saw
the wood, sand the wood, nail the pieces
together, and then paint. You spent
a. Write a verbal model using a sum that 15 minutes sawing, 10 minutes sanding,
relates the height of the Bank of America and 5 minutes nailing the pieces together.
Tower, h, to the height of the Empire State How many minutes did you spend painting?
Building.
b. Use the verbal model to write an equation.
Then solve the equation to find the height
of the Bank of America building.
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Deb and Xavier are
using tokens to play arcade games. Deb
2
gives } of her tokens to Xavier, 12 tokens. Deb
3
then spends some of her remaining tokens
on a racing game. She then has 2 tokens left.
a. Write and solve an equation to find the
number of tokens Deb has at the start.
7. EXTENDED RESPONSE Each year, you
b. Determine how many tokens Deb has
as participate in an 8-mile walk for charity.
after she gives tokens to Xavier. Last year, you completed the walk in 2 hours
c. Write and solve an equation to find 45 minutes. This year, you completed the walk
the number of tokens Deb spends on in 2 hours 25 minutes.
the racing game. a. Write your time in hours last year as
a decimal.
3. SHORT RESPONSE A tank at a water facility
has two filling pipes. One pipe can add b. Write and solve an equation to find your
8 gallons of water per second to the tank. speed last year, in miles per hour.
The other pipe can add 5 gallons per second. c. About how much greater was your speed
The tank has a drain that lets out 3 gallons this year compared to last year? Explain.
per second. Write and simplify an expression
for the amount of water in the tank after
x seconds, if both pipes begin to fill the
empty tank while the drain is left open.
360 Chapter 7 Equations, Inequalities, and Functions
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40. ★ SHORT RESPONSE You are using a word processor to create a table.
The table will be 5 inches wide. The first column of the table will be
3 inches wide, and the remaining 4 columns will have equal widths.
a. Write and solve an equation to find how wide you should make each
of the 4 columns.
b. You decide to decrease the width of the first column by 1 inch but
keep the table 5 inches wide. Explain how the widths of the other
columns change if these widths stay equal.
41. BASKETBALL The length of a basketball court
is 34 feet greater than the width. The perimeter
of a basketball court is 268 feet. Write and
solve an equation to find the width. Then
find the length.
42. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Describee a real-world
1
situation that can be modeled by } x 2 4 5 5.
2
Then solve the equation.
43. CHALLENGE The formulas below can be used
to convert between temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit F and degrees Celsius C. Show
that the formulas are different forms of the
same expression.
9 5
F5} C 1 32 C5} (F 2 32)
5 9
44. CHALLENGE On the first three 100-point tests of the grading period, you
scored a total of 253 points. What score do you need to get on the fourth
100-point test to have a mean score of 85? Explain your reasoning.
MIXED REVIEW
Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or 5. (p. 301)
Prepare for 2 1 1 5 7
45. 0.6 ? } 46. 2 } ? 2 } 47. 2 } ? 20.75 48. 3.5 ? }
Lesson 7.6 in 3 8 9 2 2
Exs. 45–48
Use the Venn diagram to tell whether the
Owns a Pet
statement is truee or false. (p. 756)
49. Tina owns a cat.
Owns a cat Owns a dog
John
50. Kevin does not own a dog. Kevin Tim
51. Kevin and John both own cats.
Tina
52. Kevin and John both own a cat and a dog.
53. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the length of a line segment with
endpoints (25, 26) and (5, 26)? (p. 313)
A 210 B 1 C 10 D 11
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 7.5, p. 782 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 365
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INEQUALITY P
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE VARIABLE TO MAKE THE INEQUALITY TRUE
s EQUIVALENT
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NUMBER LINE THAT REPRESENTS THE SOLUTION OF THE INEQUALITY !N OPEN
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EXAMPLE 2 Solving an Inequality
xy Solve d 2 2 ≤ 1. Then graph the solution.
d22≤1 Write original inequality.
d2212≤112 Add 2 to each side.
d≤3 Simplify.
To graph d ≤ 3, use a closed dot and draw an arrow pointing to the left.
⫺2 ⫺1 0 1 2 3 4 5
AVOID ERRORS Check To check the solution d ≤ 3, choose any number less than or equal
to 3 to substitute for d. The check below uses d 5 0.
if you check by using
d 5 3, this does not d22≤1 Write original inequality.
confirm that the graph
0 2 2?
≤1 Substitute 0 for d.
is pointing in the correct
direction. 22≤1✓ Solution checks.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2
Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution.
1. x 2 3 ≥ 21 2. 6 < t 25 3. w 1 9 < 24 4. 1 ≤ k 1 7
EXAMPLE 3 Solving an Inequality
xy Solve 24w
w < 20. Then graph the solution.
24w < 20 Write original inequality.
24w 20
AVOID ERRORS }>} Divide each side by 24. Reverse inequality.
24 24
Don’t forget to reverse
the inequality when you w > 25 Simplify.
multiply or divide each
side of an inequality by To graph w > 25, use an open dot and draw an arrow pointing to the right.
a negativee number.
⫺10 ⫺5 0 5 10
Math at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 3
Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution.
1 3
5. 23n ≥ 224 6. 6ss < 242 7. 2} x ≤ 5 8. } r > 12
2 4
1 2
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5 3
7.6 Solving Inequalities 367
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48. SUBWAY PASS A one-way subway trip costs $1.25. A monthly
subway pass costs $41. Write and solve an inequality to find the
least number of one-way rides you must take for the subway
pass to be a better deal than paying by the ride. If you take an
average of 35 one-way trips per month, would you buy the
pass? Justify
fyy y
your reasoning.
g
49. REASONING Which values of m are solutions of the inequality
m ≤ 5? Write an inequality to represent the values of m that are
nott solutions of m ≤ 5. What is the relationship between the
values that are solutions of an inequality and the values that
are not?
50. REASONING Are 2x 2 12 > 16 and 16 < 2x 2 12 equivalent
inequalities? Justifyy your answer.
51. ★ SHORT RESPONSE How is the graph of the solution of an inequality,
such as x 1 1 > 2, different from the graph of a solution of an equation,
such as x 1 1 5 2? Explain how each of these compares to the graph of
x 1 1 ≤ 2.
ELEVATION The map shows changes in elevation in an area. Use the key to
write an inequality for each comparison.
52. How do the elevations of E and F
compare? Explain your reasoning.
53. What is the greatest possible difference
between A and C ? the least possible
difference? Explain.
54. Graph the possible elevations for point
B on a number line.
55. CHALLENGE The inequalities x > a and x < b can be written as a < x < b.
This is called a compound inequality. Write a compound inequality for
the situation below. What does the variable represent?
You had a $10 bill and a $5 bill when you went shopping.
After you bought a book, you had a $10 bill and some change.
MIXED REVIEW
Describe the pattern. Then write the next three numbers. (p. 3)
Prepare for 56. 94, 79, 64, 49, . . . 57. 8, 20, 32, 44, . . . 58. 2, 10, 50, 250, . . . 59. 23, 19, 15, 11, . . .
Lesson 7.7
in Exs. 56–59 Find the difference. (p. 285)
60. 9 215 61. 222 213 62. 27 2 (23) 63. 28 2 (29)
64. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of 28 2 9x 5 73? (p. 361)
273 265
A 9 B } C } D 29
17 9
370 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 7.6, p. 782 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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SEE EXAMPLE 2 38. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A cable company charges $50 for a one-time
on p. 377 installation fee and $30 per month for service. Write and graph a
for Exs. 38–40 function that models the total cost y after x months of cable service.
After how many months will cable costs total $230? Explain.
1
39. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A unicycle rider travels 6 } feet for
4
every rotation the unicycle wheel makes, as shown below.
a. Write an Equation Write a function that models the distance y the
unicycle rider travels in x rotations.
b. Make a Table Make an input-output table using the domain 0, 4, 8,
12, 16, and 20 rotations.
c. Draw a Graph Graph the function.
40. ★ WRITING Write a function for the perimeter P of a rectangle with
a length of 4 inches and a width of x inches. Explain your reasoning.
41. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Write a real-world function whose output value
is always less than the input value. Make an input-output table and
graph the function.
READING IN MATH Read the passage below for Exercises 42–44.
Physics The amount of force needed to move an Object Mass (kg) Force (N)
object depends on its mass and its acceleration.
Bowling ball 7 70
Mass is a measure of the amount of material
making up an object. Acceleration is how quickly Large rock 4.5 45
an object’s velocity (speed) is changing over time. Math book 1 10
Gravity is a force that causes objects near Earth Baseball 0.15 1.5
to fall towards its surface. The acceleration due
to gravity of such objects is about 10 meters per second per second.
The table shows the masses in kilograms of several everyday objects, and
the gravitational force F
F, in newtons, that acts upon them as they fall.
42. Graphing Representing mass on the x-axis and force on the y-axis,
plot the ordered pairs and connect them. Does your graph appear to
represent a linear function? Explain.
43. Write a Rule Write a rule for the function relating force, F
F, and mass, m.
What does your coefficient represent? Explain.
44. Newton’s Second Law Based on your rule, write a formula relating force,
mass, and acceleration.
380 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
45. COOLING The table below shows the temperature y of a cup of soup
after cooling for x minutes.
Time (min) 0 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature (8C) 90 85 79 68 58 49 43.5 39.5 37
a. Use the table to write a list of ordered pairs.
b. Plot the ordered pairs and draw a line or curve through the points.
c. Tell whether the graph represents a function. If so, is it a linear
function? Explain.
46. CHALLENGE You make a sketch of a garden you are planning. In your
sketch, 3 inches represent 4 feet. Write a function rule that gives a,
the actual dimension (in feet), in terms of the sketch’s dimension s
(in inches). Explain the meaning of writing the domain as 0 ≤ s ≤ 6.
Then graph the function using this domain.
MIXED REVIEW
Write the fraction in simplest form. (p. 176)
Prepare for 63 77 120 65
47. } 48. } 49. } 50. }
Lesson 8.1 81 343 360 78
in Exs. 47–50
Write the number as a terminating or repeating decimal. (p. 199)
3 2 5 2
51. } 52. 3 } 53. } 54. 5 }
8 3 11 5
55. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Evaluate y 5 6x 2 7 when x 5 12. (p. 371)
A 11 B 25 C 65 D 79
QUIZ for Lessons 7.5–7.8
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (p. 361)
w
1. 10 1 5u 5 225 2. 40 5 6t 2 14 3. } 1 6.5 5 11
28
4. THEATER Each student ticket to a school musical costs $5, and each adult
ticket costs $6. The music department collected $1400 in ticket sales and
sold 150 adult tickets. How many student tickets were sold? (p. 361)
Solve the inequality. Then graph the solution. (p. 366)
x
5. 23w
w > 51 6. x 2 15 ≤ 217 7. 34 1 y ≥ 47 8. } < 5
24
Make an input-output table for the function. Then graph the function.
(pp. 371, 376)
1 1
9. y 5 2x 1 2 10. y 5 7 1 2x 11. y 5 2} x 12. y 5 } x24
3 2
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 77.8,
8 pp. 782 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone
classzone.com
com 381
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Extension Direct Variation
Use after Lesson 7.8
GOAL Identify relationships and write equations that represent direct
variation.
If you know the cost of one movie ticket, then you can find the cost of 2,
3, or more movie tickets. These two quantities, total cost and number of
tickets, are directly proportional. In other words, when you divide the total
cost by the number of tickets, you will always get the same number, the
cost of one ticket.
A relationship in which two quantities have a constant quotient is a direct
variation.
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Direct Variation
xy Tell whether the relationship represents direct variation.
a. Input x Output y b. 4
y c. y 5 2x 2 1
3
1 2 2 y ⴝx 2
2 4 1
3 6 ⫺2 ⫺1 1 2 3 4x
4 8 ⫺2
SOLUTION
a. Use the table to find the b. Make an input-output table and
quotient of y and x. find the quotient of y and x.
Input x 2 3 4 Input x –1 1 2
Output y 2 4 6 8 Output y 4 1 1 4
y4x 2 2 2 2 y4x –2 –1 1 2
c Answerr Notice that the quotient c Answerr Notice that the quotient
is always 2. This relationship is not constant. This relationship
represents direct variation. does not represent direct variation.
c. Make an input-output table. Choose any input values. Then find
the quotient of y and x.
Input x –2 2 4
Output y –9 –5 3 7
y4x 2.25 2.5 1.5 1.75
c Answerr Notice that the quotient is not constant. This relationship
does not represent direct variation.
7.8 Extension: Direct Variation 383
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 7.5–7.8
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM During a long trip, 5. OPEN-ENDED Write a two-step equation to
the number of gallons of gasoline y in your represent a real-world situation. Describe
car’s tank after driving x miles is given by the the situation and explain what each variable
1 represents.
function y = 15 – } x.
24
a. Make an input-output table for 0, 60, 120,
6. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The table shows the
180, 240, 300, and 360 miles.
cost y of owning a cell phone after x months.
b. Use the table to graph the function.
c. As the number of miles traveled increases, Number of months Cost ($)
what happens to the number of gallons of 0 60
gasoline in your car’s tank? 2 132
4 204
2. GRIDDED ANSWER General admission
tickets to a concert cost $16 each, and 6 276
premium seating tickets cost $22 each. The 12 492
concert sold out, raising a total of $8100 in 20 780
ticket sales. There are 300 general admission
seats. How many premium seats are there? a. Use the table to write a list of ordered
pairs.
b. Plot the ordered pairs in a coordinate
plane and draw a line or curve through
the points.
c. Does the graph represent a function?
If so, is it a linear function? Explain.
7. SHORT RESPONSE The sign below shows a
zoo’s admission prices. Write an inequality
to represent the age of a person who paid
$2 admission to the zoo. Describee how your
inequality would change to represent the
3. EXTENDED RESPONSE You earn $5 per hour ages of people who paid $2 orr $7.
for a baby-sitting job, and you get a $5 tip.
a. Write a function that models the money Zoo
Children 2 years and under Free
earned y after baby-sitting for x hours.
Children 3 – 12 years $3
b. Graph the function from part (a). Adults 13 – 64 years $7
c. How many hours would you have to baby- Adults over 64 years $2
sit to earn $20? How can you tell just by
looking at the graph?
8. SHORT RESPONSE A monthly magazine costs
4. GRIDDED ANSWER You work in an ice cream $4.95 per issue. A one-year subscription costs
shop. You sold 145 frozen juice bars and $32.95. Write and solve an inequality to find
150 ice cream cones over the weekend for a the least number of issues you must buy
total of $399. You sold each ice cream cone for the one-year subscription to be a better
for $1.50. What was the price in dollars of one buy than paying by the issue. Explain your
frozen juice bar? reasoning.
Mixed Review of Problem Solving
7 CHAPTER REVIEW classzone.com
Vocabulary Practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
• verbal model, p. 338 • inverse operations, p. 347 • function, p. 371
• terms, p. 342 • equivalent equations, p. 347 • input, p. 371
• like terms, p. 342 • inequality, p. 366 • output, p. 371
• equivalent variable • solution of an inequality, p. 366 • domain, p. 371
expressions, p. 342 • graph of an inequality, p. 366 • range, p. 371
• coefficient, p. 342 • equivalent inequalities, p. 366 • linear function, p. 377
• constant term, p. 342
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Copy and complete the statement.
1. Two equations that have the same solution(s) are ? .
2. ? are operations that “undo” each other.
3. The set of all input values is called the ? of a function.
4. The number 3 in a term such as 3x
x is called the ? of x.
5. The set of all output values is called the ? of a function.
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES
7.1 Writing
g Expressions
p and Equations
q pp. 337–341
pp
EXAMPLE
Write the phrase or sentence as an expression or equation.
Phrase/Sentence Expression/Equation
a. A number increased by 7 n17
b. 6 less than triple a number is 9. 3n 2 6 5 9
EXERCISES
Write the verbal phrase or sentence as a variable expression or equation.
Let w represent the number.
SEE EXAMPLES 1 6. 2 more than a number 7. Twice the sum of a number and 4
AND 2
on pp. 337–338
8. 8 less than a number is 225. 9. A number divided by 7 is 6.
for Exs. 6–10 10. A plane climbs 20,000 feet to reach an elevation of 21,250 feet. Write and
solve an equation to find the elevation from which the plane took off.
386 Chapter 7 Equations, Inequalities, and Functions
4JNQMJGZJOH&YQSFTTJPOT PP n
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OUTPUT TABLE
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Z
z
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z
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A 4HIS GRAPH DOES NOT REPRESENT A FUNCTION
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MORE THAN TWICE A NUMBER LESS THAN A NUMBER IS
MORE THAN A NUMBER IS LESS THAN TRIPLE A NUMBER
3IMPLIFY THE EXPRESSION
B B H H X X S S
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X N C K
M S
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N a Z P q ]z D
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FIND THE PREVIOUS ASSIST RECORD
#",*/( )T TAKES YOU HOUR TO DECORATE DOZEN COOKIES 7RITE
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OBTAIN THE CORRECT ANSWER
1 3 0 # - & .
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6 7 8 9
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$IBQUFS&RVBUJPOT *OFRVBMJUJFT BOE'VODUJPOT
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57. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Ashley has 10 CDs in her collection and Carrie
has 16 CDs. Ashley adds x CDs to her collection and Carrie adds y CDs.
Find two possible values for x and y so that the ratio of Ashley’s CDs to
Carrie’s CDs remains the same. Explain how you found your answer.
58. CHECKING REASONABLENESS Use the diagram to write the ratio of the
distance the person ran to the distance the dog ran. Write your answer
as a fraction with a numerator of 1. Describee how the diagram can help
you check that your answer is reasonable.
59. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE In this exercise, you’ll compare the areas of two
squares when one square has sides that are twice as long as the other.
a. Use Algebra One square has side length s and another square has
side length 2s. Find the ratio of the area of the larger square to the
area of the smaller square.
b. Draw a Diagram Choose a value for the side length s of a square.
Draw a square with this side length on graph paper. Then draw a
square with side length 2ss on graph paper. Find the ratio of the area
of the larger square to the area of the smaller square.
c. Compare Compare and contrast the two methods.
60. CHALLENGE Is it always possible to find whole numbers a and b where
a a a a a a
} > }? where } 5 }? where } < }? Give examples to support
b a1b b a1b b a1b
your answers.
MIXED REVIEW
CONVERTING UNITS Identify the ratio you would use for each conversion.
Write the ratio in simplest form. (p. 250)
Prepare for
Lesson 8.2 in 61. feet to inches 62. pounds to ounces 63. gallons to pints
Exs. 61—63
CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to solve
Problem Solving Strategies
the problem. Explain
n your choice of strategy.
■ (p. 764)
64. On a trip to the mall, you spent $8 at the first store, ■ (p. 765)
then half of your remaining money at a second ■ (p. 766)
store. You spent the rest of your money, $16, at a
third store. How much money did you start with?
65. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which equation has a solution of 22? (p. 361)
A 3yy 2 2 5 4 B 2yy 2 4 5 210 C 22yy 1 8 5 12 D 2yy 1 4 5 22
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 8.1, p. 783 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 403
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44. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The diagram shows the maximum
distance a NASA Mars rover can travel in the given amount of time.
Not drawn to scale 6 meters
Time 0 2 minutes
a. Write a Ratio Write the maximum speed of a rover as a unit rate in
kilometers per day.
b. Make a Table Make a table that shows the number of kilometers a
rover can move at maximum speed in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days.
c. xy Write an Equation Write an equation relating the number of
kilometers d a rover can move at maximum speed in t days.
45. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE 1
A recipe for rice pudding uses ᎏ
2
cup of rice
and serves 6 people.
a. Write the cups of rice per person as a unit rate.
b. How many cups of rice do you need to serve 75 people?
c. One cup of rice weighs 6.4 ounces. How many ounces of rice do you
need to serve 75 people?
d. A 1-pound box of rice costs $.99. How much does the rice for
75 servings of rice pudding cost? Explain your reasoning.
46. REASONING You run the first 2 miles of a 5 mile run at a rate of 300 yards
per minute. Then you run the last 3 miles at a rate of 220 yards per
minute. Is your average rate for the run 260 yards per minute? Explain
your reasoning.
47. CHALLENGE Emma and Trevor start walking in opposite directions from
the same point. Emma walks 0.8 kilometer every 10 minutes, and Trevor
walks 2.8 kilometers every 30 minutes. How far apart are Emma and
Trevor after 1 hour? after 2 hours?
MIXED REVIEW
Plot the point and describe its location in a coordinate plane.
p (p.
p 313)
Prepare for 48. A(23, 8) 49. B(5, 0) C(6, 210)
50. C(6 10) 51. D(27, 27)
Lesson 8.3 in
Exs. 48–51 Write the ratio as a fraction in simplest form. (p. 399)
52. 15 to 20 53. 16 to 48 54. 3 to 39 55. 9 to 105
56. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH 1
Find three fractions greater than ᎏ
2
2
and less than ᎏ
3
.
Describee your method for finding the fractions. (p. 189)
408 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 8.2, p. 783 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 8.1–8.3
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Cans of your favorite 4. GRIDDED ANSWER Land yachts are used to
soup are sold in three sizes. An 8-ounce can sail on land. A land yacht travels 456 feet in
costs $1.28, a 12-ounce can costs $1.80, and 6 seconds. What is the land yacht’s average
a 16-ounce can costs $2.48. speed in miles per hour, rounded to the
a. Which can is the best buy? nearest tenth?
b. You want to purchase 48 ounces of the
soup. Explain how many of which size
soups you can purchase to get the
best buy.
c. You have a coupon that gives you 50 cents
off when you purchase 3 of the 16-ounce
cans. Will using this coupon be a better
buy than your answer to part (b)? Explain
your answer.
2. EXTENDED RESPONSE Two battery-operated
toy cars were tested to see how fast and 5. SHORT RESPONSE At a petting zoo, the ratio
consistently they travel. The data are shown of llamas to goats is 3 : 5. The ratio of llamas
in the tables below. to rabbits is 1 : 6.
Car A
a. Find the ratio of rabbits to goats.
b. Do you have enough information to find
Time (sec) 4 8 10
the number of goats at the zoo? If not, list
Distance (ft) 7 14 28 35 three possible values for the number of
goats. Explain.
Car B
Time (sec) 6 9 12 6. SHORT RESPONSE The table below shows the
number of boys and girls in grades 6 through
Distance (ft) 10 20 30 40
8 at a middle school.
a. Graph the points for each car. Let the Grade Boys Girls
x-coordinate be time and the y-coordinate
6 75 90
be distance. Draw a line through the points
for each car. Explain how this shows that 7 70 87
both cars have a constant speed. 8 84 63
b. Using the graph from your answer to
part (a), decide which car is faster. a. Which grade has the least ratio of boys to
c. What is the speed of each car in feet girls? Which grade has the greatest ratio?
per second? Explain how you found b. If 10 boys joined the grade 6 class, how
the answer. many more girls would need to join for
the ratio of boys to girls to remain about
3. OPEN-ENDED You have a garden in the the same?
shape of a rectangle. The ratio of the length
of the garden to the width of the garden is
8 : 3. Give three possible length and width
measurements of the garden, in feet.
416 Chapter 8 Ratios and Proportions
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ESTERDAY YOU BOUGHT FOLDERS FOR
9
4ODAY YOU NEED TO BUY MORE FOLDERS
(OW MUCH WILL FOLDERS COST
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PROPORTIONS THAT FOLLOW FROM THE TABLES CAN BE USED TO
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THE TABLE
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READING IN MATH Read the information below for Exercises 37–39.
37. Reasoning How long would a 150-pound
person have to ballroom dance to burn Dancing and Calories
as many calories as they would while Dancing is not only fun, it’s
high-energy dancing for 45 minutes? also healthy, because it’s an
effective means of burning
Explain your reasoning. calories. Recent research shows
that during 30 minutes of high-
38. Computation How many calories energy dancing, like hip-hop
would a 150-pound person burn after or Latin dance, a 150-pound
45 minutes of ballroom dancing? person burns approximately
212 calories. The same person
burns roughly 106 calories
39. Compare To the nearest minute, how while ballroom dancing for 30 minutes. So,
much longer would you have to spend whatever style of dance you prefer, dancing is
ballroom dancing than doing Latin dance a healthy exercise alternative.
to burn 500 calories?
40. HISTORY The length of a Viking ship is given below. What is its width?
70 ft
41. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE In the United States, 21 out of every 100 people
are under the age of 15. In a town of 20,000 people, how many people
would you expect to be under the age of 15? 15 and over? Would you
expect these ratios to be equivalent in every town in the United States?
Explain your reasoning.
42. CHALLENGE A ship moves 49 feet 6 inches for every gallon of fuel that it
burns. The ship travels 100 miles. How many gallons of fuel does it burn?
MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation. (p. 354)
Prepare for 43. 9v 5 54 2 5 108
44. 12j 45. 6r 5 48
Lesson 8.5 in
Exs. 43–45
Draw
w the line that has the given slope and passes through the given point.
(p. 409)
1
46. slope 5 4; (1, 24) 47. slope 5 ᎏ ; (21, 2) 48. slope 5 22; (0, 3)
2
49. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the scientific notation for 21,000,000? (p. 78)
6
A 2.1 3 10 B 2.1 3 107 C 21 3 106 D 21 3 107
422 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 8.4, p. 783 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
8.5 Solving Proportions
Using Cross Products
Before You solved proportions using equivalent ratios and algebra.
Now You’ll solve proportions using cross products.
Why? So you can use proportions to solve problems, as in Example 3.
KEY VOCABULARY Science A person who weighs 105 pounds on Earth would weigh
• cross products, about 17.5 pounds on the moon. About how much would a 60-pound
p. 423 dog weigh on the moon? You’ll use cross productss to find the answer in
Example 2.
2 4
In the proportion ᎏ 5ᎏ , the products 2 p 6 and 3 p 4 are called
3 6
cross products. Notice that the cross products are equal. This
relationship suggests the following property.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Cross Products Property
Words The cross products of a proportion are equal.
Numbers 3
}5}
15 4 p 15 5 60
4 20 3 p 20 5 60
a c
Algebra
a If ᎏ 5ᎏ where b and d are nonzero numbers, then ad 5 bc.
b d
EXAMPLE 1 Solving a Proportion Using Cross Products
2 3
Use the cross products property to solve ᎏ 5ᎏ .
9 d
VOCABULARY 2 3
ᎏ5ᎏ Write original proportion.
The phrase cross products 9 d
comes from the “X” 2d 5 9 p 3 Use cross products property.
shape formed by the
diagonal numbers in 2d 9p3
ᎏ5ᎏ Divide each side by 2.
a proportion. 2 2
d 5 13.5 Simplify.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1
Use the cross products property to solve the proportion.
b 3 a 5 4 28
1. ᎏ 5ᎏ 2. } 5 ᎏ 3. ᎏ 5}
10 4 15 6 5 c
8.5 Solving Proportions Using Cross Products 423
EXAMPLE 2 Writing and Solving a Proportion
Science To find the weight w of a 60-pound dog on the moon, as described
on page 423, write and solve a proportion using the weight of the person.
Person Dog
ANOTHER WAY 105 60 weight on Earth
ᎏ5ᎏ
You can also find 17.5 w weight on moon
the dog’s weight by
using the equivalent
105w 5 17.5 p 60 Use cross products property.
proportion: 105w 17.5 p 60
17.5 w ᎏ5ᎏ Divide each side by 105.
}5} 105 105
105 60
w 5 10 Simplify.
c Answer A 60-pound dog would weigh about 10 pounds on the moon.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve a Multi-Step Problem
Penguins There are 50 penguins at an aquarium. The ratio of rockhopper
penguins to African penguins is 3 to 7. How many are rockhoppers?
SOLUTION
STEP 1 Determine the ratio of rockhoppers to total penguins.
3 3
ᎏ5ᎏ For every 10 penguins, 3 are rockhoppers.
317 10
TAKE NOTES STEP 2 Write and solve a proportion to find the
In your notes, also show number r of rockhoppers.
how to solve proportions
using the methods of 3 r rockhoppers
ᎏ5ᎏ
Lesson 8.4, Examples 1 10 50 total penguins
and 2.
3 p 50 5 10r Use cross products property.
35
3r
(1) } 5 } r 5 15 3 p 50 10r
10 50 ᎏ5 ᎏ Divide each side by 10.
10 10
35
5 3 r
1 15 5 r Simplify.
(2) 50 p } 5 } p 50
10 50
1 1 c Answer There are 15 rockhoppers at the aquarium. Rockhopper penguin
15 5 r
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3
4. What If? In Example 2, suppose that a 150-pound astronaut stood on
the moon. How much would the astronaut weigh?
5. In John’s class, the ratio of boys to girls is 5 to 8. There are 39 students in
his class. How many are girls?
6. The ratio of tubes of acrylic paint to tubes of oil paint in an art teacher’s
supply cabinet is 3 to 2. There are 65 tubes of paint in the cabinet. How
many are acrylic?
424 Chapter 8 Ratios and Proportions
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on p. 423 4 x
error in solving the proportion ᎏ 5ᎏ .
for Ex. 18 9 18
SEE EXAMPLE 2 19. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Hair grows an average of 0.5 inch in 1 month.
on p. 424 Choose the proportion that you can use to determine the number of
for Exs. 19—20 months m it will take for hair to grow 6 inches.
0.5 6 0.5 m 0.5 6 m 1
A ᎏ 5ᎏ B ᎏ 5ᎏ C ᎏ 5ᎏ D ᎏ 5ᎏ
1 m 1 6 m 1 0.5 6
20. MEASUREMENT There are about 16 kilometers in 10 miles. Write a
proportion you can use to find the number k of kilometers in 250 miles.
21. ESTIMATION There are about 18.3 meters in 20 yards. Estimatee the
number of meters in one yard.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 USING PROPORTIONS Use the ratio of boys to girls and the class size to
on p. 424 find the number of boys and number of girls in each class.
for Exs. 22—29
22. 3 : 5,, 80 23. 5 : 4,, 45 24. 4 : 3,, 35 25. 3 : 4,, 84
26. 7 : 3, 70 27. 5 : 7, 60 28. 2 : 3, 65 29. 6 : 7, 52
SEE EXAMPLE 4 ESTIMATION Estimate to solve the proportion.
on p. 425 0.77 m 4.1 4.3 59.7 83.9 m 44.6
for Exs. 30—33 30. } 5 } 31. } 5 } 32. } 5 } 33. } 5 }
2.4 6 m 34.5 35.8 m 12 18.7
xy ALGEBRA Solve the proportion.
15 9 b23 5 3 x 2 5
34. } 5 } 35. } 5 } 36. } 5 } 37. } 5}
4 2n 16 8 4 x13 t t26
a c d c
38. CHALLENGE If } 5 } , then is } 5 } also true? Explain your reasoning.
b d b a
In Exercises 39–42, tell whether the ratios form a proportion.
EXTENSION Deciding Whether Ratios Form a Proportion
Only ratios that form a proportion are equal.
2 ⱨᎏ 5
ᎏ
9 16
Write the possible proportion.
2 p 16 ⱨ 9 p 5 Find cross products.
32 Þ 45 Multiply. The cross products are not equal.
c Answer The ratios don’t form a proportion.
24 3 6 21 3.4 5.6 9 54
39. ᎏ ,ᎏ 40. ᎏ,ᎏ 41. ᎏ ,ᎏ 42. ᎏ ,ᎏ
104 13 7 18 4.3 6.5 4.3 25.8
426 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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TO 4HE NUMBER OF STUDENTS SURVEYED WHO USE A PENCIL IS MORE
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on p. 431 a drawing is 1 in. : 5 ft. The width of
for Ex. 15 the actual object is 15 feet. Describe
and correct the error made in finding
the drawing width.
FINDING THE SCALE Write the ratio as a scale without units.
5 in. 7 cm 12 cm 6 in.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 16. } 17. } 18. } 19. }
2 ft 7m 5 km 14 yd
on p. 432
for Exs. 16–23 2m 1 ft 18 mm 9 in.
20. } 21. } 22. } 23. }
16 km 8 yd 10 cm 20 ft
24. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A child’s picnic table is a scale model of an adult
picnic table. The child’s picnic table is 22 inches tall, and the adult
picnic table is 33 inches tall. What is the model’s scale factor?
3 2 1 1
A } B } C } D }
2 3 11 15
25. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? A 2-foot by 2.5-foot scale drawing is
created from an 8-inch by 10-inch photograph. Which scale does not
belong with the others?
3 1
A. 1 ft : 4 in. B. 2:8 C. } D. }
1 4
26. REASONING A model’s scale is 1 : 0.2. Is the scale model larger or
smaller than the actual object? Explain.
27. CHALLENGE The width of an object is 8 feet. You make a model of the
1
object using a scale factor of } . Then you make a model of the model
2
using the same scale factor. In total, you make four models by this
process. What is the value off x in the scale x inches : 8 feet, where x is the
width of the fourth model?
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 2 28. SCULPTURE Each bowling pin in the sculpture
on p. 431 is a scale model of a normal bowling pin. The
for Exs. 28 model’s scale is 1 : 0.05. The height of a normal
bowling pin is 38 centimeters. Estimatee the
height of a bowling pin in the model.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 29. MINIATURE FURNITURE A carpenter makes
on p. 432 miniature replicas of Victorian furniture.
for Ex. 29 The scale model of a table that he made is
3 inches long. The full-size table is 36 inches
long. What is the model’s scale?
Flying Pins by Claes Oldenburg and
30. ★ WRITING Explain what it means if a drawing Coosje van Bruggen
is “not to scale”?
8.6 Scale Drawings and Models 433
31. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You decide to use a scale of 1 in. : 8 ft to make a
scale drawing of your classroom. The actual length of your classroom is
36 feet. What should be the length of the classroom in the drawing?
A 1 in. B 4.5 in. C 36 in. D 288 in.
PAINTING In Exercises 32 and 33, an artist is making a scale drawing of a
4-foot wide mural. The drawing is 8 inches wide.
32. What is the drawing’s scale?
33. The length of the mural is 5 feet. What is the length of the scale drawing?
Explain your reasoning.
34. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A model of a chessboard was made using a scale
factor of 3 : 1. The original chessboard was 5 inches by 5 inches. Find the
perimeter and area of the original chessboard and its model. Compare
your findings to the scale factor. Describee what you notice.
35. MEASUREMENT Use a ruler to measure the sides of the hexagon
shown. Create an approximate scale drawing of the hexagon with
a scale of 5 cm : 1 cm.
36. TIMELINE The table lists seven recent U.S. Presidents and the
year each took office. Make a timeline showing the length of the
completed terms of the first six Presidents listed. Use the scale
0.5 centimeters : 2 years.
President Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush
Year took office 1969 1974 1977 1981 1989 1993 2001
37. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A scaled picture
off a maple leaf is shown at the right. The leaf is on 1 cm : 2 cm
a 5 centimeter by 5 centimeter grid. The scale shown
in the picture is of the form scale model : actual object.
a. Draw at Actual Size Make a drawing of the leaf
at its actual size.
b. Draw a Smaller Model Use the drawing in part (a)
to make a model drawing using the scale
5 mm : 2 cm.
c. Area Estimatee the area of the maple leaf in the
picture and the two drawings in parts (a) and (b).
38. CHALLENGE A scale drawing of a rectangular garden has a length of
5 inches and a width of 3.5 inches. The scale is 1 in. : x ft. Write a ratio
of the area of the scale drawing to the area of the actual garden. Write
a ratio of the perimeter of the scale drawing to the perimeter of the
actual garden. Comparee each ratio to the scale.
39. LOOK FOR A PATTERN Draw a rectangle, choose a scale, and make a
scale drawing of it. Write and compare ratios as done in Exercise 38.
Repeat this process for several other rectangles. What do you notice?
434 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 8.4–8.6
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The seventh-grade 6. GRIDDED ANSWER A scale model of a car is
class sold ice cream cones to raise money for a made using the scale 1 : 24. The height of a
class trip. The ratio of small to medium cones wheel on the model is 2.4 centimeters. One
sold was 3 to 1, and the ratio of medium to rotation of a tire is equal to about 3.14h, where
large cones sold was 9 to 25. The class sold h is the height of the tire. What is the number
27 medium cones. of centimeters traveled in 50 rotations of the
a. How many small cones were sold? actual tire, to the nearest centimeter?
b. How many large cones were sold?
7. SHORT RESPONSE You are reading a book
c. The class sold small cones for
f $1.50,
$1 5 for English class. The table below lists how
medium cones for $2.00, and large many pages you have read in the past 8 days.
cones for $2.50. How much money
did the class raise? Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pages 20 16 19 30 24 18 25 27
2. EXTENDED RESPONSE The ratio of counselors
to campers at a camp is 1 : 9. The ratio of a. On Day 1, you began reading the book
campers who know how to swim to campers on page 1. Make a timeline showing the
who don’t know how to swim is 7 : 2. There number of pages you read each day. Use
are 13 counselors. Find the number of the scale 1 centimeter : 10 pages.
campers. Then find the number of campers
b. The book has 300 pages total. If you read
d
who know how to swim. Explain how you
at the average rate you’ve read so far,
found your answers.
how many total days will it take to finish?
3. OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-world situation
Explain your answer.
that can be modeled by the proportion
8 x 8. EXTENDED RESPONSE The scale on a map is
} 5 }. Solve the proportion and explain 1 inch : 40 miles. The distance that you plan
12 100
what your solution means in this situation. to drive measures 4.75 inches on the map.
You drive at an average speed of 50 miles per
4. SHORT RESPONSE Three tablespoons of hour. How long will it take you to drive this
lemonade mix makes 8 fluid ounces of distance? Express your answer in hours and
lemonade. How much mix should you use to minutes. Explain your reasoning.
make 1 gallon of lemonade? Explain how you
found your answer. 9. SHORT RESPONSE Mark decides to build
a shed in his backyard. He makes a scale
5. GRIDDED ANSWER drawing of the shed using a scale of
The bat shown is a 0.5 inch : 1 foot.
scale model of Babe a. Mark wants a window in the shed to be
Ruth’s bat displayed at 2 feet wide. How wide should the window
the Louisville Slugger in his scale drawing be? Explain your
y
Museum in Louisville, answer.
Kentucky. The model’s
b. The rectangular floor of the shed in the
scale is 1: 0.0236. If the
model is 120 feet tall, scale drawing is 12 inches by 18 inches.
how many inches long Find the actual dimensions of the floor.
is the actual bat? Explain how you found your answer.
436 Chapter 8 Ratios and Proportions
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% 2ATIO
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PENCILS ]z ]z
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8.3 Slope
p pp. 409–414
pp
EXAMPLE
y
Find the slope of the line. 4
3
To find the slope of a line, find the ratio of the ⴚ3
2
rise to the run between two points on the line.
1
rise 23 3 4 x
slope 5 } 5 } 5 2} O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
run 4 4
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLE 1 25. Find the slope of the line. y
5
on p. 410
for Exs. 25–28 4
3
2
1
⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 1 2 3 x
Graph the line that passes through the points. Then find the slope of
the line.
26. (22, 0), (21, 4) 27. (1, 26), (3, 8) 28. (23, 22), (5, 25)
8.4 Writing
g and Solving
g Proportions
p pp. 418–422
pp
EXAMPLE
5 a
Solve the proportion } 5} .
4 20
5 a
}5} Write original proportion.
4 20
5 a
20 p } 5 20 p } Multiply each side by 20.
4 20
100
}5a Simplify.
4
25 5 a Simplify fraction.
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLES
1 AND 2 Solve the proportion.
on pp. 418–419 8 24 6 12 10 m 7 x
29. } 5 } 30. } 5 } 31. } 5 } 32. } 5 }
for Exs. 29–32 10 s w 18 25 5 21 6
Chapter Review 439
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LENGTH OF THE MODEL
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41&&% ! CAR TRAVELS MILES IN HOURS 7HAT IS THE AVERAGE SPEED OF
THE CAR AS A UNIT RATE IN MILES PER HOUR
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FLOWERS FOR OR CUT FLOWERS FOR
45"*/*/( 4HREE GALLONS OF OIL BASED STAIN COVER ABOUT SQUARE
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SQUARE FEET
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4HE FLOOR PLAN OF THE FIRST FLOOR OF A HOUSE WAS DRAWN USING THE SCALE
CM M &IND THE ACTUAL LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE ROOM GIVEN ITS
LENGTH AND WIDTH ON THE DRAWING
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
PROBLEM 2
The table shows the wins and Team Wins Losses
losses for teams in the NBA
Dallas Mavericks 58 24
during the 2004–2005 season.
Which team has a ratio of wins Detroit Pistons 54 28
to games played closest to 0.5? Washington Wizards 45 37
A Lakers B Mavericks L.A. Lakers 34 48
C Pistons D Wizards
STEP 1
Read the problem
carefully. Decide how
you can use the given
information to solve Plan
the problem.
INTERPRET THE TABLE From the table, you know the number of games each
team won and lost. For each team, you can add wins and losses to find the
number of games played then find the ratio of wins to games played.
Solution
STEP 2
Find the number of games played by adding the wins and losses.
Find the number of
games played. Mavericks: 58 1 24 5 82 Pistons: 54 1 28 5 82
Wizards: 45 1 37 5 82 Lakers: 34 1 48 5 82
STEP 3 wins
Find the ratio of wins
Find the ratio }} .
games played
to games played and
58 54
simplify. Mavericks: } ø 0.71 Pistons: } ø 0.66
82 82
45 34
Wizards: } ø 0.55 Lakers: } ø 0.41
82 82
The ratio closest to 0.5 is 0.55. So, the Wizards have the ratio of wins to
games played that is closest to 0.5. The correct answer is D. A B C D
PRACTICE
1. The ship in the scale drawing is
5.2 centimeters long. How long is
the actual ship?
A 17.2 m B 60 m
C 62.4 m D 1200 m 1 cm:12 m
2. A car travels 190 miles in 5 hours. What is the average speed of the car in
miles per hour?
A 3.8 B 38 C 40 D 950
Standardized Test Preparation 443
8
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A scale drawing of a stained glass panel 5. Which rate is less than 0.5 meter per
is shown below. The actual panel is second?
56 centimeters wide. How tall is the panel?
A 7000
}
m 210 m
B }
4h 6 min
165 cm 105 m
C } D }
3 sec 175 sec
3 cm 6. Which of the 4 lines has the greatest slope?
y
1 a b
c
3.5 cm O 1 2 3 7 x
A 6 cm B 48 cm ⫺2 d
C 50 cm D 65 cm
2. A jar contains 15 red marbles, 3 green
A line a B line b
marbles, 2 white marbles, and 10 blue
marbles. What is the ratio of red marbles C line c D line d
to all marbles?
7. What is the slope of line a in Exercise 6?
1 1
A } B } 4 3
2 1 A 2} B 2}
3 4
2 5
C } D } 3 4
1 1 C } D }
4 3
3. You want to complete a 300-mile road trip
in 5 hours. Which of the following times 8. You buy 6 pairs of socks for $4.50. Which
and distances measured from the start proportion can be used to find the cost
of your trip indicates that you are not of 9 pairs of socks?
traveling at the desired average speed? 6
A } x
5} 4.5 x
B } 5}
4.5 9 6 9
A 120 miles in 2 hours
9 4.5 4.5 6
B 150 miles in 2.5 hours C } 5} D } 5}
6 x 9 x
C 210 miles in 3.5 hours 9. The scale on an amusement park map is
D 250 miles in 4 hours 1 inch : 300 feet. On the map, the distance
from the roller coaster to the log flume is
4. You make 3 quarts of tomato sauce from 3.25 inches. What is the actual distance?
2 baskets of tomatoes. How many baskets
A 92.3 ft B 325 ft
of tomatoes do you need to make 2 gallons
of tomato sauce? C 975 ft D 1020 ft
1 2
A 1} B 2}
3 3
1 2
C 5} D 10 }
3 3
444 Chapter 8 Ratios and Proportions
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4RISHA RUNS MILES IN HOURS MINUTES )N A SCHOOL ELECTION THE RATIO OF THE
4O THE NEAREST TENTH WHAT IS 4RISHAS AVERAGE NUMBER OF VOTES FOR -IGUEL TO THE NUMBER
SPEED IN MILES PER HOUR OF VOTES FOR -ARLA WAS 4HE RATIO OF THE
NUMBER OF VOTES FOR -IGUEL TO THE NUMBER
)F YOU USE TABLESPOONS OF ICED TEA MIX FOR
OF VOTES FOR #ARLA WAS )F EVERYONE
EVERY FLUID OUNCES OF WATER HOW MANY VOTED FOR ONE OF THESE THREE CANDIDATES
TABLESPOONS OF ICED TEA MIX SHOULD YOU ADD WHAT FRACTION OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VOTES
TO A HALF GALLON OF WATER CAST DID #ARLAS VOTES REPRESENT %XPLAIN
4HERE ARE CALORIES IN A GRAM SERVING
HOW YOU FOUND YOUR ANSWER
OF WALNUTS (OW MANY CALORIES ARE THERE IN $URING THE FIRST MINUTES OF A KILOMETER
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POINTS 4HREE OF THE POINTS LIE ON THE SAME LINE
%XPLAIN HOW YOU COULD DETERMINE WITHOUT
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LINE AS THE OTHER THREE )DENTIFY THIS POINT z
$AN WANTS TO BUILD A BASEMENT PLAYROOM FOR HIS CHILDREN 4HE BASEMENT
IS FEET BY FEET $AN WANTS TO MAKE A SCALE DRAWING OF THE BASEMENT
ON AN ]z INCH BY INCH SHEET OF PAPER )F HE USES THE ENTIRE SHEET WILL
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FIND THE SCALE THAT $AN CAN USE THAT WOULD TAKE UP AS MUCH OF THE SHEET
AS POSSIBLE %XPLAIN HOW YOU FOUND YOUR ANSWER
! CLASS SOLD HOAGIES TO RAISE MONEY FOR A TRIP 4HE RATIO OF SMALL TO MEDIUM
HOAGIES SOLD WAS TO AND THE RATIO OF SMALL TO LARGE HOAGIES SOLD WAS
TO 4HE CLASS SOLD MEDIUM HOAGIES
A (OW MANY SMALL HOAGIES WERE SOLD %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
B (OW MANY LARGE HOAGIES WERE SOLD %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
C 4HE CLASS SOLD SMALL HOAGIES FOR MEDIUM HOAGIES FOR AND LARGE
HOAGIES FOR 4HE CLASS NEEDED TO RAISE TO GO ON THE TRIP $ID THE
CLASS RAISE ENOUGH MONEY BY SELLING HOAGIES TO GO ON THE TRIP *USTIFY
YOUR ANSWER
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Common Percents
1 1 1 3 2 1
TAKE NOTES 10% 5 } 20% 5 } 25% 5 } 30% 5 } 40% 5 } 50% 5}
10 5 4 10 5 2
Be sure to write these
common percents in 3 7 3 4 9
60% 5 } 70% 5 } 75% 5 } 80% 5 } 90% 5 } 100% 5 1
your notebook. 5 10 4 5 10
EXAMPLE 3 Finding a Percent of a Number
3
Find 60% of 75. Use the fact that 60% 5 } and then multiply.
5
3
60% of 75 5 } p 75 Write percent as a fraction.
5
15
3 p 75 Use rule for multiplying fractions.
5}
5p1 Divide out common factor.
1
5 45 Multiply.
EXAMPLE 4 Using Percents
Tennis In March of 2005, 14 of the top 100 women’s
tennis players were from the United States. What
percent of players were not from the United States?
SOLUTION
14
You know that } 5 14% of the players were from the United States. To find
100
the percent of tennis players who were not from the United States, use the
fact that the entire group of players represents 100%.
100% 2 14% 5 86%
c Answer In March of 2005, 86% of the top 100 women’s tennis players were
not from the United States.
Math at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3 and 4
5. Find 70% of 900. 6. Find 25% of 200.
7. Tennis In March of 2005, 12 of the top 100 men’s tennis players were
from the Unites States. What percent of the players were not from the
United States?
8. Class President During an election 112 out of 200 students in seventh
grade voted for Lupe for class president. What percent of students did
not vote for Lupe?
450 Chapter 9 Percents
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of your
y class is 100% of it? Explain.
p
SEE EXAMPLE 4 56. RECYCLING In the United States, 10 states refund money for the return of
on p. 450 bottles. What percent of states do nott refund money for recycling of bottles?
for Exs. 56–59
57. GARAGES On your street, 18 out of 20 houses have attached garages. What
percent of houses on your street have attached garages?
58. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A bake sale raised $300 for a school trip. If 20% of
the money covered bake sale expenses, how much went toward the trip?
A $20 B $60 C $240 D $280
59. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Katherine correctly answered 80% of the questions
on her Spanish test. The test had 60 questions. How many questions did
Katherine answer incorrectly? Explain how you found your answer.
60. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE The atmosphere
of Mars is made up of about 95% carbon
dioxide and about 3% nitrogen.
a. Rewrite Write the percents above as
fractions.
b. Interpret About what percent of
the atmosphere of Mars consists of
gases other than carbon dioxide and
nitrogen? What fraction is this?
c. Analyze A probe on Mars took a 500-milliliter sample of the atmosphere.
How many milliliters of the sample would you expect to be gases other
than carbon dioxide and nitrogen? Explain your reasoning.
61. CHALLENGE Aaron received 320 points out of a possible 400 in his
History class. What percent of the possible points did Aaron receive?
How many more points did he need to receive an A, 93%, in History?
MIXED REVIEW
Use algebra to solve the proportion. (p. 418)
Prepare for 10 30 a 7 48 b 25 5
62. } 5 } 63. } 5 } 64. } 5 } 65. } 5 }
Lesson 9.2 in 11 n 32 8 33 11 c 12
Exs. 62–65
66. You build a scale model of your house. The model is 8 inches long, and
your house is 40 feet long. What is the model’s scale? (p. 430)
67. ★ SHORT RESPONSE 1
Your shed is 4 }
2
feet wide. Your lawnmower is
24 inches wide and your utility cart is 28 inches wide. Do you have
enough room to place both items side by side in the shed? Explain.
