UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF

CHEMISTRY

Research project report

PRODUCTION OF LIQUID SOAP WITH NATURAL ADDITIVE Of ALOE VERA AND

LEMON JUICE AS MEDICATED HERBAL INGREDIENTS

By

ABIT VADEN FOMUJANG

(SC20B331)

A Research Project Report Submitted To the Department Of Chemistry

Facility of Science Of The University Of Buea In Partials Fulfillment Of The Award

of a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry

Supervisor:

Dr TOH BOYO JUNE 2023

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 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this work to my parents. Although your no

more I know this is what you would want for me and also to my brothers and
sisters for their support and encouragement in seeing me through my education

UNIVERSITY OF BUEA
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FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMISTRY

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the work entitled "Production liquid soap using Aloe Vera
and lemon juice additives" by ABIT VADEN FOMUJANG (SC20B331) submitted to
the department of chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Degree in chemistry under our supervisor

Date:

DR TOH BOYO

Lecturer

(Supervisor)

Acknowledgment

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I would like to express special thanks to my guide and supervisors, Dr Toh boyo
for her patience and support towards every aspect in the making of this project.

I am also grateful to our lab coordinator Mr. Isiah for helping me acquire the
chemicals needed and guiding me in some steps of the soap make

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 ABSTRACT

Soap is a cleansing agent made from fats and oils or, their fatty acids by treating
them chemically with a strong alkali and adding other ingredients such as
fragrance and colorant. There are several types of soap including kitchen soap,
toilet soap, medicated soap, body wash. Each has its own unique formulation and
is designed for a specific purpose. The key importance of liquid soap is its ability
to effectively clean while also being gentle on the skin. Liquid soap is formulated
to be moisturizing and nourishing. Additionally it is more hygienic as its antiseptic
properties is less likely to harbor bacterial and other gems and prevent the spread
of disease causing microorganisms. Aloe Vera which is rich in vitamins, minerals
and antioxidant that helps to smooth and moisturize the skin and lemon juice rich
in vitamin C protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals these two
natural products are frequently added to liquid soap due to their beneficial
properties. The purpose of this work was to produce a liquid soap using lemon
juice and Aloe Vera extracted locally. The method used for the production of this
liquid soap, involves the mixing of a thickener such as CMC (caboxymethyle
cellulose) , sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide lemon juice and aloe Vera gel in
their respective durations and quantities until a gelatinous mixture is formed
before adding a colorants and perfume to give it its distinctive smell the soap
produced was able to form lather and foam when in contact with water and will
be more effective compared to the hard soap the colorant used was in excess
making the soap staining to the container. In conclusion, this experiment had
given a result that the synthetic soap is effective but did not meet the full
objective and can be rectified by using a milder quantity of colorant to prevent
staining and other unforeseen site effects

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION.......................................................................................................1

CERTIFICATION..................................................................................................2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................3

ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................4

TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................5

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................6

1.1.0 MECHANISM OF SOAP ACTION ................................................................7

1.1.1 EFECT OF ALKALI........................................................................................8

1.1.2 EFFECTS OF FATS .......................................................................................9

1.1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………………………………………………………….…….10

1.2.4 RATIONAL………………………………………………………………………………………………12

1.1.5 OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................13

1.1.6 GENERAL OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………………..14

1.1.7 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE…………………………......………………………………………..…….15

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................16

2.1.0 TYPES OF SOAP……………………………………………………………………………………..17

CHAPTER 3 : MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE......................................................18

1.1.0 INGREDIENT………………………………………………………………………………………….19

1.1.2 FUNCTIONS OF INGREDIENTS .................................................................20

1.1.3 METHODE……………………………………………………………………………………………..21

CHAPTER 4 1.1.0 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS...........................................................22

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1.1.2RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………..………..23

1.1.3 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................24

1.1.4 REFERENCES............................................................................................25

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 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background

Soap is the earliest detergent known to man and apparently was first made by the
Romans from animal fats and oil and wood ash which is an alkali that contains
potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide called potash leach from the wood ash
(Robert, 1994). It is also an unsaturated ester since an ester can split into an
alcohol and a carboxylic acid by hydrolysis. Meaning that it does not contain all
the solutes that can be dissolved at a particular temperature (Kirt Othmer, 1994).
Also soap is a metallic salt of fatty acid because if a metallic base is used in the
hydrolysis instead of water, the salt of the carboxylic acid is obtained, not the acid
because carboxylic acid are weak acid which dissociates only slightly in solution
(Hou, 1992).