(p. 250)
452 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 9.1, p. 784 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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46. ORANGUTANS In 1997, there were about
35,900 orangutans remaining in Borneo
and Sumatra. In 1998, the population
had fallen by about 43%. About how
many orangutans were left in Borneo
and Sumatra in 1998? If the population
fell by this percent again, what would the
population have been the following year?
47. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Explain how you can
mentally find the equivalent percent for
1
} using the common percents on page 455.
6
48. RAKING LEAVES You rake leaves to earn extra money, charging $25 per
lawn. On Saturday, you rake 6 lawns. On Sunday you rake 2 lawns. You
decide that you want to save 60% of your earnings and spend the rest.
How much money do you spend? How much money do you save?
49. WOMEN’S SOCCER A season record for the Boston Boston Breakers
Breakers, a women’s professional soccer team, is
Wins Losses Ties
shown in the table. What percent of the games did the
Breakers lose? What percent did they tie? Round your 8 10 3
answers to the nearest whole percent.
50. REASONING Your friend spends about 35% of each year sleeping, about
10% eating, about 25% on summer vacation, about 15% on weekends,
and about 5% on grooming. He claims that leaves about 10% of each
year, or about 36 days, to go to school. What is the error in this reasoning?
51. CHALLENGE You took a science test that contained 30 multiple choice
questions and 15 true-or-false questions. Each question is worth
the same number of points. You answered 12 true-or-false questions
correctly, and you answered 90% of the multiple choice questions
correctly. What percent of the entire test did you answer correctly?
Explain your reasoning.
MIXED REVIEW
Write the fraction or mixed number as a decimal. Then tell whether the
decimal is a terminating decimal or repeating decimal. (p. 199)
Prepare for
Lesson 9.3 4 23 7 13
52. } 53. } 54. } 55. }
in Exs. 52–55 5 25 12 8
Write the percent as a fraction. (p. 449)
56. 72% 57. 4% 58. 35% 59. 59%
2
60. 12% 61. 66 } % 62. 80% 63. 28%
3
64. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Make a stem-and-leaf plot that has a median
of 15 and a mode of 28. Include at least 4 different data values in your
display. (p. 126)
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 9.2, p. 784 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 459
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57. MOVIE SEQUELS A movie made $1,582,000 at the box office. Its sequel
made 104% of the original. How much money did the sequel make?
58. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE LCD TV sales represented about 0.676% of the
total sales of electronics in 2003. Which value is nott equal to 0.676%?
676 676 169
A 0.00676 B } C } D }
1000 100,000 25,000
59. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The money you earned this summer is 120% of
the money you earned last summer. Did you earn more or less money
this summer than you did last summer? What information do you need
to find how much you made this year? Explain your reasoning.
60. HOUSING COSTS The median sale price of a house in San Bernardino,
California, in 2002 was $176,000. In 2005, the median sale price rose to
$343,000. What percent of $176,000 is $343,000? Using this calculation,
did the median price of a house in San Bernardino, California, double?
Explain your reasoning.
61. POPULATION In 2005, Argentina’s population was about 0.613% of the
world population of about 6,446,000,000 people. Find a high and a low
estimate of the population of Argentina in 2005.
62. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Describee a real life situation in which a percent
greater than 100% makes sense, and one where it does not make sense.
63. APPLES In 2001, 229 million cartons of apples were
produced in the U.S. Of these apples, 61% were eaten
as fresh fruit. Of the apples used for other apple
products, 21% were used for cider and juice. Estimate
how many of the total cartons of apples were nott used
for cider and juice. Justify your answer.
64. CHALLENGE You enlarge a 4-inch by 4-inch graph
on a photo copier to 150%. Then you enlarge the
enlargement to 150%. Are the dimensions of your
graph now 200%, 225%, or 300% of the original
dimensions? Justify your answer.
MIXED REVIEW
Find the percent of the number. (p. 454)
Prepare for 65. 70% of 280 66. 30% of 210 67. 21% of 400 68. 32% of 500
Lesson 9.4
in Exs. 65–68 Use equivalent ratios to solve the proportion. (p. 418)
1 x 5 x x 9 x 98
69. } 5} 70. } 5 } 71. } 5 } 72. } 5 }
5 20 8 24 36 12 11 22
73. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which ratio is nott equivalent to 30 to 45? (p. 399)
A 2:3 B 9 : 12 C 6:9 D 30 : 45
464 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 9.3, p. 784 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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a 15% commission on $480?
35. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The Lions tied one game and won 80% of the
35 games they played this year. How many games did the team lose?
Explain how you found your answer.
36. MUSIC SALES The table shows the percent 2003 Recording Sales
of the total recording sales earned by each
Percent of
type of music in 2003. The total sales for total sales
the year were about $12 billion. Which
Rock 25%
type(s) of music earned over $2 billion
that year? Justifyy your answer. Country 10%
Pop 9%
37. WRITE AN EQUATION Kayla’s weekly
Rap/Hip-Hop 13%
salary is 120% of the weekly salary of her
sister Cecily. The total of their salaries is Other 43%
$165. What is Cecily’s weekly salary?
38. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The following results were found in a survey
asking 2100 students how they get to school: 1365 take the school bus,
7% get a ride from their parents, 9% walk to school, and 294 ride their
bikes. The remainder of the students take public transportation to school.
a. What percent of students take the school bus to school?
b. How many students walk to school?
c. What percent of students and how many students take public
transportation to school?
d. Explain how you could check your
y answers to parts (a) – (c) for
reasonableness.
39. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is 150% of its width, w. Use the
percent equation to find the length of the rectangle in terms of w. Then
write a formula for the area of the rectangle using only the variable w.
40. ★ WRITING Explain how you could use mental math to find a 15% tip
for a $26 restaurant bill.
41. CHALLENGE You have $200,
and you would like to rent a
sailboat for 4 hours. It costs
$45 per hour or $130 per
day to rent a sailboat. What
percent of your total money
will you save by choosing the
better rate? Explain how you
found your answer.
42. CHALLENGE You receive an 87%, an 89%, and a 94% on three science
tests. Each test was worth 215 points. How many questions did you
correctly answer on each test? The final exam is worth 350 points.
How many questions will you need to correctly answer to get a 90%
in Science class? Each question, on every test, is worth 1 point.
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SEE EXAMPLES 7. ERROR ANALYSIS The table shows the results of a Buying CDs Percent
2 AND 3 survey that asked students where they most often
Online 24%
on pp. 475–476 buy their CDs. Ali wants to make a circle graph of
for Exs. 7–11 the data. Describe and correct the error he made Retail store 56%
in finding the angle for Online. CD club 20%
MAKING CIRCLE GRAPHS Display the data in a circle graph.
8. School Involvement Students
9. Favorite Fruit Students
Very involved 30% Apples 45%
Somewhat involved 50% Grapes 25%
Not that involved 15% Bananas 10%
Not involved at all 5% Oranges 20%
10. Favorite Movie Type People
11. Favorite Drink People
Comedy 15 Milk 18
Horror 5 Soda 10
Science fiction 2 Water 16
Action 18 Juice 36
CHALLENGE Find the percent of a circle that corresponds to the angle
measure.
12. 368 13. 1538 14. 2348 15. 998
PROBLEM SOLVING
TRAVELING In Exercises 16–19, use the circle graphs.
SEE EXAMPLES 16. What percent of people do nott travel by car in the
Travel in the Netherlands
1 AND 2 United States?
on pp. 474–475
for Exs. 16–19 17. What percent of people either bicycle or walk in Bicycle 30%
the Netherlands? Car Walking 18%
45%
Public transit 5%
18. Do more people walk or use public transit in the
Other 2%
United States?
19. ★ SHORT RESPONSE The ratio of the population Travel in the United States
of the Netherlands to the population of the United
States is 1 to 18. What is the ratio of the number of
Bicycle 1%
walkers in the two countries? Justifyy your answer. Car
84% Walking 9%
Public transit 3%
Other 3%
9.5 Circle Graphs 477
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9.8 Simple Interest
Before You calculated discounts, markups, sales tax, and tips.
Now You’ll calculate simple interest.
Why? So you can find the interest earned in a bank account, as in Ex. 27.
KEY VOCABULARY The amount earned or paid for the use of money is called interest. t
• interest, p. 490 The amount of money deposited or borrowed is the principal. When
• principal, p. 490 interest is earned or paid only on the principal, it is simple interest.
t
• simple interest, The annual interest rate is the percent of the principal earned or paid
p. 490 per year. The sum of the interest and the principal is called
• annual interest the balance.
rate, p. 490
• balance, p. 490 KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
KEY CONCEPT
Simple Interest
For Your Notebook
Simple interest I is the product of the principal P, the annual
interest rate r written as a decimal, and the time t in years.
Al b
Algebra I 5 Prt
P t
Numbers A $500 deposit earns 6% simple annual interest for 4 years.
I 5 ($500)(0.06)(4) 5 $120
EXAMPLE 1 Finding a Balance
Family Loan Tim’s parents lend Tim $100
so he can buy a radio-controlled airplane.
They charge Tim 5% simple annual
interest. What will be the total amount
that Tim will owe his parents in 1 year?
SOLUTION
USE A CALCULATOR I 5 Prt Write simple interest formula.
The key on a
5 (100)(0.05)(1) Substitute 100 for P, 0.05 for r, and 1 for t.
calculator changes a
percent to a decimal. 55 Multiply.
For example, 5 will
be displayed as 0.05. To find the balance, add the interest to the principal.
c Answerr Tim will owe a balance of $100 1 $5, or $105.
Math at classzone.com
490 Chapter 9 Percents
EXAMPLE 2 Finding an Interest Rate
xy Investment You deposit $600 into a 6-month certificate of deposit. After
6 months the balance is $618. Find the simple annual interest rate.
STEP 1 Find the interest by subtracting the principal from the balance.
$618 2 $600 5 $18
AVOID ERRORS STEP 2 Use the simple interest formula and solve for r.
When using the simple
interest formula, make
I 5 Prt Write simple interest formula.
sure you write the
number of months as
18 5 (600)(r)1 }
6
2 6
Substitute 18 for I, 600 for P, and } for t.
12
12
a fraction of a year.
For example, 7 months
18 5 300r Multiply.
7 18 300r
should be written as }.
12 }5} Divide each side by 300.
300 300
0.06 5 r Simplify.
6% 5 r Write decimal as a percent.
c Answer The simple annual interest rate is 6%.
EXAMPLE 3 Finding an Amount of Time
xy Investment You put $750 into a certificate of deposit. Your simple annual
interest rate is 4%. You receive a check for the interest at the end of each year.
How long will it take to earn $150 in interest?
I 5 Prt Write simple interest formula.
150 5 (750)(0.04)t Substitute 150 for I, 750 for P, and 0.04 for r.
150 5 30t Multiply.
150 30t
}5} Divide each side by 30.
30 30
55t Simplify.
c Answer It will take 5 years to earn $150 in simple interest.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3
1. Balance You deposit $500 into an account that earns 6% simple annual
interest. What will the account’s balance be after 2 years?
2. Interest Rate You deposit $1000 into a 3-month certificate of deposit.
After 3 months the balance is $1005. Find the simple annual interest
rate.
3. What If? Suppose the simple interest rate in Example 3 is 5%. How long
will it take to earn $150 in interest?
9.8 Simple Interest 491
9.8 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 13, 26, 31, 32, 35, and 44
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 3, 7, 11, 25, 27 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY What is the amount of money deposited or borrowed
called?
2. VOCABULARY What is the amount of money earned or paid called?
CALCULATING SIMPLE INTEREST For an account that earns simple annual
interest, find the interest earned, and the balance of the account.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. $30 at 1% for 10 months 4. $100 at 8% for 3 years
on p. 490
5. $50 at 10% for 4 years 6. $200 at 4.5% for 8 months
for Exs. 3–14
7. $252 at 8% for 2 months 8. $450 at 4% for 6 months
9. $6240 at 10.4% for 9 months 10. $2000 at 9.6% for 8 months
11. $5000 at 4.5% for 1 year 12. $400 at 3% for 1 month
13. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the balance after 18 months of a savings
account that begins with $700 and earns 6% simple annual interest?
A $756 B $763 C $1456 D $1463
14. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error made in finding the interest earned
on a savings account of $200 that earns
4% simple annual interest after 36 months.
xy ALGEBRA Find the unknown quantity. Use a calculator or paper and pencil.
SEE EXAMPLES 15. I 5 _?_
__ 16. I 5 $84 17. I 5 $468 18. I 5 $9
2 AND 3 P 5 $2000 P5 ? P 5 $6240 P 5 $450
on p. 491 r 5 9.8% r 5 7% r 5 ? r 5 4%
for Exs. 15–22 t 5 5 years t 5 2 years t 5 9 months t 5 ?
19. Balance 5 $1530 20. Balance 5 $620 21. Balance 5 ? 22. Balance5$960
I 5 $30 I 5 $20 I 5 $110 I 5 ?
r 5 6% r 5 ? r 5 5.5% r 5 4%
t 5 ? t 5 8 months t 5 1 year t 5 5 years
23. CHECKING REASONABLENESS Use estimation and
mental math to check the reasonableness of the
amount of interest shown at the right. Explain
your reasoning.
g
24. CHALLENGE You put $500 in a savings account that earns 4.5% simple
annual interest, and your friend puts $400 in a savings account that
earns 6% simple annual interest. Which of you will reach $600 first?
492 Chapter 9 Percents
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 2 25. INVESTMENTS You deposit $250 into an account. At the end of 6 months
on p. 491 your balance is $255. What is the simple annual interest rate?
for Ex. 25
26. ★ WRITING If you borrow money, would you want a higher or lower
interest rate? If you open a savings account, would you want a higher or
a lower interest rate? Explain your choice.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 27. SAVINGS You put $750 into a savings account that earns 2% simple
on p. 491 annual interest. How long will it take to have $45 in interest?
for Ex. 27
28. CREDIT CARDS A credit card charges 9.6% annual interest on any
unpaid balance each month. During the past month your brother had
an unpaid balance of $375. What is the interest charge for that month?
29. SECURITY DEPOSIT When signing a lease for an
apartment, your sister pays a security deposit that
earns 4% simple annual interest. At the end of a
year, the interest earned on the security deposit is
$54. How much was the security deposit?
30. INTEREST Ann has $300 in a savings account that
earns 1.75% simple annual interest. In how many
years will she have $21 in interest?
31. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Joe put $350 into a 6-month certificate of deposit.
After 6 months, the certificate earned 4.2% simple annual interest. How
much interest did the certificate earn?
A $7.35 B $14.70 C $29.40 D $88.20
32. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Find two different principals and lengths of
time needed to earn $50 interest at 5% simple annual interest.
33. REASONING Three months ago you deposited $250 into a savings
account, and now your balance is $253. Eight months ago your friend
deposited $250 into a different savings account, and her balance is now
$257.50. Which account has the greater simple annual interest rate?
Explain your reasoning.
34. COMPARE You put $300 into an account that pays 5% simple interest.
Your brother puts $400 into an account that has 2% simple interest.
Who has more money in their account after 10 years? Who has earned
more interest? Justifyy your answer.
35. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Rick wants to borrow
$4500 to buy a car. His sister will lend him the
money at a simple annual interest rate of 9% for
6 years, and his uncle will lend him the money
at a rate of 11.5% for 4 years. From whom
should Rick borrow the money? Explain your
reasoning.
9.8 Simple Interest 493
36. CHALLENGE Amanda has $600 in a savings account that earns
4% simple annual interest. At the beginning of each month, she
deposits $200 into the savings account. How much is in the account
at the beginning of the seventh month before she makes her seventh
deposit? Justifyy your answer.
MIXED REVIEW
Measure the angle using a protractor. (p. 472)
Prepare for 37. 38. 39.
Lesson 10.1
in Exs. 37–39
Solve the equation. (p. 361)
z
40. 5x 1 4 5 221 41. 26 2 12y 5 254 42. } 2 8 5 3
7
CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to solve the following
problem. Explain
n your choice of strategy.
43. Your friends Tom, Ryan, Jen, Matt, and Al
Problem Solving Strategies
line up in a row. Tom, Jen, and Ryan are not
■ (p. 764)
next to each other. Tom is at one end. Two ■ (p. 765)
people separate Jen and Matt. Between ■ (p. 770)
which two people is Al?
44. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE The scale on a map is 1 cm : 5 miles. What is the
actual distance for a map distance of 25 cm? (p. 430)
A 5 miles B 25 miles C 75 miles D 125 miles
QUIZ for Lessons 9.5–9.8
1. PETS The table shows the results of a Pet Dog Cat Bird Other
survey that asked people to name their
People 35% 30% 20% 15%
favorite pet. Display the data in a circle
graph. (p. 474)
PERCENT OF CHANGE Identify the percent of change as an increase
e or
a decrease. Then find the percent of change. (p. 480)
2. Original: 240; new: 300 3. Original: 150; new: 90
4. CONCERT At a concert, you buy a souvenir T-shirt for $25 and a hat for
$16. The sales tax on the items is 5%. Find the total cost. (p. 485)
5. SAVINGS Suppose you put $800 into a savings account that earns 2.5%
simple annual interest. How long will it take to earn $60 in interest? (p. 490)
494 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 9.8, p. 784 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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AND STRIKES THROWN BY A TEAMS PITCHERS IN A TEST GRADES /N THE FIRST THREE TESTS YOU
BASEBALL GAME /RDER THE PERCENT OF PITCHES SCORE AND 4HE FINAL TEST HAS
THAT ARE STRIKES FROM LEAST TO GREATEST QUESTIONS EACH WORTH POINT 7HAT IS
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9OU SHOVEL SNOW TO EARN EXTRA MONEY
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THAN ON COMPUTER SUPPLIES %XPLAIN TO &IND THE PERCENT OF INCREASE OR
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
MULTIPLE CHOICE GRIDDED ANSWER
2
10. A store is selling sweaters at 60% off the 12. In a recent election, } of the votes were
5
regular price of $49. For final clearance, cast for Candidate A, 30% were cast
the store takes $5 off the sale price. What for Candidate B, and the rest were for
is the final clearance price of a sweater? Candidate C. If 1200 votes were cast, how
A $14.60 B $16.60 many votes were cast for Candidate C?
C $17.60 D $19.60 13. The dinner bill for you and two friends is
$23.50. You are charged an 8% sales tax and
11. You deposit $1500 into a 6-month you leave an 18% tip. You and your friends
certificate of deposit. At the end of the split the total cost evenly. How much money
6 months your balance is $1530. What is will each person pay?
the simple annual interest rate?
14. You deposit $300 into a 6-month certificate
A 0.04% B 2.04%
of deposit. At the end of six months your
C 0.83% D 4% balance is $309.75. What is the simple
annual interest rate? Write your answer
as a decimal.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
15. Students at a middle school made 5000 paper roses Colors of Roses
for a parade float. The color distribution of the roses
is shown in the circle graph. Red 29%
a. Explain how to use the information in the circle White 20%
graph to find the combined number of blue and Y w 15%
Yello
purple roses. Purple ?
Blue ?
b. The students made three times as many blue roses
as purple roses. How many purple roses did they
make? How many blue roses did they make?
16. A laboratory test shows that 80% of a bushel of potatoes, by weight,
consists of water. Five pounds of potatoes are left outdoors for a time,
and some of the water evaporates. The potatoes now weigh 4.5 pounds,
and 78% of the weight of the potatoes is found to be water. How much
water weight was lost through evaporation? What percent of the original
weight of the potatoes was water that evaporated? Explain how you
found your answers.
17. You have taken four tests in an elective course, each worth 100 points. You
have a B1 average of 88%. To get at least an A2 in the course, you need
an average of 90% or better. You have the choice of taking the final exam,
also worth 100 points, or sticking with your B1 average. What score do
you need to get on the final to have an average of 90%? Would you take
the final exam? Explain your reasoning.
Standardized Test Practice 505
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#"4&#"--$"14 ! MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL TEAM IS GIVING AWAY A FREE
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)N EACH CHAPTER YOU WILL 4RY TO CONNECT THE NEW IDEAS AND PROCEDURES YOU LEARN TO CONCEPTS
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ground as shown. Name the two
supplementary angles. Then find
m∠LMK.K
44. ★ WRITING Refer to the diagram
for Ex. 43. John said that m∠M 5 758.
What is wrong with this statement?
45. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Give an example of an item that can be used to
illustrate each of the following types of angles: acute, right, and obtuse.
46. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Make a table with three columns. Label the
headings “m∠x,” “Complement of ∠x,” and “Supplement of ∠x.”
Complete the table for five different acute angles x. What do you notice
about the measures of the complement and supplement of the same angle? g
47. CHALLENGE Draw five points A, B, C,
C D, and E such that the following
statements are true. What type of angle is ∠DBA?
• ∠DBE
E is a straight angle.
• ∠DBC
C is a right angle.
• ∠ABE
E is an obtuse angle.
48. CHALLENGE What must be true about the measure of an angle that
has (a) a supplement but no complement, (b) both a supplement and
a complement, (c) neither a supplement nor a complement? Explain
your reasoning.
MIXED REVIEW
MEASUREMENT Use tracing paper to copy the angle. Then extend the rays
and measure the angle using a protractor. (p. 474)
Prepare for
Lesson 10.2 49. 50. 51. 52.
in Exs. 49–52
Find the quotient. Then check your answer. (p. 71)
53. 0.085 4 5 54. 6.75 4 0.15 55. 12 4 3.75 56. 1.125 4 4.5
Write the percent as a fraction in simplest form. (p. 449)
57. 28% 58. 38% 59. 67% 60. 15%
61. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You deposit $200 into a savings account that earns
4.2% simple annual interest. If you make no deposits or withdrawals,
which amount is closest to your balance after 10 months? (p. 490)
A $207 B $221 C $270 D $284
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 10.1, p. 785 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 515
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READING IN MATH Read the information below for Exercises 29–31.
The construction of homes and buildings is a
major industry. Common building materials
are adobe, brick, cement, glass, iron, and wood.
Beams, girders, and posts support buildings.
Beams and girders run horizontally, and posts
H G F
are vertical supports. J E
K
53ⴗ L
29. Identify Name the endpoints of a beam.
Name the endpoints of a post. A B C D
30. Identify Name five angles that have
a measure of 538.
∠
31. Calculate What is m∠ADJ ? Explain how
you found your answer.
32. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Two lines intersect to form an angle that measures
728. Draw a diagram and find the measures of the three other angles that
are not straight. Explain your reasoning.
33. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE In the diagram of the zip line, lines a and b are
parallel, and m∠2 5 958. Which statement about the zip line is true?
A ∠4 > ∠2 and ∠4 > ∠10 B ∠4 > ∠2 and m∠4 > m∠10
C m∠4 > m∠2 and ∠4 > ∠10 D m∠4 > m∠2 and m∠4 > m∠10
34. CHALLENGE In the diagram at the right, m∠1 5 518
and m∠2 5 878. What are m∠3, m∠4, m∠5, and 1 2
6 3
m∠6? Explain how you found your answers. 5 4
MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation. Check your solution. (p. 347)
Prepare for 35. x 1 30 1 40 5 100 36. y 1 18 1 29 5 200 37. 160 5 20.5 1 z 1 92.5
Lesson 10.3
in Exs. 35–37 38. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area of a rectangle with a length of
5 meters and a width of 2 meters? (p. 32)
A 7 m2 B 10 m 2 C 14 m 2 D 20 m 2
520 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 10.2, p. 785 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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27. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following describes
the triangle at the right?
A right, scalene B obtuse, isosceles 34ⴗ
C acute, isosceles D acute, equilateral
28. FINDING ANGLE MEASURES Find the unknown angle measures in the
triangle shown in Exercise 27.
29. REASONING Find the measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle.
Explain your reasoning.
30. CHALLENGE The measure of one angle in a triangle is x8. The other two
angles are congruent to each other. Write an expression for the measure
of each of the other angles. Explain your reasoning.
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 2 31. DRAWBRIDGE A castle has a drawbridge that can be
on p. 522 raised or lowered. When the drawbridge is lowered,
for Exs. 31, 33 what is the measure of the angle that the chain forms 45⬚⬚
45
with the road leading up to the castle?
45⬚⬚ y⬚
32. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You are making a triangular piece 45
of glass for a stained glass window. Two of the angles of
the triangle measure 658 and 618. What is the measure
of the third angle?
A 548 B 638 C 658 D 1268
33. RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
K Duke University, the University of
North Carolina, and North Carolina State University make up
20⬚
the three vertices of Research Triangle Park in North Carolina.
The distances between the three universities are 9 miles, 21 miles, 65⬚
and 23 miles. Classify Research Triangle Park by its side lengths.
95⬚
34. CAMERA TRIPOD A tripod keeps a camera steady. A tripod has three y⬚
legs that are each connected to a vertical bar. Find the value of y.
REASONING In Exercises 35 and 36, copy and complete the statement
using always, sometimes, or never.
r Justifyy your reasoning.
35. An isosceles triangle is ? a right triangle.
36. An obtuse triangle ? has 3 congruent sides.
37. ★ WRITING Is is possible for the exterior angle of a triangle to be acute?
obtuse? right? Explain.
38. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Draw three different isosceles triangles. Mark the
congruent sides and congruent angles. How can you tell which angles
are congruent when you know which sides are congruent?
10.3 Triangles 525
39. CONSTRUCTION In some houses, wall posts and
ceiling beams are connected by support braces. 30⬚ Ceiling
Find the values of x and y in the diagram. beam
ce
x
x⬚ t bra
por
40. REASONING A triangle has angle measures of Sup
408, 608, and 808. One exterior angle is drawn at y⬚
each vertex of the triangle. What is the sum of the
measures of the three exterior angles? Explain. Wall post
41. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Draw a triangle with an interior angle that is
congruent to its corresponding exterior angle. Classify the triangle and
find the sum of the other two exterior angles. Explain your reasoning.
42. CHALLENGE Explain how to make a precise drawing of a triangle with
side lengths 10 centimeters, 12 centimeters, and 15 centimeters.
MIXED REVIEW
Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle or square. (p. 32)
Prepare for 43. l 5 19 ft, w 5 12 ft 44. s 5 4.5 cm 45. l 5 6.2 m, w 5 3 m
Lesson 10.4
in Exs. 43–45 CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to solve the following
problem. Explain
n your choice of strategy.
46. You buy a prepaid phone card with a fixed number of Problem Solving Strategies
minutes on it. You use one half of your minutes during ■ (p. 762)
the weekend and 6 minutes on Monday. If 24 minutes ■ (p. 764)
are left on your phone card, how many minutes did ■ (p. 766)
you start with?
47. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following lists the numbers in order
from least to greatest? (p. 199)
2 5 2 5 5 2 2 5
A 3} , 3.7, 3 } B 3}, 3 }, 3.7 C 3} , 3.7, 3 } D 3.7, 3 }, 3}
3 7 3 7 7 3 3 7
Brai
Brainn Ga
Gam
me
The Shape of Things
526 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 10.3, p. 785 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
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!# zAND ]
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!# z ]
#
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#ONSTRUCT AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE USING THE STEPS IN %XAMPLE )N
3TEP FIRST OPEN YOUR COMPASS TO THE LENGTH OF ]
!" z 4HEN USE THIS
SETTING TO DRAW THE TWO ARCS %XPLAIN HOW YOU KNOW THE TRIANGLE
IS EQUILATERAL
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34%0 $RAW A LINE M
34%0 #HOOSE A POINT ON M AND DRAW A LINE L PERPENDICULAR TO M AT
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34%0 #HOOSE ANOTHER POINT ON M AND DRAW A LINE P PERPENDICULAR
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s QUADRILATERAL P SEGMENTS CALLED SIDES WHICH INTERSECT ONLY AT THEIR ENDPOINTS
s TRAPEZOID P
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s PARALLELOGRAM P
s RHOMBUS P 5SBQF[PJE "
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s POLYGON P FYBDUMZQBJSPGQBSBMMFMTJEFT
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UPFBDIPUIFS THE TWO SIDES DOES NOT MATTER
34%0 $RAW SIDES PARALLEL TO THE FIRST TWO CM
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! QUADRILATERAL HAS RIGHT ANGLES CONGRUENT SIDES OF LENGTH
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,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
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40-65*0/
A 4HIS FIGURE IS NOT A POLYGON B 4HIS FIGURE IS A POLYGON
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& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOHB3FHVMBS1PMZHPO
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THE PERIMETER OF THE PENTAGON IS z FEET FT
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POQ CENTIMETERS
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GPS&YTo A HEXAGON
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B $RAW THREE LINE SEGMENTS FROM ONE VERTEX TO
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C 5SE THE TRIANGLES TO FIND THE SUM OF THE ANGLE
MEASURES IN A HEXAGON
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 4HE TOP SURFACE OF A PICNIC TABLE IS A REGULAR
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6 FT 7 FT 8 FT 9 FT
45"*/&%(-"448*/%08 3KETCH AND CLASSIFY
FOUR DIFFERENT POLYGONS CONTAINED IN THE STAINED
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APPEAR TO BE REGULAR POLYGONS %XPLAIN YOUR
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ORDERED PAIRS
AND IN THE ORDER GIVEN )S THE RESULTING FIGURE A
POLYGON )F IT IS CLASSIFY IT AND TELL IF IT IS REGULAR )F IT
IS NOT A POLYGON EXPLAIN WHY NOT
'03.6-"4 7RITE A FORMULA FOR THE PERIMETER OF A A REGULAR PENTAGON
WITH A SIDE LENGTH OF S B A REGULAR HEXAGON WITH A SIDE LENGTH OF S AND
C A REGULAR HEPTAGON WITH A SIDE LENGTH OF S 4HEN WRITE A FORMULA FOR
THE PERIMETER OF A REGULAR POLYGON WITH R SIDES WITH A SIDE LENGTH OF S
(&95&/%&%3&410/4& #OMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PARTS TO EXAMINE THE
2%6)%7 ANGLE MEASURES OF POLYGONS
342!4%')%3 A #SFBLJOUP1BSUT #OPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW
/FFEIFMQ
XJUIUIFTF 1PMZHPOT 5SJBOHMF 2VBESJMBUFSBM 1FOUBHPO )FYBHPO
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C 1SFEJDU 5SE THE PATTERN YOU IDENTIFIED IN PART B TO PREDICT THE SUM
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MEASURE OF EACH ANGLE IN A REGULAR HEPTAGON
1PMZHPOT
(83*5*/( )DENTIFY A TYPE OF QUADRILATERAL AND A TYPE OF TRIANGLE THAT
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YZ $)"--&/(& 2EFER TO THE RESULTS OF %XERCISE
A 7RITE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE SUM OF THE ANGLE MEASURES IN A REGULAR
POLYGON WITH N SIDES %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
B 7RITE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE MEASURE OF EACH ANGLE IN A REGULAR
POLYGON WITH N SIDES %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
.*9&%3&7*&8
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT USING OR Q
1SFQBSFGPS ]z
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-ARCH Q
6 7 8 9
26*;GPS-FTTPOTo
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.AME ALL PAIRS OF ADJACENT SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES Q
.AME ALL PAIRS OF VERTICAL ANGLES Q
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'IVEN THAT M FIND M Q
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Y
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45014*(/ 4HE SHAPE OF A STOP SIGN IS AN OCTAGON &IND THE SUM OF THE
ANGLE MEASURES IN A STOP SIGN Q
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IN OF IS AND THE MEASURE OF IS
9OU ARE TRAVELING NORTH ON ROAD R 7HAT IS
THE MEASURE IN DEGREES OF THE ANGLE OF THE
LEFT
HAND TURN YOUR CAR MAKES AT ROAD T
IN IN
A #LASSIFY THE TRIANGLE BY THE LENGTHS OF ITS
SIDES AND BY ITS ANGLE MEASURES
B &IND THE MEASURE OF EACH ANGLE IN THE
TRIANGLE
4)0353&410/4& 4HE SUPPLEMENT OF !"#
IS EQUAL TO THE COMPLEMENT OF AN ANGLE
MEASURING &IND M!"# %XPLAIN HOW 01&/&/%&% $RAW A POLYGON WITH MORE
YOU FOUND YOUR ANSWER THAN SIDES &IND THE SUM OF THE ANGLE
MEASURES OF THE POLYGON )F YOU DRAW ANOTHER
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&95&/%&%3&410/4& ! GAME
DESIGNER DRAWS AN ISOSCELES &95&/%&%3&410/4& 5SE THE TWO SETS OF
TRIANGLE A RIGHT TRIANGLE AND ORDERED PAIRS TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING
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A #OPY N!"# $RAW RIGHT N!"$ SO THAT IT
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SUM OF ITS ANGLE MEASURES C #OMPARE THE POLYGONS FORMED IN PARTS A
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THE THREE TRIANGLES FORM ONE TRIANGLE OR DIFFERENT )S EITHER ONE REGULAR %XPLAIN
A QUADRILATERAL OR A PENTAGON 3KETCH
WHICHEVER TWO TYPES OF FIGURES YOU DID NOT 4)0353&410/4& 9OU HAVE TILES SHAPED LIKE
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WHEN YOU PUT TWO TILES NEXT TO EACH OTHER
4)0353&410/4& /NE OF THE ANGLES FORMED SO THEY SHARE A SIDE 7HAT SHAPE DO YOU
BY TWO INTERSECTING LINES IS ACUTE 7HAT CAN GET WHEN YOU ADD A THIRD TRIANGLE THAT ALSO
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OTHER THREE ANGLES %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING MAKE WITH SIX TILES *USTIFY YOUR ANSWERS WITH
DIAGRAMS
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3IMILAR RECTANGLES HAVE THE SAME SHAPE BUT NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME SIZE 9OU
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34%0 $RAW A RECTANGLE ON A PIECE OF GRAPH PAPER 5SE
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2ECTANGLE
34%0 $RAWA SECOND RECTANGLE THAT SHARES THE LOWER
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z
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,ENGTH OF RECTANGLE 7IDTH OF RECTANGLE
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CORNER AND DIAGONAL LINE WITH RECTANGLE THAT YOU DREW 4HEN REPEAT
3TEPS AND COMPARING RECTANGLE AND RECTANGLE
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89 z ] 8: z ]
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"# !#
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INCHES WIDE !RE THE ORIGINAL
AND THE COPY SIMILAR FIGURES
40-65*0/
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THE FIGURES ARE SIMILAR SEE IF THE RATIOS OF THE LENGTHS OF THE
CORRESPONDING SIDES ARE EQUAL
,ENGTH OF ORIGINAL 7IDTH OF ORIGINAL 8SJUFSBUJPTGPSMFOHUITPG
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,ENGTH OF COPY 7IDTH OF COPY DPSSFTQPOEJOHTJEFT
]z ]z 4VCTUJUVUFWBMVFT
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$IBQUFS(FPNFUSJD'JHVSFT
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7OULD THE ORIGINAL AND THE SKETCH STILL BE SIMILAR FIGURES %XPLAIN
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4WO POLYGONS THAT HAVE THE SAME SHAPE BUT NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME
SIZE ARE POLYGONS
7HEN TWO SIMILAR POLYGONS HAVE CONGRUENT CORRESPONDING ANGLES AND
CONGRUENT CORRESPONDING SIDES THE POLYGONS ARE
'*/%*/(.&"463&4 .AME THE CORRESPONDING SIDES AND THE CORRESPONDING
ANGLES OF THE CONGRUENT POLYGONS 4HEN FIND THE UNKNOWN MEASURES
3%% %8!-0,% +,-. 1234 N&'( N*+,
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8 :98 ]
8: z ]
:9 z
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N,-. N89: AND BOTH TRIANGLES
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6 ]
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3%% %8!-0,%3
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$)"--&/(& 4WO RECTANGLES ARE SIMILAR 4HE RATIO OF THE LENGTHS OF THEIR
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$)"--&/(& 4WO RECTANGLES ARE SIMILAR 4HE AREA OF THE FIRST RECTANGLE IS
SQUARE FEET )TS WIDTH IS FEET 4HE AREA OF THE SECOND RECTANGLE IS
SQUARE FEET &IND THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SECOND RECTANGLE
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6 4HE RATIO OF THE LENGTHS OF THE
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9 N234 N89:
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CORRESPONDING ANGLES ARE NOT CONGRUENT !RE THE
POLYGONS SIMILAR 7HY OR WHY NOT
(4)0353&410/4& ! COLLEGE FOOTBALL
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FEET TO FEET IN LENGTH
A #AN COLLEGE FOOTBALL AND SOCCER FIELDS
EVER BE SIMILAR RECTANGLES %XPLAIN
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4$"-&'"$5034 4RIANGLE !"# N89: AND THE RATIO OF THE LENGTHS OF THE
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THE SAME AMOUNT TO EACH SIDE %XPLAIN
$)"--&/(& ! LONG AND NARROW RECTANGULAR PAINTING IS MATTED WITH A BORDER
INCHES WIDE ALL THE WAY AROUND THE EDGES OF THE PAINTING )S THE INNER
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.*9&%3&7*&8
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X Y
1SFQBSFGPS ]z
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6 METERS 7 METERS 8 METERS 9 METERS
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s CROSS PRODUCTS PROPORTIONS TO FIND UNKNOWN LENGTHS
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s SIMILAR POLYGONS
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40-65*0/
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72)4% !.$ 3/,6% "#
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40-65*0/
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SLIGHTLY TALLER THAN TIMES ITS SHADOW "ECAUSE THE HEIGHT OF
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SIZED MODEL OF A DINOSAUR 4HE PERSONS SHADOW IS FEET LONG !T THE
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TALL IS THE DINOSAUR MODEL
6 FEET 7 FEET 8 FEET 9 FEET
#6*-%*/()&*()5 ! GIRL PLACES A MIRROR ON THE GROUND AND STANDS SO
THAT SHE CAN JUST SEE THE TOP OF A BUILDING )F SHE MEASURES THE DISTANCE
X FROM THE BASE OF THE BUILDING TO THE MIRROR AND THE DISTANCE Y FROM
WHERE SHE IS STANDING TO THE MIRROR HOW CAN SHE USE A PROPORTION WITH
HER OWN HEIGHT H TO FIND THE HEIGHT Z OF THE BUILDING
6TJOH1SPQPSUJPOTXJUI4JNJMBS1PMZHPOT
(4)0353&410/4& %XPLAIN WHY YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS A !LL CONGRUENT FIGURES ARE SIMILAR B !LL
SIMILAR FIGURES ARE CONGRUENT
(01&/&/%&%."5) 'IVE AN EXAMPLE OF A REAL LIFE SITUATION IN WHICH
YOU WOULD USE A PROPORTION TO FIND AN INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
$)&$,*/(3&"40/"#-&/&44 9OUR FRIEND
LOOKS AT THE DIAGRAM AT THE RIGHT 3HE SAYS
THAT BECAUSE THE BUILDING IS ABOUT TIMES
THE HEIGHT OF THE FLAGPOLE THE LENGTH OF THE
BUILDINGS SHADOW IS ABOUT FEET )S THIS
REASONABLE %XPLAIN
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A %SBXB%JBHSBN $RAW AND LABEL A DIAGRAM TO REPRESENT THE SITUATION
B 8SJUFB1SPQPSUJPO 7RITE A PROPORTION YOU CAN USE TO FIND THE HEIGHT
Y OF THE TREE
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FLAGPOLE WHOSE SHADOW LENGTHS ARE AND FEET
D 8SJUFB'VODUJPO 5SE THE TABLE TO WRITE A FUNCTION THAT MODELS THE
HEIGHT Y OF A TREE NEXT TO THE FLAGPOLE IN TERMS OF THE LENGTH OF THE
TREES SHADOW X 4HEN USE THE FUNCTION TO FIND THE HEIGHT OF A TREE THAT
CASTS A SHADOW FEET LONG
$)"--&/(& 4HE THREE OVERLAPPING RIGHT TRIANGLES IN
THE FIGURE ARE SIMILAR &IND THE VALUE OF X 4HEN FIND
THE UNKNOWN SIDE LENGTHS
$)"--&/(& 2ECTANGLES !"#$ AND 0123 ARE SIMILAR
A 3UPPOSE YOU TRIPLE THE WIDTH OF EACH RECTANGLE !RE THE RECTANGLES
STILL SIMILAR %XPLAIN
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STILL SIMILAR 7HAT IS THE RATIO OF THEIR PERIMETERS THEIR AREAS %XPLAIN
.*9&%3&7*&8
5SE THE GIVEN STATEMENT TO NAME THE CORRESPONDING SIDES AND
CORRESPONDING ANGLES OF THE POLYGONS Q
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! FIGURE HAS LINE SYMMETRY IF YOU CAN FOLD IT INTO TWO HALVES THAT ARE MIRROR
IMAGES ! FIGURE HAS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY IF YOU CAN TURN IT OR LESS ABOUT
A FIXED POINT SO THAT IT MATCHES UP WITH ITSELF AGAIN 9OU CAN FOLD AND TURN
PAPER TO INVESTIGATE SYMMETRY IN A RECTANGLE
& 9 1 - 0 3 & $ETERMINE WHETHER A RECTANGLE HAS LINE SYMMETRY
34%0 &OLD A RECTANGULAR PIECE OF PAPER HORIZONTALLY
34%0 /PEN THE PAPER AND FOLD IT VERTICALLY .OTICE
THAT BOTH THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FOLDS
PRODUCE TWO MIRROR IMAGES
34%0 &OLD THE PAPER ALONG ITS DIAGONALS .OTICE THAT
FOR EACH OF THESE FOLDS THE TWO HALVES ARE NOT
MIRROR IMAGES %XPERIMENT WITH OTHER FOLDS
9OU WILL l ND THAT A RECTANGLE HAS ONLY LINES
OF SYMMETRY
& 9 1 - 0 3 & $ETERMINE WHETHER A RECTANGLE HAS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
34%0 4APE A RECTANGULAR PIECE OF PAPER DOWN ON YOUR DESK 0LACE A
SECOND PIECE OF PAPER OVER THE l RST SO THAT THEY MATCH UP
34%0 0LACE THE TIP OF YOUR PENCIL ON THE CENTER OF THE TOP PIECE OF
PAPER 3LOWLY TURN THE TOP PIECE OF PAPER CLOCKWISE .OTICE THAT
THE PIECES OF PAPER MATCH UP AGAIN AFTER A TURN OF SO THE
RECTANGLE HAS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
% 3 "8 $ 0 / $ - 6 4 * 0 / 4
3&"40/*/( $ETERMINE THE LINE SYMMETRY AND ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
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HAVE ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
5SBOTGPSNBUJPOTBOE4ZNNFUSZ
10.7 Transformations
and Symmetry
Before You identified congruent figures.
Now You’ll identify transformations and symmetry in figures.
Why? So you can identify a translation, as in Example 1.
KEY VOCABULARY A transformation is a movement of a figure in a plane. The new figure
• image, p. 548 formed by a transformation is the image.
g In this book, the original
• transformations: figure will always be blue and the image will always be red.
translation, Each of the three transformations illustrated below results in an image
reflection, rotation,
that is congruent to the original figure.
p. 548
• line of reflection, y y y
p. 548
slide center of rotation
• center of rotation,
p. 548 flip
• angle of rotation, O x O x
p. 549
O x turn
• line symmetry,
line of reflection
rotational
symmetry, p. 550
In a translation, or slide, each point of a figure is moved the same
distance in the same direction. In the translation above, the triangle
is translated to the right.
In a reflection, or flip, a figure is reflected in a line called the line
of reflection, creating a mirror image of the figure. In the reflection
above, the triangle is reflected in the x-axis.
In a rotation, or turn, a figure is rotated through a given angle and in
a given direction about a fixed point called the center of rotation.
In the rotation above, the triangle is rotated 1808 about the origin.
EXAMPLE 1 Identifying a Translation
Tell whether the red image is a translation of the y
original blue figure. Explain
n your reasoning.
SOLUTION
Each point on the original figure is moved the
same number of units in a “downhill” direction. O x
The image is a translation of the original figure.
548 Chapter 10 Geometric Figures
( & 9 " . 1 - & 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
7HICH WORD BEST DESCRIBES THE TRANSFORMATION
SHOWN AT THE RIGHT
%,)-).!4% #(/)#%3
6 4RANSLATION 7 2EFLECTION IN X AXIS
5IFPSJFOUBUJPOPGUIF
GJHVSFDIBOHFT TPJUJT 8 2EFLECTION IN Y AXIS 9 2OTATION
OPUBUSBOTMBUJPO:PV
DBOFMJNJOBUFDIPJDF"
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4HE TWO FIGURES ARE MIRROR IMAGES OF EACH OTHER SO THE IMAGE IS A REFLECTION
OF THE ORIGINAL FIGURE 4HE LINE OF REFLECTION IS THE Y AXIS
C "OTXFS 4HE CORRECT ANSWER IS # 6 7 9
6/#!"5,!29 3PUBUJPOT 4HE CENTER OF ROTATION FOR ALL ROTATIONS Y
$MPDLXJTFNFBOTUP IN THIS BOOK WILL BE THE ORIGIN 2AYS DRAWN FROM THE
SPUBUFJOUIFEJSFDUJPO CENTER OF ROTATION THROUGH CORRESPONDING POINTS ON
PGUIFIBOETPOBDMPDL AN ORIGINAL FIGURE AND ITS IMAGE FORM AN ANGLE CALLED
$PVOUFSDMPDLXJTFNFBOT
THE ANGLE OF ROTATION
UPSPUBUFJOUIFPQQPTJUF
EJSFDUJPO 2OTATIONS ARE DESCRIBED BY THE ANGLE AND DIRECTION / X
SE OF ROTATION EITHER CLOCKWISE OR COUNTERCLOCKWISE
WI C CENTER OF
LO C
TERCLOCK
4HE FIGURE AT THE RIGHT IS ROTATED CLOCKWISE ABOUT ROTATION
K WI S E
THE ORIGIN
UN
CO
& 9 " . 1 - & *EFOUJGZJOHB3PUBUJPO
4ELL WHETHER THE IMAGE IS A ROTATION OF THE ORIGINAL Y
FIGURE )F IT IS GIVE THE ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF ROTATION
4HE IMAGE IS A ROTATION OF THE ORIGINAL FIGURE /
ABOUT THE ORIGIN 4HE ORIGINAL FIGURE IS ROTATED X
COUNTERCLOCKWISE
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFT BOE
)DENTIFY THE TRANSFORMATION )F IT IS A REFLECTION IDENTIFY THE LINE OF
REFLECTION )F IT IS A ROTATION GIVE THE ANGLE AND DIRECTION OF ROTATION
Y Y Y
/ X / X / X
BUDMBTT[POFDPN
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EACH OTHER ! FIGURE HAS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY IF A TURN OF OR LESS
PRODUCES AN IMAGE THAT FITS EXACTLY ON THE ORIGINAL FIGURE
& 9 " . 1 - & *EFOUJGZJOH4ZNNFUSZ
!6/)$ %22/23 4ELL WHETHER THE MIRROR AT THE RIGHT HAS
LINE SYMMETRY ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY OR
.BLFTVSFUIBUXIFO
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AND THE SAME DIRECTION IS CALLED AN
! TRANSFORMATION THAT FORMS A MIRROR IMAGE OF THE ORIGINAL FIGURE IS AN
3%% %8!-0,%3 (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH CHOICE BEST DESCRIBES
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8 2OTATION 9 2EFLECTION IN THE Y AXIS
$IBQUFS(FPNFUSJD'JHVSFT
SEE EXAMPLES IDENTIFYING TRANSFORMATIONS Identify the transformation. If it is a
1, 2, AND 3 reflection, identify the line of reflection. If it is a rotation, give the angle
on pp. 548–549 and direction of rotation.
for Exs. 4–6
4. y 5. y 6. y
O x O x
O x
7. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe
and correct the error made in
identifying the symmetry in
the parallelogram.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 IDENTIFYING SYMMETRY Sketch the figure and draw any line(s) of
on p. 550 symmetry. Then tell whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If
for Exs. 8–10 it does, give the angle(s) and direction of rotation.
8. 9. 10.
IDENTIFYING SYMMETRY In Exercises 11–14, consider the capital letters
of all 26 letters in the English alphabet.
11. Which letters have a vertical line of symmetry?
12. Which letters have a horizontal line of symmetry?
13. Which letters have both a vertical line of symmetry and a horizontal line
of symmetry?
14. Which letters have rotational symmetry? Give the angle(s) and direction
of rotation.
SYMMETRY IN POLYGONS Tell how many lines of reflection and angles of
rotational symmetry the regular polygon has. What is the measure of the
smallest angle of rotation?
15. 16. 17. 18.
TYPOGRAPHY The letters below are transformations of one another.
Describee the line of reflection or angle of rotation used in the transformation.
19. b to d 20. d to p
21. p to b 22. d to q
10.7 Transformations and Symmetry 551
23. CHALLENGE A figure has line symmetry. Does the number of lines of
symmetry in the figure change when the figure is translated? rotated?
reflected? Explain your reasoning.
CHALLENGE Identify a quadrilateral that meets each condition. Then
sketch the quadrilateral and draw all lines of symmetry, if there are any.
24. No lines of symmetry 25. Exactly
E l one line
lii off symmetry
26. Exactly two lines of symmetry 27. More
27 M than
th two
t lines
li off symmetry
t
PROBLEM SOLVING
28. ★ WRITING Explain why the words clockwisee and counterclockwisee do
not need to be used to describe a 1808 rotation.
SEE EXAMPLE 4 29. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A person’s face appears
on p. 550 to have line symmetry, but the two parts are
for Exs. 29–30 not exact mirror images.
One of the pictures at the right is a normal
photograph of a woman. The other is the
right side of the woman’s face and its exact
mirror image.
Which photograph is a normal photograph
of the woman? Explain your reasoning.
30. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Draw two polygons that have rotational
symmetry but are not regular. Then give the angle(s) and direction
of rotation.
31. COMPARE AND CONTRAST Explain how the line symmetry and
rotational symmetry of a non-square rectangle are like those of a
rhombus, and how they are different.
32. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You are making a collage using geometric figures.
You want to use figures that have two or more lines of symmetry. Which
figure could nott be used in your collage?
A Circle B Equilateral triangle
C Trapezoid D Regular pentagon y
33. MULTIPLE TRANSFORMATIONS Reflect
the
h shape at the right over the x-axis, and O x
then over the y-axis. Comparee the results
to the effect of a 1808 rotation.
34. ★ OPEN-ENDED MATH Describee a real-world situation that is a
translation. Does it ever involve other transformations? If so, which
ones? Explain.
552 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
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EXAMPLE 2 Making a Tessellation
Make a tessellation of the quadrilateral shown.
Describe the transformation(s) you use.
STEP 1 Mark
k the point at the middle STEP 2 Translate the new figure as
of one of the sides of the shown. The pattern that results
quadrilateral. Then rotate covers the plane without gaps or
the quadrilateral 1808 overlaps. So, the quadrilateral
about that point. forms a tessellation.
EXERCISES
Tell whether the polygon can form a regular tessellation. If it can, draw
the tessellation.
1. Regular hexagon 2. Regular heptagon
In Exercises 3 and 4, make a tessellation of the indicated polygon.
Describee the transformation(s) you use.
3. Parallelogram 4. Right triangle
5. Can you make a tessellation of the quadrilateral shown in Example 2
using onlyy rotations? only translations? onlyy reflections? Explain your
reasoning.
In Exercises 6 and 7, tell whether the two polygons can be used to make
a tessellation. If they can, draw the tessellation.
6. A regular octagon and a square with all sides from both figures equal
in length
7. A regular triangle and a rhombus with all sides from both figures equal
in length
8. Reasoning
g In the tessellation at the top of
page 554, six triangles fit around a common vertex
because each angle at the vertex measures 608,
for a total of 3608. Explain how this observation
applies to the square and pentagon in Example 1.
9. Using Polygons Refer to the photo. Draw the
polygon that forms the complete tessellation.
Extension: Tessellations 555
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error made in using (x, y)
for Ex. 5 M
the translation shown at the right. 4
3
L Mⴕ
N
1
K Lⴕ Nⴕ
TRANSLATING A FIGURE
E Draw the given triangle. ⫺3 ⫺2 O 2 4 5 x
Then find the coordinates of the vertices of the Kⴕ
image after the translation and draw the image.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 y → (x 2 2, y 2 4)
6. P(1, 1), Q(3, 5), R(5, 4); (x, y)
on p. 557 for
7. F(22, 3), G(3, 3), H(3, 21); (x, y)
y → (x 2 3, y 2 6)
Exs. 6–10
8. L(26, 0), M(26, 24), N(23, 24); (x, y)
y → (x 1 4, y 1 5)
DRAWING TRANSFORMATIONS Draw rectangle FGHJJ with vertices
F(22, 3), G(3, 3), H(3, 21), and J(22, 21). Then find the coordinates of the
vertices of the image after the given transformation and draw the image.
y → (x 1 3, y 1 6)
9. (x, y) y → (x 2 7, y)
10. (x, y) y
SEE EXAMPLE 3 11. Reflect FGHJJ in the x-axis. 12. Reflect FGHJJ in the y-axis.
on p. 558 for
Exs. 11–12 ROTATING A FIGURE The vertices of a triangle are given. Find the
coordinates of the vertices of the image after a rotation of 908 clockwise
about the origin. The coordinate notation (x y → (y
( , y) (y, 2x)
x describes such
a rotation.
13. F(0, 2), G(23, 1), H(21, 1) 14. L(2, 2), M(4, 21), N(2, 22)
15. R(23, 3), S(23, 0), T(21, 0) W(0, 0), X(5, 23), Y
16. W Y(3, 4)
In Exercises 17–19, draw the image of ABCD
D after the dilation.
EXTENSION Drawing a Dilation
Enlarging or reducing a figure by a scale factor to create a similar
figure is called a dilation. To draw a dilation of square ABCDD with
a scale factor of 3, multiply the x- and y-coordinates by 3. You can
describe this dilation using the coordinate notation (x, y)y → (3x, 3y).
y
Original Image y
7
Aⴕ Bⴕ
A (1, 2) → A9(3, 6) 6
5
B (2, 2) → B9(6, 6) 4
C (2, 1) → C9(6, 3) 3
A B Dⴕ Cⴕ
2
D (1, 1) → D9(3, 3) 1
D C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
17. Scale factor of 5 18. Scale factor of 4 19. Scale factor of 6
20. CHALLENGE What is the effect of a dilation using scale factor a on the
perimeter and the area of a figure?
10.8 Transformations in the Coordinate Plane 559
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SCALE FACTOR
C &IND THE RATIO IN SIMPLEST FORM OF THE AREA OF THE IMAGE TO THE AREA OF
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130#-&.40-7*/(
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F has endpoints E(4, 3) and F(4, 23).
29. ROTATIONS Line segment EF
Its image after a 1808 rotation has endpoints E9(24, 23) and F9(24, 3).
Describee the 1808 rotation using coordinate notation.
30. REASONING nHJK K 22, 7).
K has the vertices H(23, 1), J(0, 2), and K(
Reflect nHJK K in the x-axis to produce nH9J9K9
K . Then reflect nH9J9K9
K in
the y-axis to produce nH0J 0 0K0
K . Explain how to use coordinate notation
to describe the transformation from nHJK K to nH0J0 0K0
K . What are the
0 0K0
coordinates of the final image? Is H0J K a translation of HJK ? Explain
your reasoning.
31. CHALLENGE Quadrilateral WXYZ
Z has vertices W
W(2, 1), X(3, 3), Y
Y(6, 4),
and Z(6, 1). The coordinates of its image after two transformations are
W 0(26, 4), X 0(25, 2), Y 0(22, 1), and Z 0(22, 4). Describee a combination
of two transformations that would produce this result.
MIXED REVIEW
Evaluate the expression when a 5 4, b 5 5, and c 5 22.
Prepare for 32. a 2b 2c 2 (p. 13) 33. a 2 1 b 2 (p. 17) 34. c 2 2 b 2 (p. 285)
Lesson 11.1
in Exs. 32–34 CHOOSE A STRATEGY Use a strategy from the list to solve the following
problem. Explain
n your choice of strategy.
35. You paid three times as much for lunch as you Problem Solving Strategies
paid for a snack. Altogether, you spent $5. How ■ (p. 763)
much did you pay for the snack? for lunch? ■ (p. 764)
■ (p. 766)
36. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the solution of
the equation 8 2 4x 5 220? (p. 361)
A 27 B 23 C 3 D 7
QUIZ for Lessons 10.5−10.8
In Exercises 1 and 2, use the diagram and the fact that nJKL z nFGH.
H
1. Name the corresponding sides J
85ⴗ L G
and corresponding angles. (p. 537) 23ⴗ
72ⴗ
2. Find m/G. (p. 537) H
K F
3. GEOMETRY Sketch a regular pentagon and draw any lines of symmetry.
Then tell whether the figure has rotational symmetry. If it does, give the
angle(s) and direction of rotation. (p. 548)
Draw quadrilateral QRST T with vertices Q(3, 2), R(4, 5), S(22, 4), and
T 21, 1). Then find the coordinates of the vertices of the image after
T(
the given transformation and draw the image. (p. 556)
y → (x 2 4, y 2 8)
4. (x, y) 5. Reflect QRST
T in the x-axis.
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 10.8, p. 785 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 561
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STATE TEST PRACTICE
classzone.com
Lessons 10.5–10.8
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The graph shows two 4. SHORT RESPONSE A clothing designer draws
positions of a stencil on a wall. two similar pockets for cargo pants. Rectangle
ABCD D is 5 inches wide and 6 inches long.
y
4 Rectangle WXYZ Z is 12.5 inches wide. Find the
3 A ratio of the corresponding sides of ABCD D and
2
1 WXYZ Z in simplest form. Then find the ratio of
their areas. Explain your method.
⫺4⫺3⫺2 O 1 2 3 4 x
B 5. OPEN-ENDED How can you move figure A to
figure B using one transformation? using two
transformations?
a. Describee a combination of two y
3
transformations that would move figure A 2 A
to figure B. Then describe a combination 1
of two transformations that would move ⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 O 1 2 3 4x
figure B to figure A. B ⫺2
b. Do any combinations of transformations, ⫺3
other than the ones you described in
part (a), produce the same results? Explain.
p 6. GRIDDED ANSWER Rectangles PQRS and
JKLMM are similar. Rectangle PQRS has a
2. WRITING A 4-foot-tall hiker looks up at an length of 18 feet and a width of 10 feet.
unusual rock formation. The hiker’s shadow Rectangle JKLM M has a width of 25 feet. What
is 6 feet long. One rock’s shadow is 15 feet is the area, in square feet, of rectangle JKLM ?
long. The other rock’s shadow is 48 feet long.
Describee how the hiker could find the height 7. OPEN-ENDED Describee a real object that has
of each rock. Then find the heights. rotational symmetry and another that has
line symmetry.
8. SHORT RESPONSE A 7-foot-tall sign in a city
park has a 2-foot-long shadow. At the same
time, a monument there has a 16-foot-shadow.
a. Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
Then find the height of the monument.
b. As the sun sets, the sign’s shadow
d doubles.
d bl
At that moment, has the monument’s
shadow doubled? Explain.
3. EXTENDED RESPONSE A set of colored tiles
has 7 shapes: scalene triangle, isosceles 9. SHORT RESPONSE Are the two rectangles
triangle, equilateral triangle, rhombus, with given side lengths similar? Explain.
p
parallelogram, rectangle, and square. For A 6m B 3m
E F
each, tell whether it has line or rotational 1.5 m
2m
symmetry. Which tile has the most
H G
symmetries? What is true about the sides D C
of tiles with both symmetries?
y
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10.3 Triangles
g pp. 521–526
pp
EXAMPLE
Find the value of y. Then classify
the triangle by its angle measures. 55ⴗ
358 1 y8 5 1808 yyⴗ 35ⴗ
y 5 180 2 35
y 5 145
c Answer The value of y is 145. The triangle is a right triangle.
EXERCISES
Find the values of x and y. Then classify the triangle by its angle measures.
SEE EXAMPLES 24. 25. 26.
1, 2, AND 3 xⴗ 99ⴗ
on pp. 521–522 yⴗ
33ⴗ xⴗ yⴗ xⴗ
for Exs. 24–26 32ⴗ 78ⴗ yⴗ
36ⴗ
10.4 Polygons
yg
g pp. 529–534
pp
EXAMPLE
Classify the polygon and tell if it is regular.
The figure has 6 sides, so it is a hexagon.
The side lengths of the hexagon are not
equal, so it is not a regular hexagon.
EXERCISES
Classify the polygon and tell if it is regular. If it is not regular, explain
why not. If the polygon is quadrilateral, tell which type it is.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 27. 28. 29.
on p. 530
for Exs. 27–29
566 Chapter 10 Geometric Figures
10.5 Similar and Congruent
g Polygons
yg
g pp. 537–541
pp
EXAMPLE
Given that nBCD , nFGH, H find C
the ratio of the lengths of the
corresponding sides of nBCD
to nFGH.H 42 m 30 m G
10.5 m 7.5 m
Write a ratio for each pair of
corresponding sides. Then F 9m H
substitute the lengths of the B 36 m D
sides and simplify each ratio.
BC 42 4 CD 30 4 BD 36 4
}5}5} }5}5} }5}5}
FG 10.5 1 GH 7.5 1 FH 9 1
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLE 2 30. Rectangles QRST
T and CDFG
G are similar. QRST
T is 8 inches long and
on p. 538 6 inches wide. CDFG G is 20 inches long and 15 inches wide. Find the
for Ex. 30 ratio of the lengths of the corresponding sides of QRST
T to CDFG.
10.6 Using
g Proportions
p with Similar Polygons
yg
g pp. 542–546
pp
EXAMPLE
Quadrilaterals JKLM
M and WXYZ
Z are similar. Find YZ.
Z W Z
Use the ratios of the lengths of corresponding L
sides to write and solve a proportion involving K 20 ft
the unknown length.
21 ft
JK 15 ft
LM X
}5} Write proportion involving YZ.
Y
WX YZ
15 21 J M
}5} Substitute known values.
20 YZ
YZ 5 28 ft Use cross products property and simplify.
EXERCISES
SEE EXAMPLE 2 31. Monument Height A monument casts a 60-foot shadow at the same
on p. 543 time that a 5-foot tall person casts a 12-foot shadow. How tall is the
for Ex. 31 monument?
Chapter Review 567
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10 CHAPTER TEST classzone.com
Chapter Test Practice
Classify the angle as acute, right, obtuse, or straight.
1. 2. 3.
Tell whether /A
/A and /B
/B are complementary, supplementary, or neither.
r
Explain
n your reasoning.
∠ 5 218, m∠B 5 798
4. m∠A ∠ 5 458, m∠B 5 1358
5. m∠A ∠ 5 198, m∠B 5 718
6. m∠A
Find the angle measures of the numbered angles.
7. 8. 9.
72ⴗ
113ⴗ
1 41ⴗ 1 25ⴗ 1 2
2 3 2
Classify the polygon and tell if it is regular. If not, explain why not.
10. 11. 12.
13. Given that nQRS > nXYZ,
Z name Q Z
the corresponding sides and the 5 cm
3 cm
corresponding angles. Then find
XZ
Z and YZ.
Z S 5 cm R Y X
14. Draw a polygon that has exactly 4 lines of symmetry.
15. The measures of two of the angles in a triangle are 638 and 268.
Find the measure of the third angle. Then classify the triangle by
its angle measures.
16. BUILDING HEIGHT A building casts a 50-foot shadow at the same
time that a 5-foot sign casts a 2-foot shadow. What is the height of
the building?
F with vertices C(0, 0), D(0, 24), E(24, 24), and
17. Draw rectangle CDEF
F(24, 0). Then find the coordinates of the vertices of the image after
y → (x 2 5, y 1 2), and draw the image.
the translation (x, y)
18. Draw nFGH
H with vertices F(28, 6), G(24, 7), and H(22, 4). Then find
the coordinates of the vertices of the image after a reflection in the
y-axis, and draw the image.
Chapter Test 569
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11
Before
In previous chapters you’ve . . .
Measurement
and Area
• Evaluated powers
• Classified polygons
• Explored congruent and similar
polygons
Review Prerequisite Skills by playing
Exponent Suspension and Building Bridges.
Now
In Chapter 11 you’ll study . . .
• 11.1 Square roots
• 11.2 Approximations
• 11.3 Pythagorean Theorem
• 11.4 Parallelograms
• 11.5 Triangles and trapezoids
• 11.6 Circumference
• 11.7 Area of a circle
Why?
So you can solve real-world
problems about . . .
• pole vaulting, p. 578
• television screens, p. 588 Skill Focus: Evaluating powers
• giant sequoias, p. 609 Evaluate the powers. Order the answers from least to greatest.
Then write the letters associated with these answers in the
same order to spell out the name of the world’s longest
Math suspension bridge. The name consists of two six-letter words.
at classzone.com
• Now
N cross off ff the
h answers that
h are di
divisible
i ibl bby 3
3. C
Cross off
ff the
h
• The Pythagorean Theorem, p. 589 answers that are greater than 100 but less than 200. Add the
• Area of a Triangle, p. 601 three remaining numbers to find the length, in feet, of the main
• Area of a Circle, p. 613
span of the bridge. The main span lies between the two towers
of the bridge.
574 Chapter 11 Measurement and Area
4LJMM'PDVT $MBTTJGZJOHQPMZHPOT
4HE BRIDGE ABOVE IS DRAWN ON GRAPH PAPER !LL LINE SEGMENTS
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HAVE THE SAME SLOPE ARE PARALLEL
s &IND AT LEAST TRIANGLES IN THE BRIDGE
s &IND AT LEAST RECTANGLES IN THE BRIDGE
s &IND AT LEAST PARALLELOGRAMS IN THE BRIDGE
s &IND AT LEAST TRAPEZOIDS IN THE BRIDGE
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6 ROWS OF SQUARES 7 ROWS OF SQUARES
8 ROWS OF SQUARES 9 ROWS OF SQUARES
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] ] ] ]
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]
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q
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]
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] ]
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qi
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qi
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] ] ]
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]
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]
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MAXIMUM WALKING SPEED FOR A GIRAFFE WITH A LEG LENGTH OF FEET
40-65*0/
]
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]
S q L z 8SJUFNBYJNVNXBMLJOHTQFFEGPSNVMB
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z q
z 4VCTUJUVUFGPSM
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(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFT BOE
!PPROXIMATE THE SQUARE ROOT TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER AND THEN TO THE
NEAREST TENTH
] ] ] ]
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8IBU*G )N %XAMPLE SUPPOSE THE GIRAFFE HAS A LEG LENGTH OF FEET
%STIMATE THE MAXIMUM WALKING SPEED OF THE GIRAFFE 5SE AN ESTIMATE OF
THE SQUARE ROOT ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST TENTH 2OUND YOUR ANSWER TO THE
NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER
]
*SSBUJPOBM/VNCFST 4HE NUMBER q zIS AN EXAMPLE OF AN IRRATIONAL NUMBER
!N IRRATIONAL NUMBER CANNOT BE WRITTEN AS A QUOTIENT OF TWO INTEGERS
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]
REPEATS )F N IS A POSITIVE INTEGER WHICH IS NOT A PERFECT SQUARE THEN qN z IS
AN IRRATIONAL NUMBER
4HE SET OF REAL NUMBERS CONSISTS OF ALL RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS 4HE
6ENN DIAGRAM SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE TYPES OF REAL NUMBERS
$2!7 $)!'2!-3
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/FFEIFMQXJUISBUJPOBM ] ]
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+VTUCFDBVTFZPVTFF
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(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
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] ]
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"11309*."5*/(426"3&30054 !PPROXIMATE THE SQUARE ROOT TO THE
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] ] ] ]
3%% %8!-0,%3 q z q z q z q z
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q z q z q z q z
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7ZXVjhZ'.^hbjX]XadhZg
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GPS&Y ]
6 q
z
7 ]z 8 + 9
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q z q z q z
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] ] ] ] ] ]
z q z
q
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A (OW MANY SQUARE FEET OF SOD DID YOU USE TO COVER THE LAWN
B 4HE AMOUNT OF SOD USED FALLS BETWEEN WHICH TWO PERFECT SQUARES
C 7HAT IS THE SIDE LENGTH OF THE LAWN TO THE NEAREST TENTH OF A FOOT
(4)0353&410/4& 9OU USE ONE GALLON OF PAINT TO APPLY A BASE COAT ON
A SQUARE WALL MURAL 4HE PAINT COVERS SQUARE FEET PER GALLON &IND THE
SIDE LENGTH OF THE MURAL TO THE NEAREST TENTH OF A FOOT )F YOU DOUBLE THE
LENGTH OF EACH SIDE HOW MANY GALLONS OF PAINT DO YOU NEED %XPLAIN
$"341&&% 4O FIND HOW FAST A CAR WAS GOING BEFORE AN ACCIDENT
]
INVESTIGATORS CAN USE THE EQUATION S q DF z WHERE S IS THE CARS SPEED
IN MILES PER HOUR D IS THE LENGTH IN FEET OF THE SKIDMARK LEFT BY THE TIRES
AND F IS THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION FOR THE ROAD &IND THE SPEED OF A CAR
THAT LEFT AN FOOT SKIDMARK 5SE A COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF 2OUND
YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER
"QQSPYJNBUJOH4RVBSF3PPUT
44. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE To find the time it takes for a dropped object to hit
the ground, you can use the equation h 5 16tt2, where h is height, in feet,
and t is time, in seconds. If an object is dropped from a height of 48 feet,
how long (to the nearest tenth of a second) does the object fall?
A 1.7 sec B 1.8 sec C 2.4 sec D 5.7 sec
45. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A firehose’s flow rate r in gallons per minute can be
}
approximated by the equation r 5 29.7d 2 Ï p where d is the diameter of the
nozzle in inches and p is the nozzle pressure in pounds per square inch.
a. Find the flow rate of a hose with a diameter of 2 inches and a
pressure of 60 pounds per square inch. Explain.
b. What nozzle pressure is needed for a hose with a diameter of
3
1} inches to have the same flow rate as in part (a)? Explain.
4
a }
46. REASONING Find whole number values for a and b such that π < } < Ï 10 .
b
Is there a rational number between every pair of irrational numbers? Explain.
47. xy CHALLENGE Approximate the two values of x to the nearest tenth
}
that solve the equation x 2 5 Ï24 . Explain how you found your answer.
MIXED REVIEW
Solve the equation. (p. 577)
Prepare for 48. a 2 5 144 49. c 2 1 9 5 45 50. y 2 2 20 5 24 51. 5z 2 1 5 5 25
Lesson 11.3 in
Exs. 48–51 Simplify the expression. (p. 342)
52. 8(3 2 j ) 1 4j
4 53. 7h 2 11 2 4h 54. 3(2t 2 3u) 55. 5r (r 1 6) 2 9
56. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which number is 350% of 84? (p. 454)
A 252 B 294 C 2940 D 29,400
Brai
Brainn Ga
Gam
me
Who nose?
3 2 10 9 11 12 2 8 5 A⫽ 81 B⫽ 9 C⫽ 100
D ⫽ 36 E⫽ 4 F⫽ 256
4 7 11 13 6 5 15 2 14 H ⫽ 225 I⫽ 64 L⫽ 169
N ⫽ 196 O⫽ 49 S⫽ 144
3 2 9 16 7 7 5
T⫽ 25 U⫽ 121 W⫽ 16
586 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 11.2, p. 786 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
(0"- ."5&3*"-4
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9OU CAN USE GRAPH PAPER TO FIND THE LENGTH OF A RIGHT TRIANGLES HYPOTENUSE
WHICH IS THE SIDE OPPOSITE THE RIGHT ANGLE
&91-03& IND THE LENGTH OF THE HYPOTENUSE OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE IF THE OTHER SIDE
&
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UNITS UNITS
34%0 &IND THE SUM OF THE AREAS OF THE TWO SQUARES
SQUARE UNITS
5SE SCISSORS TO CUT OUT A THIRD SQUARE WHOSE AREA IS EQUAL
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s HYPOTENUSE P THE LENGTH OF THE DIAGONAL )N %XAMPLE YOULL USE RIGHT TRIANGLE
s LEGS P RELATIONSHIPS TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION
s 0YTHAGOREAN 5IFIZQPUFOVTFJT
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!LGEBRA A B C
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& ! SQUARE PARK HAS A SIDE LENGTH OF YARDS 7HICH
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] ] ]]
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B IN C IN A FT B FT A IN C IN
] ]
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11.6 Circumference
of a Circle
Before You found the perimeters of polygons.
Now You’ll find the circumferences of circles.
Why? So you can find the circumference of a wheel, as in Ex. 29.
KEY VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY
• circle, p. 607
• center, p. 607
• radius, p. 607 STEP 1
• diameter, p. 607
d
• circumference,
p. 607
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are the same distance from a
fixed point called the center. r The distance from the center to any point on
the circle is the radius. The distance across the circle through the center is
the diameter. r
d
center
radius
d
diameter diameter d
circumference d
The circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle. The ratio of a
circle’s circumference to its diameter is represented by the Greek letter π (pi).
As you may have seen in the activity, and in the figure above, π is slightly
22
greater than 3. The values 3.14 and } are often used as approximations
7
of the irrational number π. The exact value for π is a non-terminating,
non-repeating decimal: 3.14159. . . .
11.6 Circumference of a Circle 607
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Circumference of a Circle
Words The circumference C of a circle is the product diameter d
of π and the diameter, or twice the product of radius r
π and the radius.
Algebra C 5 πd C 5 2πr
EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Circumference of a Circle
Find the circumference of the clock. Use 3.14 for π.
SOLUTION
25 cm
AVOID ERRORS C 5 πd Write formula for circumference.
Be sure to substitute
the diameter into the
⬇ 3.14(25) Substitute 3.14 for π and 25 for d.
formula C 5 πd,
d not 5 78.5 Multiply.
the radius.
c Answerr The circumference of the clock is about 78.5 centimeters.
Choosing Approximations When the radius or diameter of a circle is divisible
22
by 7, use } as the approximation for π.
7
EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Circumference of a Circle
22
Find the circumference of the circle. Use } for π.
7 21 in.
ANOTHER WAY SOLUTION
You may be asked to
leave your answers in
C 5 2πr Write formula for circumference.
terms of π. For example,
the answer to Example 2 ⬇ 2 1}
22
2(21) 22
Substitute } for π and 21 for r.
7
7
in terms of π is
C 5 2ππ (21) 5 42π. 5 132 Multiply.
c Answerr The circumference of the circle is about 132 inches.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2
22
Find the circumference of the circle. Use } or 3.14 for π.
7
1. 2. 3.
100 cm
49 in.
9 mm
608 Chapter 11 Measurement and Area
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COMBINED FIGURES Find the area of the shaded region. Use 3.14 for π.
25. 26. 27. 2 cm
8 ft 5m
14 ft 5m
28. CHALLENGE The figure shows a right triangle
with a < b. Semicircles are drawn on each c b
side. How does the area of the smallest
semicircle compare to the areas of the other
two semicircles? Explain. a
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLES 29. CALENDARS The top of an Aztec calendar
1 AND 2 stone is a circle 12 feet in diameter. What
on pp. 612–613 is the area of the top of the stone? Use
for Exs. 29–31 3.14 for π.
30. WORLD MAP There is a circular world
map with a radius of 50 feet at the
U.S. Navy Memorial in Washington, D.C.
What is the area of the world map?
31. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A penny has a diameter of 19.05 millimeters. What
is the approximate area of one side of the coin?
A 19.05π mm 2 B 38.1π mm 2 C 90.7π mm 2 D 362.9π mm 2
32. ★ WRITING Explain how to find the area of a circle, given its
circumference.
33. ★ SHORT RESPONSE A circular fountain has a diameter of 8.5 meters.
What is the area of the fountain? The outermost meter of the fountain is
a pool where water collects and recirculates. What is the area of the pool?
Round your answers to the nearest tenth and explain.
34. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Use the table below that relates the
radius, circumference, and area of circles.
a. Making a Table Copy and Radius, r (m) Circumference, C (m) Area, A (m2)
complete the table at the right.
2 2π(2) 5 4π π(2)2 5 4π
b. Making a Graph Plot the ordered
4 ? ?
pairs (r, C ) and (r, A) using data
from the table. Describee how 6 ? ?
changing the radius affects
8 ? ?
circumference and area.
c. Writing an Equation Write an equation relating the circumference C
of a circle to its area A.
11.7 Area of a Circle 615
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GOAL
Use after Lesson 11.7 Use a calculator to
evaluate expressions
involving square roots
and π.
11.7 Using Square Roots and Pi }
You can use the keystrokes [Ï ] and the key to evaluate
expressions.
EXAMPLE 1 A square field has an area of 4840 square yards, or 1 acre. Between
what two whole-number lengths does the length of a side of the field
fall? Use a calculator to check your answer.
SOLUTION
Because 4840 falls
}
between the perfect squares 4761 5 692 and 4900 5 702,
you know that Ï4840 falls between 69 and 70.
}
Check your answer by evaluating Ï4840 .
Keystrokes Display
}
[Ï ] 4840
c Answer The length falls between 69 yards and 70 yards.
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate 16π. Round to the nearest hundredth.
SOLUTION
Keystrokes Display
16
c Answer 16π < 50.27
P R AC T I C E
Approximate the square root to the nearest whole number. Then use a calculator to
check your answer.
} } } }
1. Ï 467 2. Ï 1056 3. Ï 4356 4. Ï 37,888
Use a calculator to evaluate the expression. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
5. 41π 6. 36π 7. π3 8. 14π2
11.7 Area of a Circle 617
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BY INCH PAPER TO EACH
SHEETS OF ]z A PLAYER MAY STAND IN THE ON
DECK CIRCLE
WHILE WAITING FOR A TURN AT BAT 4HE ON
DECK
STUDENT 4HE INSTRUCTIONS ARE TO CUT OUT A
CIRCLE HAS A DIAMETER OF FEET &IND THE AREA
CIRCLE A TRIANGLE A PARALLELOGRAM AND A
OF THE CIRCLE IN SQUARE FEET 5SE FOR :
TRAPEZOID THAT HAVE THE SAME AREA 4HE FIRST
2OUND YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEAREST TENTH
SHAPE YOU CUT IS A CIRCLE WITH A DIAMETER OF
INCHES 7HAT ARE POSSIBLE DIMENSIONS OF
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DIAMETER OF THE CIRCLE IS EQUAL TO THE LENGTH
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RINGS AS SHOWN 4HE YELLOW RING HAS A
CIRCUMFERENCE OF INCHES 4HE RADIUS OF
THE BLUE RING IS INCHES GREATER THAN THAT OF
THE YELLOW RING
A &IND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF
THE BLUE RING %XPLAIN YOUR
REASONING 5SE FOR :
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IS THE MEAN OF THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE TO THE PERIMETER OF THE SQUARE
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)S THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE INCHES *USTIFY YOUR ANSWERS
GREEN RING THE MEAN OF THE
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OTHER TWO %XPLAIN
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(3*%%&%"/48&3 4HE LARGE FLORAL CLOCK AT
THE +ENTUCKY STATE CAPITAL HAS A FACE WITH AN
(3*%%&%"/48&3 0ART OF A SHUFFLEBOARD
AREA OF ABOUT SQUARE FEET 7HAT IS THE
COURT IS SHOWN &IND THE AREA OF THE FIGURE
CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CLOCK IN YARDS 5SE
IN SQUARE FEET
FOR : 2OUND YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEAREST TENTH
4)0353&410/4& ! LOCAL BUSINESS WANTS TO
PAVE A PARKING AREA 4HE AREA IS IN THE SHAPE
OF A PARALLELOGRAM WITH A BASE OF FEET AND
A HEIGHT OF FEET #OMPANY ! CHARGES
PER SQUARE FOOT OF PAVEMENT #OMPANY " WILL
CHARGE FOR THE JOB 7HICH COMPANY HAS
THE LOWER PRICE %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
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13"$5*$&
%XPLAIN WHY YOU CAN ELIMINATE THE HIGHLIGHTED ANSWER CHOICE
4HE FOUNDATION OF A SQUARE GARAGE HAS AN AREA OF SQUARE YARDS 7HAT IS
THE APPROXIMATE LENGTH OF A SIDE OF THE FOUNDATION
6 YD 7 YD 8 YD 9 YD
! SECTION OF A PARK IS DESIGNATED AS AN OFF LEASH AREA FOR DOGS 4HIS FENCED IN
SECTION IS TRIANGULAR AND HAS AN AREA OF SQUARE FEET 4HE BASE IS FEET
7HAT IS THE HEIGHT OF THE TRIANGLE
6 FT 7 FT 8 FT 9 FT
! PARALLELOGRAM HAS AN AREA OF SQUARE INCHES 4HE BASE IS
INCHES 7HAT IS THE HEIGHT OF THE PARALLELOGRAM
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6 M
7HAT ARE THE LENGTHS OF THE BASES OF THE
7 M TRAPEZOID
8 M 6 M M 7 M M
9 M 8 M M 9 M M
9OU HAVE ENOUGH PAINT TO COVER SQUARE
! RECTANGULAR FIELD WAS DESIGNED SO THAT ITS FEET 9OU WANT TO PAINT A TRIANGULAR AREA
LENGTH IS TWICE ITS WIDTH )F THE FIELD COVERS IN WHICH THE HEIGHT IS EQUAL TO THE BASE
AN AREA OF SQUARE METERS HOW WIDE IS 4O THE NEAREST FOOT HOW LONG SHOULD THE
THE FIELD TO THE NEAREST METER HEIGHT AND BASE BE IF YOU PLAN TO USE ALL
THE PAINT
6 M 7 M
6 FT 7 FT
8 M 9 M
8 FT 9 FT
3MALL FLOOR TILES ARE OFTEN ASSEMBLED INTO
SQUARE SHEETS /NE SUCH SHEET HAS ROWS 7HAT IS AREA OF THE SHADED REGION INSIDE
OF SMALL SQUARE TILES 4HE SHEET HAS AN THE PARALLELOGRAM
AREA OF SQUARE INCHES 7HAT IS THE SIDE
LENGTH OF EACH SMALL TILE
6 ]z IN 7 ]z IN
6 FT 7 FT
8 ]z IN 9 ]z
IN
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7HICH NUMBER IS IRRATIONAL
] !T THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARCHERY TARGET
p
6 ]z
z
7 ]z
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GREATER IS THE AREA OF THE LARGER CIRCLE
8 9
6 7 : 8 9 :
4HE RADIUS OF THE LARGE
! SUPPORT WIRE IS ATTACHED TO THE TRUNK OF CIRCLE IS A DIAMETER OF
A TREE METERS ABOVE THE GROUND 4HEN THE SMALL CIRCLE )F THE
THE OTHER END OF THE WIRE IS STAKED INTO LARGE CIRCLE HAS A RADIUS
THE GROUND 4HE TRUNK THE WIRE AND THE OF FEET WHAT IS THE
GROUND FORM A RIGHT TRIANGLE )F THE LENGTH APPROXIMATE AREA OF THE SHADED REGION
OF THE WIRE IS METERS HOW FAR FROM THE
TRUNK IS THE WIRE STAKED INTO THE GROUND 6 FT 7 FT
6 M 7 M 8 M 9 M 8 FT 9 FT
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AREA IS SQUARE CENTIMETERS HOW LONG IS FIGURE 4HEN FIND THE PERIMETER %XPLAIN
THE BASE HOW YOU FOUND YOUR ANSWERS
!LL FOUR VERTICES OF A RECTANGLE LIE ON A CIRCLE
OF RADIUS CENTIMETERS 4HE LENGTH OF THE
RECTANGLE IS CENTIMETERS &IND THE AREA OF
THE RECTANGLE IN SQUARE CENTIMETERS
7HAT IS THE AREA IN
SQUARE INCHES OF A $ESCRIBE HOW YOU COULD FIND THE AREA OF THE
PANE OF GLASS SHAPED TRAPEZOID SHOWN WITHOUT USING THE FORMULA
LIKE THE TRAPEZOID FOR THE AREA OF A TRAPEZOID 4HEN FIND THE
SHOWN AREA OF THE TRAPEZOID
&IND THE VALUE
OF X IN METERS
IN THE RIGHT
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&95&/%&%3&410/4&
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DIAMETER OF THE CIRCLE -AKE AN INPUT
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IN A COORDINATE PLANE 4ELL WHETHER THE FUNCTION IS LINEAR %XPLAIN
! ROTATING SPRINKLER WATERS A CIRCULAR GARDEN WITH A RADIUS OF METERS
! SECOND ROTATING SPRINKLER WATERS ANOTHER CIRCULAR GARDEN WITH ONE
THIRD
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CIRCLES WHERE THE RADIUS OF THE SMALLER CIRCLE IS ONE
THIRD THE RADIUS OF THE
LARGER CIRCLE %XPLAIN
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4HE DIAMETER FOR A COPPER WATER PIPE CAN BE MODELED BY D q F z WHERE
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A 7HAT DIAMETER PIPE IS NEEDED FOR A FLOW RATE OF GALLONS PER MINUTE
B 7HAT DIAMETER PIPE IS NEEDED FOR A FLOW RATE OF GALLONS PER MINUTE
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C 4HE FLOW RATE IN PART A WAS DOUBLED IN PART B $ID THE DIAMETER ALSO
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s STADIUM CUSHIONS P PARTS OF A BASKETBALL COURT IN ORDER TO FIND THE YEAR IN WHICH
s BALANCE BOARDS P BASKETBALL WAS INVENTED
s WATERMELONS P
s COINS P )08501-":
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s #LASSIFYING 3OLIDS P EXPRESSION BELOW 4HE VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION IS THE YEAR
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s PERIMETER P !N IS THE SET OF ALL POINTS IN A PLANE THAT ARE THE SAME DISTANCE
s AREA P FROM A FIXED POINT
s CIRCLE P
4HE DISTANCE AROUND A CIRCLE IS CALLED ITS
s RADIUS P
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s CIRCUMFERENCE
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s RECTANGLE P &IND THE PERIMETER AND THE AREA OF THE RECTANGLE Q
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s SOLID P
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s PYRAMID P
s CYLINDER P
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s CONE P
s SPHERE P BASE
s FACE EDGE VERTEX
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BASE CENTER
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& 9 " . 1 - & $MBTTJGZJOH4PMJET
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(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
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CLASSIFIED BY THE SHAPES OF THEIR BASES &OR EXAMPLE A PRISM WHOSE
BASES ARE TRIANGLES SUCH AS THE ONE AT THE TOP OF THE PREVIOUS PAGE
IS A TRIANGULAR PRISM
( &9".1-& 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
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A PYRAMID IS A PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
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& 9 " . 1 - & $PVOUJOH'BDFT &EHFT BOE7FSUJDFT
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70$"#6-"3: .AME THREE TYPES OF SOLIDS THAT DO NOT HAVE ANY FACES
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6 4RIANGULAR PYRAMID 7 2ECTANGULAR PRISM
8 4RIANGULAR PRISM 9 2ECTANGULAR PYRAMID
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! CYLINDER HAS TWO CONGRUENT !NY PAIR OF OPPOSITE FACES OF A
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YZ "-(" ! PYRAMID HAS X VERTICES (OW MANY SIDES DOES THE BASE
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GPS&Y
(83*5*/( $ESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES AND
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$ESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
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(45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$& )*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1BUDMBTT[POFDPN
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PENCIL IS A REGULAR HEXAGON 9OU SAW OFF A PIECE OF THE
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BEST CLASSIFIES THE SHAPE OF THE PIECE YOU SAWED OFF
6 0RISM 7 0YRAMID 8 #YLINDER 9 #ONE
$0.104*5&'*(63& 4HE SOLID SHOWN AT THE RIGHT IS A
COMPOSITE FIGURE FORMED BY JOINING A PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
AND A PENTAGONAL PRISM #OUNT THE NUMBER OF FACES
EDGES AND VERTICES IN THE SOLID
(01&/&/%&%."5) .AME THREE TYPES OF PRISMS THAT ARE NOT TRIANGULAR
(83*5*/( 4HE DIAGRAM AT THE RIGHT SHOWS A HEMISPHERE
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REASONING
(4)0353&410/4& 7HAT HAPPENS TO THE SHAPE OF A
PYRAMID AS THE NUMBER OF FACES INCREASES %XPLAIN
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USE YOUR RESULTS TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF
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4PMJE
'BDFT'
7FSUJDFT7
&EHFT&
'7
.*9&%3&7*&8
3KETCH A TRIANGLE THAT SATISFIES THE GIVEN CONDITIONS Q
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-FTTPO
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0ROBLEM 3OLVING 3TRATEGIES
LIST TO SOLVE THE FOLLOWING EXERCISE %XPLAIN YOUR
CHOICE OF STRATEGY
N 'UESS #HECK AND 2EVISE e#,+(
N -AKE A 4ABLE e#,+*
7HAT NUMBER RAISED TO THE FOURTH POWER IS N "REAK INTO 0ARTS e#,+,
EQUAL TO
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS THE BALANCE OF A SAVINGS ACCOUNT OF
THAT EARNS SIMPLE ANNUAL INTEREST AFTER MONTHS Q
6 7 8 9
&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
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,&:70$"#6-"3: $JUZ#VJMEJOHT 4HE BUILDING SHOWN IN THE
s PRISM P PHOTOGRAPH IS SHAPED LIKE A RECTANGULAR
s PYRAMID P PRISM !RTISTS USE VARIOUS METHODS TO
s CYLINDER P DRAW SOLIDS SO THAT THEY APPEAR TO BE
s CONE P THREE
DIMENSIONAL
s SPHERE P )N %XAMPLE YOU WILL LEARN A METHOD TO
s FACE EDGE VERTEX SKETCH A RECTANGULAR PRISM 9OU CAN USE
P THIS METHOD TO SKETCH OTHER SOLIDS
& 9 " . 1 - & 4LFUDIJOHB1SJTN
3KETCH A RECTANGULAR PRISM
34%0 34%0 34%0
3KETCH TWO CONGRUENT #ONNECT CORRESPONDING #HANGE ANY hHIDDENv
RECTANGLES VERTICES USING LINE LINES TO DASHED LINES
SEGMENTS
3(/7 0%230%#4)6%
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3KETCH THE SOLID
4RIANGULAR PRISM 0RISM WITH SQUARE BASES
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE SKETCH OF AN OCTAGONAL PRISM
$IBQUFS4VSGBDF"SFBBOE7PMVNF
& 9 " . 1 - & 4LFUDIJOHB1ZSBNJE
3KETCH A PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
34%0 34%0 34%0
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A DOT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE DOT
THE PENTAGON
BUDMBTT[POFDPN
5ISFF7JFXT !NOTHER WAY TO REPRESENT A THREE DIMENSIONAL FIGURE USING
A TWO DIMENSIONAL DRAWING IS TO SKETCH THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS OF THE FIGURE
A TOP VIEW A SIDE VIEW AND A FRONT VIEW
& 9 " . 1 - & 4LFUDIJOH5ISFF7JFXTPGB4PMJE
3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF THE
TRIANGULAR PRISM
40-65*0/
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(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
3KETCH A RECTANGULAR PYRAMID
3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF
THE RECTANGULAR PYRAMID YOU SKETCHED IN
%XERCISE
3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF
THE 0ENTAGON "UILDING IN THE PHOTOGRAPH
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THE ERROR MADE IN SKETCHING A RECTANGULAR
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8 3QUARE PRISM 9 3QUARE PYRAMID
(*'5#09 3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF THE GIFT BOX SHOWN
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FACES EDGES VERTICES
FACES EDGES VERTICES
$IBQUFS4VSGBDF"SFBBOE7PMVNF
130#-&.40-7*/(
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IN THE PHOTO SHOWN AT THE RIGHT
6 #IRCLE 7 2ECTANGLE
8 4RIANGLE 9 /VAL
3%% %8!-0,% #6*-%*/(4 3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT
POQ VIEWS OF THE BUILDING SHOWN IN THE PHOTO
GPS&Y ON PAGE
(4)0353&410/4& 3KETCH A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID 4HEN COUNT THE
NUMBER OF FACES EDGES AND VERTICES IN THE PYRAMID %XPLAIN HOW
KNOWING THE NUMBER OF EDGES IN A SOLID CAN HELP YOU SKETCH THE SOLID
3&"40/*/( ! STUDENT SKETCHES A SOLID THAT HAS FIVE FACES &OUR OF THE
FACES ARE TRIANGLES AND ONE OF THE FACES IS A RECTANGLE 7HAT TYPE OF SOLID
DID THE STUDENT SKETCH "E AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE *USTIFY YOUR ANSWER
3&"40/*/( &OR WHICH SOLIDS IS AT LEAST ONE OF THE THREE VIEWS A RECTANGLE
A TRIANGLE A CIRCLE
! " #
$)"--&/(& 7HEN YOU SLICE THROUGH A SOLID YOU
CREATE A CROSS SECTION /NE CROSS SECTION OF A CUBE
CREATES A HEXAGON AS SHOWN $RAW SEPARATE
SKETCHES OF A CUBE THAT SHOW CROSS SECTIONS OF
A TRIANGLE A RECTANGLE AND A PENTAGON
.*9&%3&7*&8
&IND THE AREA OF THE RECTANGLE OR SQUARE WITH THE GIVEN DIMENSIONS Q
1SFQBSFGPS L YARDS W YARDS Lz FEET W FEET S METERS
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH EQUATION HAS A SOLUTION OF Q
6 X 7 X 8 X 9 X
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5SE AFTER ,ESSON
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,&:70$"#6-"3: 4HE SOLID SHOWN BELOW CAN BE BUILT USING UNIT CUBES 4HERE ARE UNIT CUBES
s SOLID P ON THE BOTTOM LAYER AND UNIT CUBES ON THE TOP LAYER -ODELING WITH UNIT
CUBES CAN HELP YOU IDENTIFY THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF A SOLID
3IDE
&RONT
& 9 " . 1 - & %SBXJOH5PQ 4JEF BOE'SPOU7JFXT
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LOOKING AT THE SOLID FROM
DIRECTLY ABOVE
34%0 4O DRAW THE SIDE VIEW IMAGINE
WHAT YOU WOULD SEE IF YOU WERE
LOOKING DIRECTLY AT ONE OF THE
SIDES
34%0 4O DRAW THE FRONT VIEW IMAGINE
WHAT YOU WOULD SEE IF YOU WERE
LOOKING DIRECTLY AT THE FRONT
%SBXJOHB4PMJE 'IVEN THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF A SOLID YOU CAN BUILD
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LAYER OF THE SOLID
MORE
34%0 4HE SIDE VIEW GIVES YOU LAYERS
INFORMATION ABOUT THE NUMBER
OF LAYERS AND HOW TO FORM THEM
34%0 4HE FRONT VIEW ALSO GIVES YOU
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&9&3$*4&4
5SE UNIT CUBES TO BUILD THE SOLID 4HEN DRAW THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS
5SE THE THREE VIEWS OF A SOLID TO BUILD THE SOLID USING UNIT CUBES 4HEN
DRAW THE SOLID
3&"40/*/( )T IS POSSIBLE FOR TWO DIFFERENT SOLIDS TO HAVE THE SAME TOP
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s SURFACE AREA P SURFACES ! TWO
DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION OF A SOLID SUCH AS
s NET P THE RECTANGULAR PRISM BELOW IS CALLED A NET 4HE SURFACE AREA OF
A RECTANGULAR PRISM IS EQUAL TO THE AREA OF ITS NET
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOH4VSGBDF"SFB6TJOHB/FU
&IND THE SURFACE AREA OF
IN
THE RECTANGULAR PRISM
IN
IN
6/#!"5,!29 34%0 $RAW A NET AND FIND THE AREA OF EACH FACE
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UIBUUIFFEHFT
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W
!LGEBRA 3 LW LH WH L
$IBQUFS4VSGBDF"SFBBOE7PMVNF
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Surface Area Using a Formula
Find the surface area of the
rectangular prism.
5m
2m
SOLUTION 15 m
S 5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2wh Write formula for surface area.
Substitute 15 for l, 2 for w,
5 2(15)(2) 1 2(15)(5) 1 2(2)(5)
and 5 for h.
5 60 1 150 1 20 Multiply.
5 230 Add.
c Answer The surface area of the prism is 230 square meters.
EXAMPLE 3 Solve a Multi-Step Problem
READING Stadium Cushion You are making the stadium
0.5 ft
Read the problem cushion shown. The foam for the cushion costs
carefully so that you can $1.50, and the fabric costs $.50 per square foot. 1.5 ft
make a plan to solve it. How much does it cost to make the cushion?
The surface area of the 1.5 ft
cushion will tell you how
much fabricc you need.
SOLUTION
STEP 1 Use a formula to find the surface area of the cushion.
S 5 2lw 1 2lh 1 2wh Write formula.
5 2(1.5)(1.5) 1 2(1.5)(0.5) 1 2(1.5)(0.5) Substitute values.
5 7.5 ft2 Simplify.
STEP 2 Multiplyy to find the fabric cost: 7.5 ft2 3 $.50/ft2 5 $3.75.
STEP 3 Add to find the cost of fabric and foam: $3.75 1 $1.50 5 $5.25.
c Answer It costs $5.25 to make the stadium cushion.
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1, 2, and 3
Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.
1. 2. 1 mm 3.
2 in.
3 mm
5 mm
5 cm
10 cm 3 in.
2 in.
4. What If? Suppose the dimensions of the cushion in Example 3 were
2 feet by 2 feet by 0.75 foot. The foam for a cushion that size costs
$1.75. How much would it cost to make the cushion?
12.3 Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms 643
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! TWO
DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION OF A SOLID IS CALLED AN
3%% %8!-0,% 64*/(/&54 &IND THE SURFACE AREA OF THE
POQ RECTANGULAR PRISM WHOSE NET IS SHOWN M
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M M M
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YD
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CM MM
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FT
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EXPRESSION $ESCRIBE AND CORRECT HER ERROR
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6 IN 7 IN 8 IN 9 IN
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SIDE LENGTH
S FT S IN S CM S MM
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$)"--&/(& 4HE SURFACE AREA OF A CUBE IS SQUARE CENTIMETERS
&IND THE LENGTH OF EACH EDGE OF THE CUBE 3HOW YOUR WORK
)N %XERCISES n FIND THE SURFACE AREA OF THE PRISM 5SE THE STEPS IN THE
FOLLOWING EXAMPLE 4HE AREA OF A BASE " IS GIVEN
& 9 5 & / 4 * 0 / 'JOEJOH4VSGBDF"SFBTPG/PO3FDUBOHVMBS1SJTNT
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AT THE RIGHT
40-65*0/
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FT
!REA OF A BASE " ]z
!REA OF FACE ! FT
!REA OF FACE ! FT
!REA OF FACE ! FT
34%0 !DD THE AREAS OF ALL THE FACES
3 " " z! ! ! 8SJUFTVNPGBSFBTPGGBDFT
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"EE
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" MM " CM " FT
130#-&.40-7*/(
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POQ PLYWOOD USING THE DIMENSIONS SHOWN 0LYWOOD COSTS FT
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83"11*/(1"1&3 9OU ARE WRAPPING A GIFT BOX THAT IS
FT
INCHES BY INCHES BY INCHES 7HAT IS THE LEAST FT
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19. xy CHALLENGE A rectangular prism is built using 40 red cubes and
3 green cubes. The green cubes are twice as wide as the red cubes. Find
the total volume of the prism in terms of the width x of a red cube. Write
your answer in simplest form.