In Chemistry, a soap is a fatty acid. Household use for liquid soap include washing
bathing and other types of housekeeping ,where soap acts as surfactant
emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water.

Soaps for cleaning are obtained by vegetable or animal oil with fats and a strong
bas such as sodium hydroxide. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three
molecules of fatty acids attach to one molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution,
which is often lye induces saponification in this reaction.

I this reaction the triglyceride fats first hydrolyses into free fatty acid and then the
latter combine with the alkali, water, and liberate glycerol. The glycerin a useful
byproduct, can remain in the soap product as a softening agent or be isolated for
other uses

Soaps are key agents for must lubricating greases, which are usually emulsion of
calcium soap or lithium soap and mineral oil. Many other metallic soaps are also
useful including those of aluminum sodium and mixtures of them, such soaps are
also as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times lubricating
greases were made by addition of lime to olive oil

1.1.1 Mechanism of soaps cleansing

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Structure of micelle a cell like structure formed by the aggregation of soap
subunits (such as sodium stearate). The exterior of the micelle is hydrophilic
(attracted to water) and the interior is lipophilic (attracted to oil

1.1.2 Action of soap

When used for cleaning soaps allow insoluble particles to become soluble in
water so they can then be rinsed away. For example: oil/fat dissolves in water the
insoluble oil or fat molecules become associated inside micelles tiny sheers form
from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic groups on the outside and encasing a
lipophilic on the outside and encasing a lipophilic pocket which shields the oil/fat
molecules from the water making it soluble

1.1.3Effects of the alkali

The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. Sodium soaps
prepared from sodium hydroxides firm whereas soaps derived from potassium
hydroxide are softer or often liquid historically this metal was extracted from the
ashes of bracken or other plants lithium soaps also tend to be hard these are used
exclusively in greases.

1.1.4 Effects of fats;

Soaps are derivatives of fatty acids traditionally they have been made from
triglycerides. Triglyceride is a chemical name for of fatty acids and glycerin
Tallow that is rendered beef fat, is the most available oils used in soap making are
palm oil coconut oil, and laurel oil. Each species offers quite different fatty acid
content and hence results in soaps of distinct feel. Each species offers quite
deferent fatty acid content and hence results in soaps of distinct feel. THE seed
oils give softer but milder soaps. Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes
called Castile soap or Marseille soap.

1.1.5 Problem statement

One potential problem with the production of liquid soap using aloe vera gel and
lemon juice is the potential for skin irritation when adding colorant to the soap
mixture. Both aloe vera gel and lemon juice are known for their soothing and

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moisturizing properties, making them great additions to soap for those with dry
or sensitive skin. However, when colorants are added to the soap mixture, they
can potentially cause skin irritation.

To avoid this problem, it's important to use caution when adding colorant to the
soap mixture, and to test the soap on a small area of skin before using it regularly.
Additionally, it's important to use high-quality colorants that are specifically
designed for use in soap making.

Another potential problem with the production of liquid soap using aloe vera gel
and lemon juice is the difficulty in achieving the desired consistency of the soap.
Liquid soap can be more difficult to make than bar soap, and achieving the right
consistency can be a challenge. To avoid this problem, it's important to follow a
recipe carefully and to measure ingredients accurately. It may also be helpful to
use a stick blender to mix the soap ingredients together, as this can help to
achieve a smooth and consistent texture.

Overall, the production of liquid soap using aloe vera gel and lemon juice can
have many benefits for the skin, but it's important to be aware of the potential
problems that can arise, such as skin irritation and difficulty in achieving the
desired consistency of the soap. By using caution and following a recipe carefully,
these problems can be minimized, and a high-quality liquid soap can be produced.

1.1.6 Rational

The combination of lemon juice and aloe vera gel in liquid soap production can
have several benefits. Lemon juice has natural antibacterial properties and can
help to break down dirt and grime on the skin. Aloe vera gel is known for its
soothing and moisturizing properties, making it a great addition to soap for those
with dry or sensitive skin Overall, the rationale behind using lemon juice and aloe
vera gel in liquid soap production is to create a soap that is both effective at
cleansing the skin and gentle enough for those with sensitive skin. By combining

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these ingredients, you can create a soap that is both nourishing and cleansing for
the skin.

1.1.7 Objective

General objective

To produce liquid soap using aloe Vera and lemon juice extracted from local
sources

1.1.8 Specific objective

1_Extraction of lemon juice and aloe Vera gel from their local fruits and leave
respectively

2 Dissolving all soluble ingredients using water

3 Mixing the components in their respectful quantities and stir then adding a
colorant

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 Chapter two
Literature Review
2.1 Definition

Soap is defined as a mixture of chemical compounds resulting from the

interaction of fatty acids with a metal radical. Soap may also be described as any

water-soluble salt of those fatty acids which contain eight or more carbon atoms.

The metals commonly used in soap making are Sodium and potassium, which

produce water-soluble soaps that are used for laundry and cleaning purposes.

(Kuntom et al,1994). Soap is produced by the saponification of a triglyceride, the

triglyceride is reacted with a strong alkali such as; KOH or NaOH to produce

glycerol and fatty acid salts (Albert.U.P,Yuri.Y,2015).

Saponification is an organic chemical reaction which soap is formed from the

reaction between alkali and fat in order to cleave ester into carboxylic acid.

Basically, triglycerides are reacted with sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and

a fatty acid salt. The triglycerides are most often animal fats or vegetable oils

(Anne, M.H, 2017). During saponification process, sodium hydroxide is dissolved

in water, and the oils are made into a warm liquid state, either by heating a liquid

or melting a solid. Both chemical mixed until two stages are fully emulsified

(Matthew, T, Nicholas, L, Sohum, S, n.d). When using sodium hydroxide, a hard

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soap will be produced. While when using the potassium hydroxide will result in a

soft soap. Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can undergo hydrolysis. This

reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline

hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters. process is called saponification and the new

compounds formed are soap and glycerine

Fat or Oil plus 3 Sodium Hydrate equals Glycerin plus3 Soap. (Thomssen. Et al

1922)

Soaps are used mainly for washing, bathing, cleaning, but soap are also used for

other purposes too such as textile spinning and lubricating catting grease.

Antiseptic soap is an alteration of an ordinary soap where bioactive ingredients

are added into the basic soap medium to produce a variety of biological effects to

the product.(Kareru.et al 2010). But due to the likelihood of causing side effects

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as a result of use of synthetic substances, it is important to avoid the use harmful

synthetic chemicals from antiseptic soap products. (Ribeiro.A.S et al 2015). The

chemical characteristics of soap depends on the kind of oil used , procedure of

the saponification and quantity of alkali used for saponification. Soaps are

generally produced using edible oil ; coconut oil , soya beans oil , groundnut oil

and nonedible oil ; jatropha oil , castor oil, mahua oil. amongst the edible oil,

shea butter oil can be used in soap production, it contains ingredients such as;

palmitic(2-9%) stearic(20-50%) and oleic(40-60%) fatty acids, linoleic acid(3-

11%) and arachidic acids(1%) these ingredients balance oil on your skin,

vitamins that promote circulation and healthy skin growth . the main fatty

acids constituents of the shear butter oil compose of palmitic stearic oleic

and

1.1.2 TYPES OF SOAP

In considering the many different varieties of soaps, their classification is purely

an arbitrary one. No definite plan can be outlined for any particular brand to be
manufactured nor can any very sharp distinction be drawn between the much
soap of different properties which are designated by various names. There is of
course a difference in the appearance, form and color, and then there are soaps
of special kinds, such as floating soaps, transparent soaps, liquid Soaps etc. yet in
the ultimate sense they are closely allied, because they are all the same chemical

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compound, varying only in their being a potash or soda soap, and in the fatty
acids which enter into combination with these alkalis. For a matter of
convenience we will classify soap under three general divisions:

III. SOAP MAKING processes

There are two types of soap: soft soap and hard soap. Soft soap can be
made using either a cold process or a hot process, but hard soap can only
be made using a hot process. To make any soap it is necessary to dilute
the lye, mix it with the fat or oil, and stir the mixture until saponification
takes place (in the processes described Below, the word „fat‟ Is used to
mean either fat or oil). The cold process may require several days or even
months, depending upon the strength and purity of the ingredients,
whereas the hot process takes place within a few minutes to a few hours.
Dispose of soap-making wastes carfully outdoors, do not put them in the drain