In Exercises 20–22, find the volume of the prism. Use the example below
to help you. Check your answer using estimation.
EXTENSION Finding Volumes of Non-Rectangular Prisms
You can find the volume of non-rectangular prisms,
such as the triangular prism shown, by multiplying the
area B of one base by the corresponding height.
8m
V 5 Bh Write formula for volume.
Substitute the area of the
5 1}
1
(3)(4)2 (8)
2 triangular base for B and 8 for h. 4m
3m
5 48 Simplify.
c Answer The volume of the triangular prism is 48 cubic meters.
20. 21. 22. 6 cm
2 in. 5 cm
10 cm
1 in. 3 cm
30 ft
3 in.
42 ft 5 cm
7 ft 6 cm
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 1 23. WATERMELONS In Japan, farmers have developed
on p. 655 watermelons that are shaped like cubes and therefore
for Ex. 23 fit better in refrigerators. What is the volume of a cubic
watermelon whose edge length is 18 centimeters?
24. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following items
would likely have a volume of 300 cubic inches?
A Sugar cube B Cereal box
C Microwave D Refrigerator
SEE EXAMPLE 3 25. ERROR ANALYSIS Your friend calculates the
on p. 656 number of cubic yards of concrete needed for
for Ex. 25 a driveway that is 18 feet by 30 feet by 0.5 feet.
Describe and correct your
y friend’s error.
658 ★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE 5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP at classzone.com
e
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UNITS 0LOT THE ORDERED PAIRS IN A COORDINATE PLANE 4HEN USE THE GRAPH
TO DECIDE WHETHER THE VOLUME OF A CUBE IS A LINEAR FUNCTION OF THE CUBES
EDGE LENGTH %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
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BY FINDING THE AREA OF THE BASE AND OF EACH
TRIANGULAR FACE AND THEN ADDING THE AREAS
)N THIS BOOK ALL PYRAMIDS ARE REGULAR
PYRAMIDS SO THE TRIANGULAR FACES ARE
CONGRUENT ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
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12.6 Volume of
Cylinders
Before You found the volumes of rectangular prisms.
Now You’ll find volumes of cylinders.
Why? So you can find volumes of cylindrical objects, such as haystacks in Ex. 19.
KEY VOCABULARY In Lesson 12.5, you may have observed that the volume of a rectangular
• cylinder, p. 631 prism is the product of the area of a base (length 3 width) and the
• volume, p. 655 height. The volume of a cylinder can be found the same way.
The area of the The height is the
base is the number number of layers
h
of unit squares that of unit cubes that
cover the base. fit in the solid.
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
TAKE NOTES
You have learned many Volume of a Cylinder
formulas and properties
related to solids. You
Words The volume V of a cylinder is the product r
may want to write a of the area of a base and the height.
summary of all these h
formulas and properties
Al b
Algebra V 5 Bh or V 5 πr 2h
in your notebook. πr 2
★ EXAMPLE 1 Standardized Test Practice
What is the volume of the cylinder? Use 3.14 for π. 2m
ELIMINATE CHOICES
A 15.6 m3 B 18.8 m3
You can get a low 3m
estimate of the volume C 37.7 m3 D 75.4 m3
by using 3 for π:
V 5 πr 2h ø
(3)(2)2(3) 5 36.
The volume must be SOLUTION
greater than 36 m3,
V 5 πr 2h Write formula for volume of cylinder.
so you can eliminate
choices A and B. 2
< (3.14)(2) (3) Substitute values.
< 37.7 Multiply.
c Answer The volume of the cylinder is about 37.7 cubic meters. The correct
answer is C. A B C D
662 Chapter 12 Surface Area and Volume
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$IBQUFS4VSGBDF"SFBBOE7PMVNF
PROBLEM SOLVING
SEE EXAMPLE 1 19. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A cylindrical haystack has a diameter of 6 feet and
on p. 662 a height of 7 feet. What is the approximate volume of the haystack?
for Ex. 19
A 198 ft 3 B 462 ft 3 C 791 ft 3 D 923 ft 3
20. GUIDED PROBLEM SOLVING A cheese-filled pretzel snack is a cylinder
that has a radius of 0.7 centimeter and a height of 2.2 centimeters.
The cheese center has a radius of 0.3 centimeter and height of
2.2 centimeters. What percent of the snack is cheese?
a. Find the volume of the snack. Use 3.14 for π.
b. Find the volume of the cheese. Use 3.14 for π.
c. What percent of the snack is cheese? Round to the nearest percent.
21. ★ WRITING A cylindrical drinking glass has a diameter of 3 inches and
a height of 9 inches. A square pan has a side length of 5 inches and a
height of 3 inches. Suppose the glass is full of water and you pour the
water into the pan. Will the pan overflow? Explain.
22. ★ SHORT RESPONSE What is the volume of
the chest shown at the right? Explain how you
found your answer. Check using estimation.
23. REASONING A cylindrical above-ground 20 in.
swimming pool has a diameter of 16 feet and a
height of 4 feet. A cylindrical kiddie pool has a
26 in. 38 in.
diameter of 8 feet and a height of 2 feet. The larger
pool can hold 25 tons of water. Write and solve a proportion
to find how much water the smaller pool can hold.
READING IN MATH Read the information below for Exercises 24–26.
Biosphere The Myriad Gardens Crystal Bridge is a
nature conservatory in Oklahoma City. The bridge
is composed of two solids. The building is shaped
approximately like a cylinder with a diameter of 70 feet
and a height of 224 feet. A small cylindrical biosphere
room that houses rainforest reptiles is attached to one
end of the bridge. This room has a diameter of 10 feet
and a height of 20 feet.
24. Calculate Find the surface area of the Myriad Gardens Crystal Bridge,
including the biosphere room.
25. Calculate The air in the Crystal Bridge has to be regulated for temperature
and humidity. How many cubic feet of air does the bridge contain?
26. Compare Compare the volume of the biosphere room with the volume
of a greenhouse in the shape of a rectangular prism of length 20 feet,
width 10 feet, and height 8 feet. Which has a greater volume, and by how
many cubic feet?
12.6 Volume of Cylinders 665
$)&$,*/(3&"40/"#-&/&44 4HE TABLE GIVES DIMENSIONS
OF DIFFERENT COINS 4O THE NEAREST HUNDRED CUBIC MILLIMETERS
FIND THE VOLUME OF A STACK OF EACH COIN 5SE ESTIMATION
TO CHECK THE REASONABLENESS OF YOUR ANSWERS
$PJO 1FOOZ /JDLFM %JNF 2VBSUFS
%JBNFUFS NN
5IJDLOFTT NN
$)"--&/(& 4HREE TENNIS BALLS FIT TIGHTLY IN A CAN
CM
&IND THE VOLUME OF THE CAN 2OUND TO THE NEAREST
CUBIC CENTIMETER
.*9&%3&7*&8
7RITE THE FRACTION AS A PERCENT Q
1SFQBSFGPS
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(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS THE HEIGHT OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM THAT
HAS A LENGTH OF INCHES A WIDTH OF INCHES AND A VOLUME OF CUBIC
INCHES Q
6 IN 7 IN 8 IN 9 IN
26*;GPS-FTTPOTo
&IND THE VOLUME OF THE RECTANGULAR PRISM Q
IN
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IN
IN
MM CM
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&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
GOAL
Use after Lesson 12.6 Use spreadsheet
software to calculate
the surface area and
volume of a solid.
12.6 Surface Area and Volume
Math
at classzone.com
E X A M P L E Find the volume and surface area of the rectangular
prism shown. Then double all the dimensions and 4 ft
compare the surface area and volume of the new 8 ft
prism with those of the original prism. 10 ft
SOLUTION
STEP 1 Label five columns for length, width, height, surface area, and
volume in the first row. Then enter the dimensions of the original
prism and the formulas for surface area and volume as shown.
Use * for multiplication.
A B C D E
1 Length Width Height Surface area Volume
2 10 8 4 =2*A2*B2+2*A2*C2+2*B2*C2 =A2*B2*C2
STEP 2 Enterr the doubled dimensions into row 3. Then use the Fill down
feature to have the spreadsheet calculate the surface area and
volume of the new prism.
A B C D E
1 Length Width Height Surface area Volume
2 10 8 4 304 320
3 20 16 8 1216 2560
c Answerr The surface area of the new prism is 4 times the surface area of
the original prism. Its volume is 8 times the volume of the original.
P R AC T I C E Use the spreadsheet to find the surface area and volume of
a rectangular prism with the given dimensions.
1. l 5 4 in., w 5 3 in., h 5 2.3 in. 2. l 5 6.5 cm, w 5 2.5 cm, h 5 1.5 cm
3. REASONING Make a conjecture about the effect that tripling all three
dimensions of a rectangular prism has on the surface area and volume
of the prism. Use the spreadsheet program to check your conjecture.
4. REASONING The dimensions of a prism are increased n times. Write a
formula comparing the volume V of the smaller prism to the volume V 9
of the larger.
5. Create a spreadsheet that calculates the surface area and volume of a
cylinder given its radius and height. Use PI( ) for π and ^2 for squaring.
12.6 Volume of Cylinders 667
45"5&5&4513"$5*$&
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)N EXERCISES INVOLVING CYLINDERS USE FOR : 01&/&/%&% ! CHEESE BLOCK IN THE SHAPE OF
A RECTANGULAR PRISM HAS DIMENSIONS CM
.6-5*45&1130#-&. ! ROLL OF DUCT TAPE IS
BY CM BY CM 4HE CHEESE COMES ENCASED
WRAPPED AROUND A HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL CORE AS IN A LAYER OF WAX 4HE MANUFACTURER WANTS
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IN DIMENSIONS FOR THE CHEESE BLOCK %XPLAIN
YOUR CHOICE OF DIMENSIONS
IN
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CYLINDRICAL STIRRING ROD IS INCH AND ITS
A 7HAT IS THE SURFACE AREA OF THE PLASTIC HEIGHT IS INCHES
PACKAGING
A &IND THE SURFACE AREA OF THE STIRRING ROD
B 7HAT IS THE SURFACE AREA OF THE FIGURE
B &IND THE VOLUME OF THE STIRRING ROD
FORMED BY THE DUCT TAPE
C (OW DO THE SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF THE
C 7HICH SOLID HAS THE GREATER SURFACE AREA
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(OW MANY SQUARE INCHES GREATER
DOUBLED %XPLAIN YOUR ANSWER
4)0353&410/4& 4HE BAR GRAPH SHOWS THE
4)0353&410/4& ! CHEMIST USES A GLASS
RESULTS OF A SURVEY ASKING TEENAGERS THEIR
CYLINDER TO MEASURE VOLUMES OF LIQUID
FAVORITE TYPE OF BOOK
CHEMICALS 4HE CYLINDER COMES IN A BOX IN
THE SHAPE OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM WITH SQUARE
ENDS THAT ARE INCHES WIDE AND A HEIGHT OF
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(3*%%&%"/48&3 ! BLOCK OF ICE IN THE
SHAPE OF A CUBE HAS A SURFACE AREA OF
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IN CUBIC CENTIMETERS
A %XPLAIN HOW THE BAR GRAPH COULD BE
POTENTIALLY MISLEADING (3*%%&%"/48&3 4HEO IS PAINTING THE
B (OW COULD THE BAR GRAPH BE REDRAWN OUTSIDE OF THE TRASH CAN SHOWN BELOW )F HE
USING
$ BARS SO IT IS NOT POTENTIALLY PLANS TO PAINT THE BOTTOM OF THE CAN AS WELL
MISLEADING HOW MANY SQUARE FEET DOES HE NEED TO PAINT
2OUND TO THE NEAREST TENTH OF A SQUARE FOOT
$IBQUFS4VSGBDF"SFBBOE7PMVNF
12 CHAPTER REVIEW classzone.com
Vocabulary Practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
• solid, p. 631 • cone, p. 631 • vertex, p. 632
• prism, p. 631 • sphere, p. 631 • surface area, p. 642
• pyramid, p. 631 • face, p. 632 • net, p. 642
• cylinder, p. 631 • edge, p. 632 • volume, p. 655
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Copy and complete the statement.
1. The ? of a rectangular prism is the sum of the areas of its faces.
2. The ? of a solid is the amount of space it contains.
3. Polygons that form the sides of a prism or pyramid are called ? .
4. The two-dimensional representation of a solid is called a(n) ? .
5. A(n) ? is a solid with two congruent circular bases that lie in parallel
planes.
6. A solid that has n triangular faces and a polygonal base with n sides is
a(n) ? .
7. All points in space that are the same distance from a fixed point
form a(n) ? .
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES
12.1 Classifying
y g Solids pp. 631–635
pp
EXAMPLE
Classify the solid. Be as specific as possible.
a. b.
SOLUTION
a. The solid has one circular base. b. The solid has 2 parallel bases. The
It is a cone. bases are triangles, so the solid is a
triangular prism.
Chapter Review 669
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3%% %8!-0,%3
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PRISM HAVE (OW MANY EDGES (OW MANY VERTICES %XPLAIN
4LFUDIJOH4PMJET PP n
&9".1-&
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40-65*0/
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12 CHAPTER TEST classzone.com
Chapter Test Practice
In Exercises 1 and 2, use the diagram of the solid.
1. Classify the solid. Be as specific as possible.
2. Count the number of faces, edges, and vertices
in the solid.
3. Sketch a rectangular pyramid.
4. Order the rectangular prisms from least to greatest surface area.
B 6m
1m
A 4m
C
6m
2m 3m
7m 4m 7m
Find the volume of the rectangular prism.
5. 6. 7. 0.5 in.
4 mm
3m 7 in.
15 mm 9 in.
1m
5.7 m
3 mm
Find the surface area and volume of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for π.
π
8. 10 in. 9. 2m 10. 5 km
2.5 km
4 in.
5m
11. Find the height of a cylinder that has a radius of 3 centimeters and
a surface area of 108.33 square centimeters. Use 3.14 for π.
12. Find the length of a rectangular prism that has a width of 4.5 inches,
a height of 5 inches, and a volume of 135 cubic inches.
13. Find the radius of a cylinder that has a height of 3 centimeters and
a volume of 942 cubic centimeters. Use 3.14 for π. 20 in.
14. DRUMS Find the surface area and volume of the
drum at the right. Use 3.14 for π.
15. DVD CASE A standard DVD case is a rectangular in.
prism that is 19 centimeters long, 13.5 centimeters
wide, and 1.4 centimeters high. Find the surface
area and volume of the DVD case.
Chapter Test 673
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7 EDGES VERTICES
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8 EDGES VERTICES
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! CUBIC CENTIMETER OF WATER HAS A MASS OF
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AREA OF THE CAKE THAT MUST BE FROSTED
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! RECTANGULAR PRISM IS PLACED INSIDE A HOLLOW CYLINDER
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RECTANGULAR PRISM 7HAT IS THE VOLUME OF THE
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3&"40/*/( 3EVEN PEOPLE ARE DRAWING STRAWS FROM A BUNCH OF LONG
STRAWS AND SHORT STRAW $ESCRIBE HOW THE PROBABILITY OF DRAWING THE
SHORT STRAW CHANGES AS EACH PERSON REMOVES A STRAW
$)"--&/(& 9OU ROLL TWO NUMBER CUBES 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE
SUM OF THE NUMBERS IS LESS THAN %XPLAIN HOW YOU CAN MAKE AND USE A
TABLE TO FIND THE ANSWER
)N %XERCISES n YOU ARE PLAYING A GAME WHICH USES THE SPINNER SHOWN
BELOW 4HE SPINNER IS DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS &IND THE ODDS IN FAVOR OF
AND THE ODDS AGAINST THE EVENT
&95&/4*0/ 'JOEJOH0EET
4HE ODDS IN FAVOR AND THE ODDS AGAINST THE POINTER LANDING ON ORANGE
ARE SHOWN
&AVORABLE OUTCOMES
Cg/DDS IN FAVOR ]]z z
]z
5NFAVORABLE OUTCOMES
4HE ODDS IN FAVOR OF LANDING ON ORANGE ARE TO
5NFAVORABLE OUTCOMES
Cg/DDS AGAINST ]]z z
]z
&AVORABLE OUTCOMES
4HE ODDS AGAINST LANDING ON ORANGE ARE TO
,ANDING ON BLUE ,ANDING ON GREEN ,ANDING ON YELLOW
130#-&.40-7*/(
#-00%%3*7& !T A BLOOD DRIVE HELD AT A SCHOOL STUDENTS OUT OF THE
STUDENTS WHO GAVE BLOOD HAVE TYPE !" BLOOD &IND THE PROBABILITY
THAT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN STUDENT HAS TYPE !" BLOOD 7RITE THE PROBABILITY
AS A FRACTION A DECIMAL AND A PERCENT
3%% %8!-0,% (.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 4ANYA DECIDES TO LISTEN TO A #$ WITH SONGS
POQ OF WHICH ARE HER FAVORITE SONGS )F 4ANYA LISTENS TO THE SONGS IN RANDOM
GPS&Y ORDER WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE FIRST SONG PLAYED IS ONE OF HER
FAVORITES
6 ]z
7 ]z
8 ]z 9 ]z
#"4,&5#"-- 4HE TABLE BELOW SHOWS THE SHOTS ATTEMPTED AND MADE BY
A BASKETBALL PLAYER DURING A SEASON &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE PLAYER
MAKES THE GIVEN SHOT 7RITE THE PROBABILITY AS A DECIMAL ROUNDED TO THE
NEAREST HUNDREDTH
3%% %8!-0,% &REE THROW
'SFFUISPX 5XPQPJOU 5ISFFQPJOU
POQGPS "UUFNQUFE
&YTo
4WO POINT
4HREE POINT
.BEF
(45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$& )*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1BUDMBTT[POFDPN
3%% %8!-0,% .6-5*45&1130#-&. 4HE ABILITY TO ROLL YOUR TONGUE
POQ INTO A 5 SHAPE IS INHERITED FROM YOUR PARENTS
GPS&Y
A 9OU ASKED STUDENTS WHETHER THEY CAN ROLL THEIR
TONGUES AND SAID YES &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT A
RANDOMLY SELECTED STUDENT CAN ROLL HIS OR HER TONGUE
7RITE THE PROBABILITY AS A FRACTION IN SIMPLEST FORM
B 4HERE ARE A TOTAL OF STUDENTS IN YOUR SCHOOL
0REDICT HOW MANY CAN ROLL THEIR TONGUES
(83*5*/( #OMPARE THEORETICAL PROBABILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITY 5SE EXAMPLES OF EACH IN YOUR COMPARISON
(01&/&/%&%."5) $ESCRIBE A REAL WORLD EVENT THAT HAS TWO
OUTCOMES THAT ARE NOT EQUALLY LIKELY %XPLAIN HOW TO USE AN EXPERIMENT
TO FIND THE PROBABILITY OF EACH OUTCOME
(4)0353&410/4& &LIP A COIN TIMES AND RECORD THE OUTCOMES
&IND THE EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY OF GETTING hTAILSv AND COMPARE IT
WITH THE THEORETICAL PROBABILITY #AN THE THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITIES BE DIFFERENT %XPLAIN
."3#-&4 ! BAG CONTAINS RED AND BLUE MARBLES 4HE PROBABILITY
OF RANDOMLY CHOOSING A RED MARBLE IS AND THE PROBABILITY OF
RANDOMLY CHOOSING A BLUE MARBLE IS 4HERE ARE BLUE MARBLES
IN THE BAG 7HAT IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF MARBLES IN THE BAG
(&0.&53: 'EOMETRIC PROBABILITY IS BASED ON AREAS OF
GEOMETRIC REGIONS 9OU CAN FIND GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY
USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA
!REA OF FAVORABLE OUTCOMES
0EVENT ]]]z
z
z
!REA OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY TOSSED DART
THAT HITS THE TARGET SHOWN WILL NOT HIT THE RED CIRCLE
$)"--&/(& ! BUS STOPS AT THE END OF YOUR STREET EVERY
MINUTES )F YOU WAIT FOR A BUS AT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN TIME
WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT YOU WAIT MINUTES OR LESS %XPLAIN
.*9&%3&7*&8
7RITE THE FRACTION IN SIMPLEST FORM Q
1SFQBSFGPS
]z
]z
]z ]z
-FTTPO
JO&YTo 3KETCH A QUADRILATERAL THAT HAS FOUR RIGHT ANGLES AND FOUR CONGRUENT
SIDES 4HEN CLASSIFY THE QUADRILATERAL Q
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HAT IS THE HEIGHT OF A CYLINDER WITH A RADIUS OF
FEET AND A VOLUME OF CUBIC FEET 5SE FOR : Q
6 FT 7 FT 8 FT 9 FT
&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
&YUFOTJPO /VNCFS4FUTBOE1SPCBCJMJUZ
5SE AFTER ,ESSON
(0"- "QQMZTFUUIFPSZUPOVNCFSTBOEQSPCBCJMJUZ
,&:70$"#6-"3: ! SET IS A COLLECTION OF DISTINCT OBJECTS %ACH OBJECT IN A SET IS AN ELEMENT
s SET P OR MEMBER OF THE SET 9OU CAN DEFINE A SET WITH SET NOTATION 4HE SET ! OF
s ELEMENT P INTEGERS BETWEEN AND CAN BE WRITTEN AS
s EMPTY SET P ! [ ] OR ! [ X {X{ AND X IS AN INTEGER]
s UNIVERSAL SET P
4WO SPECIAL SETS ARE THE EMPTY SET AND THE UNIVERSAL SET 4HE EMPTY SET IS
s UNION P
THE SET WITH NO ELEMENTS AND IS WRITTEN AS < 4HE UNIVERSAL SET IS THE SET
s INTERSECTION P
OF ALL ELEMENTS UNDER CONSIDERATION AND IS WRITTEN AS 5
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
6OJPOBOE*OUFSTFDUJPOPG5XP4FUT
4HE UNION OF TWO SETS ! AND " 4HE INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS ! AND
IS THE SET OF ALL ELEMENTS IN EITHER " IS THE SET OF ALL ELEMENTS IN BOTH !
! OR " AND IS WRITTEN AS ! " AND " AND IS WRITTEN AS ! "
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEUIF6OJPOBOE*OUFSTFDUJPOPG5XP4FUT
,ET 5 BE THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS 4HE NUMBER LINE SHOWS THAT SET
! [X {X{ ] AND SET " [X X q ]
"
!
A 'RAPH ! " &ROM THE NUMBER LINE YOU CAN SEE THAT THE NUMBERS THAT
ARE IN EITHER SET ARE THE NUMBERS GREATER THAN
B 'RAPH ! " &ROM THE NUMBER LINE YOU CAN SEE THAT THE NUMBERS
WHERE SETS ! AND " OVERLAP EXTEND FROM TO 4HE POINT IS INCLUDED
BUT THE POINT IS NOT
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZBOE4UBUJTUJDT
1SPCBCJMJUZBOE4FUT 9OU CAN FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT AN ELEMENT OF SET 5 IS
IN SET ! AS YOU DID FOR OTHER PROBABILITIES
.UMBER OF FAVORABLE OUTCOMES
0EVENT ]]]z z z .UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SET !
]]]z z z
4OTAL NUMBER OF OUTCOMES .UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN 5
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOH1SPCBCJMJUJFTGPS*OUFSTFDUJPOBOE6OJPO
5NIVERSAL SET 5 IS THE ODD INTEGERS FROM TO [ ] 3ET
! IS THE SET OF MULTIPLES OF FIVE SET " IS THE SET OF PRIME NUMBERS AND SET #
IS THE SET OF MULTIPLES OF THREE &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT A NUMBER RANDOMLY
CHOSEN FROM 3ET 5 IS IN ! " AND FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT A NUMBER CHOSEN
RANDOMLY IS IN ! " #
40-65*0/
34%0 ,IST THE ELEMENTS OF ! " AND # IN THE GIVEN UNIVERSAL SET
! [ ] " [ ] # [ ]
34%0 &IND ! " AND ! " #
! " [ ] 5IFDPNCJOFETFUT
! " # [] MFNFOUTJOCPUI
&
" #BOE$
34%0 #ALCULATE THE PROBABILITIES
.UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN ! "
0 ! " ]]]z z z ]z
]z
.UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN 5
.UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN ! " #
0 ! " # ]]]z
z z ]z
.UMBER OF ELEMENTS IN 5
&9&3$*4&4
3%% %8!-0,% 'RAPH THE SET OF NUMBERS DESCRIBED WHERE ! [X X ] " [X X ]
POQ # [ X X ] AND $ [X X ]
GPS&YTo
! $ " # " $ ! #
,ET 5 BE THE SET OF INTEGERS WHOSE ABSOLUTE VALUE IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
,ET ! BE THE SET OF MULTIPLES OF FOUR ,ET " BE THE SET OF EVEN NUMBERS
,ET # BE THE SET OF MULTIPLES OF THREE &IND THE PROBABILITY
%8!-0,% 0" # 0" #
POQ
GPS&YTo
0 ! " 0 ! #
0 ! # 0 ! "
0 ! " # 0 ! " #
0 ! " ! # 0! " ! #
&YUFOTJPO"QQMZ4FUTUP/VNCFSTBOE1SPCBCJMJUZ
5SFF%JBHSBNT
#FGPSF :PVVTFEPVUDPNFTUPGJOEBQSPCBCJMJUZ
/PX :PVMMVTFBUSFFEJBHSBNUPGJOEBMMQPTTJCMFPVUDPNFT
8IZ 4PZPVDBODPVOUQPTTJCJMJUJFT
BTGPSHSPVQTBUTDJFODFDBNQJO&YBNQMF
,&:70$"#6-"3: 'SVJU4NPPUIJFT 9OU ARE ORDERING A FRUIT SMOOTHIE 9OU CAN CHOOSE
s TREE DIAGRAM A SMALL MEDIUM OR LARGE SMOOTHIE IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FRUIT
P FLAVORS STRAWBERRY BANANA OR ORANGE (OW MANY DIFFERENT
CHOICES OF SMOOTHIES DO YOU HAVE
! TREE DIAGRAM CAN HELP YOU IDENTIFY AND COUNT ALL THE POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES OF AN EVENT BY USING BRANCHING AS SEEN ON TREES TO
LIST CHOICES 4HE SET OF ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IS SOMETIMES CALLED
THE SAMPLE SPACE
& 9 " . 1 - & .BLJOHB5SFF%JBHSBN
-AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO LIST ALL OF THE POSSIBLE CHOICES OF SMOOTHIES
34%0 ,IST THE SIZES 34%0 ,IST THE FRUIT 34%0 ,IST THE
CHOICES FOR OUTCOMES
EACH SIZE
C"OTXFS 4HERE ARE DIFFERENT CHOICES OF SMOOTHIES
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
3FGSFTINFOUT 0OPCORN AT A MOVIE THEATER COMES IN REGULAR LARGE
AND JUMBO SIZES AND IT COMES EITHER PLAIN OR BUTTERED (OW MANY
CHOICES OF POPCORN DO YOU HAVE -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
( & 9 " . 1 - & 4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
4DJFODF$BNQ 9OU WILL BE ATTENDING TWO SESSIONS AT A SCIENCE CAMP !T
EACH SESSION YOU WILL BE ASSIGNED TO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS RED 2
GREEN ' BLUE " OR YELLOW 9 9OU WILL NOT BE ASSIGNED TO THE SAME
GROUP FOR BOTH SESSIONS 7HICH LIST GIVES ALL POSSIBLE GROUP ASSIGNMENTS
6 2' 2" 29 '" '9 "9
7 2' 2" 29 '2 '" '9 "2 "' "9
8 2' 2" 29 '2 '" '9 "2 "' "9 92 9' 9"
%,)-).!4% #(/)#%3
9 22 2' 2" 29 '' '2 '" '9 "" "2 "' "9 99 92 9' 9"
:PVXJMMOPUCFBTTJHOFE
UPUIFTBNFHSPVQGPS
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TP33
((
##
BOE::BSFOPU 40-65*0/
QPTTJCMF$IPJDF%DBO
CFFMJNJOBUFE "ECAUSE YOU CANNOT BE IN THE SAME GROUP FOR BOTH SESSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE
THE SAME GROUP IN BOTH SESSIONS IN THE TREE DIAGRAM
&IRST
3ECOND
2' 2" 29 '2 '" '9 "2 "' "9 92 9' 9"
C"OTXFS 4HE POSSIBLE GROUP ASSIGNMENTS ARE 2' 2" 29 '2 '" '9 "2
"' "9 92 9' AND 9" 4HE CORRECT ANSWER IS # 6 7 8 9
BUDMBTT[POFDPN
.OTICE IN %XAMPLE THAT 2' AND '2 REPRESENT TWO DIFFERENT GROUP
ASSIGNMENTS )N 2' YOUR FIRST SESSION IS WITH THE RED GROUP AND YOUR
SECOND SESSION IS WITH THE GREEN GROUP )N '2 YOUR GROUP ASSIGNMENTS
ARE IN REVERSE ORDER
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
'SVJU 9OU HAVE A PLUM A BANANA AN APPLE AN ORANGE AND A PEAR )F
YOU EAT ONE NOW WITH LUNCH AND EAT ONE LATER FOR A SNACK WHAT ARE ALL
THE POSSIBLE PAIRS OF FRUIT YOU CAN SELECT FOR LUNCH AND THE SNACK
4DIFEVMJOH 9OU HAVE MOVIES 9OU WANT TO WATCH ONE NOW AND
A DIFFERENT ONE LATER (OW MANY WAYS CAN YOU CHOOSE TWO MOVIES
TO WATCH
8IBU*G )N %XAMPLE HOW WOULD THE DIAGRAM OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
CHANGE IF YOU COULD BE ASSIGNED TO THE SAME COLOR GROUP FOR BOTH
SESSIONS %XPLAIN
5SFF%JBHSBNT
& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOHB5SFF%JBHSBN
&IND THE PROBABILITY OF GETTING AT LEAST HEADS WHEN TOSSING A COIN TIMES
-AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO LIST THE OUTCOMES OR SAMPLE SPACE OF THE
EXPERIMENT #IRCLE THE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES
C"OTXFS "ECAUSE OF THE OUTCOMES HAVE AT LEAST HEADS
OR ]z
THE PROBABILITY IS ]z
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
9OU ROLL A NUMBER CUBE AND FLIP A COIN -AKE A LIST OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT YOU GET A AND TAILS
&9&3$*4&4 )0.&803,
,&:
( 45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$&
&YT BOE
)*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1
GPS&YT BUDMBTT[POFDPN
4,*--13"$5*$&
70$"#6-"3: #OPY AND COMPLETE 9OU CAN USE A TREE DIAGRAM TO HELP
YOU LIST ALL THE POSSIBLE OF AN EVENT
70$"#6-"3: %XPLAIN HOW TO DRAW A TREE DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF ROLLING A NUMBER CUBE TWICE
.",*/(53&&%*"(3".4 -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO FIND THE NUMBER OF
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES INVOLVING A NUMBER CUBE AND A COIN
3%% %8!-0,% 2OLL THE NUMBER CUBE TWICE 2OLL THE NUMBER CUBE AND FLIP THE COIN
POQ
&LIP THE COIN FOUR TIMES 2OLL THE NUMBER CUBE ONCE AND FLIP THE COIN TWICE
GPS&YTo
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE THE ANSWERS FOR MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER CHOICES ! " # AND $ (OW MANY
OUTCOMES ARE POSSIBLE
6 7 8 9
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
$06/5*/(065$0.&4 -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO FIND THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES FOR THE EVENT %ACH SPINNER IS DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS
3%% %8!-0,% 3PIN SPINNER ! TWO TIMES 3PINNER ! 3PINNER "
POQ
GPS&YTo
3PIN SPINNER " THREE TIMES
3PIN SPINNER ! AND SPINNER "
&-*.*/"5*/($)0*$&4 9OU HAVE THE GIVEN COLORS OF PANTS AND SHIRTS
(OW MANY SHIRT
PANTS PAIRS ARE POSSIBLE WITH THE GIVEN RESTRICTION
3%% %8!-0,% 0ANTS BLACK WHITE GRAY 0ANTS BLACK BLUE BROWN GRAY
POQ 3HIRTS BLACK WHITE GRAY 3HIRTS BLACK RED BLUE BROWN ORANGE
GPS&YTo 2ESTRICTION NO PAIRS THE SAME COLOR 2ESTRICTION NO PAIRS THE SAME COLOR
0ANTS BLUE BLACK GRAY 0ANTS WHITE RED GREEN PINK
3HIRTS BLUE GREEN BLACK 3HIRTS WHITE PURPLE RED YELLOW
2ESTRICTION ALL PAIRS THE SAME COLOR 2ESTRICTION MAXIMUM OF PAIR THE
SAME COLOR
3%% %8!-0,% '*/%*/(130#"#*-*5: 9OU ROLL TWO NUMBER CUBES 5SE A TREE DIAGRAM TO
POQ FIND THE PROBABILITY OF THE EVENT
GPS&YTo
4HE NUMBERS ADD UP TO 9OU ROLL TWO NUMBERS LESS THAN
%3"8"%*"(3". 4HE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF AN EVENT ARE !8 !9
!8 !9 !8 !9 "8 "9 "8 "9 "8 AND "9 -AKE A TREE
DIAGRAM OF THE SITUATION
YZ $)"--&/(& ! NUMBER CUBE IS ROLLED X TIMES 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY
AFTER X ROLLS THAT X RESULTS ARE A NUMBER LESS THAN %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
130#-&.40-7*/(
3%% %8!-0,% 4$)00--6/$) ! SCHOOL CAFETERIA OFFERS STUDENTS ONE OF THREE ENTR£ES
POQ CHICKEN FAJITA TURKEY SANDWICH OR YOGURT WITH FRESH FRUIT 3TUDENTS ARE
GPS&Y ALSO OFFERED ONE OF THE FOLLOWING SIDE DISHES BROCCOLI POTATO WEDGES
SALAD OR PRETZELS -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO FIND ALL OF THE POSSIBLE LUNCH
COMBINATIONS
3%% %8!-0,% (6*%&%130#-&.40-7*/( ! STORE SELLS INFLATABLE CHAIRS
POQ IN TWO STYLES A LOW BACK CHAIR AND A HIGH BACK CHAIR
GPS&Y 4HE CHAIRS COME IN FIVE COLORS BLACK CLEAR ORANGE
LIME AND PURPLE 4HE STORE RECEIVES A SHIPMENT OF
INFLATABLE CHAIRS %ACH BOX CONTAINS ONE OF EVERY
KIND OF CHAIR 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A CHAIR FROM A
BOX 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE CHAIR IS BLACK
A ,IST ALL THE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
B #IRCLE THE OUTCOMES WHERE THE CHAIR IS BLACK
C 5SE PARTS A AND B TO FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE CHAIR IS BLACK
5SFF%JBHSBNT
21. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Refer to Exercise 19 on page 693. Does adding
another entrée result in the same number of additional choices as
adding another side dish? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 22. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE You randomly choose a mug from the shelf below.
on p. 691 Then you randomly choose a second mug without replacing the first
for Ex. 22 mug. Which list gives all of the possible outcomes?
Red (R) Blue (B) White (W) Blue (B) White (W)
A RW, RB, WB B RR, RW, RB, WW, WB, BB
C RW, RB, WR, WB, BR, BW D RW, RB, WR, WW, WB, BR, BW, BB
23. BAKERY A bakery offers blueberry, cranberry, bran, corn, chocolate, and
carrot muffins. A muffin is randomly chosen and eaten from a bag with
one of each muffin. Then a second muffin is randomly chosen.
Make a tree diagram showing the ways 2 muffins can be chosen. What is
the probability that at least one of the two muffins has berries?
SEE EXAMPLE 3 24. CHEERLEADING Cheerleaders who do stunts are called flyers. A coach
on p. 692 has to choose the right outside flyer and the left outside flyer for a stunt
for Ex. 24 from the squad’s five flyers: Anne, Mandy, Zoe, Laura, and Janie.
Make a tree diagram showing the ways that the 2 flyers can be chosen.
What is the probability that Mandy and Laura are not the two flyers?
Explain.
25. ★ WRITING You roll two number cubes. Is it more likely for exactly one
of the numbers to be 2 or for both of the numbers to be odd? Explain.
26. CHALLENGE A bag holds 2 green, 1 blue, and 2 red marbles. You randomly
choose a marble and do not replace it. Compare the probability of
randomly choosing a green marble and then a blue marble with the
probability of choosing a red marble and then the other red marble.
Does the comparison change if you replace the first marble? Explain.
MIXED REVIEW
Write the product as a power. (p. 13)
Prepare for 27. 10 p 10 p 10 p 10 28. 6 p 6 p 6 p 6 p 6 p 6 29. x p x p x
Lesson 13.3
in Exs. 27–29 30. What percent of 150 is 90? (p. 454) 31. 81 is 30% of what number? (p. 454)
32. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A jar has 4 red, 2 blue, and 2 white marbles. What
is the probability of randomly choosing a white marble? (p. 682)
A 0.125 B 0.25 C 0.}
3 D 0.5
694 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 13.2, p. 788 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
(0"- ."5&3*"-4
%FUFSNJOFUIFOVNCFS tQBQFS
6TFCFGPSF-FTTPO PGQPTTJCMFPVUDPNFT tQFODJM
%FUFSNJOJOH0VUDPNFT
&91-03& IND THE NUMBER OF OUTCOMES OF SPINNING EACH SPINNER ONCE
&
%ACH SPINNER IS DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS
# $ ! %
4 '
0 ) 5
3PINNER 3PINNER 3PINNER
34%0 -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF OUTCOMES OF
SPINNING SPINNER FOLLOWED BY SPINNER FOLLOWED BY SPINNER
34%0 #OUNT THE DIFFERENT LETTERS FOR EACH SPINNER IN YOUR TREE DIAGRAM
(OW MANY DIFFERENT LETTERS ARE LISTED FOR SPINNER SPINNER
SPINNER
34%0 &IND THE PRODUCT OF THE THREE NUMBERS FROM 3TEP 7HAT DO YOU
NOTICE
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
5SE THE SPINNER AT THE RIGHT IN PLACE OF 3PINNER )T IS 4 '
DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS 2EPEAT 3TEPS n
9
% 3 "8 $ 0 / $ - 6 4 * 0 / 4
83*5*/( 9OU KNOW THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT EVENT ! CAN OCCUR AND
THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT EVENT " CAN OCCUR %XPLAIN HOW CAN YOU FIND
THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT EVENT ! FOLLOWED BY EVENT " CAN OCCUR
3&"40/*/( 3UPPOSE THAT EACH OF THE THREE SPINNERS IS DIVIDED INTO
EQUAL PARTS SO THAT EACH SPINNER CAN INCLUDE ALL OF THE LETTERS OF
THE ALPHABET &IND THE NUMBER OF OUTCOMES OF SPINNING SPINNER
FOLLOWED BY SPINNER FOLLOWED BY SPINNER WITHOUT USING A TREE
DIAGRAM %XPLAIN YOUR METHOD
5IF$PVOUJOH1SJODJQMF
5IF$PVOUJOH
1SJODJQMF
#FGPSF :PVVTFEBUSFFEJBHSBNUPGJOEPVUDPNFT
/PX :PVMMVTFUIFDPVOUJOHQSJODJQMFUPDPVOUPVUDPNFT
8IZ 4PZPVDBODPVOUDIPJDFT
BTJO&YBNQMF
,&:70$"#6-"3: 5SBDL&WFOUT ! TRACK MEET HAS RUNNING EVENTS THROWING EVENTS
s OUTCOMES P AND RELAY EVENTS 9OU WANT TO COMPETE IN ONE RUNNING EVENT ONE
s EVENT P THROWING EVENT AND ONE RELAY EVENT (OW MANY DIFFERENT CHOICES DO
s PROBABILITY P YOU HAVE FOR COMPETING IN ONE OF EACH TYPE OF EVENT
)N THE ACTIVITY ON PAGE YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED A WAY TO USE MULTIPLICATION
TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FOR A SERIES OF EVENTS 4HIS METHOD
CALLED THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE IS STATED BELOW
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
5IF$PVOUJOH1SJODJQMF
)F ONE EVENT CAN OCCUR IN M WAYS AND FOR EACH OF THESE A SECOND EVENT
CAN OCCUR IN N WAYS THEN THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT THE TWO EVENTS CAN
OCCUR TOGETHER IS M + N
4HE COUNTING PRINCIPLE CAN BE EXTENDED TO THREE OR MORE EVENTS
& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOHUIF$PVOUJOH1SJODJQMF
4O FIND THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CHOICES AT THE TRACK MEET DESCRIBED ABOVE
USE THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE
&IND THE PRODUCT OF THE NUMBER OF CHOICES FOR EACH TRACK EVENT
.UMBER OF .UMBER OF .UMBER OF .UMBER
RUNNING EVENTS THROWING EVENTS RELAY EVENTS OF CHOICES
C "OTXFS 4HERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS FOR YOU TO COMPETE IN ONE OF EACH TYPE
OF TRACK EVENT
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMF
8IBU*G )N %XAMPLE SUPPOSE THE TRACK MEET ADDED MORE RUNNING
EVENTS AND MORE RELAY EVENT (OW MANY CHOICES WOULD YOU HAVE
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
& 9 " . 1 - & 6TJOHUIF$PVOUJOH1SJODJQMF
-JDFOTF1MBUFT 4HE STANDARD .EW 9ORK STATE
LICENSE PLATE HAS LETTERS FOLLOWED BY DIGITS
(OW MANY DIFFERENT LICENSE PLATES ARE POSSIBLE
IF THE DIGITS AND LETTERS CAN BE REPEATED
40-65*0/
5SE THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE TO FIND THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT LICENSE PLATES
5IFSFBSFDIPJDFT 5IFSFBSFDIPJDFTGPS
!6/)$ %22/23 GPSFBDIPGUIFMFUUFST FBDIPGUIFEJHJUT
*OCPUI&YBNQMFBOE
&YBNQMF
OPUJDFUIBU
UIFEJHJUTUISPVHI
SFQSFTFOUEJHJUT
OPUEJHJUT C "OTXFS 4HERE ARE DIFFERENT LICENSE PLATES POSSIBLE
& 9 " . 1 - & 4PMWFB.VMUJ4UFQ1SPCMFN
1BTTXPSET 9OU ARE ASSIGNED A COMPUTER GENERATED DIGIT PASSWORD TO
ACCESS YOUR NEW VOICE MAIL ACCOUNT )F THE DIGITS CAN BE REPEATED WHAT IS
THE PROBABILITY THAT YOUR ASSIGNED PASSWORD IS
40-65*0/
34%0 5SE THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE TO FIND THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF DIFFERENT PASSWORDS
34%0 &IND THE NUMBER OF FAVORABLE OUTCOMES /NLY ONE
OUTCOME IS
34%0 &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT YOUR PASSWORD IS
0 ]z
C "OTXFS 4HE PROBABILITY THAT YOUR PASSWORD IS IS ]z
OR
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
9OU ROLL A GREEN NUMBER CUBE A RED NUMBER CUBE AND A BLUE NUMBER
CUBE (OW MANY OUTCOMES ARE POSSIBLE
)N %XERCISE WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE GREEN NUMBER CUBE IS A
THE RED NUMBER CUBE IS A AND THE BLUE NUMBER CUBE IS A
8IBU*G )N %XAMPLE SUPPOSE THE PASSWORD HAD DIGITS 7HAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT YOUR ASSIGNED PASSWORD IS AN ODD NUMBER
5IF$PVOUJOH1SJODJQMF
13.3 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
★5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 14, 21, 22, 25, 29, and 36
5 HINTS AND HOMEWORK HELP
for Exs. 5, 7, 9, 11, 23 at classzone.com
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY One event has 5 outcomes and another event has
12 outcomes. What does 5 p 12 represent?
2. VOCABULARY Copy and complete: You can use the counting principle
to count the number of possible ? of a series of events.
COUNTING OUTCOMES Use the number of outcomes of the events to find
the number of ways that the events can occur together.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 3. Event A: 6 outcomes 4. Event J: 12 outcomes 5. Event C: 11 outcomes
on p. 696 Event B: 15 outcomes Event K: 13 outcomes Event D: 12 outcomes
for Exs. 3–9
6. Event M: 18 outcomes 7. Event F: 10 outcomes 8. Event P: 19 outcomes
Event N: 9 outcomes Event G: 26 outcomes Event Q: 15 outcomes
Event H: 10 outcomes Event R: 4 outcomes
9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the 6 1 6 1 6 5 18
error made in counting the possible outcomes
when you roll a number cube three times.
COUNTING CODES A safe’s unlocking code is composed of 6 letters or
digits. Find the number of codes that fit the given description.
SEE EXAMPLE 2 10. 6 digits 11. 1 letter followed by 5 digits
on p. 697
12. 3 letters followed by 3 digits 13. 4 letters followed by 2 digits
for Exs. 10–14
14. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE A license plate has 2 letters followed by 4 digits.
How many different license plates are possible?
A 8 B 92 C 676,000 D 6,760,000
FINDING PROBABILITIES A website randomly generates a 6-letter
confirmation code for purchases. Find the probability that a code
has the given characteristic. Count the letters A, E, I, O, and U as vowels.
SEE EXAMPLE 3 15. code is XYNFGO 16. all letters are the same
on p. 697
17. starts with a vowel 18. includes no vowels
for Exs. 15–18
19. xy EXAMPLES AND NONEXAMPLES A company wants to offer x flavors of
iced tea in y different bottle sizes with z different label styles. The number,
n, of possible iced tea bottles must be somewhere from 50 to 60. Find three
examples and three nonexamples of possible values for x, y, and z.
20. CHALLENGE Jay wants you to guess his password, which has 4 letters
followed by 2 digits. He gives you the following clues: The first letter is
“P” and the two digits are the same. What is the probability that you
guess the password correctly on your first try? Explain.
698 Chapter 13 Probability
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6 7 8 9
&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
(0"-
6TFBGUFS-FTTPO 6TFBDBMDVMBUPSUP
mOEOVNCFSTPG
QFSNVUBUJPOTBOE
DPNCJOBUJPOT
'JOEJOH1FSNVUBUJPOTBOE$PNCJOBUJPOT
-ANY CALCULATORS INCLUDE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS IN THEIR MENUS THAT ALLOW YOU
TO CALCULATE NUMBERS OF PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
& 9 " . 1 - & 4HERE ARE SCHOOL BANDS PARTICIPATING IN A COMPETITION
A )N HOW MANY WAYS CAN FIRST SECOND AND THIRD PLACES BE AWARDED
B !FTER THE TOP PLACES HAVE BEEN AWARDED IN HOW MANY WAYS CAN
HONORABLE MENTIONS BE AWARDED
40-65*0/
A 4HE SITUATION DESCRIBES A PERMUTATION 5SE THE FOLLOWING
KEYSTROKES TO FIND THE NUMBER OF PERMUTATIONS OF BANDS
CHOSEN FROM BANDS O1SSFQSFTFOUTUIFOVNCFS
PGQFSNVUBUJPOTPGSPCKFDUT
+EYSTROKES $ISPLAY DIPTFOGSPNOPCKFDUT
N0R
g Cgg"OTXFS 4HERE ARE WAYS FOR FIRST SECOND AND THIRD PLACES
TO BE AWARDED
B 4HE SITUATION DESCRIBES A COMBINATION 5SE THE FOLLOWING
KEYSTROKES TO FIND THE NUMBER OF COMBINATIONS OF BANDS
O$SSFQSFTFOUTUIFOVNCFS
CHOSEN FROM THE REMAINING BANDS PGDPNCJOBUJPOTPGSPCKFDUT
DIPTFOGSPNOPCKFDUT
+EYSTROKES $ISPLAY
N#R
Cg"OTXFS 4HERE ARE WAYS FOR HONORABLE MENTIONS TO BE AWARDED
1 3 "$ 5 * $ & 5SE A CALCULATOR TO ANSWER THE QUESTION
! BOWLING LEAGUE HAS TEAMS )N HOW MANY WAYS CAN TEAMS PLACE FIRST
SECOND THIRD AND FOURTH
(OW MANY DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE CAN BE CHOSEN FROM PEOPLE
(OW MANY DIFFERENT
PERSON COMMITTEES CAN THE &RENCH #LUB ELECT
FROM THE MEMBERS
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
13.5 Disjoint Events
Before You found the probability of a single event.
Now You’ll find the probability that either of two events occurs.
Why? So you can analyze games, as in Ex. 38.
KEY VOCABULARY Disjoint events are events that have no outcomes in common.
• disjoint events, Overlapping g events are events that have one or more outcomes in
p. 709 common. The Venn diagrams below show how the events that involve
• overlapping events, rolling a number cube are related.
p. 709
• complementary
Disjoint events Overlapping events
events, p. 711 Event A: Roll an odd number. Event C: Roll a number less than 3.
Event B: Roll a 4. Event D: Roll an even number.
Event A Event B Event C Event D
2 6
5 1 4 1
3 4
6 2 5 3
EXAMPLE 1 Disjoint and Overlapping Events
TAKE NOTES Tell whether the events involving the spinner
To help you understand are disjointt or overlapping.
g 2
the difference between 9 15
disjoint and overlapping Event P: Spin an odd number.
6 8
events, you can make 4 3
Event Q: Spin a prime number.
a concept grid for
each term.
SOLUTION
Make a list of the outcomes for each event. Then determine whether the
events have any outcomes in common.
Event P: 3, 7, 9, 15 List the odd numbers.
Event Q: 2, 3, 7 List the prime numbers.
c Answerr There are outcomes in common, Math
so the events are overlapping. at classzone.com
✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1
1. What If? In Example 1, suppose Event P is “spin a number divisible by 4.”
Are the events disjointt or overlapping?
g Explain.
13.5 Disjoint Events 709
1SPCBCJMJUZPG%JTKPJOU&WFOUT 4HE 6ENN DIAGRAM
AT THE RIGHT SHOWS TWO DISJOINT EVENTS THAT INVOLVE %VENT ! %VENT "
ROLLING A NUMBER CUBE
%VENT ! 2OLL A NUMBER LESS THAN
%VENT " 2OLL A NUMBER GREATER THAN
BECAUSE THERE ARE FAVORABLE
4HE PROBABILITY OF EVENT ! OR EVENT " IS ]z
OUTCOMES OUT OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES !NOTHER WAY TO FIND THE
PROBABILITY OF EVENT ! OR EVENT " IS TO ADD THE PROBABILITIES OF EACH
]z
]z
EVENT ]z
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
1SPCBCJMJUZPG%JTKPJOU&WFOUT
7ORDS &OR TWO DISJOINT EVENTS THE PROBABILITY THAT EITHER OF THE
EVENTS OCCURS IS THE SUM OF THE PROBABILITIES OF THE EVENTS
!LGEBRA )F ! AND " ARE DISJOINT EVENTS THEN
0! OR " 0! 0"
& 9 " . 1 - & 1SPCBCJMJUZPG%JTKPJOU&WFOUT
"SFOB&WFOUT 4HE TABLE SHOWS THE PROBABILITY THAT AN ARENA EVENT IS OF THE
GIVEN TYPE 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN EVENT IS AN ICE
HOCKEY GAME OR A BASKETBALL GAME
&WFOU #BTLFUCBMM *DFIPDLFZ $PODFSU *DFTIPX 5SBEFTIPX 0UIFS
1FSDFOU
!6/)$ %22/23 40-65*0/
:PVDBOUBEEUPGJOEUIF
4HE EVENTS ARE DISJOINT BECAUSE TWO ARENA EVENTS CANNOT OCCUR AT THE
QSPCBCJMJUZUIBUFJUIFSPG
UXPFWFOUTPDDVSTVOMFTT SAME TIME 3O YOU CAN ADD TO FIND THE PROBABILITY
UIFFWFOUTBSFEJTKPJOU
0ICE HOCKEY 0BASKETBALL
FWFOUT
z
C "OTXFS 4HE PROBABILITY THAT AN ARENA EVENT IS EITHER AN ICE HOCKEY GAME
OR A BASKETBALL GAME IS
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
$PNQMFNFOUBSZ&WFOUT 4WO DISJOINT EVENTS IN WHICH ONE OR THE OTHER
MUST OCCUR ARE CALLED COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS )F EVENT ! AND EVENT "
ARE COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS AND YOU KNOW THE PROBABILITY OF ONE EVENT
YOU CAN USE THE FOLLOWING RULE TO FIND THE PROBABILITY OF THE OTHER EVENT
5IJTSVMFDPNFTGSPNUIFGBDUUIBU
0" 0!
UIFTVNPGUIFQSPCBCJMJUJFTPGUXP
DPNQMFNFOUBSZFWFOUTJT
& 9 " . 1 - & 1SPCBCJMJUZPG$PNQMFNFOUBSZ&WFOUT
4JHO-BOHVBHF !T YOUR SCHOOL OF THE
STUDENTS KNOW SIGN LANGUAGE
A 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY
CHOSEN STUDENT DOES NOT KNOW SIGN
LANGUAGE
B 4HERE ARE SEVENTH GRADERS AT YOUR
SCHOOL %STIMATE HOW MANY DO NOT
KNOW SIGN LANGUAGE
40-65*0/
A 0DOES NOT KNOW 0KNOWS 6TFSVMFGPSDPNQMFNFOUBSZFWFOUT
z 4VCTUJUVUF PS GPS1 LOPXT
z 4VCUSBDU
g g C "OTXFS 4HE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN STUDENT DOES NOT KNOW
SIGN LANGUAGE IS OR
!./4(%2 7!9 B &ROM PART A YOU KNOW THAT OF STUDENTS DO NOT KNOW SIGN
:PVDBOBMTPVTFB LANGUAGE 3O FIND OF
QSPQPSUJPOUPGJOEUIF
BOTXFSJOQBSU C
A P + B 8SJUFQFSDFOUFRVBUJPO
Y
]z
]z z + 4VCTUJUVUFGPSQBOEGPSC
+Y z + 8SJUFQFSDFOUBTEFDJNBM
Y
Y z .VMUJQMZ
g g C "OTXFS !BOUT SEVENTH GRADERS DO NOT KNOW SIGN LANGUAGE
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFTBOE
"SFOB &WFOUT )N %XAMPLE WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY
CHOSEN EVENT IS A CONCERT OR A TRADE SHOW
4VCXBZ /N A SUBWAY OF THE PASSENGERS HAVE BRIEFCASES 7HAT
IS THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN PASSENGER DOES NOT HAVE A
BRIEFCASE
%JTKPJOU&WFOUT
&9&3$*4&4 )0.&803,
,&:
( 45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$&
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BUDMBTT[POFDPN
4,*--13"$5*$&
70$"#6-"3: $ESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISJOINT EVENTS AND
OVERLAPPING EVENTS
70$"#6-"3: #OPY AND COMPLETE 4HE OF THE PROBABILITIES OF
COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS IS
*%&/5*':*/(&7&/54 5SE A LIST OR 6ENN DIAGRAM TO TELL WHETHER THE EVENTS
ARE DISJOINT OR OVERLAPPING %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
3%% %8!-0,% %VENT ! 2OLL A WITH A NUMBER CUBE
POQ %VENT " 2OLL A NUMBER LESS THAN WITH A NUMBER CUBE
GPS&YTo
%VENT ! 2OLL AN ODD NUMBER WITH A NUMBER CUBE
%VENT " 2OLL A PRIME NUMBER WITH A NUMBER CUBE
%VENT ! 2OLL A MULTIPLE OF WITH A NUMBER CUBE
%VENT " 2OLL A NUMBER GREATER THAN WITH A NUMBER CUBE
%VENT ! ! STUDENT KNOWS HOW TO PLAY A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
%VENT " ! STUDENT DOESNT KNOW HOW TO PLAY A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
%VENT ! ! STUDENT PLAYS ON THE FOOTBALL TEAM DURING FALL
%VENT " ! STUDENT JOINS THE SPRING TRACK TEAM
'*/%*/(130#"#*-*5: %VENTS ! AND " ARE DISJOINT EVENTS &IND 0! OR "
3%% %8!-0,% 0! 0! 0!
POQ 0" 0" 0"
GPS&YTo
0!
0! 0!
0" 0" 0"
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 4HE SPINNER AT THE RIGHT IS DIVIDED
INTO EQUAL PARTS 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE SPINNER
LANDS ON GREEN OR AN ODD NUMBER
6 ]z 7 ]z
8 ]z 9 ]z
'*/%*/(130#"#*-*5: %VENTS ! AND " ARE COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS &IND 0!
3%% %8!-0,% 0" 0" 0"
POQ
GPS&YTo 0" 0" ]z
0"
.&/5"-."5) 9OU HAVE MADE OUT OF BASKETBALL SHOTS SO FAR
5SE MENTAL MATH TO ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY OF MISSING YOUR NEXT SHOT
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
&3303"/"-:4*4 9OU ROLL A NUMBER CUBE 9OUR FRIEND SAYS THAT THE
EVENTS hROLL AN ODD NUMBERv AND hROLL A NUMBER LESS THAN v ARE
COMPLEMENTARY BECAUSE THE SUM OF THEIR PROBABILITIES IS )S YOUR
FRIEND CORRECT %XPLAIN
$0.1"3*/(130#"#*-*5*&4 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A LETTER FROM THE WORD
%8!''%2!4% #OMPARE THE PROBABILITY OF THE EVENTS USING AND
04 0% 0% 0! OR 2 0% OR 2 0! OR 4
0% 0NOT % 00 0' OR ! 0NOT % 0NOT 8
3&"40/*/( 4ELL WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS ALWAYS SOMETIMES OR NEVER
TRUE %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
4WO DISJOINT EVENTS ARE COMPLEMENTARY
4WO OVERLAPPING EVENTS ARE DISJOINT
4WO COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS ARE OVERLAPPING
$)"--&/(& 4HERE ARE RED BLUE AND GREEN MARBLES IN A BAG 4HE
PROBABILITY OF RANDOMLY CHOOSING A BLUE MARBLE IS AND THE
PROBABILITY OF RANDOMLY CHOOSING A BLUE OR RED MARBLE IS 4HERE
ARE A TOTAL OF MARBLES IN THE BAG (OW MANY MARBLES OF EACH COLOR
ARE IN THE BAG %XPLAIN
130#-&.40-7*/(
)*4503: 5SE THE SURVEY RESULTS IN THE CIRCLE GRAPH
&IND THE PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY CHOSEN STUDENT
WHO ANSWERED THE SURVEY RESPONDED AS INDICATED
3%% %8!-0,%3 #HOSE ANCIENT %GYPT OR THE !ZTECS
!.$
POQ
#HOSE ANCIENT 'REECE OR THE )NCAS
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$ID NOT CHOOSE THE !ZTECS
(4)0353&410/4& %XPLAIN WHY THE SUM OF TWO
COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS MUST BE 5SE AN EXAMPLE
$)&44 /N YOUR FIRST MOVE IN CHESS YOU CAN MOVE ONE OF TEN PIECES TWO
OF WHICH ARE KNIGHTS 9OU CHOOSE A PIECE AT RANDOM FOR YOUR FIRST MOVE
7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT YOU DO NOT CHOOSE A KNIGHT
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& ! WEATHER FORECAST SAYS THERE IS A PROBABILITY
OF RAIN TOMORROW 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT IT WILL NOT RAIN TOMORROW
6 7 8 9
(83*5*/( %VENTS ! AND " ARE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES WHEN YOU ROLL TWO
NUMBER CUBES 4HE PROBABILITY OF EVENT ! IS AND THE PROBABILITY OF
EVENT " IS !RE EVENTS ! AND " DISJOINT EVENTS %XPLAIN
%JTKPJOU&WFOUT
(&95&/%&%3&410/4& ! GROUP OF STUDENTS VOLUNTEER TO CLEAN UP THE
GROUNDS AT A COMMUNITY CENTER 4HE TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF VOLUNTEERS
WHO WILL BE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO WORK IN SPECIFIC AREAS
+PCBOEXPSLBSFB 7PMVOUFFST
$MFBOGSPOUZBSE
$MFBOCBDLZBSE
$MFBOTJEFZBSE
$MFBOQMBZHSPVOE
1BJOUQMBZHSPVOE
A $BMDVMBUF &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT A STUDENT WILL BE ASSIGNED TO WORK
IN THE PLAYGROUND AREA
B "QQMZ 5SE YOUR ANSWER TO PART A AND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF COMPLEMENTARY
EVENTS %XPLAIN HOW TO FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT A STUDENT WILL BE
ASSIGNED TO WORK IN THE YARD AREA 4HEN FIND THIS PROBABILITY
C $POKFDUVSF &OR THREE DISJOINT EVENTS IS IT POSSIBLE TO FIND THE
PROBABILITY THAT ANY ONE OF THE EVENTS WILL OCCUR BY ADDING THE
PROBABILITIES OF THE EVENTS %XPLAIN WHY OR WHY NOT BASED ON
YOUR ANSWER TO PART B
(01&/&/%&%."5) $ESCRIBE THREE DIFFERENT EVENTS INVOLVING
RANDOMLY CHOOSING ONE OR MORE INTEGERS FROM TO 4HEN DESCRIBE
THEIR COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS AND FIND THE PROBABILITY OF THESE EVENTS
$)"--&/(& ! CLEARANCE SALE RACK HOLDS COMEDY DRAMA AND ACTION
$6$S )F YOU CHOOSE A $6$ RANDOMLY THEN 0COMEDY OR DRAMA
0ACTION OR DRAMA )F THE PROBABILITY OF NOT CHOOSING A DRAMA $6$
HOW MANY COMEDY $6$S ARE ON THE CLEARANCE RACK
IS ]z
$)"--&/(& 9OU KNOW THAT EVENTS ! AND " ARE DISJOINT EVENTS AND
EVENTS " AND # ARE DISJOINT EVENTS $OES THIS MEAN THAT EVENTS ! AND #
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.*9&%3&7*&8
&IND THE PRODUCT 3IMPLIFY IF POSSIBLE
1SFQBSFGPS
Q
]z
]z
Q
]z
]z Q
-FTTPO
JO&YTo
3OLVE THE EQUATION Q
X Y Z M
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& (OW MANY WAYS CAN YOU ARRANGE THE LETTERS IN THE
WORD %15!4)/. Q
6 7 8 9
&953"13"$5*$&GPS-FTTPO Q 0/-*/&26*;BUDMBTT[POFDPN
*OEFQFOEFOUBOE
%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
#FGPSF :PVGPVOEUIFQSPCBCJMJUZPGEJTKPJOUFWFOUT
/PX :PVMMGJOEUIFQSPCBCJMJUZPGDPNQPVOEFWFOUT
8IZ 4PZPVDBOBOBMZ[FFWFOUT BTJO&YFSDJTF
,&:70$"#6-"3:
"$5*7*5:
s COMPOUND EVENTS
P 9OU CAN FIND THE PROBABILITY OF TWO EVENTS OCCURRING UNDER DIFFERENT
s INDEPENDENT EVENTS CIRCUMSTANCES
P 34%0 ! BAG CONTAINS PIECES OF PAPER WITH
s DEPENDENT EVENTS PIECES HAVING AN / AND PIECES
P HAVING AN 8 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A
PIECE OF PAPER FROM THE BAG YOU GET
AN / AND YOU DONT PUT IT BACK
9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A SECOND PIECE
OF PAPER 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT
THE SECOND PIECE OF PAPER HAS AN 8
34%0 9OU REPEAT 3TEP BUT THIS TIME THE FIRST PIECE OF PAPER HAS AN
8 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE SECOND PIECE OF PAPER ALSO
HAS AN 8 7HY IS THIS PROBABILITY DIFFERENT FROM THE PROBABILITY
IN 3TEP
$PNQPVOE&WFOUT 7HEN YOU CONSIDER THE OUTCOMES OF TWO EVENTS
THE EVENTS ARE CALLED COMPOUND EVENTS 4WO COMPOUND EVENTS ARE
INDEPENDENT EVENTS IF THE OCCURRENCE OF ONE EVENT DOES NOT AFFECT
THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE OTHER EVENT WILL OCCUR 4WO COMPOUND EVENTS
ARE DEPENDENT EVENTS IF THE OCCURRENCE OF ONE EVENT DOES AFFECT THE
LIKELIHOOD THAT THE OTHER WILL OCCUR
& 9 " . 1 - & *OEFQFOEFOUBOE%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
)N 3TEP OF THE ACTIVITY YOU CHOSE AN / FIRST AND THEN AN 8 !RE THESE
EVENTS INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT
)N THE ACTIVITY WHETHER OR NOT YOU CHOOSE AN / FIRST DOES AFFECT THE
LIKELIHOOD THAT YOU CHOOSE AN 8 SECOND 4HIS IS BECAUSE THE FIRST PIECE
OF PAPER IS CHOSEN AND NOT PUT BACK 4HIS AFFECTS THE RATIO OF 8S TO /S
IN THE BAG WHEN CHOOSING THE SECOND LETTER
C "OTXFS 4HE EVENTS ARE DEPENDENT
*OEFQFOEFOUBOE%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
6/#!"5,!29 *OEFQFOEFOU&WFOUT ! COIN IS FLIPPED AND A NUMBER ) 5
*ODPNNPOVTBHF
CUBE IS ROLLED 4HE TABLE OF OUTCOMES HELPS YOU SEE THE
CFJOHJOEFQFOEFOU )
5
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROBABILITY OF THE COMPOUND
NFBOTCFJOHGSFFGSPN EVENTS AND THE PROBABILITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL EVENTS )
5
UIFDPOUSPMPGPUIFST
)
5
5IJTNBZIFMQZPV +
0( AND ODD ]z GBWPSBCMFPVUDPNFT
SFNFNCFSUIFNFBOJOH + UPUBMPVUDPNFT )
5
PGJOEFQFOEFOUFWFOUT
z ]z
+ ]z )
5
)
5
z 0( + 0ODD
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
1SPCBCJMJUZPG*OEFQFOEFOU&WFOUT
7ORDS &OR TWO INDEPENDENT EVENTS ! AND " THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH
EVENTS OCCUR IS THE PRODUCT OF THE PROBABILITIES OF THE EVENTS
!LGEBRA )F ! AND " ARE INDEPENDENT EVENTS THEN
0! AND " 0! + 0"
& 9 " . 1 - & 1SPCBCJMJUZPG*OEFQFOEFOU&WFOUT
(BNF4IPX /N A GAME SHOW YOU SPIN THE WHEEL AT
THE RIGHT )T IS DIVIDED INTO EQUAL SECTIONS &IND THE
PROBABILITY THAT YOU GET ON YOUR FIRST SPIN AND
"!.
GO BANKRUPT ON YOUR SECOND SPIN +25
04
,/3
% 45
40-65*0/
2.
34%0 &IND THE PROBABILITY OF EACH EVENT
0 ]z i wBQQFBSTUJNFT
0BANKRUPT ]z
i#BOLSVQUwBQQFBSTPODF
34%0 -ULTIPLY THE PROBABILITIES BECAUSE THE EVENTS ARE INDEPENDENT
0 AND BANKRUPT 0 0BANKRUPT
z
z
C "OTXFS 4HE PROBABILITY THAT YOU GET ON YOUR FIRST SPIN AND GO BANKRUPT
ON YOUR SECOND SPIN IS OR ABOUT
%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT )F ! AND " ARE DEPENDENT EVENTS THE PROBABILITY
THAT " OCCURS GIVEN ! HAS OCCURRED IS NOT THE SAME AS THE PROBABILITY
OF " 3O YOU SHOULD USE 0" GIVEN ! INSTEAD OF 0" TO REPRESENT THE
PROBABILITY THAT " WILL OCCUR GIVEN THAT ! HAS OCCURRED
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
,&:$0/$&15 &OR 9OUR .OTEBOOK
1SPCBCJMJUZPG%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
7ORDS &OR TWO DEPENDENT EVENTS THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH EVENTS
OCCUR IS THE PRODUCT OF THE PROBABILITY OF THE FIRST EVENT
AND THE PROBABILITY OF THE SECOND EVENT GIVEN THE FIRST
!LGEBRA )F ! AND " ARE DEPENDENT EVENTS THEN
0! AND " 0! + 0" GIVEN !
& 9 " . 1 - & 1SPCBCJMJUZPG%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
"RVBSJVN 4HE FISH IN YOUR AQUARIUM
ARE LOACHES BARBS AND TETRAS
9OU WANT TO GIVE FISH TO A FRIEND
9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE FISH FROM THE
AQUARIUM THEN RANDOMLY CHOOSE ANOTHER
FISH WITHOUT REPLACING THE FIRST &IND THE
PROBABILITY THAT BOTH ARE LOACHES
40-65*0/
4HE EVENTS ARE DEPENDENT &IND THE
PROBABILITY OF THE FIRST EVENT AND THE
PROBABILITY OF THE SECOND EVENT GIVEN
THE FIRST 4HEN MULTIPLY THE PROBABILITIES
34%0 0LOACH ]z 0GUIFGJTI
BSFMPBDIFT
!6/)$ %22/23
5IFQSPCBCJMJUZPG 0GUIFSFNBJOJOHGJTI
34%0 0LOACH GIVEN LOACH ]z
DIPPTJOHUIFTFDPOE BSFMPBDIFT
MPBDIJT]z
OPU]z
]z
34%0 0LOACH AND LOACH ]z .VMUJQMZQSPCBCJMJUJFT
CFDBVTFUIFGJSTUGJTIJT
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]z 4JNQMJGZ
C "OTXFS 4HE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH FISH ARE LOACHES IS ]z OR
(6*%&%13"$5*$& GPS&YBNQMFT BOE
.BSCMFT &ROM A JAR OF RED AND BLUE MARBLES YOU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A
MARBLE REPLACE IT THEN RANDOMLY CHOOSE ANOTHER !RE THE EVENTS hCHOOSE
A RED MARBLE FIRSTv AND hCHOOSE A BLUE MARBLE SECONDv INDEPENDENT OR
DEPENDENT &IND THE PROBABILITY OF BOTH EVENTS OCCURRING
,FOOFM 9OU WORK AT A KENNEL WALKING DOGS 4HE DOGS BEING BOARDED
ON A GIVEN DAY INCLUDE BLACK BROWN WHITE AND SPOTTED DOG 9OU
RANDOMLY CHOOSE DOG TO WALK RETURN IT TO ITS PEN AND CHOOSE A DIFFERENT
DOG TO WALK 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH DOGS YOU WALK ARE BROWN
*OEFQFOEFOUBOE%FQFOEFOU&WFOUT
&9&3$*4&4 )0.&803,
,&:
( 45"/%"3%*;&%5&4513"$5*$&
&YT
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)*/54"/%)0.&803,)&-1
GPS&YT
BUDMBTT[POFDPN
4,*--13"$5*$&
70$"#6-"3: #OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
)NDEPENDENT EVENTS AND DEPENDENT EVENTS ARE TYPES OF EVENTS
)F ! AND " ARE INDEPENDENT EVENTS THEN 0! AND " EQUALS
$-"44*':*/(&7&/54 4ELL WHETHER THE EVENTS ARE INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT
3%% %8!-0,% 7HILE YOU ARE WATCHING A BASEBALL GAME THE THIRD BATTER IN THE LINEUP HITS
POQ A HOME RUN 4HEN THE FOURTH BATTER IN THE LINEUP HITS A HOME RUN
GPS&YTo
9OUR #$ PLAYER RANDOMLY PLAYS EACH SONG ON A #$ ONCE 9OU HEAR TRACK
FIRST AND TRACK SECOND
3%% %8!-0,% */%&1&/%&/5&7&/54 %VENTS ! AND " ARE INDEPENDENT &IND 0! AND "
POQGPS
0! 0! 0!
&YTo o
0" 0" 0"
3%% %8!-0,% %&1&/%&/5&7&/54 %VENTS ! AND " ARE DEPENDENT &IND 0! AND "
POQGPS
&YTo o
0! 0! 0!
0" GIVEN ! 0" GIVEN ! 0" GIVEN !
&3303"/"-:4*4 $ESCRIBE AND CORRECT THE ERROR MADE
IN FINDING THE PROBABILITY THAT YOU AND YOUR FRIEND ARE & & &
] z+]
z]
z
&% &% &%%
THE PEOPLE RANDOMLY CHOSEN FROM A GROUP OF
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 7HICH EXPRESSION CAN YOU EVALUATE TO FIND THE
PROBABILITY THAT A PINK MINT AND THEN A YELLOW MINT ARE RANDOMLY
CHOSEN AND EATEN OUT OF A DISH OF PINK YELLOW AND GREEN MINTS
6 ]z ]z
7 ]z + ]z 8 ]z + ]z 9 ]z + ]z
YZ "-(" %VENTS ! AND " ARE INDEPENDENT %VENTS # AND $ ARE
DEPENDENT &IND THE UNKNOWN PROBABILITY
0! 0! 0!
0" 0" 0"
0! AND " 0! AND " 0! AND " ]
z
0 # 0# 0#
0$ GIVEN # z 0$ GIVEN # 0$ GIVEN #
0# AND $ 0# AND $ 0# AND $
$)"--&/(& 9OU PUT PAPER SLIPS NUMBERED THROUGH IN A HAT 9OU
RANDOMLY CHOOSE A SLIP FROM THE HAT 7ITHOUT REPLACING THE FIRST SLIP YOU
RANDOMLY CHOOSE A SECOND SLIP 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE SUM OF
THE TWO CHOSEN NUMBERS IS GREATER THAN %XPLAIN
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
130#-&.40-7*/(
4ELL WHETHER THE SITUATION DESCRIBES INDEPENDENT EVENTS OR
DEPENDENT EVENTS 4HEN ANSWER THE QUESTION
3%% %8!-0,%3 7&/%*/(."$)*/& 9OU PUT MONEY IN THE RUBBER BALL MACHINE
!.$ AT THE RIGHT AND GET A RUBBER BALL 9OU REPEAT THE PROCESS TO GET
POQQo ANOTHER RUBBER BALL 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH RUBBER
GPS&YTo
BALLS ARE GREEN
4)011*/( 4HERE ARE SMALL MEDIUM AND LARGE 4 SHIRTS
ON DISPLAY AT A CLOTHING STORE 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE ONE 4 SHIRT
AND PUT IT BACK 4HEN YOU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A SECOND 4 SHIRT
7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE FIRST 4 SHIRT IS SMALL AND THE
SECOND 4 SHIRT IS LARGE
(.6-5*1-&$)0*$& 4HE INTEGERS FROM THROUGH ARE WRITTEN ON
SEPARATE PIECES OF PAPER 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE TWO NUMBERS ONE AT
A TIME BUT YOU DO NOT REPLACE THEM 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH
NUMBERS ARE ODD
6 ]z
7 ]z
8 ]z
9 ]z
4)0&4 4HE TABLES GIVE DATA ABOUT THE SHOES MANUFACTURED AT A FACTORY
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STORE HAS GIVEN NAMES TO OF THE MOST
LIKELY TO BE BLUE MORE LIKELY TO BE RED
POPULAR COMBINATIONS 7HAT PERCENT OF THE
%XPLAIN
POSSIBLE CHOICES OF TOPPINGS AND FROZEN
YOGURT FLAVOR HAVE NAMES %XPLAIN ! $RAW ONE GREEN TILE AND THEN DRAW ONE
OTHER TILE WITHOUT REPLACING THE FIRST
! LOCK HAS A
DIGIT CODE %ACH OF THE DIGITS " $RAW ONE TILE PUT IT BACK IN THE BAG
IS A WHOLE NUMBER FROM THROUGH &IND AND THEN DRAW ANOTHER
THE PROBABILITY THAT THE LOCK HAS A
DIGIT
CODE IN WHICH ALL OF THE DIGITS ARE THE SAME
NUMBER %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
$IBQUFS1SPCBCJMJUZ
45"5&5&4513"$5*$&
DMBTT[POFDPN
.6-5*1-&$)0*$& (3*%%&%"/48&3
/NE JAR HAS RED AND GREEN MARBLES 9OU SPIN THE SPINNER AT
!NOTHER JAR HAS RED AND BLUE MARBLES THE RIGHT TWO TIMES )T IS
9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A MARBLE FROM DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS
EACH JAR 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH
7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY
MARBLES ARE RED
OF THE POINTER LANDING ON
6 ]z
7 ]z YELLOW ON YOUR FIRST SPIN AND BLUE ON
YOUR SECOND SPIN 7RITE YOUR ANSWER AS A
DECIMAL ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST HUNDREDTH
8 ]z
9 ]z
! STORE SELLS THREE TYPES OF DISPOSABLE
4HERE ARE RUNNERS PARTICIPATING IN CAMERAS GENERAL OUTDOOR AND WATERPROOF
A MARATHON )N HOW MANY WAYS CAN %ACH TYPE COMES IN MODELS WITH OR
THE RUNNERS FINISH IN FIRST SECOND AND EXPOSURES %VERY FIFTH CUSTOMER TO THE
THIRD PLACE STORE RECEIVES A COUPON FOR A SPECIFIC TYPE
6 7 AND MODEL OF CAMERA
8 9 7HAT IS THE PROBABILITY OF RECEIVING A
COUPON FOR A WATERPROOF OR A EXPOSURE
CAMERA WHEN YOU VISIT THE STORE 7RITE YOUR
ANSWER AS A DECIMAL ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST
HUNDREDTH
&95&/%&%3&410/4&
9OU WANT TO REMODEL YOUR KITCHEN BY PAINTING THE WALLS REPLACING THE
COUNTERTOP AND REPLACING THE FLOOR TILES 9OUR COLOR CHOICES FOR EACH
ITEM ARE GIVEN IN THE TABLE BELOW
*UFN 1BJOU $PVOUFSUPQ 'MPPSUJMFT
"WBJMBCMF XIJUF UBO XIJUF HSFFO XIJUF UBO
DPMPST CMVF CMVF HSBZ UBO
A 5SE A TREE DIAGRAM TO SHOW THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WAYS YOU CAN
REMODEL YOUR KITCHEN BY CHOOSING COLOR OF EACH ITEM
B 5SE THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE TO JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER IN PART A
C 3UPPOSE YOU CHOOSE THE COLOR OF EACH ITEM AT RANDOM 7HAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT ALL THREE ITEMS ARE THE SAME COLOR %XPLAIN
! BAG CONTAINS BROWN GREEN ORANGE TAN AND RED MARBLES 4HE PROBABILITY
OF CHOOSING A BROWN MARBLE IS 5SE THE CLUES BELOW TO FIND THE NUMBER
OF EACH COLOR MARBLE IN THE BAG %XPLAIN HOW YOU FOUND YOUR ANSWERS
s #HOOSING BROWN IS THREE TIMES AS LIKELY AS CHOOSING TAN
s #HOOSING GREEN AND CHOOSING ORANGE ARE EACH AS LIKELY AS CHOOSING TAN
s 4HERE ARE GREEN MARBLES IN THE BAG
4UBOEBSEJ[FE5FTU1SBDUJDF
13 CUMULATIVE REVIEW 1–13
Chapters
Find the mean, median, mode(s), and range of the data. (p. 109)
1. 0, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13 2. 5.5, 6.3, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 7.1, 6.3, 7.4, 6, 7.5
Write the decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. (p. 199)
3. 0.75 4. 0.06 5. 5.125 6. 3.3125
Make an input-output table for the function. Then graph the function. (p. 376)
1
7. y 5 –x
–x – 8 8. y 5 4x
x+5 9. y 5 } x–2 10. y 5 –2.5x
x+4
3
Use the percent equation or a proportion to solve. (p. 465)
11. 2 is 8% of what number? 12. What number is 1% of 44?
Classify the angle as acute, right,
t obtuse, or straight.
t Then find the
measure of a supplementary angle and the measure of a complementary
angle, if possible. (p. 511)
∠ 5 258
13. m∠A 14. m∠B 5 1408 15. m∠C 5 58 16. m∠D 5 908
Find the unknown length. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary. (p. 588)
17. 18. 82 mm 19. b
a
c
30 in. 80 mm 11 cm
27 cm
40 in.
Find the unknown dimension or volume of the rectangular prism. (p. 655)
20. V 5 ? , l 5 20 in., w 5 4 in., h 5 5 in. 21. V 5 81 cm3, l 5 9 cm, w 5 4.5 cm, h 5 ?
In Exercises 22 and 23, use the cylinders below.
6 in. 4 in. 8 in.
C 2 in. 2 in.
4 in. 6 in. D
B 12 in.
A
22. Order the cylinders from greatest 23. Order the cylinders from greatest
to least surface area. (p. 649) to least volume. (p. 662)
Events A and B are disjoint events. Find P(A or B). (p. 709)
24. P(A) 5 0.2; P(B) 5 0.7 25. P(A) 5 0.13; P(B) 5 0.27
Events A and B are independent events. Find P(A and B). (p. 715)
26. P(A) 5 0.4; P(B) 5 0.6 27. P(A) 5 0.5; P(B) 5 0.3
732 Chapter 13 Probability
4,"5*/( 4HE SURFACE OF THE /LYMPIC /VALS ICE SKATING RINK IN 3ALT ,AKE
#ITY 5TAH WAS CREATED BY REPEATEDLY SPRAYING WATER TO MAKE LAYERS
INCH (OW THICK IS EACH LAYER OF ICE Q
OF ICE FOR A TOTAL THICKNESS OF ]z
'3&&;&%3*&%*$&$3&". $URING THE FREEZE DRYING PROCESS ALL OF THE
WATER CONTENT IS REMOVED FROM THE FOOD ITEM 4O FREEZE DRY ICE CREAM
REGULAR ICE CREAM IS FROZEN AT A TEMPERATURE OF & AND THEN DRIED
IN A VACUUM #ONVERT THIS TEMPERATURE TO DEGREES #ELSIUS Q
#3&",'"45 STUDENTS WERE ASKED WHAT THEY EAT FOR BREAKFAST
$ISPLAY THE RESULTS SHOWN BELOW IN A CIRCLE GRAPH Q
'PPE &HHT $PMEDFSFBM 1BODBLFT 'SFODIUPBTU 0UIFS
4UVEFOUT
%*/*/( 9OU AND YOUR FAMILY ARE EATING AT A RESTAURANT 4HE FOOD BILL IS
9OUR FAMILY CHOOSES TO LEAVE A TIP BEFORE TAX 4HE SALES TAX IS
7HAT IS THE TOTAL COST OF THE MEAL Q
.07*&1045&34 ! RECTANGULAR MOVIE POSTER HAS A LENGTH OF INCHES
AND A WIDTH OF INCHES ! PRINT OF THE POSTER IS SIMILAR TO THE ORIGINAL
AND HAS A LENGTH OF INCHES 7HAT IS THE WIDTH OF THE PRINT Q
#"4,&5#"-- 4HE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE RIM OF A BASKETBALL HOOP IS ABOUT
INCHES 7HAT IS THE DIAMETER OF THE RIM 5SE FOR : Q
1&/$*-4 !N UNSHARPENED WOODEN PENCIL IS A CYLINDER THAT HAS A RADIUS
OF MILLIMETERS AND A HEIGHT OF MILLIMETERS 4HE PENCILS LEAD IS A
CYLINDER THAT HAS A RADIUS OF MILLIMETERS &IND THE VOLUME OF THE WOOD
IN THE PENCIL 5SE FOR : Q
$"3$0-034 !S YOU WAIT FOR THE BUS YOU KEEP TRACK OF THE COLOR OF EACH
PASSING CAR AS SHOWN &IND THE PROBABILITY A CAR THAT PASSES IS THE GIVEN
COLOR Q
7HITE "LACK 8IJUF 4JMWFS
3ILVER "LUE #MVF 3FE
'REEN 2ED (SFFO #MBDL
%*"3:-0$, ! DIARY LOCK HAS A DIGIT UNLOCKING CODE %ACH OF THE DIGITS IS
A WHOLE NUMBER FROM THROUGH &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE LOCK HAS
AN UNLOCKING CODE IN WHICH ALL OF THE DIGITS ARE THE SAME NUMBER Q
4)0&4 9OU HAVE PAIRS OF SHOES INDIVIDUAL SHOES IN THE BACK OF
YOUR CLOSET "ECAUSE YOUR CLOSET IS DARK YOU RANDOMLY CHOOSE ONE SHOE
AND WITHOUT REPLACING IT YOU RANDOMLY CHOOSE ANOTHER SHOE 7HAT IS
THE PROBABILITY THAT YOU CHOOSE A MATCHING PAIR Q
$VNVMBUJWF3FWJFX
Contents of Student Resources
Skills Review Handbook pp. 735–760
Whole Number Place Value 735 Solving Problems Using Addition
Comparing and Ordering and Subtraction 749
Whole Numbers 736 Solving Problems Using Multiplication
Rounding Whole Numbers 737 and Division 750
Number Fact Families 738 Units of Time 751
Divisibility Tests 739 Solving Problems Involving Time 752
Modeling Fractions 740 Using a Ruler 753
Using a Number Line to Using a Compass 754
Add and Subtract 741 Basic Geometric Figures 755
Addition and Subtraction of Venn Diagrams and Logical Reasoning 756
Whole Numbers 742 Reading Bar Graphs and Line Graphs 757
Multiplication of Whole Numbers 743 Reading and Making Line Plots 758
Division of Whole Numbers 744 Commutative and Associative
Estimating Sums 745 Properties of Addition 759
Estimating Differences 746 Commutative and Associative
Estimating Products 747 Properties of Multiplication 760
Estimating Quotients 748
Problem Solving Handbook: Strategy Review pp. 761–770
Make a Model 761 Look for a Pattern 766
Draw a Diagram 762 Break into Parts 767
Guess, Check, and Revise 763 Solve a Simpler Problem 768
Work Backward 764 Use a Venn Diagram 769
Make a List or Table 765 Act It Out 770
Problem Solving Handbook: Strategy Practice pp. 771–775
Extra Practice for Chapters 1–13 pp. 776–788
Tables pp. 789–794
Symbols 789 Properties 792
Measures 790 Finding Squares and Square Roots 793
Formulas 791 Squares and Square Roots 794
English-Spanish Glossary pp. 795–830
Index pp. 831–845
Credits pp. 846–847
Selected Answers pp. SA1–SA24
734 Contents of Student Resources
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
8IPMF/VNCFS1MBDF7BMVF
4HE WHOLE NUMBERS ARE THE NUMBERS ! DIGIT IS ANY OF THE
NUMBERS OR &OR EXAMPLE THE WHOLE NUMBER HAS
THE DIGITS AND 4HE VALUE OF EACH DIGIT IN A WHOLE NUMBER DEPENDS ON ITS
POSITION WITHIN THE NUMBER &OR EXAMPLE IN THE NUMBER THE HAS A
VALUE OF BECAUSE IT IS IN THE TENS PLACE
RED
HUND ANDS TEN ANDS SAND
S
REDS NS
ONS U S
THOU
S
THOU HUND ONES
MILLI THO TE
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
& 9 " . 1 - &
7RITE THE NUMBER IN EXPANDED FORM
5IF[FSPJOUIFUFOTQMBDF
JTBQMBDFIPMEFS
& 9 " . 1 - &
7RITE THE NUMBER IN STANDARD FORM
A
B 4HREE MILLION SIX HUNDRED TEN THOUSAND FIFTY
40-65*0/
A
z z z
B 7RITE IN THE MILLIONS PLACE IN THE HUNDRED THOUSANDS PLACE IN THE
TEN THOUSANDS PLACE AND IN THE TENS PLACE 5SE ZEROS AS PLACEHOLDERS
FOR THE OTHER PLACES 4HE ANSWER IS
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
7RITE THE NUMBER IN EXPANDED FORM
7RITE THE NUMBER IN STANDARD FORM
4WO THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED SIXTY
ONE %IGHT MILLION FORTY
FIVE THOUSAND TEN
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
$PNQBSJOHBOE0SEFSJOH8IPMF/VNCFST
! NUMBER LINE IS A LINE WHOSE POINTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NUMBERS 9OU CAN
USE A NUMBER LINE TO COMPARE AND ORDER WHOLE NUMBERS &IRST GRAPH THE
NUMBERS ON A NUMBER LINE 4HE NUMBERS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ARE IN ORDER FROM
LEAST TO GREATEST 2EMEMBER THAT THE SYMBOL MEANS IS LESS THAN AND THE
SYMBOL MEANS IS GREATER THAN
& 9 " . 1 - &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO ORDER AND FROM LEAST TO GREATEST
'RAPH ALL SIX NUMBERS ON THE SAME NUMBER LINE
KPE T
C"OTXFS &ROM THE POSITIONS OF THE GRAPHED NUMBERS YOU CAN SEE THAT THE
ORDER FROM LEAST TO GREATEST IS
& 9 " . 1 - &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO COMPARE THE NUMBERS
A AND B AND
40-65*0/
A
KPE
T
g g C"OTXFS IS TO THE RIGHT OF SO IS GREATER THAN 7RITE z
B
KPE
T
g g C"OTXFS IS TO THE LEFT OF SO IS LESS THAN 7RITE z
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO ORDER THE NUMBERS FROM LEAST TO GREATEST
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO COMPARE THE NUMBERS
AND AND AND AND
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
3PVOEJOH8IPMF/VNCFST
4O ROUND A WHOLE NUMBER MEANS TO APPROXIMATE THE NUMBER TO A GIVEN
PLACE VALUE 7HEN ROUNDING LOOK AT THE DIGIT TO THE RIGHT OF THE GIVEN PLACE
VALUE )F THE DIGIT TO THE RIGHT IS LESS THAN OR ROUND DOWN )F
THE DIGIT TO THE RIGHT IS OR GREATER OR ROUND UP
& 9 " . 1 - &
2OUND THE NUMBER TO THE PLACE VALUE OF THE RED DIGIT
A B
40-65*0/
A "ECAUSE THE IS IN THE HUNDREDS PLACE ROUND TO THE NEAREST
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
HUNDRED .OTICE THAT IS BETWEEN AND SO IT WILL ROUND TO
ONE OF THESE TWO NUMBERS
KPE
T
JTDMPTFSUPUIBOUP
4HE DIGIT TO THE RIGHT OF THE IN THE HUNDREDS PLACE IS THE IN THE TENS
PLACE "ECAUSE IS LESS THAN ROUND DOWN
g g C"OTXFS ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST HUNDRED IS
B "ECAUSE THE IS IN THE THOUSANDS PLACE ROUND TO THE NEAREST
THOUSAND .OTICE THAT IS BETWEEN AND SO IT WILL ROUND
TO ONE OF THESE TWO NUMBERS
KPE T
JTDMPTFSUP UIBOUP
4HE DIGIT TO THE RIGHT OF THE IN THE THOUSANDS PLACE IS THE IN THE
HUNDREDS PLACE "ECAUSE IS OR GREATER ROUND UP
g g C"OTXFS ROUNDED TO THE NEAREST THOUSAND IS
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
2OUND THE NUMBER TO THE PLACE VALUE OF THE RED DIGIT
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
/VNCFS'BDU'BNJMJFT
)NVERSE OPERATIONS ARE OPERATIONS THAT hUNDOv EACH OTHER SUCH AS ADDITION
AND SUBTRACTION OR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION ! NUMBER FACT FAMILY
CONSISTS OF THREE WHOLE NUMBERS RELATED BY INVERSE OPERATIONS &OR EXAMPLE
THE FACTS AND ARE IN THE SAME
NUMBER FACT FAMILY
& 9 " . 1 - &
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE NUMBER FACT FAMILY
40-65*0/
4HE NUMBERS IN THIS FACT FAMILY ARE AND )DENTIFY WHICH OF THE THREE
NUMBERS IS MISSING IN EACH OF THE LAST THREE EQUATIONS
4HE IS MISSING IN AND IN
4HE IS MISSING IN
C"OTXFS
& 9 " . 1 - &
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE EQUATION
5SE THE MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION NUMBER FACT FAMILY THAT CONTAINS AND
TO FIND THE MISSING NUMBER 4HE EQUATION IS IN THIS FAMILY 4HIS
MEANS THAT IS MISSING IN THE EQUATION
C"OTXFS
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE NUMBER FACT FAMILY
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE EQUATION
z
z
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
%JWJTJCJMJUZ5FTUT
7HEN TWO NONZERO WHOLE NUMBERS ARE MULTIPLIED TOGETHER EACH NUMBER
IS A FACTOR OF THE PRODUCT ! NUMBER IS DIVISIBLE BY ANOTHER NUMBER IF THE
SECOND NUMBER IS A FACTOR OF THE FIRST &OR EXAMPLE SO AND
ARE FACTORS OF AND IS DIVISIBLE BY BOTH AND
9OU CAN USE THE FOLLOWING TESTS TO TEST A NUMBER FOR DIVISIBILITY BY
AND
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE LAST DIGIT OF THE NUMBER IS OR
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE SUM OF THE DIGITS OF THE NUMBER IS DIVISIBLE BY
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE LAST DIGIT OF THE NUMBER IS OR
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE NUMBER IS DIVISIBLE BY BOTH AND
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE SUM OF THE DIGITS OF THE NUMBER IS DIVISIBLE BY
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
$IVISIBLE BY 4HE LAST DIGIT OF THE NUMBER IS
& 9 " . 1 - &
4EST THE NUMBER FOR DIVISIBILITY BY AND
A B
40-65*0/
A 4HE LAST DIGIT OF IS SO IT IS DIVISIBLE BY BUT NOT BY OR 4HE SUM
OF THE DIGITS IS SO IT IS DIVISIBLE BY AND "ECAUSE
IS DIVISIBLE BY BOTH AND IT IS DIVISIBLE BY
g g C"OTXFS IS DIVISIBLE BY AND
B 4HE LAST DIGIT OF IS SO IT IS DIVISIBLE BY BUT NOT BY OR 4HE
SUM OF THE DIGITS IS SO IT IS DIVISIBLE BY BUT NOT
BY "ECAUSE IS DIVISIBLE BY BUT NOT BY IT IS NOT DIVISIBLE BY
g g C"OTXFS IS DIVISIBLE BY AND
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
4EST THE NUMBER FOR DIVISIBILITY BY AND
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
.PEFMJOH'SBDUJPOT
! FRACTION IS USED TO DESCRIBE ONE OR MORE PARTS OF A SET OR A WHOLE %ACH
PART MUST HAVE THE SAME SIZE ! MIXED NUMBER IS A SUM OF A WHOLE NUMBER
AND A FRACTION
& 9 " . 1 - &
7RITE A FRACTION TO REPRESENT THE SHADED PART OF THE SET
4HERE ARE OBJECTS IN THIS SET
AND OF THE OBJECTS ARE SHADED KPE T
C"OTXFS 4HE FRACTION THAT REPRESENTS THE SHADED PART OF THE SET IS ]z
& 9 " . 1 - &
7RITE A MIXED NUMBER TO REPRESENT THE SHADED REGION
%ACH REGION IS DIVIDED INTO EQUAL PARTS
4HE WHOLE FIRST REGION IS SHADED ALONG WITH KPE T
PARTS OF THE SECOND REGION
C"OTXFS 4HE MIXED NUMBER THAT REPRESENTS THE SHADED REGION IS ]z
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
7RITE A FRACTION TO REPRESENT THE SHADED PART OF THE SET OR REGION
KPE
T
KPE
T KPE
T
KPE T KPE T KPE T
7RITE A MIXED NUMBER TO REPRESENT THE SHADED REGION
KPE T KPE T
KPE T
KPE T KPE T KPE T
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
6TJOHB/VNCFS-JOFUP"EEBOE4VCUSBDU
4O ADD TWO WHOLE NUMBERS ON A NUMBER LINE
34%0 3TART AT -OVE TO THE RIGHT TO LOCATE THE FIRST NUMBER
34%0 4O ADD THE SECOND NUMBER START AT THE LOCATION OF THE FIRST NUMBER
AND MOVE TO THE RIGHT THE AMOUNT INDICATED BY THE SECOND NUMBER
4HE FINAL LOCATION IS THE SUM OF THE TWO NUMBERS
4O SUBTRACT TWO WHOLE NUMBERS ON A NUMBER LINE
34%0 3TART AT -OVE TO THE RIGHT TO LOCATE THE FIRST NUMBER
34%0 4O SUBTRACT THE SECOND NUMBER START AT THE LOCATION OF THE FIRST
NUMBER AND MOVE TO THE LEFT THE AMOUNT INDICATED BY THE SECOND
NUMBER 4HE FINAL LOCATION IS THE DIFFERENCE OF THE TWO NUMBERS
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
& 9 " . 1 - &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO FIND THE SUM
3TART AT -OVE UNITS TO THE RIGHT 4HEN MOVE MORE UNITS TO THE RIGHT
KPE
T
C"OTXFS
& 9 " . 1 - &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO FIND THE DIFFERENCE
3TART AT -OVE UNITS TO THE RIGHT 4HEN MOVE UNITS TO THE LEFT
KPE
T
C"OTXFS
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
5SE A NUMBER LINE TO FIND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
"EEJUJPOBOE4VCUSBDUJPO
PG8IPMF/VNCFST
4O ADD AND SUBTRACT WHOLE NUMBERS START WITH THE DIGITS IN THE ONES PLACE
-OVING TO THE LEFT ADD OR SUBTRACT THE DIGITS ONE PLACE VALUE AT A TIME
REGROUPING AS NEEDED
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE SUM
34%0 !DD THE ONES 34%0 !DD THE TENS 34%0 !DD THE HUNDREDS
2EGROUP ONES 2EGROUP TENS
AS TEN AND ONES AS HUNDRED AND
TENS
z z z z
z z z
z z z zz zz zz
z z z
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE DIFFERENCE
34%0 3TART WITH THE ONES 34%0 -OVE TO THE TENS 34%0 3UBTRACT
4HERE ARE NOT 4HERE ARE NO TENS
ENOUGH ONES IN IN SO REGROUP
TO SUBTRACT HUNDRED AS TENS
AND ONES
z z z z
$IFDL "ECAUSE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ARE INVERSE OPERATIONS YOU CAN CHECK
YOUR ANSWER BY ADDING
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
.VMUJQMJDBUJPOPG8IPMF/VNCFST
4O MULTIPLY TWO WHOLE NUMBERS MULTIPLY THE ENTIRE FIRST NUMBER BY THE
DIGIT IN EACH PLACE VALUE OF THE SECOND NUMBER TO OBTAIN PARTIAL PRODUCTS
4O FIND THE PRODUCT OF THE ORIGINAL NUMBERS ADD THE PARTIAL PRODUCTS
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE PRODUCT
34%0 -ULTIPLY BY THE 34%0 3KIP THE IN THE TENS 34%0 !DD THE PARTIAL
ONES DIGIT IN PLACE AND MULTIPLY BY PRODUCTS
THE HUNDREDS DIGIT 3TART
THE PARTIAL PRODUCT IN THE
HUNDREDS PLACE
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
zz
z zz zz zz z
4O MULTIPLY A WHOLE NUMBER BY A POWER OF SUCH AS OR WRITE THE
NUMBER FOLLOWED BY THE NUMBER OF ZEROS IN THE POWER "ECAUSE MULTIPLYING BY
SUCH POWERS OF SHIFTS EACH DIGIT OF THE NUMBER TO A HIGHER PLACE VALUE THE
ZEROS ARE NEEDED AS PLACEHOLDERS
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE PRODUCT
A B
40-65*0/
A IS A POWER OF WITH ZEROS B IS A POWER OF WITH ZEROS
SO WRITE ZEROS AFTER SO WRITE ZEROS AFTER
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
&IND THE PRODUCT
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
%JWJTJPOPG8IPMF/VNCFST
)N A DIVISION PROBLEM THE NUMBER BEING DIVIDED IS CALLED THE DIVIDEND
AND THE NUMBER IT IS BEING DIVIDED BY IS CALLED THE DIVISOR 4HE RESULT OF THE
DIVISION IS CALLED THE QUOTIENT 4O DIVIDE TWO WHOLE NUMBERS YOU START WITH
THE LEFTMOST DIGITS OF THE DIVIDEND AND MOVE TO THE RIGHT )F THE DIVISOR DOES
NOT DIVIDE THE DIVIDEND EVENLY THEN THERE IS A REMAINDER
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE QUOTIENT
34%0 34%0 34%0
"ECAUSE IS BETWEEN -ULTIPLY AND 4HEN "RING DOWN THE NEXT DIGIT
AND PLACE THE FIRST SUBTRACT FROM "E $IVIDE BY TO GET
DIGIT ABOVE THE "ECAUSE SURE THE DIFFERENCE IS LESS -ULTIPLY AND 3UBTRACT
ESTIMATE THAT THAN THE DIVISOR FROM 4HERE ARE NO
DIVIDES ABOUT TIMES MORE DIGITS TO BRING DOWN
RVPUJFOU
] ] ]
EJWJTPS Q z EJWJEFOE Q z Q z
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND THE QUOTIENT
34%0 34%0 34%0
"ECAUSE IS BETWEEN -ULTIPLY AND 4HEN "RING DOWN THE LAST DIGIT
AND PLACE THE FIRST SUBTRACT FROM "E "ECAUSE WRITE
DIGIT ABOVE THE FIRST SURE THE DIFFERENCE IS LESS A IN THE QUOTIENT 4HEN
"ECAUSE THAN THE DIVISOR WRITE THE REMAINDER NEXT
ESTIMATE THAT DIVIDES TO THE QUOTIENT
ABOUT TIMES
2
] ] ]
Q z Q z Q z
SFNBJOEFS
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
&IND THE QUOTIENT
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
&TUJNBUJOH4VNT
4O ESTIMATE THE SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM MEANS TO FIND AN APPROXIMATE ANSWER
/NE WAY TO ESTIMATE A SUM IS TO USE FRONT
END ESTIMATION &IRST ADD THE FRONT
END DIGITS 4HEN ESTIMATE THE SUM OF THE REMAINING DIGITS &INALLY ADD THE TWO
SUMS TOGETHER
& 9 " . 1 - &
%STIMATE THE SUM
34%0 !DD THE DIGITS IN THE HUNDREDS PLACE
4,*--43&7*&8)"/%#00,
34%0 2OUND THE REMAINING DIGITS TO
THE NEAREST TEN AND ADD
34%0 !DD THE TWO SUMS
C"OTXFS 4HE SUM IS ABOUT
7HEN NUMBERS BEING ADDED HAVE ABOUT THE SAME VALUE YOU CAN USE CLUSTERING
TO ESTIMATE THEIR SUM
& 9 " . 1 - &
%STIMATE THE SUM
5IFOVNCFSTBMMDMVTUFSBSPVOEUIFWBMVF
C"OTXFS 4HE SUM IS ABOUT
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
%STIMATE THE SUM
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
Estimating Differences
One way to estimate a difference is to first subtract the digits in the greatest
place. Then round the remaining parts of the numbers and subtract the lesser
number from the greater number. Finally, combine the two differences using
addition or subtraction as shown below.