1.1 Cold process

A simple recipe for soft soap uses 12 kg of fat, 9 kg of potash and 26 litres of
water.Dissolve the potash in the water and add it to the fat in a wooden tub or
barrel. Forthe next 3 days, stir it vigorously for about 3 minutes several times a
day, using along wooden stick or paddle. Keep the paddle in the mixture to prevent
anyone accidentally touching it and being burned. In a month or so the soap is free
from lumps and has a uniform jelly-like consistency. When stirred it has a silky
luster and trails off the paddle in slender threads. Then the soap is ready to use and
should be kept in a covered contain

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1.3 Boiling process

Soft soap is also made by boiling diluted lye with fat until saponification
takes place.Using the same amounts as above, put the fat into a soap
kettle, add sufficient lye tomelt the fat and heat it without burning. The froth
that forms as the mixture cooks iscaused by excess water, and the soap
must be heated until this is evaporated. Continue to heat and add more lye
until all the fat is saponified. Beat the froth withthe paddle and when it
ceases to rise, the soap falls lower in the kettle and takes ona darker color.
White bubbles appear on the surface; making a peculiar sound (the

Soap is “talking”). The thick liquid then be

Comes turbid and falls from the paddle with shining luster. Further lye
should then be added at regular intervals until the liquid becomes a
uniformly clear slime. The soap is fully saponified when it is thick and
creamy, with a slightly slimy texture. After cooling, it does not harden and is
ready tousle. To test whether the soap is properly made, put a few drops
from the middle of the kettle onto a plate to cool. If it remains clear when
cool it is ready. However, if there is not enough lye the drop of soap is
weak and grey. If the deficiency is not so great, there may be a grey margin
around the outside of the drop. If too much lye hasbeen added, a grey skin
will spread over the whole drop. It will not be sticky, but can be slid along
the plate while wet. In this case the soap is overdone and more fat mustbe
added.

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2.Hard soap

The method for making hard soap is similar to that for making soft soap by
the boiling process, but with additional steps to separate water, glycerine,
excess alkali another impurities from the soap. The method requires three
kettles: two small kettles to hold the lye and the fat, and one large enough
to contain both ingredients without boiling over. Put the clean fat in a small
kettle with enough water or weak lye to prevent burning, and raise the
temperature to boiling. Put the diluted lye in the other small kettle and heat
it to boiling. Heat the large kettle, and ladle in about one quarter of the
melted fat. Add an equal amount of the hot lye, stirring the mixture
constantly. Continue this way, with one person ladling and another stirring,
until about two-thirds of the fat and lye have been thoroughly mixed
together. At this stage the mixture should be uniform with the consistency
of cream. A few drops cooled on a glass plate should show neither
separate globules of oil or water droplets. Continue boiling and add the
remainder of the fat and lye alternately, taking care that there is no excess
lye at the end of the process. Boiled hard soaps have saponified when the
mixture is thick and ropy and slides off the paddle. Up to this point, the
process is similar to boiling soft soap, but the important difference in
making hard soap is the addition of salt at this point. This is the means by
which the creamy emulsion of oils and lye is broken up. The salt has a
stronger affinity for water than it has for soap, and ittherefore takes the
water and causes the soap to separate. The soap then rises tothe surface
of the lye in curdy granules. The spent lye contains glycerin, salt another
impurities, but no fat or alkali. Pour the honey-thick mixture into soap molds
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or shallow wooden boxes, over which loose pieces of cloth have been
placed to stop the soap from sticking. Alternatively, the soap may be
poured into a tub which has been soaked overnight in water, to cool and
solidify. Do not use an aluminum container because the soap will corrode it.
Cover the molds or tub with sacks to keep the heat in, and let it set for 2 - 3
days. When cold the soap may be cut into smaller bars with a smooth, hard
cord or a fine wire. It is possible to use a knife, but care is needed because
it chips the soap. Stack the bars loosely on slatted wooden shelves in a
cool, dry place and leave them for at least 3 weeks to season and become
thoroughly dry and hard