EXAMPLE 1
Estimate the difference.
a. 46,398 b. 7276
2 21,759 2 3814
SOLUTION
a. First subtract the digits in the 46,398 40,000
ten thousands’ place. 2 21,759 2 20,000
20,000
Then round the remaining parts to 6,000
the nearest thousand. Subtract the lesser 2 2,000
number from the greater number. 4,000
Because the greater remaining number was
originally on the top, you add the differences. 20,000 1 4,000 5 24,000
c Answer The difference 46,398 2 21,759 is about 24,000.
b. First subtract the digits in the 7276 7000
thousands’ place. 2 3814 2 3000
4000
Then round the remaining parts to 800
the nearest hundred. Subtract the lesser 2 300
number from the greater number. 500
Because the greater remaining number was originally
on the bottom, you subtract the differences. 4000 2 500 5 3500
c Answer The difference 7276 2 3814 is about 3500.
P R AC T I C E
Estimate the difference.
1. 891 2 252 2. 921 2 542
3. 587 2 175 4. 674 2 328
5. 3245 2 1097 6. 7658 2 3109
7. 9123 2 2345 8. 55,903 2 14,872
746 Skills Review Handbook
&TUJNBUJOH1SPEVDUT
/NE WAY TO ESTIMATE A PRODUCT IS TO FIND A RANGE FOR THE PRODUCT BY FINDING
A LOW ESTIMATE AND A HIGH ESTIMATE
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND A LOW AND HIGH ESTIMATE FOR THE PRODUCT
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z
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& 9 " . 1 - &
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/NE WAY TO ESTIMATE A QUOTIENT IS TO FIND A LOW ESTIMATE AND A HIGH ESTIMATE
BY USING NUMBERS THAT DIVIDE WITH NO REMAINDER
& 9 " . 1 - &
&IND A LOW AND HIGH ESTIMATE FOR THE QUOTIENT
7HEN THE DIVISOR HAS MORE THAN ONE DIGIT ROUND IT AS DESCRIBED BELOW
&OR A LOW ESTIMATE ROUND THE DIVISOR UP AND REPLACE
]
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!NOTHER WAY TO ESTIMATE A QUOTIENT IS TO USE COMPATIBLE NUMBERS
& 9 " . 1 - &
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,OOK FOR NUMBERS CLOSE TO AND THAT DIVIDE EVENLY
] ]
Q z Q z
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1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
&IND A LOW AND HIGH ESTIMATE FOR THE QUOTIENT
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9OU CAN USE THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES TO TELL WHETHER TO USE ADDITION OR
SUBTRACTION TO SOLVE A WORD PROBLEM
s 5SE ADDITION WHEN YOU NEED TO COMBINE JOIN OR FIND A TOTAL
s 5SE SUBTRACTION WHEN YOU NEED TO SEPARATE COMPARE TAKE AWAY FIND
HOW MANY ARE LEFT OR FIND HOW MANY MORE ARE NEEDED
& 9 " . 1 - &
9OU PAID FOR A #$ AND FOR A $6$ (OW MUCH DID YOU PAY IN ALL
9OU NEED TO FIND A TOTAL SO YOU NEED TO ADD
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& 9 " . 1 - &
9OU HAVE INVITATIONS TO YOUR BIRTHDAY PARTY 9OU HAND OUT INVITATIONS
(OW MANY INVITATIONS DO YOU HAVE LEFT
9OU NEED TO FIND HOW MANY ARE LEFT SO YOU NEED TO SUBTRACT
C"OTXFS 9OU HAVE INVITATIONS LEFT
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
9OU HAVE TO SPEND 9OU BUY A BOOK FOR (OW MUCH MONEY DO YOU
HAVE LEFT
9OU SPEND FOR A SHIRT AND FOR A PAIR OF JEANS (OW MUCH MORE DID
YOU SPEND FOR THE JEANS
9OU INVITED BOYS AND GIRLS TO YOUR PARTY (OW MANY PEOPLE DID YOU
INVITE IN ALL
9OU NEED TO STUDY HOURS FOR YOUR TESTS 9OU HAVE STUDIED FOR HOURS
(OW MANY MORE HOURS DO YOU NEED TO STUDY
9OU HAVE 9OUR SISTER GIVES YOU MORE (OW MUCH MONEY DO YOU
HAVE NOW
9OU HAVE SHEETS OF NOTEBOOK PAPER 9OU GIVE YOUR FRIEND SHEETS
(OW MANY SHEETS DO YOU HAVE LEFT
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9OU CAN USE THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES TO TELL WHETHER TO USE MULTIPLICATION OR
DIVISION TO SOLVE A WORD PROBLEM
s 5SE MULTIPLICATION WHEN YOU NEED TO FIND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OBJECTS
THAT ARE IN GROUPS OF EQUAL SIZE
s 5SE DIVISION WHEN YOU NEED TO FIND THE NUMBER OF EQUAL GROUPS OR FIND
THE NUMBER IN EACH EQUAL GROUP
& 9 " . 1 - &
9OU BOUGHT PACKAGES OF SOCKS %ACH PACKAGE CONTAINS PAIRS OF SOCKS
(OW MANY PAIRS OF SOCKS DID YOU BUY
9OU NEED TO FIND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OBJECTS SO YOU NEED TO MULTIPLY
C"OTXFS 9OU BOUGHT PAIRS OF SOCKS
& 9 " . 1 - &
9OU BAKE COOKIES 9OU PUT THE SAME NUMBER OF COOKIES IN BAGS
(OW MANY COOKIES DO YOU PUT IN EACH BAG
9OU NEED TO FIND THE NUMBER IN EACH EQUAL GROUP SO YOU NEED TO DIVIDE
C"OTXFS 9OU PUT COOKIES IN EACH BAG
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
9OU ORDER PACKAGES OF PENCILS FOR THE SCHOOL STORE %ACH PACKAGE
CONTAINS PENCILS (OW MANY PENCILS DO YOU GET
9OU BOUGHT BAGS OF APPLES %ACH BAG CONTAINS APPLES (OW MANY
APPLES DID YOU BUY
9OU BOUGHT PACKAGES OF MUFFINS AND HAVE A TOTAL OF MUFFINS (OW
MANY MUFFINS ARE IN A PACKAGE
9OU HAVE BOXES OF DOG BISCUITS %ACH BOX CONTAINS DOG BISCUITS (OW
MANY DOG BISCUITS DO YOU HAVE
9OU SPLIT A DECK OF PLAYING CARDS EVENLY AMONG PEOPLE (OW MANY
CARDS DOES EACH PERSON GET
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5SE THE EQUIVALENT UNITS OF TIME GIVEN BELOW TO CONVERT ONE UNIT OF TIME
TO ANOTHER -ULTIPLY TO CONVERT FROM A LARGER UNIT TO A SMALLER UNIT
$IVIDE TO CONVERT FROM A SMALLER UNIT TO A LARGER UNIT
WEEK WK DAYS D
DAY D HOURS H
HOUR H MINUTES MIN
MINUTE MIN SECONDS SEC
& 9 " . 1 - &
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A D WK B H MIN
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ONE WEEK SO DIVIDE BY
B 9OU ARE CONVERTING HOURS TO MINUTES A LARGER H MIN
UNIT TO A SMALLER UNIT 4HERE ARE MINUTES MIN
IN ONE HOUR SO MULTIPLY BY
& 9 " . 1 - &
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4O COMPARE TIMES YOU MUST EXPRESS H MIN H MIN
THEM IN THE SAME UNITS SO CONVERT MIN MIN
HOUR MINUTES TO MINUTES MIN
C"OTXFS "ECAUSE MIN MIN H MIN MIN
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
#OPY AND COMPLETE
H MIN SEC MIN D H
WK D H D MIN SEC
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT USING OR
MIN SEC SEC D H H MIN H MIN
H D H WK D D SEC MIN SEC
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7HEN GIVEN A START TIME AND AN END TIME YOU CAN FIND THE ELAPSED TIME BY
SUBTRACTING THE END TIME FROM THE START TIME
& 9 " . 1 - &
! STUDY SESSION BEGAN AT !- AND ENDED AT !- (OW LONG DID THE STUDY
SESSION LAST
3UBTRACT TO FIND THE ELAPSED TIME
3UBTRACT THE MINUTES FIRST THEN THE HOURS
9OU CANNOT SUBTRACT FROM 2ENAME
HOUR AS MINUTES 4HEN SUBTRACT
C"OTXFS 4HE STUDY SESSION LASTED MINUTES
7HEN YOU NEED TO ESTIMATE SOLUTIONS OF PROBLEMS INVOLVING MINUTES ROUND
TIMES TO THE NEAREST MINUTES OR MINUTES
& 9 " . 1 - &
3OLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM
9OU SPENT MINUTES DOING YOUR MATH HOMEWORK HOUR MINUTES WRITING
A BOOK REPORT AND MINUTES WORKING ON YOUR SCIENCE PROJECT %STIMATE HOW
MUCH TIME YOU SPENT DOING YOUR HOMEWORK
MIN MIN
H MIN H MIN 5IFTFSPVOEFEUJNFT
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C"OTXFS 9OU SPENT ABOUT HOURS MINUTES DOING YOUR HOMEWORK
1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
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9OU TALKED WITH YOUR GRANDFATHER FOR MIN YOUR FRIEND FOR MIN AND
YOUR LAB PARTNER FOR MIN %STIMATE HOW LONG YOU WERE ON THE PHONE
3OME FRIENDS ARE WORKING AT A CAR WASH )F IT TAKES THEM MINUTES TO
WASH A CAR ABOUT HOW MANY CARS CAN THEY WASH IN HOURS
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!N INCH RULER HAS MARKINGS FOR INCHES HALVES OF AN INCH FOURTHS OF AN INCH
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& 9 " . 1 - &
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! COMPASS IS AN INSTRUMENT USED TO DRAW CIRCLES ! STRAIGHTEDGE IS ANY
OBJECT THAT CAN BE USED TO DRAW A SEGMENT
& 9 " . 1 - &
5SE A COMPASS TO DRAW A CIRCLE WITH RADIUS CM
2ECALL THAT THE RADIUS OF A CIRCLE IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
CENTER OF THE CIRCLE AND ANY POINT ON THE CIRCLE
5SE A METRIC RULER TO OPEN THE COMPASS SO THAT THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE POINT AND THE PENCIL IS CM
CM
0LACE THE POINT ON A PIECE OF PAPER AND ROTATE THE PENCIL
AROUND THE POINT TO DRAW THE CIRCLE
& 9 " . 1 - &
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!" zAND ]
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/PEN YOUR COMPASS TO MEASURE SEGMENT
!" 5SING THIS COMPASS SETTING PLACE THE
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SEGMENT !" SEGMENT #$
4HEN OPEN YOUR COMPASS TO MEASURE
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PLACE THE POINT AT THE FIRST MARK YOU MADE
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1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
5SE A COMPASS TO DRAW A CIRCLE 5SE A COMPASS TO DRAW A CIRCLE WITH
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5SE A STRAIGHTEDGE AND A COMPASS TO DRAW ! "
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! TRIANGLE IS A GEOMETRIC FIGURE HAVING
SIDE
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! RECTANGLE HAS SIDES AND RIGHT ANGLES
/PPOSITE SIDES HAVE THE SAME LENGTH
! SQUARE IS A RECTANGLE WITH ALL
FOUR SIDES THE SAME LENGTH
4HE DISTANCE AROUND A FIGURE IS CALLED ITS PERIMETER )F A FIGURE HAS STRAIGHT
SIDES YOU CAN FIND ITS PERIMETER BY ADDING THE LENGTHS OF THE SIDES
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&IND THE PERIMETER IN IN
4HE PERIMETER IS IN IN IN IN
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& 9 " . 1 - &
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AND A WIDTH OF CM AND A WIDTH OF IN
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! 6ENN DIAGRAM USES SHAPES TO SHOW HOW SETS ARE RELATED
& 9 " . 1 - &
$RAW AND USE A 6ENN DIAGRAM
A $RAW A 6ENN DIAGRAM OF THE WHOLE NUMBERS BETWEEN AND WHERE SET !
CONSISTS OF ODD NUMBERS AND SET " CONSISTS OF MULTIPLES OF
B )S THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT TRUE OR FALSE %XPLAIN
.O ODD WHOLE NUMBER BETWEEN AND IS A MULTIPLE OF
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! MULTIPLE OF BETWEEN AND IS EVEN
40-65*0/
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/F THE WHOLE NUMBERS LESS THAN SET ! CONSISTS OF NUMBERS THAT ARE
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$ CONSISTS OF ODD NUMBERS
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Reading Bar Graphs and Line Graphs
Data
a are numbers or facts. Two ways to display data are bar graphs,
which use bars to show how quantities compare, and line graphs,
which use line segments to show how a quantity changes over time.
EXAMPLE 1
Which topping is favored the most? Which is favored the least?
SOLUTION Favorite Pizza Toppings
The longest bar on the graph represents the 8
7 students who favor pepperoni, and the
Students
6
shortest bar represents the 2 students who 4
SKILLS REVIEW HANDBOOK
favor mushrooms. So, pepperoni is most 2
favored, and mushrooms are least favored. 0
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ain
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EXAMPLE 2
The line graph shows temperature data collected hourly for 5 times on Monday.
Between which two consecutive times was the greatest increase in temperature?
What was the increase?
SOLUTION Temperature on Monday
The steepest segment in the line graph is 65
Temperature (ⴗF)
from 11 A.M. to 12 P.M. The students 60
recorded a temperature of 55°F at 11 A.M.
55
and a temperature of 62°F at 12 P.M.,
which is an increase of 7°F. 50
0
10 A.M. 11 A.M. 12 P.M. 1 P.M. 2 P.M.
Time
P R AC T I C E
Use the graphs shown above.
1. How many students chose sausage as a favorite pizza topping?
2. Which two pizza toppings were chosen by the same number of students?
3. At what time was the temperature 52°F?
4. Between which two consecutive times did the temperature decrease?
Skills Review Handbook 757
3FBEJOHBOE.BLJOH-JOF1MPUT
! LINE PLOT USES A NUMBER LINE TO SHOW HOW OFTEN DATA VALUES OCCUR
& 9 " . 1 - &
9OU SURVEYED OF YOUR NEIGHBORS AND ASKED THEM HOW MANY BROTHERS
AND SISTERS THEY HAVE 4HEIR RESPONSES WERE
A -AKE A LINE PLOT OF THE DATA
B 7HAT WAS THE LEAST FREQUENT RESPONSE
40-65*0/
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1 3 "$ 5 * $ &
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A WEEK 4HEIR RESPONSES WERE
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QUESTIONNAIRE ASKING PEOPLE HOW MANY HOURS OF TELEVISION THEY WATCH
EACH WEEK
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(OW MANY MORE PEOPLE WATCH HOURS OF TELEVISION EACH WEEK THAN WATCH
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40-65*0/
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BOOKCASE CANNOT FIT AGAINST THAT WALL
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AS A TOOTHBRUSH HOW MUCH DOES
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Make a List or Table Make a Model
Problem Lena is shopping in the Draw a Diagram
Clothing Price
clearance section at her favorite Guess, Check, and Revise
T-shirt $6
store. The table at the right shows Work Backward
the prices of the clothing in the sweatshirt $9
Make a List or Table
clearance section. How many jeans $12
ways can Lena spend exactly $30? Look for a Pattern
sweater $15
Break into Parts
Solve a Simpler Problem
Use a Venn Diagram
Act It Out
1 Read and Understand 2 Make a Plan
You need to find all the different ways You need to make a list of the different
Lena can spend $30 on clothes in the ways Lena can spend $30.
clearance section.
PROBLEM SOLVING
HANDBOOK
3 Solve the Problem
Make a list of the different combinations of clothes Lena can buy. Start with
the greatest number of each item that can be bought with $30. Then see if
there is a way to spend exactly $30. Gradually reduce the number of the item
to find all possible combinations.
5 T-shirts $6 p 5 5 $30
3 T-shirts & 1 pair of jeans $6 p 3 1 $12 5 $30
2 T-shirts & 2 sweatshirts $6 p 2 1 $9 p 2 5 $30
1 T-shirt & 2 pairs of jeans $6 1 $12 p 2 5 $30
1 T-shirt, 1 sweatshirt, & 1 sweater $6 1 $9 1 $15 5 $30
2 sweatshirts & 1 pair of jeans $9 p 2 1 $12 5 $30
2 sweaters $15 p 2 5 $30
You can see from the list that there are 7 different ways Lena can spend $30.
4 Look Back
Make sure that there are no other Practice the Strategy
combinations that add up to $30. For In basketball, you can score a 2-point
example, if she bought 4 T-shirts, is there field goal, a 3-point field goal, and a
anything else she can buy for $6? 1-point free throw. If Abby scored at
least one of each type of basket and
scored 12 points, in how many different
ways could she have scored the points?
(See p. 773 for more practice.)
Problem Solving Handbook 765
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OF PAPER IN HALF TIMES NUMBER OF RECTANGLES CREATED EACH TIME
THE PAPER IS FOLDED IN HALF
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THE AMOUNT BY WHICH THE NUMBER OF RECTANGLES
INCREASES
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IS DOUBLED 3O YOU CAN EXPECT THAT RECTANGLES
WILL BE CREATED WHEN A PIECE OF PAPER IS FOLDED IN
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$IVIDE EACH NUMBER OF RECTANGLES BY THE *OSHS FIRST CLASS STARTS AT !- AND
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SURE THE QUOTIENT IS !- AND ENDS AT !- !SSUMING
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Solve a Simpler Problem Make a Model
Problem A caterpillar is making its way up a telephone pole Draw a Diagram
that is 28 feet tall. Each day the caterpillar manages to climb Guess, Check, and Revise
up 4 feet. Each night because of rain, the caterpillar slips Work Backward
down 3 feet. How many days will it take the caterpillar to
Make a List or Table
reach the top of the pole?
Look for a Pattern
Break into Parts
Solve a Simpler Problem
Use a Venn Diagram
Act It Out
1 Read and Understand 2 Make a Plan
You need to find how many days it will You could list the heights the caterpillar
take the caterpillar to climb to a height of reaches at the end of each day, but this
28 feet. would take a long time. Instead, look for
a simpler problem to solve.
3 Solve the Problem
Solve the simpler problem Number Height reached by the Height reached by the
of finding the number of of days end of the day (feet) end of the night (feet)
days it will take the 1 01454 42351
caterpillar to reach a
2 11455 52352
height of 7 feet. Record
the caterpillar’s progress 3 21456 62353
in a table. 4 31457
It will take 4 days for the caterpillar to reach a height of 7 feet. You can see that
the number of days the caterpillar has been climbing is always 3 less than the
number of feet reached by the caterpillar at the end of the day. So, it will take
the caterpillar 28 2 3 5 25 days to reach the top of the telephone pole.
4 Look Back
You may have thought that because the Practice the Strategy
caterpillar’s climbing height increases by Jeff is cutting out numbers to sew onto
1 foot each day, the caterpillar would hockey jerseys. All of the numbers are
reach the top of the pole in 28 days. This to be double digits, so 01 represents 1.
is not the case, because if the pole were If Jeff needs to sew the numbers 00
only 4 feet tall, the caterpillar would through 99 onto jerseys, how many of
reach the top in 1 day, not 4 days. each digit should be cut out?
(See p. 774 for more practice.)
768 Problem Solving Handbook
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HAVE A #$ PLAYER ONLY AND HAVE
NEITHER (OW MANY STUDENTS HAVE BOTH
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Act It Out Make a Model
Problem A kite has five vertical stripes of different colors. The Draw a Diagram
red, yellow, and blue stripes are not next to each other. The red Guess, Check, and Revise
stripe is at one end. Two stripes separate the blue and orange Work Backward
stripes. Between which two stripes is the green stripe?
Make a List or Table
Look for a Pattern
Break into Parts
Solve a Simpler Problem
Use a Venn Diagram
Act It Out
1 Read and Understand 2 Make a Plan
Read the problem carefully. You need to Decide on a strategy to use. You can
place five colors in order. Red is either use colored strips of paper to represent
first or last. Red, blue, and yellow are not the vertical stripes. Then write down
next to each other. arrangements that work.
3 Solve the Problem
Reread the problem and act it out. Use five colored pieces of paper to represent
the five strips on the kite. Make sure that the red, yellow, and blue pieces are
not next to each other. List the arrangements.
A list of all possible arrangements is shown, with red first or last. Of these arrangements,
only two meet the condition of having two stripes between the blue and orange stripes.
red, orange, yellow, green, blue
red, orange, blue, green, yellow
red, green, yellow, orange, blue
red, green, blue, orange, yellow
blue, green, yellow, orange, red
yellow, green, blue, orange, red
blue, orange, yellow, green, red
yellow, orange, blue, green, red
Whether red is first or last, green is between blue and yellow in all the arrangements.
4 Look Back
You can solve the problem a different Practice the Strategy
way using logical reasoning. If blue is You are picking the five starting players
two stripes away from orange, it can be from a basketball team of 8 players.
at an end, and green must be next to it, Both Rasheed and Tim will be part of
with yellow in the middle. the starting team. How many ways can
you choose all the starting players?
(See p. 775 for more practice.)
770 Problem Solving Handbook
0ROBLEM 3OLVING (ANDBOOK
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ1SBDUJDF
3OLVE THE PROBLEM AND SHOW YOUR WORK
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4WO WHEELS ARE THE SAME SIZE 7HEEL ! *OHN HAS COINS IN HIS POCKET WHICH ARE
ROLLS AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF 7HEEL " THEN PENNIES NICKELS DIMES OR QUARTERS /F
RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION (OW MANY THESE COINS ARE SILVER IN COLOR 4HE EDGES
REVOLUTIONS DOES 7HEEL ! MAKE DURING ITS OF COINS ARE SMOOTH WHILE THE EDGES OF
TRIP AROUND 7HEEL " 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ THE OTHER COINS HAVE RIDGES /NLY ONE COIN
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9OU HAVE FOOT SECTIONS OF FENCE TO ENCLOSE
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WHAT IS THE GREATEST AREA THAT YOU CAN ENCLOSE PASS THROUGH !TTLETON WHEN YOU ARE TWO
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MAKE $RAW A POLYGON FOR EACH PERIMETER BETWEEN A HARDWARE STORE AND A PET STORE
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4HE HARDWARE STORE IS MILES FROM THE
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RIGHT 4HEN YOU CUT A RECTANGLE THROUGH ALL
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UNFOLD THE PAPER 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ FEET INCHES WIDE 9OU NEED TO FIT A INCH
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5SE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT POINTS
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INCHES LONG 7HAT WOULD BE THE MINIMUM
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Guess, Check, and Revise Work Backward
11. A farm raises cows and ostriches. Rosa can 15. Derek brought raisins for lunch and shared
see above and below the horizontal boards of them with some of his classmates. He
a fence. She sees 78 legs in the lower opening gave half of his raisins to Molly, then ate
of the fence, and 35 heads above the fence. one himself. After that he gave half of the
How many of each kind of animal are there? remaining raisins to Tricia and ate another
(Problem Solving Strategy Review, p. 763) one himself. Finally, he gave half of the
remaining raisins to Clark, and had 7 raisins
12. You are making a scrapbook with pages that left. How many raisins did Derek start with?
are 15 inches by 15 inches. On one page, you (Problem Solving Strategy Review, p. 764)
want to put two 4 inch by 6 inch photographs,
each with blue borders of equal width, as 16. Three students played a game in which there
shown. What is the widest border you can use were always two winners and one loser.
if you want at least 1 inch of space on all sides Each player started with a certain number
of the photos? (Problem Solving Strategy Review, of pebbles. When a player lost a game, the
p. 763) losing player gave each of the winning
players the number of pebbles that winning
Our Vacation player already had. After 3 games, each
player had lost once, and each player ended
up with 8 pebbles. How many pebbles did
15 in. each of the three players start with? (Problem
Solving Strategy Review, p. 764)
17. A school chess tournament works by
15 in. elimination. The winners advance to the next
round. If Veronica wins the tournament by
13. At a store that sells school supplies, a winning 4 games, how many people played
package of 2 pens costs $3, a package of 2 in the competition? (Problem Solving Strategy
pencils costs $1, and notebooks cost $5 each. Review, p. 764)
Kevin bought 14 items (counting each of
the multiple items in a package as separate 18. Rafael is going grocery shopping. The drive
items) and paid $20. How many of each item between Rafael’s house and the grocery store
did he buy if he bought at least one of each takes 15 minutes. The grocery shopping
item? (Problem Solving Strategy Review, p. 763) takes 35 minutes. If Rafael needs to be home
by noon, what is the latest time that he can
14. In the diagram below, the symbols “*” and leave home to go grocery shopping? (Problem
“#”each represent a digit from 1 to 9, and are Solving Strategy Review, p. 764)
different from the other digits in the diagram.
1
They do not represent the same number. The 19. Ellen takes } of the oranges in a bowl. Geoff
4
sum of each row and each column is given. 1
takes } of the oranges that remain in the
3
Find the value of each symbol. (Problem bowl. Ellen and Geoff later decide that they
Solving Strategy Review, p. 763)
don’t need all their oranges, so they each put
one orange back in the bowl. The next day,
* 8 # 5 23 1
Carlos takes } of the oranges that remain
2 * 2 # 14 2
in the bowl. There are 4 oranges left in the
# # * * 20
bowl. How many oranges were in the bowl
# 8 5 * 23 originally? (Problem Solving Strategy Review,
19 26 17 18 p. 764)
772 Problem Solving Handbook
.BLFB-JTUPS5BCMF )F YOU SLICE A PIE WITH ONE CUT THERE WILL BE
PIECES )F YOU SLICE THE PIE AGAIN SO THAT THE
! BUS COMPANY CHARGES A FARE ON ONE ROUTE SECOND CUT INTERSECTS THE FIRST THERE WILL BE
WHICH NORMALLY HAS RIDERS 4HE COMPANY IS PIECES 9OU KEEP SLICING THE PIE SO THAT NO
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THAT EACH INCREASE OF WILL LOSE RIDERS TWO CUTS AND EACH NEW CUT INTERSECTS ALL THE
7HAT FARE WILL GIVE THEM THE MOST REVENUE PREVIOUS CUTS (OW MANY PIECES WILL THERE BE
NUMBER OF RIDERS TIMES FARE PER RIDER IF YOU MAKE CUTS 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ
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! MARCHING BAND IS METERS LONG WHEN
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MARCHES AT METERS PER MINUTE STARTING
FROM THE BACK OF THE BAND (OW LONG DOES IT
TAKE THE DRUM MAJOR TO REACH THE FRONT OF THE
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Q
2ORY IS MAKING A QUILT BY SEWING TOGETHER
-ARGOT HAS A CHOICE OF JOINING A MUSIC CLUB SMALL SQUARES OF THE SAME SIZE 4HE QUILT WILL
130#-&.40-7*/(
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SAME AMOUNT TO EACH CLUB 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH
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9OU FOLD A SQUARE PIECE OF PAPER IN THIRDS
WHICH MAKES RECTANGLES WHEN YOU UNFOLD
! VIDEO GAME AWARDS POINTS POINTS IT (OW MANY RECTANGLES WILL YOU MAKE IF
AND POINTS FOR DOING EACH OF DIFFERENT YOU FOLD THE PAPER IN THIRDS TIMES
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MANY DIFFERENT POINT TOTALS ARE POSSIBLE
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$ESCRIBE THE PATTERN SHOWN BELOW 4HEN
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'AVIN WORKS AT A RESTAURANT WHERE EACH TABLE FRIEND 9OU WANT TO FRAME THE PICTURE ON THE
IS RECTANGULAR AND SEATS PEOPLE PLACES ON FRONT OF THE CARD WITH CONSTRUCTION PAPER
EACH LONG SIDE AND PLACE AT EACH END 'AVIN 4HE FRONT OF THE CARD IS INCHES LONG AND
MAKES LONG TABLES OF TABLES EACH WITH INCHES WIDE 9OU WANT THE FRAME TO BE
THE TABLES IN EACH ROW PLACED END TO END INCHES WIDE 7HAT IS THE AREA OF THE FRAME
(OW MANY SEATS ARE THERE 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH)BOECPPL
*ACK WANTS TO BUY MOLDING TO PUT AROUND THE 4PMWFB4JNQMFS1SPCMFN
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(OW MUCH MOLDING DOES HE NEED TO BUY 4O CONNECT CITIES BY AIRLINE ROUTES SO THAT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
EACH CITY IS CONNECTED TO EVERY OTHER CITY BY
EXACTLY ONE ROUTE YOU NEED ROUTES (OW
MANY ROUTES ARE NEEDED TO CONNECT CITIES
WITH ONE ROUTE DIRECTLY CONNECTING EACH PAIR
FEET
FEET (OW MANY ROUTES ARE NEEDED TO CONNECT
FEET CITIES 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
FEET
2ICHARD MAKES SOUVENIR MEDALLIONS OF METAL
3OME OF YOUR FAMILY IS GOING TO AN AMUSEMENT /NE DAY HE MADE MEDALLIONS BUT REALIZED
PARK FOR THE DAY 9OUR GROUP INCLUDES ADULTS THAT HE HAD MIXED THE METALS INCORRECTLY
SENIOR CITIZEN TEENAGERS CHILDREN FOR ONE MEDALLION SO IT WAS SLIGHTLY HEAVIER
BETWEEN AND YEARS OLD AND ONE YEAR THAN THE OTHERS (IS CO
WORKER %DWARD TOLD
OLD 5SE THE TABLE BELOW TO FIND THE TOTAL COST TO 2ICHARD THAT HE COULD DETERMINE WHICH OF
ENTER THE PARK FOR YOUR FAMILY 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH MEDALLIONS WAS OVERWEIGHT BY COMPARING
4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
ANY OF THE MEDALLIONS USING A BALANCE
SCALE (OW CAN 2ICHARD IDENTIFY THE ONE
"NVTFNFOU1BSL"ENJTTJPO1SJDFT OVERWEIGHT MEDALLION OF THE MEDALLIONS
4FOJPST USING THE BALANCE SCALE ONLY TIMES
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
"EVMUT
5FFOBHFST ! BAG CONTAINS TAGS NUMBERED FROM TO
$IJMESFOBHFTo %IGHT OF THE TAGS ARE RED AND TWO ARE BLUE
$IJMESFOVOEFS 'SFF 9OU DRAW A TAG WITHOUT LOOKING IN THE BAG
9OU LOOK AT THE TAG PUT IT BACK AND DRAW
ANOTHER TAG WITHOUT LOOKING IN THE BAG (OW
0AULA BEGAN PAINTING A MURAL AT !-
MANY DIFFERENT ORDERED PAIRS OF TAGS CAN
AND FINISHED WORKING ON IT AT 0- 3HE
YOU DRAW WITH AT LEAST ONE RED TAG 1SPCMFN
TOOK A BREAK FROM 0- TO 0- (OW
4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
LONG DID SHE SPEND PAINTING 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH
4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
! CHAPTER THAT BEGINS ON PAGE AND ENDS ON
PAGE IS PAGES LONG (OW LONG IS A CHAPTER
4HE TABLE BELOW LISTS THE PERCENT DISCOUNTS
THAT BEGINS ON PAGE AND ENDS ON PAGE
OFF THE ORIGINAL PRICES AT A CLOTHING STORE
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
SALE 9OU BUY SHIRTS PAIR OF JEANS AND A
COAT 9OU ALSO BUY A HAT THAT IS NOT ON 9OU ARE GOING TO A GEOGRAPHY BEE WHERE ALL
SALE (OW MUCH IN DOLLARS AND CENTS DO YOU CONTESTANTS SHAKE HANDS BEFORE BEGINNING THE
SPEND AT THE STORE ASSUMING THERE IS NO SALES CONTEST (OW MANY HANDSHAKES HAPPEN IF
TAX 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
THERE ARE CONTESTANTS (OW MANY HANDSHAKES
HAPPEN IF THERE ARE CONTESTANTS 1SPCMFN
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4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
TIJSU POFIBMGPGG
KFBOT POFUFOUIPGG 9OU ARE COLLECTING PENNIES FOR A FOOD BANK 9OU
DPBU POFmGUIPGG COLLECT PENNIES PER DAY FOR EACH OF THE FIRST
DAYS !FTER EVERY DAY PERIOD THE NUMBER
OF PENNIES YOU COLLECT EACH DAY DOUBLES (OW
MANY PENNIES WILL YOU COLLECT ON DAY
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH)BOECPPL
6TFB7FOO%JBHSBN "DU*U0VU
! DELI OFFERS SOUP AND SALAD AS SIDE DISHES 4HE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO GET ON AND OFF A
/NE AFTERNOON PEOPLE ORDER ONLY SOUP CITY BUS AT EACH STOP ARE LISTED BELOW (OW
PEOPLE ORDER ONLY SALAD AND PEOPLE MANY PASSENGERS ARE ON THE BUS AFTER THE
ORDER BOTH SOUP AND SALAD (OW MANY MORE FOURTH STOP 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
PEOPLE HAVE SOUP THAN HAVE ONLY SALAD Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
1FPQMFXIP 1FPQMFXIP
4UPQ
)N YOUR GYM CLASS THERE ARE STUDENTS WHO HFUPOUIFCVT HFUPGGUIFCVT
KNOW HOW TO INLINE SKATE BUT NOT ICE SKATE
4HERE ARE STUDENTS WHO KNOW HOW TO ICE
SKATE BUT NOT INLINE SKATE 4HERE ARE
STUDENTS WHO KNOW HOW TO INLINE SKATE
AND ICE SKATE (OW MANY STUDENTS KNOW HOW
TO ICE SKATE IN YOUR CLASS 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH
4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
9OU ARE HAVING A HOLIDAY PARTY 4WELVE PEOPLE
ARRIVE THEN ONE QUARTER OF THEM LEAVE AN
4HERE ARE FAMILIES THAT LIVE ON #OUNTRYSIDE HOUR LATER TO GO TO ANOTHER PARTY 4WICE THE
130#-&.40-7*/(
$RIVE 4WELVE FAMILIES OWN A DOG ONLY %IGHT NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO LEFT TO GO TO THE OTHER
FAMILIES OWN A CAT ONLY 4HREE FAMILIES OWN PARTY SHOW UP DURING THAT HOUR )F
)"/%#00,
BOTH A CAT AND A DOG (OW MANY FAMILIES PEOPLE LEAVE THE PARTY LATER ON THAT NIGHT
DO NOT OWN A CAT OR A DOG 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH HOW MANY PEOPLE REMAIN AT YOUR PARTY
4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
9OU ARE SELLING CHOCOLATE FOR A FUNDRAISER 9OU AND A FRIEND ARE ABOUT TO EAT SOME
4HIRTY FOUR PEOPLE BUY A PLAIN CHOCOLATE BAR PISTACHIOS 9OU HAVE TIMES AS MANY
BUT NOT A CRISPY CHOCOLATE BAR &IFTEEN PEOPLE PISTACHIOS AS YOUR FRIEND 9OU GIVE YOUR FRIEND
BUY A CRISPY CHOCOLATE BAR BUT NOT A PLAIN OF YOUR PISTACHIOS BUT STILL HAVE MORE
CHOCOLATE BAR 4WENTY THREE PEOPLE BUY BOTH THAN YOUR FRIEND (OW MANY PISTACHIOS DID
A PLAIN CHOCOLATE BAR AND A CRISPY CHOCOLATE YOU HAVE AT THE BEGINNING 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH
BAR (OW MANY PEOPLE BUY A PLAIN CHOCOLATE 4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
BAR 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
3IX PENNIES ARE ARRANGED ON THE LEFT $ESCRIBE
)N A CLASS OF STUDENTS STUDENTS PLAY HOW TO GET THE ARRANGEMENT ON THE RIGHT BY
AFTER
SCHOOL STREET HOCKEY ON -ONDAYS AND MOVING ONLY TWO PENNIES 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH
STUDENTS PLAY AFTER
SCHOOL SOFTBALL ON 4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
4HURSDAYS )F STUDENTS DO NOT PLAY EITHER
SOFTBALL OR STREET HOCKEY HOW MANY STUDENTS
PLAY BOTH SPORTS 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ
3FWJFX
Q
)N A SURVEY PEOPLE WERE ASKED WHAT ELSE
THEY DO WHILE ONLINE /F THESE PEOPLE
LISTENED TO MUSIC ON THE RADIO AND PEOPLE ! PHOTO ALBUM HAS BLACK AND WHITE PHOTO
WATCHED 46 )F PEOPLE DIDNT WATCH 46 FOR EVERY COLOR PHOTOS )F THERE ARE PHOTOS
OR LISTEN TO MUSIC ON THE RADIO HOW MANY IN THE ALBUM HOW MANY ARE COLOR PHOTOS
PEOPLE SURVEYED WATCH 46 AND LISTEN TO 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX Q
MUSIC ON THE RADIO WHILE ONLINE 1SPCMFN
4PMWJOH4USBUFHZ3FWJFX
Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH)BOECPPL
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
$ESCRIBE THE PATTERN 4HEN WRITE THE NEXT THREE NUMBERS
$ESCRIBE THE PATTERN
4HEN DRAW THE NEXT FIGURE
%VALUATE THE EXPRESSION FOR THE GIVEN VALUE OF THE VARIABLE
M WHEN M K WHEN K X WHEN X
4HE EXPRESSION H CAN BE USED TO FIND THE NUMBER OF MINUTES IN H
HOURS &IND THE NUMBER OF MINUTES IN HOURS
7RITE THE PRODUCT AS A POWER
+ + + + + + Y + Y + Y + Y A + A + A + A + A + A
%VALUATE THE POWER
%VALUATE THE EXPRESSION
]z
3OLVE THE EQUATION USING MENTAL MATH
Z
X ]z P T
&IND THE PERIMETER AND THE AREA OF THE RECTANGLE OR SQUARE WITH THE GIVEN
DIMENSIONS
L FEET W FEET L YARDS W YARDS S CENTIMETERS
9OU ARE ORDERING PITCHERS OF LEMONADE FOR YOU AND OF YOUR FRIENDS
/NE PITCHER OF LEMONADE CAN FILL GLASSES (OW MANY PITCHERS SHOULD
YOU ORDER IF EACH PERSON WANTS GLASSES OF LEMONADE
4HERE ARE TENNIS PLAYERS IN A TOURNAMENT )F EACH TENNIS PLAYER PLAYS
EVERY OTHER PLAYER ONCE HOW MANY GAMES WILL BE PLAYED
4
HE ITEMS THAT &RANK NEEDS TO BUY FOR HIS COOKOUT ARE GIVEN IN THE TABLE
)F &RANK SPENDS HOW MUCH DOES EACH EAR OF CORN COST
*UFN 5PUBM$PTU
QBDLBHFPGHSPVOECFFG
CBHPGSPMMT
FBSTPGDPSO
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
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/RDER THE NUMBERS FROM LEAST TO GREATEST
2OUND TO THE NEAREST THOUSANDTH
&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE 5SE ESTIMATION TO CHECK YOUR ANSWER
%VALUATE THE EXPRESSION WHEN A AND B
A A B B A B
&IND THE PRODUCT 4HEN CHECK THAT YOUR ANSWER IS REASONABLE
&953"13"$5*$&
&IND THE QUOTIENT 4HEN CHECK THAT YOUR ANSWER IS REASONABLE
&IND THE QUOTIENT 2OUND YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEAREST
HUNDREDTH
7RITE THE NUMBER IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
7RITE THE NUMBER IN STANDARD FORM
#OPY AND COMPLETE USING THE APPROPRIATE METRIC UNIT
4HE MASS OF A PENCIL IS ! BOTTLE OF MOUTHWASH HOLDS
! PAIR OF SCISSORS IS LONG 4HE MASS OF A PAIR OF SNEAKERS IS
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
CM MM G MG
G KG , K,
K, M, MM KM
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT USING OR
KM M G KG , M,
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
&IND THE MEAN MEDIAN MODES AND RANGE OF THE DATA
4HE RECORD LOW TEMPERATURES IN *ULY IN CITIES ARE & & & & & &
& AND & 7HICH AVERAGE BEST REPRESENTS THE DATA %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
4HE TABLE BELOW SHOWS THE LIFE SPANS OF VARIOUS 53 CURRENCY BILLS -AKE
A BAR GRAPH OF THE DATA -AKE A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE DATA
%FOPNJOBUJPO EPMMBST
-JGF4QBO ZFBST
$ESCRIBE A REAL LIFE DATA SET THAT COULD BE DISPLAYED IN A LINE GRAPH
-AKE AN ORDERED STEM AND LEAF PLOT OF THE DATA IN %XERCISE 4HEN
MAKE A CONCLUSION ABOUT THE DATA
)N %XERCISES n USE THE PRICES IN DOLLARS OF SEVERAL $6$ PLAYERS AND
6#2S LISTED BELOW
%7%1-":&34
7$3T
5SING THE SAME NUMBER LINE MAKE A BOX
AND
WHISKER PLOT FOR EACH
DATA SET
5SE THE BOX
AND
WHISKER PLOTS FROM %XERCISE TO MAKE A CONCLUSION
ABOUT THE PRICE OF A $6$ PLAYER AS COMPARED WITH THE PRICE OF A 6#2
-AKE A FREQUENCY TABLE OF EACH DATA SET USING THE INTERVALS n
n n n n AND n
5SE THE FREQUENCY TABLES FROM %XERCISE TO MAKE A HISTOGRAM FOR EACH
DATA SET
%XPLAIN WHY THE DATA DISPLAY BELOW COULD BE MISLEADING
$PTUPG""#BUUFSJFT
#OST DOLLARS
NY
DO ED
CE
AT D
3T NITE
MA
M
NG IT
N
ES
+I 5N
&RA
R
5
'E
9OU WANT TO DISPLAY THE WINNING LONG JUMP DISTANCES FOR MEN AND
WOMEN IN VARIOUS YEARS OF THE SUMMER /LYMPICS 7HAT TYPE OF DATA
DISPLAY SHOULD YOU USE %XPLAIN YOUR CHOICE
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
4ELL WHETHER THE NUMBER IS PRIME OR COMPOSITE 4HEN WRITE ALL THE FACTORS
OF THE NUMBER
5SE A FACTOR TREE TO WRITE THE PRIME FACTORIZATION OF THE NUMBER
&IND THE GREATEST COMMON FACTOR OF THE NUMBERS USING PRIME
FACTORIZATION 4HEN TELL WHETHER THE NUMBERS ARE RELATIVELY PRIME
7RITE THE FRACTIONS IN SIMPLEST FORM 4ELL WHETHER THEY ARE EQUIVALENT
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
&953"13"$5*$&
&IND THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE OF THE NUMBERS BY LISTING MULTIPLES
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT USING OR
]z
]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
7RITE THE MIXED NUMBER AS AN IMPROPER FRACTION
]z
]z
]z
]z
7RITE THE IMPROPER FRACTION AS A MIXED NUMBER
]z ]z ]z
]z
7RITE THE FRACTION OR MIXED NUMBER AS A DECIMAL
]z
]z
]z
]z
7RITE THE DECIMAL AS A FRACTION OR MIXED NUMBER
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
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&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z ]z ]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
&IND THE PRODUCT
]z + ]z
]z
+ ]z
+ ]z
]z + ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
7RITE THE RECIPROCAL OF THE NUMBER
]z ]z ]z
]z
&IND THE QUOTIENT
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
#OPY AND COMPLETE USING THE APPROPRIATE CUSTOMARY UNIT
! HOCKEY RINK IS LONG ! HOCKEY PUCK WEIGHS
! WASHING MACHINE HOLDS
! BOTTLE OF LOTION HOLDS ]z
! WATERMELON WEIGHS ! COMPUTER KEYBOARD IS ]z
LONG
#OPY AND COMPLETE THE STATEMENT
YD IN PT C
LB OZ LB 4
QT GAL QT FT MI FT
&IND THE SUM OR DIFFERENCE
QT PT
FT IN
QT PT FT IN
??
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4 LB
C FL OZ
4 LB
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???
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
Chapter 6
6.1 Order the integers from least to greatest.
1. 23, 0, 6, 210, 3 2. 63, 248, 29, 32, 2106 3. 71, 270, 15, 99, 210, 284
4. Write the integer that represents a depth of 128 feet below sea level.
Then write the opposite of that integer.
6.2 Find the sum.
5. 218 1 14 6. 75 1 (238) 7. 12 1 27 1 (212) 8. 28 1 (25) 1 6
6.3 Find the difference.
9. 7 2 11 10. 225 2 10 11. 64 2 (215) 12. 28 2 (27)
6.4 Find the product.
13. 29(28) 14. 20(27) 15. 23(24) (21) 16. 6(0)(2100)
6.5
EXTRA PRACTICE
Find the quotient.
17. 65 4 (25) 18. 0 4 (23) 19. 242 4 (214) 20. 260 4 12
a
6.6 Show that the number is rational by writing it in } form. Then give the
b
multiplicative inverse and the additive inverse of the number.
1 7
21. 20.9 22. 8} 23. 21 24. 2}
6 9
Evaluate the expression. Justify each step you take.
1
1
25. 26 p 10 p 2}
6 2 3
26. 2} 1 } 1 }
5
7
11
3
5
27. 50 p 13 p 2 28. 0.5 1 (29 1 2.5)
6.7 Use the distributive property to evaluate the expression.
29. 8(9.1) 1 8(0.9) 30. 11 1 }
5 4
2 1 11 }
9 192 5
1821
31. 12 } 2 12 } 182 32. 6(4.8)
33. You buy 4 teddy bears for $24.95 each. Write an expression that will
allow you to use the distributive property to find the total cost of the
teddy bears. Then evaluate the expression.
6.8 Plot the point and describe its location in a coordinate plane.
34. W(23, 24) 35. Z(0, 2) 36. N(6, 21) 37. L(21, 6)
38. Plot and connect the points P(24, 5), Q(24, 1), R(2, 1), and S(2, 5) to
form a rectangle. Find the length, width, and area of the rectangle.
39. The table shows the pressures at various depths underwater. Make
a scatter plot of the data. Then make a conclusion about the data.
Depth (ft) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2
Pressure (lb/in. ) 17 19 21 23.5 26 28 30
Extra Practice 781
$IBQUFS
7RITE THE VERBAL PHRASE AS A VARIABLE EXPRESSION ,ET X REPRESENT THE
NUMBER
FEWER THAN A NUMBER 4HE QUOTIENT OF A NUMBER AND
7RITE THE VERBAL SENTENCE AS AN EQUATION ,ET Y REPRESENT THE NUMBER
(ALF OF A NUMBER IS EQUAL TO MORE THAN TIMES A NUMBER IS
3IMPLIFY THE EXPRESSION
R R Z Z
Y Y A A
X X T T
3OLVE THE EQUATION #HECK YOUR SOLUTION
N D W Z
3OLVE THE EQUATION #HECK YOUR SOLUTION
K
Y ]z ]z
M C
3OLVE THE EQUATION #HECK YOUR SOLUTION
P
X ]z J X
7RITE AN INEQUALITY REPRESENTED BY THE GRAPH
3OLVE THE INEQUALITY 4HEN GRAPH THE SOLUTION
T
B ]z
a S a R
-AKE AN INPUT OUTPUT TABLE FOR THE FUNCTION USING THE DOMAIN
AND 4HEN STATE THE RANGE OF THE FUNCTION
Y X Y X Y X Y ]z
X
7RITE A FUNCTION RULE FOR THE INPUT OUTPUT TABLE
*OQVUY
*OQVUY
0VUQVUZ 0VUQVUZ
'RAPH THE FUNCTION
Y X Y X Y X X
Y ]z
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
)N THE n SEASON THE -ICHIGAN 3TATE MENS HOCKEY TEAM HAD
WINS LOSSES AND TIES IN THEIR CONFERENCE 5SE THIS INFORMATION
TO WRITE THE SPECIFIED RATIO
7INS TO LOSSES 7INS TO GAMES PLAYED ,OSSES TO GAMES PLAYED
7RITE THE RATIO AS A FRACTION IN SIMPLEST FORM
TO TO
&IND THE UNIT RATE
FOR GALLONS FOR HOURS WORDS IN MINUTES
&
IND THE AVERAGE SPEED OF A RUNNER WHO COMPLETES A METER RACE IN
MINUTES SECONDS
$ETERMINE WHICH BOTTLE OF SHAMPOO IS THE BETTER BUY FLUID OUNCES
FOR OR FLUID OUNCES FOR
&953"13"$5*$&
$RAW THE GRAPH OF THE LINE THAT PASSES THROUGH THE POINTS 4HEN FIND
THE SLOPE OF THE LINE
$RAW A LINE THAT HAS A SLOPE OF AND PASSES THROUGH
5SE EQUIVALENT RATIOS OR ALGEBRA TO SOLVE THE PROPORTION
X R T C
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
5SE THE CROSS PRODUCTS PROPERTY TO SOLVE THE PROPORTION
A
]z
]z ]z ]z
]z ]z
]z N
]z
Z X
4HERE ARE CALORIES IN A GRAM SERVING OF WALNUTS (OW MANY
CALORIES ARE THERE IN A GRAM SERVING OF WALNUTS
)N %XERCISES n USE THE FACT THAT A FLOOR PLAN OF A HOUSE IS DRAWN USING
A SCALE OF IN FT
&IND THE ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF A RECTANGULAR BASEMENT THAT IS INCHES
LONG AND INCHES WIDE ON THE FLOOR PLAN
&IND THE ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF A RECTANGULAR DECK THAT IS INCHES LONG
AND INCHES WIDE ON THE FLOOR PLAN
&IND THE ACTUAL DIMENSIONS OF A RECTANGULAR BEDROOM THAT IS INCHES
LONG AND INCHES WIDE ON THE FLOOR PLAN
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
7RITE THE PERCENT AS A FRACTION
7RITE THE FRACTION AS A PERCENT
]z ]z
]z
]z
5SE A PROPORTION TO ANSWER THE QUESTION
7HAT PERCENT OF IS IS OF WHAT NUMBER
7HAT NUMBER IS OF 7HAT PERCENT OF IS
7RITE THE PERCENT AS A DECIMAL OR THE DECIMAL AS A PERCENT
5SE THE PERCENT EQUATION TO ANSWER THE QUESTION
IS OF WHAT NUMBER 7HAT NUMBER IS OF
7HAT PERCENT OF IS IS OF WHAT NUMBER
4HE TABLE SHOWS *AKES WORK SCHEDULE AT A VIDEO STORE DURING THE WEEK
$ISPLAY THE DATA IN A CIRCLE GRAPH
%BZ .POEBZ 5VFTEBZ 8FEOFTEBZ 5IVSTEBZ 'SJEBZ
)PVST
)DENTIFY THE PERCENT OF CHANGE AS AN INCREASE OR A DECREASE 4HEN FIND THE
PERCENT OF CHANGE
/RIGINAL /RIGINAL /RIGINAL /RIGINAL
.EW .EW .EW .EW
5SE THE GIVEN INFORMATION TO FIND THE NEW PRICE
/RIGINAL PRICE 7HOLESALE PRICE &OOD BILL BEFORE TAX
$ISCOUNT -ARKUP 3ALES TAX
&OR AN ACCOUNT THAT EARNS SIMPLE ANNUAL INTEREST FIND THE INTEREST AND THE
BALANCE OF THE ACCOUNT
AT FOR YEARS
AT FOR MONTHS
AT FOR MONTH
3UPPOSE YOU DEPOSIT INTO AN ACCOUNT THAT EARNS SIMPLE ANNUAL
INTEREST (OW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO EARN IN INTEREST
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
&OR THE GIVEN ANGLE MEASURE FIND THE MEASURE OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLE
AND THE MEASURE OF A COMPLEMENTARY ANGLE IF POSSIBLE
&IND THE UNKNOWN ANGLE MEASURES
4HE MEASURES OF TWO OF THE ANGLES IN A TRIANGLE ARE AND &IND
THE MEASURE OF THE THIRD ANGLE 4HEN CLASSIFY THE TRIANGLE BY ITS ANGLE
MEASURES
4HE SIDE LENGTHS OF A TRIANGLE ARE FEET FEET AND FEET #LASSIFY THE
TRIANGLE BY THE LENGTHS OF ITS SIDES
&953"13"$5*$&
3KETCH A PARALLELOGRAM THAT IS BOTH A RECTANGLE AND A RHOMBUS 4HEN
CLASSIFY THE PARALLELOGRAM
&IND THE SUM OF THE ANGLE MEASURES IN AN OCTAGON
'IVEN THAT N!"# N$%& NAME THE CORRESPONDING SIDES AND THE
CORRESPONDING ANGLES
/
NE SQUARE HAS A SIDE LENGTH OF METERS AND ANOTHER SQUARE HAS A SIDE
LENGTH OF METERS !RE THE SQUARES SIMILAR %XPLAIN
&IND THE UNKNOWN LENGTHS GIVEN THAT THE TRIANGLES ARE SIMILAR
IN Y
IN IN
X IN
4HE SHADOW CAST BY A TREE IS FEET LONG !T THE SAME TIME A GIRL WHO IS
FEET TALL CASTS A FOOT LONG SHADOW (OW TALL IS THE TREE
3KETCH AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE AND DRAW ANY LINES OF SYMMETRY 4HEN
TELL WHETHER THE TRIANGLE HAS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY )F IT DOES GIVE THE
ANGLES AND DIRECTION OF ROTATION
$RAW TRIANGLE !"# WITH VERTICES ! " AND # 4HEN
FIND THE COORDINATES OF THE VERTICES OF THE IMAGE AFTER THE SPECIFIED
TRANSFORMATION AND DRAW THE IMAGE
X Y l X Y X Y l X Y
2EFLECT N!"# IN THE Y AXIS 2EFLECT N!"# IN THE X AXIS
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
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%VALUATE THE EXPRESSION WHEN X AND Y
] ] ] ]
z zq Y zz q XY z
z zq X Y zz q Y X z
3OLVE THE EQUATION
A B C D
!PPROXIMATE THE SQUARE ROOT TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBER AND THEN TO THE
NEAREST TENTH
] ] ] ]
z zq z z q
z z zq z z q z
4ELL WHETHER THE NUMBER IS RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL %XPLAIN YOUR REASONING
]
] ]
z zq z q z
&IND THE UNKNOWN LENGTH 2OUND TO THE NEAREST TENTH IF NECESSARY
M IN
A
CM B
M IN
C
CM
&IND THE UNKNOWN AREA BASE OR HEIGHT OF THE PARALLELOGRAM
B CM H CM ! z
! FT B FT H z
! IN B H IN
B M H M ! z
&IND THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE OR TRAPEZOID
M
FT
CM
M
FT
CM M
&IND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CIRCLE WITH THE GIVEN RADIUS OR DIAMETER
5SE ]z OR FORz:z#HECK USING ESTIMATION
R MI R IN D CM D MM
&IND THE AREA OF THE CIRCLE WITH THE GIVEN RADIUS OR DIAMETER 5SE ]z
OR
FOR :z#HECK USING ESTIMATION
R YD R M D FT D KM
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
$IBQUFS
#LASSIFY THE SOLID "E AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE
#OUNT THE NUMBER OF FACES EDGES AND VERTICES IN THE SOLID
4RIANGULAR PYRAMID 2ECTANGULAR PRISM (EXAGONAL PYRAMID
3KETCH THE SOLID
#UBE 4RIANGULAR PRISM 0ENTAGONAL PRISM
3KETCH THE TOP SIDE AND FRONT VIEWS OF THE
CYLINDER SHOWN AT THE RIGHT
&953"13"$5*$&
&IND THE SURFACE AREA OF THE RECTANGULAR PRISM
IN FT CM
IN IN
FT
CM
FT CM
&IND THE SURFACE AREA OF THE CYLINDER 5SE FOR :
M IN FT
M IN
FT
&IND THE VOLUME OF THE RECTANGULAR PRISM WITH THE GIVEN DIMENSIONS
M BY M BY M IN BY IN BY IN
FT BY FT BY FT CM BY CM BY CM
YD BY YD BY YD MM BY MM BY MM
&IND THE WIDTH OF A RECTANGULAR PRISM THAT HAS A LENGTH OF METERS
A HEIGHT OF METERS AND A VOLUME OF CUBIC METERS
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R IN R CM R z
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%ACH NUMBER FROM TO IS WRITTEN ON A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER AND PUT
IN A BAG 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE A PIECE OF PAPER FROM THE BAG &IND THE
PROBABILITY OF THE EVENT 7RITE THE PROBABILITY AS A FRACTION A DECIMAL AND
A PERCENT
9OU CHOOSE A MULTIPLE OF 9OU CHOOSE A FACTOR OF
7HEN A BOTTLE CAP IS TOSSED IT LANDS TOP SIDE DOWN TIMES AND TOP
SIDE UP TIMES &IND THE PROBABILITY THAT THE NEXT TIME THE BOTTLE CAP IS
TOSSED IT WILL LAND TOP SIDE DOWN
! STORE SELLS SWEATSHIRTS IN BLUE BLACK AND WHITE 4HE SIZES AVAILABLE ARE
SMALL MEDIUM LARGE AND EXTRA LARGE -AKE A TREE DIAGRAM TO FIND ALL THE
POSSIBLE SWEATSHIRT CHOICES YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE FROM
3
UPPOSE A PITCHER CAN THROW A FASTBALL A CURVE BALL OR A SLIDER )F THE
PITCHER CHOOSES ANY TWO PITCHES AT RANDOM WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT
ONE PITCH IS A FASTBALL AND ONE IS A SLIDER
! MONOGRAM CONSISTS OF THE FIRST LETTERS OF A PERSONS FIRST MIDDLE AND
LAST NAMES
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)F A MONOGRAM IS CHOSEN AT RANDOM WHAT IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE
MONOGRAM IS !"# !SSUME THAT ALL MONOGRAMS ARE EQUALLY LIKELY
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! TEACHER CHOOSES STUDENTS FROM A CLASS OF STUDENTS TO PRESENT
THEIR PROJECTS DURING TODAYS CLASS )F THE ORDER IN WHICH THE STUDENTS
ARE CHOSEN DOES NOT MATTER HOW MANY DIFFERENT WAYS ARE THERE FOR THE
STUDENTS TO BE CHOSEN
4WO NUMBER CUBES ARE ROLLED &IND THE PROBABILITY OF THE EVENTS
%ITHER BOTH NUMBERS ARE ODD OR BOTH ARE EVEN
4HE SUM OF THE NUMBERS IS NOT
! BAG CONTAINS RED BEADS AND WHITE BEADS 9OU RANDOMLY CHOOSE ONE
BEAD AND THEN RANDOMLY CHOOSE ANOTHER BEAD
&IND THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH BEADS ARE RED IF YOU REPLACE THE FIRST BEAD
BEFORE CHOOSING THE SECOND BEAD
&IND THE PROBABILITY THAT BOTH BEADS ARE RED IF YOU DO NOT REPLACE THE
FIRST BEAD BEFORE CHOOSING THE SECOND BEAD
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Table of Properties
Number Properties
Commutative Property of Addition (p. 284) Numbers 22 1 5 5 5 1 (22)
In a sum, you can add terms in any order. Algebra a1b5b1a
Associative Property of Addition (p. 284) Numbers (2 1 4) 1 6 5 2 1 (4 1 6)
Changing the grouping of terms in a sum Algebra (a 1 b) 1 c 5 a 1 (b 1 c)
will not change the sum.
Commutative Property of Multiplication (p. 284) Numbers 3(26) 5 26(3)
In a product, you can multiply factors in any order. Algebra ab 5 ba
Associative Property of Multiplication (p. 284) Numbers (6 3 2.5) 3 4 5 6 3 (2.5 3 4)
Changing the grouping of factors in a product Algebra (ab)c 5 a(bc)
will not change the product.
Inverse Property of Addition (p. 285) Numbers 4 1 (24) 5 0
The sum of a number and its additive inverse, Algebra a 1 (2a) 5 0
or opposite, is 0.
Identity Property of Addition (p. 285) Numbers 71057
The sum of a number and the additive identity, Algebra a105a
0, is the number.
Inverse Property of Multiplication (p. 285) 2 3
Numbers }p}51
3 2
The product of a nonzero number and its Algebra
a For any nonzero integers a
multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, is 1. a b
and b, } p } 5 1.
b a
Identity Property of Multiplication (p. 285) Numbers 3p153
The product of a number and the multiplicative Algebra ap15a
identity, 1, is the number.
Distributive Property (p. 307) Numbers 3(4 1 6) 5 3(4) 1 3(6)
2(8 2 5) 5 2(8) 2 2(5)
You can multiply a number and a sum by
multiplying each term of the sum by the number Algebra a(b 1 c) 5 a(b) 1 a(c)
and then adding these products. The same a(b 2 c) 5 a(b) 2 a(c)
property applies to subtraction.
Cross Products Property (p. 394) 3 6
Numbers If } 5 }, then 3 p 8 5 4 p 6.
4 8
The cross products of a proportion are equal. a
Algebra
a If } 5 }c and b and d do not
b d
equal 0, then ad 5 bc.
792 Table of Properties
'JOEJOH4RVBSFTBOE4RVBSF3PPUT
& 9 " . 1 - & 'JOEJOHB4RVBSF
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Credits
Cover Photography Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis; 134 Plastock/Photonica;
136 Royalty-Free/Corbis; 138 top James A. Sugar/Corbis,
centerr Spencer Jones/Getty Images; 140 PhotoSpin;
143 Douglas Peebles/Corbis; 144 Justin Weiss/Allsport;
Photography
147 Jose Carillo/PhotoEdit; 150 Stephen Frink;
ix Michelle D. Bridwell/PhotoEdit; x Getty Images; xi Pierre 162–163 spread d Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis; 163 top Craig T.
Ducharme/Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis; xii Photograph Mathew/AP Wide World Photos; leftt Mansfield News Journal/
by Jonathan Wiggs. Republished with permission of Globe Jason Molyet/AP Wide World Photos; rightt Rick Norton/
Newspaper Company, Inc., from the 7/25/01 issue of The AP Wide World Photos; 165 Buddy Mays/Corbis; 168 center
Boston Globe, 2001; xiii Getty Images; xiv Ricardo Mazalan/ School Division/Houghton Mifflin, bottom China Photo/
AP Wide World Photos; xv © Photofusion Picture Library/ Reuters; 170 Photograph by Jonathan Wiggs. Republished
Alamy; xvi G. Brad Lewis/Getty Images; xvii Index Stock; with permission of Globe Newspaper Company, Inc., from
xviii © Worldwide Picture Library/Alamy; xix Getty Images; the 7/25/01 issue of The Boston Globe, 2001; 170 Artville;
xx Getty Images; xxi Ryuichi Sato/Photonica; xxii Going For 173 Vince Bucci/AFP/Getty Images; 174 Larry Kolvoord/
Gold, center from top Royalty-Free/Corbis, Anatoly Malstev/ The Image Works; 176 plainpicture/Alamy; 179 Maxine Hall/
AFP/Getty Images, Wally McNamee/Corbis; background Corbis; 181 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 182 Tony
Royalty-Free/Corbis; gold medal George Frey/AFP/Getty Freeman/PhotoEdit; 183 Trevor Smithers ARPS/Alamy;
Images; 1 Olympic Torch Run, top row from leftt Royalty-Free/ 185 Michael T. Sedam/Corbis; 186 Johann Schumacher/
Corbis, Free Agents Limited/Corbis; center row, from leftt Alan Peter Arnold, Inc.; 189 Mike Brinson/Getty Images;
Schein Photography/Corbis, Royalty-Free/Corbis, Royalty- 192 Peter Gridley/Getty Images; 193 Barbara Stitzer/
Free/Corbis; bottom row, from leftt Sandy Felsenthal/Corbis, PhotoEdit; 194 From The Unbelievable Bubble Book k by John
Royalty-Free/Corbis, AFP/Getty Images 3 top Getty Images, Cassidy. Photography by Peter Fox, used with permission.
centerr Monica Stevenson/FoodPix; 6 Michelle D. Bridwell/ 1987 Klutz Press; 196 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 198 Dennis
PhotoEdit; 7 Andy Williams/Getty Images; 8 Dawn Villella/ MacDonald/PhotoEdit; 199 Al Franklin/Corbis; 202 Ric
AP Wide World Photos; 9 School Division/Houghton Mifflin; Ergenbright/Corbis; 206 Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 217 top
11 Keren Su/Corbis; 13 Getty Images; 15 Alison Barnes David Madison/Getty Images; bottom John Slater/Corbis;
Martin/Masterfile; 16 Frank Siteman; 17 top Myrleen 219 Dan Rest Photography/Courtesy of Chicago Symphony
Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit, bottom School Division/Houghton Orchestra; Scott Manchester/© The Press Democrat, Santa
Mifflin; 19 Naki Rocker Pad © 2002 Naki International. Rosa, CA 221 Mike Yoder/Lawrence Journal-World/AP Wide
Photograph by Ken O’Donoghue; 20 Bruce Coleman/Cole– World Photos; 223 Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis; 226 Getty
V&W; 21 Pedro Ugarte/AFP/Getty Images; 24 Tony Freeman/ Images; 229 Michal Heron/Corbis; 230 Frank Siteman;
PhotoEdit; 25 Masterfile; 27 Bembaron Jeremy/Corbis 232 top badgess Ken O’Donoghue, photoss PhotoDisc; center
Sygma; 28 Index Stock; 32 Karl DeBlaker/AP Wide World Frank Siteman; 233 badgess Ken O’Donoghue, photos
Photos; 35 Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 36 Donald Cooper/ PhotoDisc; 235 A. Ramey/PhotoEdit; 236 Ken O’Donoghue;
Shakespeare’s Globe; 37 Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 38 Myrleen 237 Dana White/PhotoEdit; 238 Gregg Adams/Getty Images;
Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit; 40 Getty Images; 42 Jim Cummins/ 241 Getty Images; 244 Masterfile; 245 Wolfgang Kaehler/
Corbis; 53 Ken O’Donoghue; 56 Associated Press, AP Corbis; 247 Frank Siteman; 249 David R. Frazier/The
Photographer Ben Curtis, Staff; 59 Phil Long/AP Wide World Image Works; 250 Tim Page/Corbis; 251 Yukimasa Hirota/
Photos; James Kay Photography 60 David Young-Wolff/Getty Photonica; 252 Martin Bydalek/Corbis; 254 Epix
Images; 63 Courtesy of the MAiZE, www.cornfieldmaze.com; Photography/Getty Images; 256 Tim O’Hara/Corbis; 267 Ken
66 Getty Images; 67 Setboun/Corbis; 69 Aura/Kitt Peak/ O’Donoghue; 269 Dennis MacDonald/PhotoEdit; 270 Getty
Photo Researchers, Inc.; 71 Dennis MacDonald/PhotoEdit; Images; 272 Chuck Savage/Corbis/Stock Market; 275 Satoshi
73 PhotoDisc Blue/Getty Images; 74 Paul Barton/Corbis; Kawata; 277 Getty Images; 282 Ken O’Donoghue; 285 Kevin
77 Reuters/Kimimasa Mayama/Landov; 78 © 2001 Ripley R. Morris/Corbis; 286 Alan Puzey/Getty Images; 288 Cydney
Entertainment, Inc. “Believe It or Not!” is a registered Conger/Corbis; 290 Michael Freeman; 291 age fotostock/
trademark of Ripley Entertainment, Inc.; 79 NASA/Roger SuperStock; 292 Lonely Planet Images; 294 Mitsuaki Iwago/
Ressmeyer/Corbis; 81 William Sallaz/Duomo/Corbis; 83 Ken Minden Pictures; 295 Danny Lehman/Corbis; 296 Fritz
O’Donoghue; 84 © Richard Hamilton Smith/Corbis; 89 David Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 299 Michael Freeman/Corbis;
Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 90 Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, 301 Ricardo Mazalan/AP Wide World Photos; 305 William
Inc.; 92 Rusty Hill/Foodpix; 95 Ken O’Donoghue; 96 Bob James Warren/Corbis; 306 Getty Images; 307 Brigid Davis;
Krist/Corbis; 101 Ken O’Donoghue; 106 Corbis; 107 308 Comstock; 310 Norm Dettlaff/Las Cruces Sun-News/
PhotoDisc; 109 Getty Images; 110 Chuck Savage/Corbis; AP Wide World Photos; 313 Nancy Sheehan/PhotoEdit;
112 Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 113 School Division/ 315 Masterfile; 317 top Jonathan Blair/Corbis, bottom Jeffrey
Houghton Mifflin; 114 Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit; L. Rotman/Corbis; 321 Patrick Ward/Corbis; 334 Staffan
115 PhotoDisc; 117 Keren Su/Corbis; 118 Michael T. Sedam/ Widstrand/Corbis; 335 leftt Christie’s Images/Corbis; right
Corbis; 120 Corbis/Animals In Action (vol 86); 121 PhotoDisc; Archivo Iconographico/Corbis; 337 Michael Nichols/NGS
122 Vicky Kasala/Getty Images; 126 Stefano Rellandini/ Image Collection; 341 Jeff Christensen/Reuters; 342 David
Reuters; 127 Todd Gipstein/Corbis; 129 Myrleen Ferguson Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 345 Royalty-Free/Corbis;
Cate/PhotoEdit; 132 Frank Siteman; 133 Pierre Ducharme/ 347 Courtesy of NASA; 349 Courtesy of NASA; 351 R. Holz/
846 Credits
354 Getty Images; 357 William James Warren/ Museum, centerr Farrell Grehan/Corbis; 535 David Pollack/
Corbis; 358 Michael Geissinger/The Image Works; Corbis; 536 Ken O’Donoghue; 537 LMR Group/Alamy;
360 Photofusion Picture Library/Alamy; 361 Walter Hodges/ 538 Index Stock; 541 Lloyd Sutton/Masterfile; 542 B.A.E.
Getty Images; 362 Dimitri Iundt/Corbis; 365 Pictor Inc./Alamy; 545 Dave G. Houser/Corbis; 548 Getty Images;
International/Pictor International, Ltd./PictureQuest; 366 Pictor 552 Frank Siteman; 553 Merton Gauster/Photonica; 555 Neil
International/Pictor International, Ltd./PictureQuest; McAllister/Alamy; 556 Brand X Pictures/Alamy; 563 Getty
370 Johner/Photonica; 371 Stephen Frink/Corbis; 374 Tony Images; 574 Oliver Strewe/Lonely Planet Images; 575 Eric
Freeman/PhotoEdit; 376 Ken O’Donoghue; 379 David Young- O’Connell/Getty Images; 577 David Turnley/Corbis;
Wolff/PhotoEdit; 385 Masterfile; 396–397 Ken O’Donoghue; 578 Kevin R. Morris/Corbis; 580 Charles O’Rear/Corbis;
399 Associated Press, AP Photographer Brian Kersey, Stringer; 582 Getty Images; 588 Toby Talbot/AP Wide World Photos;
400 Joe McBride/Getty Images; 402 Duncan Smith/Getty 593 Alan G. Nelson/Animals Animals–Earth Scenes;
Images; 404 Associated Press, NASA; 405 Jerry Lampen/ 594 Roberto Candia/AP Wide World Photos; 598 Farrell
Reuters; 407 Royalty-Free/Corbis; 409 Mary Kate Denny/ Grehan/Corbis; 601 Bill Ross/Corbis; 602 Henry Westheim
PhotoEdit; 410 G. Brad Lewis/Getty Images; 413 Frans Photography/Alamy; 606 Linda Whitwam/Dorling
Lanting/Minden Pictures; 416 Mike King/Corbis; 418 Getty Kindersley; 607 Eric Sandler; 608 Steve Shott/Dorling
Images; 420 Johner/Photonica; 421 Brand X Pictures/Alamy; Kindersley; 609 top row from leftt PhotoDisc, PhotoDisc,
423 Mitsuaki Iwago/Minden Pictures; 424 Frans Lanting/ School Division/Houghton Mifflin; bottom row from left
Minden Pictures; 425 Steve Terrill/Corbis; 428 Associated PhotoDisc, PhotoDisc, School Division/Houghton Mifflin;
Press, National Zoo; 429 Ken O’Donoghue; 430 Royalty-Free/ 610 Getty Images; 612 Geri Engberg/The Image Works;
Corbis; 431 Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis; 433 “Flying Pins,” 613 Dean Conger/Corbis; 614 top row from leftt McDougal
2000, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Steel, fiber- Littell/Houghton Mifflin, School Division/Houghton Mifflin,
reinforced plastic, foam, epoxy; painted with polyester McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin; bottom row w McDougal
Littell/Houghton Mifflin; 615 McDougal Littell/Houghton
CREDITS
gelcoat and polyurethane enamel. Ten pins, including
partially buried pins, combined pins, and individual pins; Mifflin; 618 Raymond Gehman/Corbis; 628–629 Mike
each 249 70 (7.5 m) high 3 79 70 (2.3 m) widest diameter; and Powell/Allsport/Getty Images; 631 top Elizabeth Simpson/
ball, 99 20 (2.8 m) high 3 219 120 (6.7 m) diameter, in an area Getty Images, bottom leftt Ken O’Donoghue/McDougal Littell/
approximately 1239 (37.5 m) long 3 659 3 70 (20 m) wide. Houghton Mifflin, bottom center and rightt Dennis McDonald/
Intersection of John F. Kennedylaan and Fellenoord Avenues, PhotoEdit; 633 top row from leftt PhotoDisc, Michael S.
Eindhoven, the Netherlands; 436 Tony Gutierrez/AP Wide Yamashita/Corbis, Ken O’Donoghue; bottom row from left
World Photos; 446 StockTreck/Corbis; 447 leftt Martin Ken O’Donoghue, Siede Preis/Getty Images, Comstock;
Barraud/Getty Images; rightt Frank Siteman; 449 Bob Child/ 634 Lee Snider/Corbis; 636 top Ezra Stoller/Esto, centerr Ken
AP Wide World Photos; 450 PhotoDisc; 452 Mary A. Dale- O’Donoghue; 637 Getty Images; 638 Ken O’Donoghue;
Bannister, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. http:// 639 Lonely Planet Images; 642 Luc Novovitch/Alamy;
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html; 646 Ken O’Donoghue; 648 Bruce Coleman USA;
454 Peter Wilson/AP Wide World Photos; 455 Corbis; 649 Courtesy of IndoBoard.com. Rider: Serena Brooke.
458 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 459 Frans Lanting/Minden Photograph by Tom Servais; 653 David Young-Wolff/
Pictures; 460 Index Stock; 463 HOT WHEELS ® trademark PhotoEdit; 655 Rich Pedroncelli/AP Wide World Photos;
owned by and used with permission from Mattel, Inc. © 2002 658 Hironori Miyata/On Location; 660 Getty Images;
Mattel, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cougar trademark used 662 Super-stock; 665 Getty Images; 666 Randall Fung/
under license to Mattel, Inc. from Ford Motor Company. Corbis; 679 leftt Tecmap Corporation/Eric Curry/Corbis; right
Photograph courtesy of David Williamson, ToyCarCollector. Ken O’Donoghue; 682 top FLPA/Alamy, centerr Corbis: Home
com; 465 top Annie Griffiths Belt/Corbis, bottom Robert + Family (vol 108); 685 Corbis: Home + Family (vol 108);
Giroux/Reuters; 466 PhotoDisc Green; 468 Mike Blake/ 687 Frank Siteman; 690 top Richard T. Nowitz/National
Reuters/Corbis; 469 Bob Krist/Corbis; 471 Royalty-Free/ Geographic Image Collection, centerr Ken O’Donoghue;
Corbis; 474 Lonely Planet Images; 478 Reza Estakhrian/Getty 693 Monica Lau/Getty Images; 696 Jake Martin/Allsport/
Images; 480 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 481 Tim Hawley/ Getty Images; 701 Gabe Palmer/Corbis; 702 Ryuichi Sato/
Foodpix; 483 Ken O’Donoghue; 484 J. L. Lloyd/Alamy; Photonica; 703 Hillery Smith Garrison/AP Wide World
485 top Ellen Senisi/The Image Works, bottom Ken Photos; 704 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Corbis; 706 Jey Inoue/
O’Donoghue; 486 Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit; 489 Ken Photonica; 707 Corbis: Home + Family (vol 108);
O’Donoghue; 490 top Index Stock; bottom Esa Hiltula/Alamy; 709 Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit; 710 left and rightt Ben
493 Getty Images; 493 Sandy Felsenthal/Corbis; 495 David Garvin/The Christian Science Monitor; 711 Myrleen
Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 511 top Imagemore/SuperStock, Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit; 714 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit;
centerr Timothy Clary/AFP/Getty Images; 516 Digital Vision; 715 Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works; 719 Ken
520 Harris (“Butterfly”) House, 1997, designed by Samuel O’Donoghue; 720 Getty Images; 722 Tony Freeman/
Mockbee and students, Rural Studio, Auburn University, PhotoEdit; 727 Corbis: Home + Family (vol 108); All
Alabama. Photograph by Timothy Hursley; 521 Jeanne illustrations by Morgan Cain Associates/McDougal Littell/
Moutoussamy-Ashe/Fifi Oscard Agency, Inc.; 529 Jeff Houghton Mifflin Co. and McDougal Littell/Houghton
Greenberg/PhotoEdit; 533 top Ken Burris/New England Quilt Mifflin Co.
Credits 847
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
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G
%ACH DIAGRAM HAS MORE DOTS THAN THE PREVIOUS DIAGRAM C 7HEN D INCREASES BY G DECREASES BY )N GENERAL
AS D INCREASES BY AN AMOUNT G DECREASES BY THE SAME
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
VARIABLE AMOUNT
4HE STUDENT MISINTERPRETED
THE A AS REPRESENTING THE ONES DIGIT A MEANS h Av 3O 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
PERIMETER
WHEN A A 0 M ! M 4HE STUDENT FOUND THE AREA
z z NOT THE PERIMETER 4HE EQUATION SHOULD BE FOR PERIMETER
0 S IN 0 M ! M 0 FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
IN ! FT 0 IN ! IN 0 CM
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
BASE EXPONENT ! CM FT M 0 M ! M
K FIVE TO THE POWER OF TWO ZERO TO THE POWER 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HINK OF THE FIGURE AS A BY RECTANGLE
OF EIGHT SIX TO THE POWER OF TWO FIVE TO THE TAKEN FROM A BY RECTANGLE
POWER OF ONE 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
0 FT ! FT
OR OR z z z ! FT 0 FT 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE
PAINTED AREA ON EACH SIDE OF A DOOR IS OR FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
3O FOR BOTH SIDES OF DOORS THE TOTAL PAINTED AREA IS
OR N WHERE N THE NUMBER OR FT 9OU WILL NEED A MINIMUM OF CANS
OF DOTS IN THE FIRST COLUMN OF EACH SET OF DOTS 2 AND NO MORE THAN CANS
A 3AMPLE ANSWER #UT A PIECE OF PAPER INTO EQUAL 2 4HEREFORE YOU SHOULD BUY CANS
STRIPS #UT EACH STRIP INTO PIECES AND CUT EACH PIECE 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
!NSWERS MAY VARY
INTO PARTS 4HE RESULT IS PARTS B 3AMPLE ANSWER 3TEP 2EAD THE PROBLEM AND IDENTIFY THE
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
IMPORTANT INFORMATION 3TEP 0ICK A STRATEGY TO SOLVE THE REASONABLE YES 4HE TOTAL TIME
PROBLEM 3TEP 5SE THE STRATEGY TO ANSWER THE PROBLEM FOR YOUR TEAM IS OR MIN WHICH
3TEP #HECK YOUR ANSWER 9OU KNOW THE INDIVIDUAL IS FASTER THAN THE TOTAL TIME OF MIN FOR YOUR FRIENDS
COSTS AND HOW MUCH THE CUSTOMER PAID 9OU NEED TO FIND TEAM
OUT THE CUSTOMERS CHANGE 4HE VALUE REPRESENTS
THE TOTAL COST OF THE TICKETS AND SNACKS 9OU HAVE TO 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SUBTRACT THE COST OF THE SNACKS BEFORE YOU DIVIDE BY
THE TICKETS COST EACH 4HE DECIMAL POINT WAS BROUGHT
STRAIGHT DOWN INSTEAD OF ADDING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
ON DAY DECIMAL PLACES IN BOTH FACTORS 4HE PRODUCT SHOULD HAVE
MEMBERS 4HE FRIEND IS CORRECT ABOUT THE NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES MM
LANTERNS NEEDED ON EACH SIDE "UT BECAUSE YOU ONLY NEED YD
ONE LANTERN ON EACH CORNER ADDING THE NUMBER NEEDED
FOR EACH SIDE GIVES YOU A NUMBER GREATER THAN WHAT YOU $IVIDE THE PREVIOUS NUMBER BY
NEED /NLY LANTERNS ARE NEEDED #INDY IS FIRST IN
LINE FOLLOWED BY 4Y -ARK AND +AREN IN THAT ORDER ) USED
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
FT
THE STRATEGY $RAW A $IAGRAM TO MODEL THE INFORMATION IN
A POLLEN MM ALGAE MM BLOOD CELL
THE PROBLEM
MM B BLOOD CELL POLLEN ALGAE
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
SOLUTION AN EQUAL
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
AND
SIGN !DD TO THE PREVIOUS NUMBER
$OUBLE THE PREVIOUS NUMBER
! FOR " # AND $
3UBTRACT FROM THE PREVIOUS NUMBER
THE QUOTIENT IS BUT FOR ! THE QUOTIENT IS
'OING IN A CLOCKWISE DIRECTION SKIP ONE SECTION AND
n %STIMATES MAY VARY 3AMPLES ARE GIVEN
THEN SHADE
4O REPRESENT ¿ ON A NUMBER LINE SHOW
HOW MANY LENGTHS OF ARE NEEDED TO SHOW A LENGTH OF
0 FT ! FT
0 IN ! IN 0 YD ! YD
QUARTER DIME QUARTER NICKELS DIMES
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
%STIMATES
NICKEL DIMES NICKELS DIME NICKELS NICKELS
MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER CARS 4HE
ACTUAL NUMBER IS CARS CM ABOUT
$IBQUFS ACRES ,OUISIANA 4ERRITORY ABOUT
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
TENTHS HUNDREDS PER MI !LASKA ABOUT PER MI THE ,OUISIANA
z z z NO #OMPARE THE SINGLE PURCHASE COST ABOUT LESS PER ACRE THAN THE !LASKA
DIGITS IN THE SAME PLACE VALUES &OR THE ONES DIGITS PURCHASE A TIMES B 4HE AREA OF THE SECOND
&OR THE TENTHS DIGITS 3O RECTANGLE FT IS TIMES AS MUCH AS THE AREA OF
THE FIRST RECTANGLE FT
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
$IVIDE THE PREVIOUS NUMBER BY STANDARD FORM
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
THE FT SCULPTURE .O
THE FIRST FACTOR SHOULD BE AND )T SHOULD BE
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
!DD THE WHOLE NUMBER
PARTS 4HEN ESTIMATE THE SUM OF THE DECIMAL PARTS AND z z 3AMPLE ANSWERS z
ADD THAT TO THE PREVIOUS SUM n #HECKING WILL VARY AND ARE IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
AND ARE NOT IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
4HE
IS LINED UP INCORRECTLY UNDER THE IN 7RITE AS
AND LINE UP THE DECIMAL POINTS 4HE SUM IS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
LB 'ALILEO
n %STIMATES MAY VARY 3AMPLES ARE GIVEN MI MI
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
ABOUT
z z z !DD YOU TIMES GREATER
WANT TO FIND THE TOTAL COST 3UBTRACT YOU WANT TO
FIND THE DIFFERENCE IN THE COSTS 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
MASS n %STIMATES
MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWERS ARE GIVEN CM
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
n #HECKING WILL CM CM KG G METERS
VARY ACRES REASONABLE , KILOGRAMS MILLILITERS METERS
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
21. centimeters 23. kilograms 25. milliliters 27. B likely to be biased. 5. biased; The adjectives “exciting”
29. 350 mL 31. 1.9 L 35. No, a mass of 400 g is about and “crying” seem to ask for a response in favor of the
the mass of a box of 400 paper clips, which is too light for movie. 7. biased; The information provided by the
a desk. 37. D 39. A statement seems to ask respondents to say yes.
2.6 Problem Solving (pp. 88 – 89) 41. 30 43. 3 3.2 Skill Practice (pp. 120 – 121) 1. horizontal axis;
vertical axis 3. 27 5. canned drinks 7. Only 30
2.7 Skill Practice (pp. 92 – 93) 1. milliliters 3. kilogram
seventh graders bought canned drinks, and because
5. 4900 7. 0.47 9. 3750 11. 750 13. 352.8 15. 840
there were eighth graders that bought canned drinks, the
17. 1,280,000 19. The student multiplied by 1000 difference has to be less than 30; 6 more seventh graders
instead of dividing. To convert from milligrams to grams, bought canned drinks than eighth graders.
divide by 1000. So 50 mg 5 0.05 g. 21. 5 23. . 25. ,
27. . 31. 3965 mL 33. 107,025 mg 35. 1550 mL 9. School Days per Year
Y
37. P 5 6.6 cm, A 5 2 cm2 39. 9.5 mg, 69 mg, 0.04 kg, 250
45 g, 60 g 225
200
Days
2.7 Problem Solving (pp. 93 – 95) 45. 60 paper 175
clips 47. 4 kg 53. a. 6,380,000 m b. 6380 km 150
0
c. 12,760 km; Double the radius to find the diameter;
a
d rea
es
1.276 3 104 km
i
pa
ut er
iu
at
ni Ko
Ja
So Nig
lg
St
Be
U h
te
Chapter Review (pp. 97 – 100) 1. Answers may vary.
Sample answer: 0.5, 1.6, 100.001 3. A number in Country
scientific notation, such as 5.2 3 103, is written in the
SELECTED ANSWERS
form c 3 10n , where 1 # c , 10 and n is an integer. A 11. Household Pet Ownership 13. 1997–1999
(per 100 households)
number in standard form, such as 5200, is written out in
digits. 5. meter 7. , 9. . 11. If the thousandths’ 70
60
digit is greater than 5, round up by adding 1 to the digit in Pets 50
the hundredths’ place. If it is less than 5, round down by 40
30
keeping the digit in the hundredths’ place the same. 20
13. 25.895 15. 25.102 17–19. Estimates may vary. 10
0
Sample estimates are given. 17. 13 19. 4 21. 23.95 1996 1998 2000 2002
23. 8.57 25. 993.6 27. 68.8154 29. 82.3346 Y
Year
31. 1346.115 33. 3001 games 35. 3.4 37. 9.4 39. 75.4 Dog Cat
41. 0.09 43. $.94 45. $2.83 47. 3.356 3 106
3.2 Problem Solving (pp. 121 – 123)
49. 7.8 3 105 51. 406,000,000 53. 125 55. meters
57. D 59. C 61. 0.07 63. 0.0000094 65. . 18. a. Average Cost of a
A
67. , 69. 5 Movie Ticket
T
6
Chapter 3
5
Cost (dollars)
4
3
3.1 Skill Practice (pp. 111 – 112) 1. true 3. 33; 38; 38; 2
25 5. 437; 502; 502; 410 7. 51; 46; 23 and 46; 58 9. 2.3; 1
2.8; no mode; 4.6 11. 5.2; 5.2; 5.2; 0.2 15. the median, 0
19 0
20 0
00
19 0
19 0
19 0
19 0
7
9
4
5
6
24 17. the mean and the median, 12 19. 3 21. 7
19
Y
Year
3.1 Problem Solving (pp. 112 – 114) 27. 18.75; 15; 32; 32 b. Sample answer: The line segments vary from nearly
29. 226.630; 225.608. Sample answer: The median is the flat (1950–1960) to quite steep, the steepest being 1980 to
better measure because the two larger values make the 1990. Over time, the cost of a ticket has always gone up,
mean too large to represent the data well; 1999 to 2001 but it increased much more dramatically since 1960.
33. Sample answer: All three averages are very close 19. 1992–1993. Sample answer: For 1992–1993, the
together. The mean best represents the data; the median number of tornadoes decreased by more than one
and the mode are both near the higher end of the data. hundred, while for 1995–1996, the decrease was less
The range tells little about this data set. than one hundred. 23. no; The data are not entirely
35. a. 83; 85; 95; 27 b. Sample answer: The mean and numerical and do not show a change in data over time.
the median are both reasonable averages. The mode, Type of pet is a category, and only the frequency for
95, is not. c. The mean increases from 83 to 84.7. The each type of pet is numerical. 25. Sample answer:
median increases from 85 to 85.5, while the mode stays Each year from 1999 to 2003, the circulation of evening
at 95. newspapers has decreased, while that of morning papers
3.1 Extension (p. 116) 1. biased; Asking people who are has increased, but not enough to make up for the entire
active users of the library could bias the sample in favor decrease, resulting in an overall decrease in newspaper
of increased spending. This sample may not reflect the circulation.
opinions of voters or taxpayers on the whole. 3. This is
a good sampling method. The sample is random and not
Selected Answers SA3
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ QQo
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
FREQUENCY
4WO OF THE INTERVALS OVERLAP SO THEY ARE NOT
WELL DEFINED #HANGE THEM TO n n n
AND n
)NTERVAL &REQUENCY
n
n
n
n
)NTERVAL &REQUENCY
3AMPLE ANSWER )N EACH OF THE STATES SHOWN THE n
NUMBER OF SHOPPING CENTERS INCREASED FROM TO
n
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
n
n
)NTERVAL &REQUENCY
n
n
4HERE IS NO IN THE STEM
n
n
n
n
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE GREAT GRANDFATHERS AGE IS AN
OUTLIER BECAUSE THERE IS A LARGE DIFFERENCE YEARS
BETWEEN HIS AGE AND THE AGE OF THE NEXT OLDEST PERSON
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
BAR GRAPH STEM
AND
LEAF
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
FALSE 4HE UPPER PLOT HISTOGRAM LINE GRAPH AND BOX
AND
WHISKER PLOT
EXTREME IS TRUE TRUE HISTOGRAM ! HISTOGRAM USES NUMERICAL INTERVALS OF
EQUAL WIDTH BAR GRAPH 4HE CATEGORIES HERE ARE NOT
NUMERICAL 4HEY ARE THE NAMES OF BASKETBALL TEAMS
A BAR GRAPH !GES OF 3TUDENTS IN A #02 #LASS
.UMBER OF STUDENTS
$
n
n
n
n
n
n
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z )NTERVALS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
FALSE 0ASTA
WAS SELECTED BY ABOUT STUDENTS WHILE ABOUT
*ULIA STUDENTS CHOSE FISH IS MORE THAN HALF OF FALSE
4WICE THE OTHER IS WHICH IS MORE THAN THE STUDENTS
4Y
WHO CHOSE BEEF FALSE "EEF WAS CHOSEN BY
STUDENTS WHICH IS LESS THAN THE STUDENTS THAT CHOSE
PASTA 4HE BOX
AND
WHISKER PLOT COMPARES THE
3AMPLE ANSWER 4Y IS IN GENERAL ABLE TO DRIVE THE BALL LENGTHS OF THE STAGES WITHOUT USING SPACE FOR ALL OF THE
FARTHER THAN *ULIA (IS UPPER EXTREME IS YARDS GREATER DATA THAT HAS A LARGE RANGE THE STEM
AND
LEAF PLOT GROUPS
THAN *ULIAS AND HIS UPPER QUARTILE IS YARDS GREATER THAN THE DATA AND THE LINE PLOT SHOWS THE INDIVIDUAL DATA
*ULIAS VALUES A ABOUT TWICE AS MUCH B ABOUT TIMES
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
NO C 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE GRAPH COULD BE MISLEADING EACH POUCH FACTORS POSSIBLE GROUP
BECAUSE THE ARTIST INCREASED BOTH THE HEIGHT AND WIDTH OF SIZES 3AMPLE ANSWER
EACH RECYCLE BIN DRAWN 7HEN MAKING A BAR GRAPH YOU
ARE SUPPOSED TO KEEP THE BARS OF EQUAL WIDTH TO AVOID THIS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
COMMON FACTOR
TYPE OF MISLEADING GRAPH
IS A FACTOR
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
BAR GRAPH LOWER OF 4HE '#& IS NOT RELATIVELY PRIME
EXTREME LOWER QUARTILE MEDIAN UPPER QUARTILE AND NOT RELATIVELY PRIME NOT RELATIVELY PRIME
UPPER EXTREME MEAN STEM
AND
LEAF PLOT NOT RELATIVELY PRIME NOT RELATIVELY PRIME
AND 3AMPLE ANSWER NOT RELATIVELY PRIME SOMETIMES 4HE '#& OF
4HE MEAN OF THE DATA SET IS WHILE THE MEDIAN IS 4HE AND IS BUT THE '#& OF AND IS ALWAYS 4HE
MODE IS 4HE MODE IS NEAR THE BEGINNING OF THE DATA ONLY FACTORS OF EACH NUMBER ARE ITSELF AND !NSWERS
SET SO IT MAY NOT BE A GOOD REPRESENTATION OF THE ENTIRE MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER AND ) KNOW THAT
DATA SET 4HE MEDIAN AND MEAN ARE VERY CLOSE IN VALUE SO SO ) USED AND !NSWERS
EITHER ONE WOULD MAKE A GOOD CHOICE WOULD REPRESENT MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER AND ) KNOW THAT
THE DATA WELL AS IT IS NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE DATA SO ) USED AND !