2.0 How to make various soaps

2.1 Hard soap recipes

The simplest and cheapest type of soap is plain laundry soap, but a
few inexpensiveingredients can be used to soften the water or to perfume
the product and create finetoilet soaps too. The following recipes are a few
examples of easily made soaps.There are many more recipes in the
information sources given at the end of thisTechnical Brief.
2.1.1 Simple kitchen soap

Dissolve 1 can of commercial lye in 5 cups cold water and allow it to cool.
Meanwhilemix 2 tablespoons each of powdered borax and liquid ammonia
in ½ cup water. Melt3 kg fat, strain it and allow it to cool to body
temperature. Pour the warm fat into thelye water and while beating the
mixture, gradually add the borax and ammoniamixture. Stir for about 10

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- 15 minutes until an emulsion is formed, and pour themixture into a mould
to cool.
2.1.2 Boiled hard white soap

Dissolve 0.5 kg potash lye in 5 liters of cold water. Let mixture stand
overnight, then pour the clear liquid into a second 5 liters of hot water and
bring it to a boil. Pour in 2kg of hot melted fat in a thin stream, stirring
constantly until an emulsion is formed. Simmer for 4 - 6 hours with regular
stirring, and then add 5 liters of hot water in which1 cup of salt is dissolved.
Test to ensure that the mixture is saponified by lifting it on acold knife
blade, to ensure that it is ropy and clear or Dissolve 0.5 kg potash in 2 litres
of cold water. Heat and add 2.5 kg melted fat,stirring constantly. Let the
mixture stand for 24 hours and add 5 liters boiling water. Place it on a low
heat and boil with constant stirring until it is saponified.
2.1.3 Labor-saving soap

Dissolve 0.5 kg soda lye and 1 kg yellow bar soap cut into thin slices in 12
liters of water. Boil for 2 hours and then strain. Clothes soaked overnight in
a solution of this soap need no rubbing. Merely rinse them out and they will
be clean and white.
2.1.4 English bar soap

Use 5 litres of soft water, 0.5 kg of ground (or agricultural) lime, 1.75 kg
soda lye, 30gborax, 1kg tallow, 0.7 kg pulverized rosin and 14g beeswax.
First bring the water to boil, and then gradually add the lime and soda,
stirring vigorously. Add the borax, boil and stir until it is dissolved. Pour in
the melted tallow in a thin stream, stirring constantly. Add the rosin and
beeswax, and boil and stir until it thickens. Cool inbounds.

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2.1.5 Transparent soap

 Any good quality white soap may be made transparent by reducing it to

shavings, adding one part alcohol to 2 parts soap, and leaving the mixture
in a warm place until the soap is dissolved. It may be perfumed as desired.
or Shave 0.6 kg good quality hard yellow soap and add 0.5 liters of alcohol.
Simmer it in a double boiler over a low heat until it is dissolved. Remove
from the heat and add30g of essence to give a pleasant smell.
2.1.6 Bouquet soap

Shave 14 kg tallow soap and melt it in 2 cups water. When it is cool, add
14gessence of bergamot, 30g each of oils of cloves, sassafras and thyme.
Pour it in to molds.
2.1.7 Cinnamon soap

Shave 23 kg tallow soap and melt it over a low heat in 1.2 litres water. Cool
and add200g oil of cinnamon and 30g each of essences of sassafras and
bergamot. Mix andadd 0.5 kg finely powdered yellow ochre. Mix well and
pour into moulds.
2.1.8 Citron soap

Mix 180g shaved soap with 300g attar of citron, 15g lemon oil, 120g attar
ofbergamot and 60g attar of lemon.

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Medicated soaps
2.1.9 Camphor soap

Dissolve 0.5 kg hard white soap in 1 cup boiling water. Continue boiling
over a lowheat until the soap is the consistency of butter. Add 180g olive
oil, mixed with 30gcamphorated oil. Remove it from the heat and beat until
an emulsion forms. This soap can be used to clean cuts and scratches.
2.1.10 Sculpture soap

Shave 60g soft soap and add 8g Flowers of Sculpture. Perfume and colour
may beaded as desired. Mix the ingredients thoroughly in earthenware
bowl.