-ARCH AND !PRIL 0 AND ARE RELATIVELY PRIME BECAUSE THEIR
'#& IS ! 0 AND ARE NOT RELATIVELY
PRIME BECAUSE THEIR '#& IS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
GROUPS
GIRLS AND BOYS BUNCHES RED WHITE
YELLOW PURPLE THE COST OF APPLE ORANGE
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
BANANA AND BASKET 4HE '#& IS THE LESSER
NUMBER BECAUSE IT IS A FACTOR OF BOTH NUMBERS AND NO
NUMBER GREATER THAN THE LESSER NUMBER IS A FACTOR OF IT
3AMPLE ANSWER -ULTIPLY EACH COMMON FACTOR THE
SMALLEST NUMBER OF TIMES IT OCCURS 9ES 3AMPLE
ANSWER 4HE '#& MUST BE A FACTOR OF ALL THE NUMBERS
AND A FACTOR CANNOT BE GREATER THAN THE NUMBER
A B ROWS OF TROMBONISTS ROWS OF FLUTISTS
ROWS OF SAXOPHONISTS ROWS OF DRUMMERS C 3AMPLE
ANSWER 4HE '#& OF AND IS NOT BUT THE
'#& OF AND IS
0OUNDS OF 3TORM $EBRIS
)NTERVAL &REQUENCY 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
4HE '#& OF THE
n NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR IS 3AMPLE ANSWERS
n
]z
FOR n ]z ]z ]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
n 4HE '#& IS NOT ]z
]z CAN BE REDUCED
n
]z
FURTHER ]z YES NO
n
n
n
n
n
n
n 0OUNDS
n
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
!NSWERS MAY
$IBQUFS VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER OR ) USED THE FACT THAT ]z
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
PRIME FACTORIZATION IS A LITTLE MORE THAN ]z TO ESTIMATE THE NUMBERS OF CORRECT
PRIME THE ONLY FACTORS ARE AND COMPOSITE ANSWERS
PRIME THE ONLY FACTORS ARE AND 4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE ,#-
COMPOSITE COMPOSITE IS THE SMALLEST NUMBER THAT BOTH NUMBERS DIVIDE EVENLY
AND THE '#& IS THE GREATEST NUMBER THAT DIVIDES BOTH
.INE NEEDS TO BE FACTORED SO FALSE NUMBERS
IS A PRIME FALSE AND ARE PRIMES AND IS NOT #
ODD THE ,#- IS THE PRODUCT DIVIDED BY
THE '#& THE ,#- IS THE PRODUCT
DIVIDED BY THE '#& D
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
COMPOSITE X
4HE TOTAL NUMBER OF STONES IS THE PRODUCT OF THE NUMBER 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
MIN
OF STONES IN A POUCH TIMES THE NUMBER OF POUCHES )T IS !NSWERS MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER ) WOULD USE PRIME
DIVISIBLE BY AT LEAST THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF STONES IN FACTORIZATION BECAUSE AND ARE FAIRLY LARGE NUMBERS
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
AND IT WOULD BE QUICKER TO FIND THE PRIME FACTORIZATION FOR C
THEM THAN LIST OUT THEIR MULTIPLES &RACTION $ECIMAL
]
A YEARS B IS C
] z z
3AMPLE ANSWER ) STARTED WITH AND KEPT
]
ADDING z
] z
]
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
LEAST COMMON
z
] z
]
]z
DENOMINATOR z z z ]z
]z ]z ]z
z
] z
]
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
]z ]z ]z
PAPER
z
] z
]z
AND ]
AND PENCIL ]z ]z
PENCIL AND PAPER ]z
z
] z
]
]z
]z z
] z
]
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
"ROADWAY z
] z
]
]z
&LYING (ORSES ]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
3AMPLE ANSWER ]z
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
]z z
4HINK OF CUTTING A PIE INTO A SLICES OR INTO B SLICES )F YOU ]
z
CUT IT INTO A GREATER NUMBER OF SLICES THEN EACH SLICE IS
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
PRIME NUMBER
A ]z
SMALLER 3O IF A B THEN ]z LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
B
COMPOSITE
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
IMPROPER FRACTION COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
PRIME NOT RELATIVELY PRIME NOT RELATIVELY
]z
MIXED NUMBER ]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
PRIME 3AMPLE ANSWER ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z 3AMPLE ANSWER ]z ]z
]z NO ]z p ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
X ]z ]z ]z
] z ] z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
$IBQUFS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
LEAST COMMON
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z FT
DENOMINATOR ]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
REPEATING DECIMAL
]z ]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]
z ] z ]
z ]
z
]z ]z ]z
]z OR ]z
]z
]z
]
]z
]z
z ]z ]z
]z n -ETHODS WILL VARY z z
]
]z
z ]z ]z
]z
]z # !
z 3AMPLE ANSWER !FTER YOU FIND THE SUM IT
ALREADY IS WRITTEN IN SIMPLEST FORM
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
MI
FT ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
KANGAROO IN TO IN KOALA IN TO
IN NUMBAT IN TO IN WOMBAT A
IN TO IN KOALA ]z
]
BECAUSE AND A ]z
z ]z
] ]
z ]z
]
z ]z z B 3AMPLE ANSWER %ACH IS A
REPEATING DECIMAL WITH THE REPEATING DIGIT THE SAME AS B ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
THE NUMERATOR
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
CARDS YES 4HE SUM IS ]z
]z
]z A
)N ]z TIME THE NOTE REPRESENTS ]z
]z OF BEATS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
3AMPLE ANSWER )N A PROPER FRACTION THE NUMERATOR IS
LESS THAN THE DENOMINATOR )N AN IMPROPER FRACTION THE
NUMERATOR IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE DENOMINATOR
]z ]z
B ]z P ]z
P ]z THE VALUE OF THE EXPRESSION
]z ]z ]z
]z
WHEN P IS ]z HMI RECIPROCAL
]z ]z
]z
]z BOXESOZ RECIPROCAL
]z ]z ]z
]z
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
]z ]z
]z
3AMPLE ANSWER MENTAL MATH
]z
]z ]z
]z
POSTERS
3AMPLE ANSWER ESTIMATION 3AMPLE
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
CUP n %STIMATES
]z
ANSWER PAPER AND PENCIL OR ]z
MAY VARY 3AMPLE ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN IN IN
OR ]z ]z
]z ]z
LB POUNDS FLUID OUNCES 4HE QUESTION
]z
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
IN ]z C
ASKED FOR THE WEIGHT NOT THE CAPACITY OZ ]z
]z G 3AMPLE ANSWER ! HALF
DOLLAR IS TWICE A 3AMPLE ANSWER RULER 3AMPLE ANSWER YARDSTICK
ESTIMATE EXACT ANSWER
TIMES A DIMES
QUARTERS MASS AND VALUE ! QUARTER IS ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
$AVE IS RIGHT 3AMPLE
MASS AND VALUE
ANSWER LB WOULD BE HEAVY ON YOUR HEAD
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SIMPLEST FORM 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
YD FT QT
]z
]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z
7RITE EACH MIXED NUMBER AS AN IMPROPER FRACTION LB FT IN
]z
THEN MULTIPLY ]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
]z MI FT
Y
]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z ]z IN IN FT ]z
IN ]z FT ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
C FL OZ
]z ]z SOMETIMES 3AMPLE ANSWER
A C B C C C +HAFRE YD OR
]z ]z ]z
IS GREATER THAN ]z
IS LESS THAN ALWAYS
FT -ENKAURE ]z YD OR FT +HUFU ]z YD OR FT
3AMPLE ANSWER %ACH FACTOR IS GREATER THAN SO THE
PRODUCT IS GREATER THAN THE LARGER OF THE TWO FACTORS YD FT YES 3AMPLE ANSWER )N INCHES THE
]z
FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
ABOUT ]z HEIGHTS ARE IN IN AND IN WHILE THE
BASES IN THE SAME ORDER ARE IN IN AND IN
IN
]z
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
RECIPROCAL YD
]z
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
]z
IN OUNCE POUND TON ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z ]z
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z -ULTIPLY BY THE RECIPROCAL OF THE
]z ]z
]z OUNCES FLUID OUNCES
]z
DIVISOR ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z ]z ]z
]z
GAL PT LB OZ PT
]z
]z X ]z ALL WHOLE NUMBERS
4 LB MI YD
GREATER THAN
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
$IBQUFS
FT
]z 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
3 2
222, 210, 9, 21, 44 21. 293, 284, 211, 23, 0, 9 6.6 Skill Practice (pp. 304 – 305) 1. 0 3. 2},}
2 3
31–45. Answers may vary. 31. 4, 22 33. 213, 220 10 2 3 11 29 3
35. 23, 21 37. 24, 29 39. 1, 2 41. 5, 6 43. 0, 2 5. }, 20.7 7. } 9. } 11. } 13. 2 5 15. 24, 23}
} ,
7 5 1 5 4
45. 23, 2 47. Sample answer: 0, 21, 22 10 1 3
23.7, 2}3
, 23.1 17. 21}, 20.5, 0.02, }, 1 19. inverse
3 10
6.1 Problem Solving (pp. 272 – 273) 49. 25, 24, 0, 3;
Andrew 51. Syracuse, Carthage, Alexandria, Jerusalem, prop. of add. 21. associative prop. of multi.
Byzantium 23. inverse prop. of multi. 25. associative prop. of add.
1 1 29. 4 1 17 1 (24) [original expression]
6.1 Extension (pp. 274 – 275) 1. } 3. } 5. 0.021
36 32 5 4 1 (24) 1 17 [commutative property of addition]
7. 0.00892 9. the diameter of the cell 11. 1 ? 1024 5 [4 1 (24)] 1 17 [associative property of addition]
13. 9.32 ? 1025 5 0 1 17 [inverse property of addition]
5 17 [identity property of addition]
6.2 Skill Practice (pp. 280 – 281)
31. 43 1 68 1 57 [original expression]
1. false; An absolute value is always positive or 0 5 43 1 57 1 68 [commutative property of addition]
regardless of the sign of the integer. 3. 6 1 (21) 5 5 5 (43 1 57) 1 68 [associative property of addition]
5. 12 7. 54 9. 37 11. 47 13. positive; 29 5 100 1 68 5 168 [add 43 and 57, then 100 and 68]
15. negative; 214 17. negative; 2145 19. zero; 0
21. negative; 225 23. negative; 210 25. The absolute 33. –2.4 1 [7 1 (20.6)] [original expression]
values of the integers were added instead of subtracted; 5 –2.4 1 [(20.6 1 7] [commutative property of addition]
10 1 (215) 5 25. 27. , 29. , 31. 5 33. 4 35. 2 5 [22.4 1 (20.6)] 1 7 [associative property of addition]
37. 22 39. 23 43. . 45. 5 47. 217 49. 16 5 23 1 7 = 4 [add 22.4 and 20.6, then 23 and 7]
51. 210 53. 7, 27 55. 23, 223 57. 52, 252 2 1
35. 14 ? } ? } [original expression]
3 14
6.2 Problem Solving (pp. 281 – 282) 59. 2 spaces 1 2
forward 61. 260 1 25 1 (210) 1 25; 220 5 14 ? } ? } [commutative property of multiplication]
14 3
1 2
6.3 Skill Practice (p. 287) 1. opposite 3. D; 5 (14 ? } )?} [associative property of multiplication]
14 3
5. B; 2
= 1 ? } [inverse property of multiplication]
3
2
=} [identity property of multiplication]
3
7. 212 9. 226 11. 211 13. 14 15. 247 17. 60 37. 1 and 21 because 1(1) 5 1 and 21(21) 5 1; 0 because
21. 20 23. 22 25. , 27. 5 29. . 31. . 33. 5 15
35. a 5 b 37. when a 5 b 5 0 and when a and b have 01050 39. } 41. , 43. . 45. . 47. 0 49. 0
15
the same sign 39. a 5 0 and b 5 0 4 631
6.6 Problem Solving (pp. 305 – 306) 53. 28} , 2}
100
,
25
6.3 Problem Solving (pp. 288 – 289) 41. 22,965 ft
43. 11,331 ft 45. 179°C, 8°C, 2153°C, 2185°C, 2236°C 25.87, 1.97; Southeast; Southwest 59. 8 61. 2$100
6.4 Skill Practice (pp. 293 – 294) 1. positive 3. negative 6.7 Skill Practice (pp. 309 – 310) 1. equivalent 3. 4(4) 1
5. 233 7. 24 9. 0 11. 240 13. 230 15. 28
4(5) 5. 8(100) 2 8(4) 7. 41 } 1 } 2 11. 101.1 13. 30
3 2
17. 232 19. 245 23. 249 25. 25 27. 24 29. 210 5 5
31. 525 33. 240 35. 215; 25
← 25 15. 180 17. 13 19. The student multiplied 4 by 8
← ←25 instead of 28; 28(5 1 4) 5 28(5) 1 (28)(4) 5 240 1
215 210 25 0 (232) 5 272. 21. 8(3) 1 14 1 8(24) 5 24 1 14 1 (232) 5
37. 24; 21 21 6 or 8(3) 1 14 1 8(24) 5 8[3 1 (24)] 1 14 5 8(21) 1 14 5
←← 21 21
← ← 6 23. 17(2) 1 16 1 17(8) 5 34 1 16 1 136 5 186 or
26 24 22 0
17(2) 1 16 1 17(8) 5 17(2 + 8) 1 16 5 17(10) 1 16 5
170 1 16 5 186 25. 7(9 2 5) – 13 1 7(2 1 4) 5 7(4) 2
39. 4 41. 10 43. 28 45. 12 47. 22 49. 112, 2448 13 1 7(6) 5 28 2 13 1 42 5 57 or 7(9 2 5) 2 13 1 7(2 1 4) 5
6.4 Problem Solving (pp. 294 – 295) 53. 260 7(9 2 5 1 2 1 4) 2 13 5 7(10) 2 13 5 57 27. inverse
55. 24(10) 5 240 57. 25 59. 23(9) 5 227 ft; 45 ft prop. of addition 29. associative prop. of
multiplication 31. distributive prop. 33. identity prop.
6.5 Skill Practice (pp. 298 – 299) 1. negative 3. 24 of multiplication 35. B 37. mp 2 mn 2 mp 5 2mn
5. 27 7. 4 9. 27 11. 23 13. 0 15. 23 17. 22
19. The quotient of two negative integers is not negative; 6.7 Problem Solving (pp. 310 – 311) 43. 2(l 1 w);
220 4 (25) 5 4 21. 21 23. 217 25. 7 27. 258°F 2(14) 1 2(12) 5 28 1 24 5 52 cm; 2(14 1 12) 5 2(26) 5
29. 225°C 31. 4 33. 10 35. 25 37. 221 39. , 52 cm 47. 200 min 49. 20(1 2 0.05); 20 2 1 5 $19
41. 5 43. . 45. . 47. , 51. x(3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1) 5 x(14) 5 14x;
5600 cm; 3959.2 cm
4
6.5 Problem Solving (pp. 299 – 300) 51. } 53. 212°F
9 6.8 Skill Practice (pp. 315 – 316) 1. x-axis 3. (2, 2)
5. (3, 3) 7. (4, 23) 9. (0, 2)
SA8 Selected Answers
n 1UADRANT )) 3AMPLE ANSWER ABOUT MIGAL #
1UADRANT ))) 5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
1UADRANT )
1UADRANT )) 1UADRANT )6 ON THE NEGATIVE X AXIS ON THE
1UADRANT ))) NEGATIVE Y AXIS
1UADRANT )6
ON THE Y AXIS $IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
4HE MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE OF A NUMBER IS
ITS RECIPROCAL AND THE ADDITIVE INVERSE OF A NUMBER IS ITS
OPPOSITE z z
UNITS UNITS SQUARE UNITS
M
#
z]
]z z]
z z ]z z z ]z
]z
]z
]z ]z
UNITS UNITS
SQUARE UNITS zz]
z z] z
z ]z ;ORIGINAL EXPRESSION=
= ;ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
zz]
z ;z] z z ]z
zz]
z ;INVERSE PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
z] z z;IDENTITY PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
]z
]z ;ORIGINAL EXPRESSION=
]z ]z
;COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
UNITS UNITS
SQUARE UNITS
]z ]z
;ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;INVERSE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;IDENTITY PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
n
$ISTANCE IS NEVER NEGATIVE DISTANCE \ \
\ \ \ \ "OTH ARE POSITIVE 4HE
Y
COORDINATE IS ZERO X IS NEGATIVE Y IS POSITIVE
!NSWERS MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER ] ]
] ]
]
4HE DATA IS LINEAR
ON THE Y
AXIS 1UADRANT ))
UNITS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
$IBQUFS 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SUBTRACTION
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
VERBAL MODEL "
]z N
! N ]z N
N N ]z
N N 3AMPLE ANSWERS X
N N ]z N
X X X X
X ]z
3AMPLE ANSWERS FOR n TIMES B THE
QUOTIENT OF AND D 4HE SUM OF Q AND IS
X X ]z
DIVIDED BY S IS EQUAL TO LESS THAN A 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A #OST FOR FIRST
IS EQUAL TO 4HE SUM OF K AND IS 3AMPLE HOUR COST PER ADDITIONAL HOUR NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL
ANSWERS FOR n THE QUOTIENT OF THE CUBE OF A HOURS B X C H
NUMBER AND THE DIFFERENCE OF ANOTHER NUMBER AND
THE QUOTIENT OF THE SUM OF A NUMBER AND AND THE
]z ]z
]z
T
MIN
SQUARE OF ANOTHER NUMBER
W W FT FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
S S A TEAMS
SCORE A A !NNS HEIGHT IN INCHES 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SOLUTION SET
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
COEFFICIENTS CONSTANT
TERMS LIKE TERMS Z Z AND A
C K X P
COEFFICIENTS CONSTANT TERMS LIKE
TERMS Y Y AND NO 9OU NEED TO REWRITE
THE EXPRESSION AS A SUM 4HE COEFFICIENTS ARE AND R
Z M T ]z N P
X X X NO YES T
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
W W W
W
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION zz]
z Y
X T X
R Z
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION COMBINE LIKE B
TERMS SUBTRACTION PROPERTY OF EQUALITY COMBINE LIKE
TERMS X IN 3AMPLE
ANSWERS X X X S n
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A MILE PLUS MILES PLUS A NUMBER OF MILES EQUALS X
MILES B X C MI P
C LB X 4HE DIRECTION OF THE INEQUALITY WAS NOT CHANGED WHEN
A M THE INEQUALITY WAS DIVIDED BY A NEGATIVE X 3AMPLE
B C C REMAINS ENOUGH FOR ANSWERS FOR n X X X
#$ #$S OR ANOTHER PACKAGE OF #$ HOLDERS BUT NOT
nX X
ENOUGH FOR A $6$ OR ANOTHER GAME
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
DIVISION Y
$IVIDE BOTH SIDES BY
-ULTIPLY BOTH SIDES BY -ULTIPLY BOTH 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
H F
SIDES BY ]z INSTEAD OF ]z
X
N
]z ]z N z]
z z H
H 0 Q NO 0 Q YES
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
W M # !LL REAL NUMBERS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO M
4HE SOLUTIONS TOGETHER MAKE UP THE REAL NUMBER LINE BUT
-ULTIPLYING BY
S STRIKESMIN YES ]z HAVE NO POINTS IN COMMON ! GRAPH OF THE SOLUTION
GIVES THE SAME RESULT AS DIVIDING BY FTSEC
]z
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
of an inequality has infinitely many numbers on it, while 7. y 9. y
4 4
the graph of the solution of an equation has only one 2 3
solution. The graphs of x 1 1 . 2 and x 1 1 # 2 will have 1
y 5 –4 x 1 2
24 O 2 4 6 8 x
no points in common but will take up the entire number 1
line. The graphs of x 1 1 5 2 and x 1 1 # 2 have one 24
y 5 3x 2 5 ⫺3 ⫺2 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
point in common at x 5 1. 53. 300 ft; 100 ft; Greatest
possible difference between A and C is the highest
possible elevation for A (300 ft) minus the lowest possible
elevation for C (0 ft). Least possible difference between A 11. y
8
and C is the lowest possible elevation for A (200 ft) minus 6
the lowest possible elevation for C (100 ft). 55. 0 , x , 5; 4
x represents the cost of the book. 57. Add 12; 56, 68, 80 2
59. Subtract 4; 7, 3, 21 61. 235 63. 1 ⫺10⫺8 ⫺6 ⫺4 O 2 x
y 5 2x 2 4
7.7 Skill Practice (pp. 373 – 374) ⫺44
1. domain; range 3. 22 5. 211 ⫺6
7. range: 240, 220, 0, 20, 40;
13. function; nonlinear 15. not a function
Input x 22 21 0 1 2
Output y 40 20 0 220 240 17. y 5 3x;
Input x 21 0 1
9. range: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19;
Output y 23 0 3
Input x 22 21 0 1 2
19. y 5 2x 1 3;
SELECTED ANSWERS
Output y 19 17 15 13 11
Input x 21 0 1
11. range: 22.6, 21.8, 21, 20.2, 0.6;
Output y 1 3 5
Input x 22 21 0 1 2
x
Output y 22.6 21.8 21 20.2 0.6 21. y 5 } ; y
7 6
13. range: 28.6, 27, 25.4, 23.8, 22.2; 5
4
22 21
Weeks
Input x 0 1 2 3
2 x
Output y 28.6 27 25.4 23.8 22.2 y 57
1
17. yes; y 5 15 1 x; Each input value has exactly one O 7 14 21 28 35 x
x
output. 19. yes; y 5 } ; Each input value has exactly Days
23
x
one output. 21. no; Input values 1 and 4 have two 23. y 5 } ; y
10 6
different outputs. 23. yes; y 5 25x 2 2; Each input 5
value has exactly one output.
Centimeters
4
3
7.7 Problem Solving (pp. 374 – 375) 2 x
y 5 10
1
29. a.
O 10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Input n 1 2 3 4 5 6
Output C 221 257 293 329 365 401 Millimeters
b. C 5 191 1 30n; This group will pay less. 25. (2, 3); y
5
31. As the depth increases, the pressure increases; 4
3
Input d 0 20 40 60 80 100 2
Output p 2112 3992 4672 5952 7232 8512 1
x
24 23 22 21 O 1 2 3 4 5
7.8 Skill Practice (pp. 378 – 379)
22
1. one 23
24
3. y 5. y
4 4
3 3 27. (1, 2); y
1 6
2 2 y 5 3x
y5x 5
1 1 4
⫺4 ⫺3 ⫺2 ⫺1 4 x ⫺4 ⫺3 4 x 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 y5x 11
2
⫺2 ⫺2 1
⫺3 ⫺3 y 5 3x 2 1
⫺4 ⫺4 22 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Selected Answers SA11
Y X B
Y X C 4HE GRAPH IS A FUNCTION BUT IS NOT LINEAR BECAUSE THE
GRAPH IS NOT A LINE
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
&YUFOTJPO Q
YES Y X SO K YES
Y
X IS NOT CONSTANT Y X
K NO ]z
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
EQUIVALENT
W
X
DOMAIN RANGE W ]z
Y X
G D
/ / MI
X X H
Y
X
C C LB LB LB LB Y ]z
Y X
Y B 4HE GRAPH IS A LINE
X
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
$IBQUFS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQ
EQUIVALENT RATIOS TO
]z
TO ]z
]z ]z
]z
A Y X
]z ]z
]z
]z
]z
OR ]z
B )NPUT X
OR OR ]z OR
/UTPUT Y
C
]z OR
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
OR
OR OR
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
RATE ,DAY
SERVINGSPACKAGE
PERSON MSEC ]z
& M THE ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY 7HEN ON
%ARTH THIS FORCE IS RELATIVELY CONSTANT A VISITORSDAY CPIE PHONE
CALLSH E
MAILSDAY MMIN OR MSEC
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
FTMIN OR FTSEC MIH OR 4HEY ARE THE SAME
MIMIN PAIR
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
MIN
QT FOR GCM
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
RISE RUN ]z
4HE SLOPE IS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
PROPORTION
]z
]z Z ]z
M ]z
]z
]z
N
4HE SLOPE IS ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
QT
LB #ORRESPONDING UNITS WERE NOT PLACED IN
CORRESPONDING PLACES IN THE PROPORTION 4HE PROPORTION
SHOULD BE REDYELLOW ]z R DROPS OF RED
]z
MIN 4HE RATIO OF THE CALORIES BURNED IS TO SO IT WILL
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
TAKE TWICE AS LONG TO BURN THE SAME NUMBER OF CALORIES
MIN
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
3AMPLE ANSWER ABOUT M BOYS GIRLS
BOYS GIRLS BOYS GIRLS BOYS
GIRLS n !NSWERS MAY VARY %STIMATES ARE GIVEN
YES NO
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
BLINKS
BLINKS BLINKS
LESS THAN AVERAGE BECAUSE ]z ]z
MIN MIN
z z 3AMPLE ANSWER &IND THE CROSS PRODUCTS X
AND THEN DIVIDE BOTH SIDES BY TO GET X -ULTIPLY
BOTH SIDES BY TO GET X OR X )N THE
DENOMINATORS IS MULTIPLIED BY TO GET SO MULTIPLY
BY TO GET X OR X
A YES 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE CROSS PRODUCTS ARE
AND 4HE CROSS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
9OU STOPPED PRODUCTS ARE EQUAL SO THE RATIOS ARE EQUAL
AND RESTED 0ERIMETER 3AMPLE
ANSWER 4HE SLOPE OF TELLS THAT THE PERIMETER OF A SQUARE B YES 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE RATIOS ARE ]z ]z
]z
IS FOUR TIMES THE LENGTH OF A SIDE
SO THE MEASURES MAY HAVE BEEN TAKEN JUST AS THE
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
WAVES BROKE ]z
Y
]z
A ]z X B X
Y
C G
!NSWERS MAY VARY 3AMPLE ANSWER ABOUT STAFF
MEMBERS
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
TRUE " 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
M OR
! MI MI CM CM KM A B IS THE BASE IS THE
4HE WRONG UNIT OF MEASUREMENT IS USED 4HE SCALE IS PART OF THE BASE X IS THE PERCENT IS THE BASE IS THE
Y
]z
IN FT SO THE UNIT FOR X IS IN IN ]z
PART OF THE BASE Y IS THE PERCENT ] X
] ]
]
#
]z
]z C STUDENTS 7HEN YOU SOLVE THE SECOND PROPORTION
FROM PART B YOU FIND THAT OF THE STUDENTS PREFER TO
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
EXERCISE AFTER SCHOOL AND
ABOUT VOLCANOES
IN ]z L L IN 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE
]z
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
3AMPLE ANSWER
RATIO OF THE AREAS IS THE SQUARE OF THE SCALE AND THE RATIO
OF THE PERIMETERS IS THE SAME AS THE SCALE 4HE DECIMAL POINT WAS MOVED
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
E B F ]z IN THE WRONG DIRECTION
]z OZSERVING
]
OZ FOR OZ FOR ]z
4HE SLOPE IS
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
#ONVERT THE PERCENTS TO DECIMALS
AND AND THEN MULTIPLY BY
NO 9OU CAN ONLY GET INTEGER PERCENTS IN A GROUP
OF PEOPLE 3AMPLE ANSWER
ABOUT MILLION CARTONS
&IND THE NUMBER OF CARTONS USED FOR CIDER AND JUICE AND
SUBTRACT IT FROM MILLION ABOUT
AND
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
4HE PART OF THE BASE
IS EQUAL TO THE PERCENT TIMES THE BASE
N
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
L W ! W
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
#HANGE EACH
PERCENT TO A DECIMAL AND MULTIPLY BY TO FIND THE
MONTHS MEASURE OF EACH ANGLE $RAW A CIRCLE AND THEN USE A
M OR OR PROTRACTOR TO MARK EACH ANGLE ,ABEL THE SECTIONS
IS NOT EQUAL TO ]
$IBQUFS
&AVORITE &RUIT
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
PER HUNDRED ]z
]z ]z ]z ]z /RANGES
!PPLES
"ANANAS
'RAPES
IS ]z
NOT ]z
]z
]z
Y
W
]z ]z TO ]z 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
TO ]z TO 5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
#AR 0URCHASES
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
# !
]z ,ARGE
,UXURY
-IDSIZE
3MALL
%STIMATES MAY VARY
Y
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
)F THE NEW VALUE ANSWER * AND % ' AND # '!$* AND ',$& ARE
IS GREATER THAN THE ORIGINAL VALUE THERE WAS A PERCENT OF COMPLEMENTARY
INCREASE IF THE NEW VALUE IS LESS THAN THE ORIGINAL VALUE
THERE WAS A PERCENT OF DECREASE INCREASE ABOUT 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
FALSE 4HE TRIANGLE
DECREASE ABOUT INCREASE IS OBTUSE ACUTE
INCREASE ABOUT $ OBTUSE RIGHT EQUILATERAL ISOSCELES
SCALENE !LL ANGLES ARE
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
CONGRUENT AND MUST ADD UP TO
ABOUT DECREASE DECREASE
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SCALENE SOMETIMES )F TWO SIDES ARE CONGRUENT
n %STIMATES MAY ONE OF THE ANGLES OF THE TRIANGLE MAY OR MAY NOT MEASURE
VARY 4O FIND THE RETAIL PRICE
YOU MUST ADD THE MARKUP AND THE WHOLESALE PRICE 4HE
MARKUP IS SO THE RETAIL PRICE IS &YUFOTJPO Q
n 3AMPLE CONSTRUCTIONS ARE
SHOWN
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
IN
LINE SKATES SKATEBOARD SCOOTER
NO 4HE SALE PRICE OF THE JACKET IS -ONDAYS
MEAL
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
PRINCIPAL
4HE BISECTOR FORMS CONGRUENT ANGLES ON BOTH SIDES
MONTHS
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
3AMPLE ANSWER )T IS REASONABLE OF
AND ]z z
IS SO ) SHOULD BE AROUND
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
YEARS 9OURS 9OUR INTEREST RATE IS
AND YOUR FRIENDS IS
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
PERCENT OF CHANGE
]z
CIRCLE GRAPH PRINCIPAL ANGLE ]z
M
ABOUT MG P L
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SQUARE RECTANGLE
WHITE CARS INCREASE
MONTHS ! RECTANGLE
$IBQUFS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
$ # TRAPEZOID
STRAIGHT RIGHT NEITHER 4HE SUM OF THE ANGLES
IS NEITHER NOR
NONE NONE NONE 4HE
SUM OF THE ANGLES SHOULD BE YES HEPTAGON QUADRILATERAL PARALLELOGRAM NO
ALWAYS .OT ALL SIDES OR ANGLES ARE CONGRUENT QUADRILATERAL
! RIGHT ANGLE HAS MEASURE SO THE SUPPLEMENT WILL ALSO TRAPEZOID NO .OT ALL ANGLES ARE CONGRUENT NOR ARE ALL
BE X SIDES CONGRUENT TRIANGLE YES TRUE ! SQUARE
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
HAS RIGHT ANGLES FALSE ! TRAPEZOID HAS ONLY ONE
',-+ AND '.-+ PAIR OF PARALLEL SIDES CM
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
ADJACENT 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
YES
' AND ' ' AND ' ' AND ' ' AND ' PENTAGON NO .OT ALL OF THE SIDES AND ANGLES ARE
' AND ' ' AND ' CONGRUENT
' AND ' ARE VERTICAL ANGLES AND ARE CONGRUENT NOT
SUPPLEMENTARY
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A ' AND
' ' AND ' ' AND ' ' AND ' ' AND ' '
AND ' B C 3AMPLE ANSWER ' AND '
ARE SUPPLEMENTS OF ' ' IS THE SUPPLEMENT OF '
-AIN 3T 3AMPLE
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SIMILAR 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
TRANSLATION
+, zAND ]
] ,- zAND ]
12 z ] 23 z ] AND ] .+ zAND ]
34 z ]
ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE 4HERE IS NO LINE
-. z 41 z
SYMMETRY
'+ AND '1 ', AND '2 '- AND '3 '. AND '4
+, z12 z.- z M +. z14 z23 z M '5
]
57 z 4HE TRIANGLE THAT CORRESPONDS WITH %!"# IS
%%$& YES NO FALSE )F ONE RECTANGLE
HAS DIMENSIONS BY AND ANOTHER HAS DIMENSIONS BY
THE PERIMETERS WOULD BE THE SAME BUT THE RECTANGLES
WOULD NOT BE SIMILAR
! ( ) - / 4 6 7 8 9 ( ) / 8
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]
!" zAND ]
$% z REFLECTION Y
AXIS REFLECTION X
AXIS
]
"# %& z ]
zAND ] !# zAND ]
$& z '! AND '$ '" AND '% '# AND 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
! RHOMBUS
AND RECTANGLE BOTH HAVE TWO LINES OF SYMMETRY 4HE LINES
p ]z
'& NO ]z
4HE ORDER OF OF SYMMETRY FOR THE RECTANGLE RUN THROUGH THE MIDPOINTS
OF THE PARALLEL SIDES BUT THE LINES OF SYMMETRY FOR THE
THE CORRESPONDING SIDES CHANGES RHOMBUS ARE THE DIAGONALS "OTH POLYGONS HAVE
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY 4HE RESULTS ARE THE SAME
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
PROPORTION
VERTICALLY THROUGH ITS BODY AND HEAD 4HE TWO
CM IN 4HE PROPORTION WAS NOT MADE
SYMMETRIES CUT THE IMAGE INTO MIRROR IMAGES "ILATERAL
SYMMETRY OCCURS IN SPACE WHILE LINE SYMMETRY OCCURS IN
X ]z X
WITH CORRESPONDING PARTS M ]z
A PLANE
X FT M M 4HE RATIO OF THE
&YUFOTJPO Q
PERIMETERS IN %X IS TO 4HE RATIO OF THE PERIMETERS
IN %X IS TO 4HE RATIOS OF THE PERIMETERS ARE THE YES
SAME AS THE RATIOS OF THE CORRESPONDING SIDES
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A B ]z B C FT
]z
SUNS RAYS TRANSLATION 0ARALLELOGRAMS STACK AND EXTEND THE ROWS
2IGHT TRIANGLES ALTERNATE RIGHT ANGLE FROM LOWER RIGHT TO
UPPER LEFT
FT
FT YES 3EE %XAMPLE NO 4HERE ARE NO SIDES THAT ARE THE
SHADOW FT SAME LENGTH NO ! REFLECTION WILL CREATE GAPS
HY ]z
7RITE THE PROPORTION ]z XZ 4HIS CAN BE SOLVED FOR Z YES
HX
Z ]zY
A
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
IMAGE
X Y A X Y 4HE TRANSLATION IS UNITS DOWN
INSTEAD OF UNITS UP +g ,g -g . g
&g 'g (g
B ]z
Y ]z
X C X FT
D Y ]z
X
Y
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
& g ' g ( g * g FT
& g 'g (g
& g ' g ( g *g
$IBQUFS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
RADICAL EXPRESSION
4HE STUDENT DIVIDED BY INSTEAD OF FINDING
]
THE SQUARE ROOT q z #HECK
YD
X X
& g ' g ( g 2 g 3g 4 g
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
KM
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
M
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
FALSE !LL INTEGERS
CAN BE WRITTEN AS RATIONAL NUMBERS TRUE !LL WHOLE
NUMBERS CAN BE WRITTEN AS RATIONAL NUMBERS
4HE ERROR IS NOT TAKING THE SQUARE ROOT OF
] ]
q z q z RATIONAL z]
z z IRRATIONAL
IS NOT A PERFECT SQUARE IRRATIONAL IS NOT A
PERFECT SQUARE RATIONAL ! REPEATING DECIMAL IS A
] ]
RATIONAL NUMBER q z q z
] ]
q z q z ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A FT
B AND C FT MIH
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
HYPOTENUSE CM
CM YD IN FT FT
MM FT FT YD
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
X Y A X Y #OMPARE THE X
AND 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
3AMPLE ANSWER
Y
COORDINATES OF THE ORIGINAL AND THE IMAGE "g CM BY CM CM MEASURE CM
#g $g X Y A X Y HEIGHT FT RAMP LENGTH FT
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
0 MM
! z MM 0 M ! M 0 CM
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
NONE ! CM 5SE THE HEIGHT RATHER THAN THE SIDE
! LINE THAT DIVIDES THE FIGURE IN HALF SO ONE SIDE LENGTH ! BH CM FT
IS THE IMAGE OF THE OTHER ACUTE RIGHT IN M M CM
COMPLEMENTARY 4HE SUM IS NEITHER 4HE CM
SUM IS NEITHER OR NEITHER 4HE SUM IS
NEITHER OR ' FORMS A STRAIGHT ANGLE 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
IN
WITH ' ' IS CORRESPONDING WITH ' H IN ! IN
' FORMS A STRAIGHT ANGLE WITH ' ' AND 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
M KM
' ' AND ' X Y HEPTAGON
YES TRIANGLE NO 4HE SIDES ARE NOT ALL CONGRUENT
]z MI CM M FT M
FT FT CM FT IN
CM B IN B IN H IN
]z
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
CM 4HE DASHED LINE CONNECTING THE BOTTOM BACK LEFT
MM MM 4HEY ARE THE SAME CORNER TO THE TOP FRONT LEFT CORNER IS WRONG )T SHOULD
CONNECT THE BOTTOM BACK LEFT CORNER TO THE TOP BACK LEFT
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
IN
CORNER
CM CM 4HE STUDENT CALCULATED PR
RATHER THAN PR # PR M
TOP
D M R M D KM R KM
D FT R FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
3AMPLE
IS ACCURATE TO DECIMAL
FRONT SIDE
ANSWER ]z SO ]z
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH Q
" AND # ! ! AND #
PLACES 4HE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN P AND IS
&YUFOTJPO Q
IS SO ]z
AND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN P AND ]z
IS
A MORE ACCURATE APPROXIMATION FT REVOLUTIONS
3AMPLE ANSWER 5SE # PD WITH D FT AND THEN
FT 4HE NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS NEEDED TO
# ]z
TRAVEL FT IS REVOLUTIONS
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
$ #
IN IN MM 4HE
SOLUTION USED THE DIAMETER NOT THE RADIUS ! PR TOP FRONT SIDE
IN R FT D FT
R KM D KM R IN D IN 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
SURFACE AREA
M IN YD FT M YD IN CM
CM IN 3HE FORGOT TO MULTIPLY THE AREA OF EACH
FACE BY FT FT
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
FT CM 4HE SURFACE AREA IS TIMES THE SQUARE
YES )F R THEN # PR P AND ! PR P OF THE EDGE LENGTH MM FT
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
IN
FT SURFACE AREA OF SMALL DOGHOUSE
IN SURFACE AREA OF MEDIUM DOGHOUSE IN
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
RADICAL EXPRESSION
0YTHAGOREAN 4HEOREM IRRATIONAL
IRRATIONAL RATIONAL IN 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
CIRCLES RECTANGLE
MM FT IN FT IN FT CM IN
FT CM M KM CM FT CM TIMES AS LARGE
IN FT 7HEN YOU MULTIPLY THE DIMENSIONS OF A CYLINDER BY X
THE SURFACE AREA IS INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF X
$IBQUFS FT P PR PR SO YOU CAN USE THE STRATEGY
'UESS #HECK AND 2EVISE TO FIND THAT R
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
FACES SPHERE
CONE CYLINDER HEXAGONAL PYRAMID FACES 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
CM
EDGES VERTICES PENTAGONAL PRISM FACES IN
EDGES VERTICES %VEN THOUGH THE SOLID HAS 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
RECTANGULAR FACES IT IS NOT A RECTANGULAR PRISM 4HE BASES
ARE TRIANGLES SO IT IS A TRIANGULAR PRISM TRUE 4HE VOLUME IS THE SPACE AN OBJECT FILLS UP 4HE SURFACE
TRUE LINES H AND J AREA IS THE TOTAL AREA OF ALL OF ITS SURFACES M
CM M FT MM
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
PENTAGONAL CM IN IN 3AMPLE ANSWER 4O FIND
PRISM FACES EDGES VERTICES THE VOLUME DRAW VERTICAL LINES PASSING THROUGH THE FIGURE
4LJMM1SBDUJDF Q
TRIANGLE CIRCLE ALONG THE INNER EDGES OF THE CUTOUT SQUARE 4WO PAIRS OF
CONGRUENT RECTANGULAR PRISMS ARE FORMED 4HE FIRST PAIR
HAVE DIMENSIONS IN BY IN BY IN AND THE SECOND
PAIR HAVE DIMENSIONS IN BY IN BY IN 4O FIND THE
SURFACE AREA FIND THE AREAS OF EACH FACE AND ADD THEM
FT
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
CM ]z
]z
]z ]z
]z
%VEN THOUGH YD FT YD p FT 4HERE ARE FT
IN YD 6 FT FT FT FT YD 4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQ
OUTCOMES
KG
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
BASE HEIGHT
M FT CM CYLINDER "
IN FT FT YD
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
]z
X X X y TONS ABOUT FT
]z
PENNY MM NICKEL MM DIME
MM QUARTER MM
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
IN IN
4HE SURFACE AREA WILL BE TIMES AS GREAT AS THE ORIGINAL
SURFACE AREA AND THE VOLUME WILL BE TIMES AS GREAT AS
THE ORIGINAL VOLUME
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
SURFACE AREA
FACES CYLINDER SPHERE HEXAGONAL PYRAMID
N FACES N EDGES N VERTICES 4HE PRISM HAS THE
TOP AND BOTTOM PLUS N OTHER FACES 4HE PRISM HAS N EDGES
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
IN EACH OF THE TWO BASES PLUS N EDGES CONNECTING THE TWO
BASES AND THE PRISM HAS N VERTICES IN EACH OF THE TWO
BASES
(
(
TOP SIDE FRONT 4
(
4
4
IN CM IN ( (
( 4
$IBQUFS (
4
4
(
4
(
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
PROBABILITY 4 (
4
(
(
# $ ]z ]z
]z 4
4
4
(
]z (
4
(
4
4HE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IS NOT 4
.UMBER OF RED BEANS
0RED ]]z z SO THE PROBABILITY OF
]z
.UMBER OF BEANS
9ES THE COLORS DO NOT
CHOOSING A RED BEAN IS ]z
HAVE TO BE IN ANY PARTICULAR ORDER TO TO
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQ
]z
]z OR
&YUFOTJPO Q
4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
OUTCOMES GREEN 1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
GREEN RED
BLUE
GREEN
GREEN RED RED
BLUE
GREEN
BLUE RED
BLUE
GREEN
GREEN RED
BLUE
GREEN
RED RED RED
BLUE
GREEN CRANBERRY
BLUE RED
A ]z
BRAN
BLUE BLUEBERRY CORN
GREEN CARROT
GREEN RED CHOC CHIP
BLUE BLUEBERRY
GREEN BRAN
BLUE RED RED CRANBERRY CORN
BLUE CARROT
GREEN CHOC CHIP
BLUE RED BLUEBERRY
BLUE CRANBERRY
BRAN CORN
PAIRS PAIRS CARROT
]z CHOC CHIP
BLUEBERRY
CRANBERRY
CORN BRAN
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CRANBERRY
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BLUEBERRY
CRANBERRY
CHOCOLATE BRAN
CHIP
CORN
CARROT
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
THE NUMBER OF WAYS THAT THE TWO EVENTS CAN OCCUR
TOGETHER 4HE OUTCOMES FROM
EACH ROLL SHOULD NOT BE ADDED THEY SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED
]z
]z 3AMPLE ANSWER EXAMPLES AND
AND AND NON
EXAMPLES AND AND
AND
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
GROUPS
3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE COUNTING PRINCIPLE IS FASTER AND
IS MUCH EASIER TO USE IF THERE ARE A LOT OF POSSIBILITIES LIKE
FINDING THE NUMBER OF LOCKER COMBINATIONS ABOVE
8
9
]z
8
!
9
8
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
COMBINATION
9 WAYS WAYS CHOICES
8 CHOICES COMBINATION WAYS COMBINATION
9
8
"
9
WAYS ]z
8
9
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
A %"
%" %" %" %" %" %" %" %" %"
4LJMMT3FWJFX)BOECPPL
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B "READ
%GG "READ
"READ
$PNQBSJOHBOE0SEFSJOH8IPMF/VNCFST Q
"READ
%GG "READ
"READ
"READ 3PVOEJOH8IPMF/VNCFST Q
%GG "READ
"READ
"READ
%GG "READ /VNCFS'BDU'BNJMJFT Q
"READ
C #OMBINATION "ECAUSE ORDER DOES NOT MATTER IT IS A
%JWJTJCJMJUZ5FTUT Q
COMBINATION 4HE SEVENTH GRADES
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MORE POSSIBLE WAYS RIBBONS CAN BE AWARDED BECAUSE THE
ORDER MATTERS .PEFMJOH'SBDUJPOT Q
]z
]z
]z ]z
5FDIOPMPHZ"DUJWJUZ Q
WAYS
]z
]z
COMMITTEES
6TJOHB/VNCFS-JOFUP"EEBOE4VCUSBDU Q
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
$ISJOINT EVENTS HAVE NO OUTCOMES IN COMMON WHILE
"EEJUJPOBOE4VCUSBDUJPOPG8IPMF/VNCFST Q
OVERLAPPING EVENTS HAVE ONE OR MORE OUTCOMES IN
COMMON $ISJOINT %VENT " DOES NOT SAY LESS THAN OR
EQUAL TO /VERLAPPING "OTH EVENTS HAVE AND IN
COMMON /VERLAPPING ! STUDENT COULD PLAY A SPORT .VMUJQMJDBUJPOPG8IPMF/VNCFST Q
IN THE FALL AND ANOTHER ONE IN THE SPRING
]z
]z %JWJTJPOPG8IPMF/VNCFST Q
2
SOMETIMES 4WO DISJOINT
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n %STIMATES MAY VARY
OCCUR NEVER #OMPLEMENTARY EVENTS MUST BE
DISJOINT EVENTS &TUJNBUJOH%JGGFSFODFT Q
n %STIMATES MAY VARY
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
4LJMM1SBDUJDF QQo
COMPOUND &TUJNBUJOH1SPEVDUT Q
n %STIMATES MAY VARY
INDEPENDENT 4HE
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]z
NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IS ]z
]z
&TUJNBUJOH2VPUJFOUT Q
n %STIMATES MAY VARY
]
z
n %STIMATES MAY VARY
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH QQo
INDEPENDENT
)F YOU CHOOSE A
EVENTS ]z 4PMWJOH1SPCMFNT6TJOH"EEJUJPOBOE4VCUSBDUJPO
Q
PEOPLE
" FIRST THEN THE PROBABILITY IS GREATER IF YOU REPLACE IT SO
4PMWJOH1SPCMFNT6TJOH.VMUJQMJDBUJPOBOE%JWJTJPO
THERE ARE STILL TWO "S TO CHOOSE FOR THE SECOND PICK
Q
PENCILS MUFFINS CARDS
3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY IS CLOSE
6OJUTPG5JNF Q
TO THE THEORETICAL PROBABILITY ]z
$IBQUFS3FWJFX QQo
OUTCOMES 4PMWJOH1SPCMFNT*OWPMWJOH5JNF Q
H MIN
ABOUT H
]z
PROBABILITY PERMUTATION ]z
6TJOHB$PNQBTT Q
4HE LENGTH OF THE SEGMENT
]z
]z PIZZAS 4HERE
SHOULD BE ABOUT ]z IN LONG
ARE CHOICES FOR FIRST PLACE LEAVING CHOICES FOR SECOND
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4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
(FPNFUSJD'JHVSFT Q
CM M 8PSL#BDLXBSE Q
RAISINS PEOPLE
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.BLFB-JTUPSB5BCMF Q
MINUTES
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-PPLGPSB1BUUFSO Q
SEATS
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SIDED FIGURE
7FOO%JBHSBNTBOE-PHJDBM3FBTPOJOH Q
#SFBLJOUP1BSUT QQo
FEET HOURS
AND MINUTES
4PMWFB4JNQMFS1SPCMFN QQ
ROUTES
ROUTES PAIRS HANDSHAKES
HANDSHAKES
6TFB7FOO%JBHSBN Q
PEOPLE
FAMILIES STUDENTS
TRUE IS THE ONLY NUMBER IN BOTH SET ! AND SET " "DU*U0VU Q
PASSENGERS PISTACHIOS
COLOR PHOTOS
3FBEJOH#BS(SBQITBOE-JOF(SBQIT Q
STUDENTS !-
&YUSB1SBDUJDF
3FBEJOHBOE.BLJOH-JOF1MPUT Q
$IBQUFS Q
%ACH NUMBER IS LESS THAN THE
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PREVIOUS NUMBER %ACH NUMBER IS THE
PREVIOUS NUMBER DIVIDED BY
Y
FT FT CM CM GAMES
$IBQUFS Q
$PNNVUBUJWFBOE"TTPDJBUJWF1SPQFSUJFTGPS"EEJUJPO
Q
!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
;!DD AND = ;!DD AND =
MILLILITERS KILOGRAM
;#OMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION=
;!DD AND = ;!DD AND = $IBQUFS Q
AND
5SE ORDER OF OPERATIONS= MEDIAN 3AMPLE ANSWER 4HE MODE IS
;#OMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION= WHICH IS ALSO THE SMALLEST DATA VALUE )T IS NOT VERY
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION= ;!DD REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DATA SET AS A WHOLE 4HE MEAN IS
AND = ;!DD AND = WHILE THE MEDIAN IS 4HE MEDIAN IS THE BEST
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DATA SINCE IT IS CLOSE TO MOST OF
$PNNVUBUJWFBOE"TTPDJBUJWF1SPQFSUJFTPG
THE VALUES 4HE MEAN IS A LITTLE HIGH BECAUSE OF THE ONE
.VMUJQMJDBUJPO Q
#OMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
READING OF WHICH IS A LITTLE BIT LARGER THAN THE OTHER
OF MULTIPLICATION
DATA VALUES 3AMPLE ANSWER THE AMOUNT OF MONEY
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
YOU EARN EACH WEEK WITH YOUR PAPER ROUTE
;-ULTIPLY AND = ;-ULTIPLY AND =
;/RDER OF OPERATIONS=
;#OMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION= $6$S
;-ULTIPLY AND = ;-ULTIPLY AND =
;/RDER OF OPERATIONS= 6#2S
;#OMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;!SSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;-ULTIPLY AND = ;-ULTIPLY AND = $6$ 0LAYERS )NTERVAL 6#2S
n
1SPCMFN4PMWJOH1SBDUJDF n
.BLFB.PEFM Q
PERIMETERS INCH n
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n
%SBXB%JBHSBN Q
MILES 9ES
n
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OSTRICHES AND
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Y
3AMPLE ANSWER 3INCE THERE IS A BREAK IN THE VERTICAL $IBQUFS Q
X ]z
SCALE THE BAR HEIGHTS APPEAR TO DIFFER A LOT MORE THAN THE
Y X
DATA WOULD INDICATE
X
$IBQUFS Q
COMPOSITE B
PRIME NOT RELATIVELY
S
]z
PRIME NOT RELATIVELY PRIME ]z
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RANGE
]z
]z NOT EQUIVALENT z
)NPUT X /UTPUT Y
z z ]z z ]z
z ]z z ]
z ]z zz
z ]z
z ]z
z ]z
$IBQUFS Q
z ]z z ]z
z ]z
z z
]z z ]z
z ]z
z ]z
z z z ]z
z ]z
z ]z
]z z z FEETz GALLONSz
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POUNDSz z z z QTz
4 LB
$IBQUFS Q
z z
4&-&$5&%"/48&34
z z z z z z
z z z ]z z]
z z ]z
z ]z
z z] z z ;ORIGINAL EXPRESSION=
Y X
z z ;COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
z]
; z]z z = ;ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION
;MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES= ;MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY=
;ORIGINAL EXPRESSION=
;COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION=
;MULTIPLICATION FACT= ;MULTIPLICATION FACT=z z
z
n
$IBQUFS Q
TO TO ]z
WORDS
]z ]z
FL OZ
GAL MIN
Y AXIS 1UADRANT )) 0RESSURE INCREASES AS
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4FMFDUFE"OTXFST 4"
CALORIES ! " #
FT BY FT
]z
$IBQUFS Q
]z
$IBQUFS Q
)RRATIONAL )T IS NOT A FINITE OR
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MI CM YD FT
$IBQUFS Q
SPHERE RECTANGULAR PYRAMID
DECREASE INCREASE
$IBQUFS Q
NO COMPLEMENTARY
ANGLE ISOSCELES
YES !NY TWO SQUARES ARE SIMILAR SINCE ALL OF THEIR
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EACH PAIR OF CORRESPONDING SIDES HAS THE SAME RATIO (ERE
THE RATIO IS TO FT ! n " n
#
FT M FT IN
CM MM IN FT
]z
$IBQUFS Q
]z
]z
]z WAYS ]z
4" 4FMFDUFE"OTXFST
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