 
2.1.11 Iodine soap

Dissolve 0.5 kg white, finely shaved soap in 90g distilled water or rose
water. Add30g tincture of iodine. Put in double boiler, melt and mix by
stirring.
3.0 Some synthetic additives and uses and their functions

1.1.0) CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC)

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or cellulose gum[2] is a cellulose derivative with

carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the
glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as
its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

It has the following functions:

i) It serves as a thickener

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ii) It serves as a surfactant by lowering the surface tension of water thus enabling
proper foaming and cleansing power of the detergent.

iii) It serves as anti-red positing agent; it resists any attempt by dirt particles from
cloths to be deposited on the cloths. It does so by retaining the dirt in the detergent
water/

1.1.1) Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)

It is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. It is the sodium salt of the

polyphosphate pentane-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric acid. It
is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial
products, especially detergents. Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a
stoichiometric mixture of disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and monosodium
phosphate, NaH2PO4, under carefully controlled conditions.[2]

2 Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 + 2 H2O

In this way, approximately 2 million tons are produced annually.[3]

STPP is a colorless salt, which exists both in anhydrous form and as the
hexahydrate. The anion can be described as the pentanioni chain
[O3POP(O)2OPO3]5−. Many related di-, tri-, and polyphosphates are known
including the cyclic triphosphate (e.g. sodium trimetaphosphate). It binds strongly
to metal cations as both a bidentate and tridentate chelating agent.

The majority of STPP is consumed as a component of commercial detergents. It

serves as a "builder", industrial jargon for a water softener. In hard water (water
that contains high concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+), detergents are deactivated.

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Being a highly charged chelating agent, TPP5− binds to dications tightly and
prevents them from interfering with the sulfonate detergent.

1.1.2) Sodium carbonate (Soda ash)

It is used for lowering the hardness of water: Water softening

Hard water usually contains calcium or magnesium ions. Sodium carbonate is used
for removing these ions and replacing them with sodium ions.

Sodium carbonate is a water-soluble source of carbonate. The calcium and

magnesium ions form insoluble solid precipitates upon treatment with carbonate
ions:

The water is softened because it no longer contains dissolved calcium ions and
magnesium ions.

Sodium carbonate also removes alcohol and grease stains from clothing.

1.1.3) Sulphonic acid.

It normalizes the pH of detergent as reaction between sodium carbonate and

sulphonic acid is an acid-base reaction. The imbalance of any of these will result in
harshness of the product on hands during washing.

1.1.4) Sodium laurylsulphate (SLS)

1.1.8) Preservative (Sodium benzoate)

Increases shelf life of the detergent

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Natural additives

1.1.9) Aloe Vera

aloe Vera contains CMC which will serve as a thickener aleo vera is anti-fungi
activating

aloe Vera is a good anti-bacterial agent.

1.1.10) Lemon juice

Increases cleaning capabilities

Its acid (acetic acid) is antibacterial as well as anti-septic which will result in a
stronger long lasting soap

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 Chapter three

Requirements and method

3.1 Material

1 Caboxymethyl cellulose CMC

2 Sodium carbonate (soda Ash)

3 Sodium trypoliphosphate

4 Sodium laurylsulphate (STPP)

5 Measuring cylinder

6 Bucket

7 Mechanical stirrer

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1.1.2 Methode

PART A

1) CMC was added to 4.5L of water 4hours before use. It was then mixed well
evenly with a bare hands. It was mixed again on the following hour to obtain a
uniform gelatinous substance.

2) 25g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in 1/2L of water and keep standing
4hours before use.

PART B

1) One quarter of the CMC was transferred into another bucket and keept the
remaining three quarters for procedure 4 below.

2) 125mL of sulphonic acid was added to the one quarter of CMC and stirred with
the electric stirrer for 3 minutes

3) All the 1/2L of sodium carbonate prepared in part A is then added and stir well
for 5 minutes to obtain a white homogenous gelatinous precipitate.

A detergent was then formed.

C6H5SO3H + Na2CO3 → C6H5SO3Na + H2O + CO2

4) The remaining three quarters of the CMC was then added into the detergent
formed above and stirred for 5 minutes and yet another homogenous substance was
formed.

5)50mL of STPP was added and stirred for 3 minutes

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6)125ml of SLS was added and stir for 5 minutes

7) Add 2.5 ml of sodium benzoate added and stir for 3 minutes

8) Colorant added and stir for 3 minutes

9) Perfume and stir for 3 minutes

10) Product was then allowed to degas for about 6 hours in order to obtain a more
uniformly

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 Chapter 4

1.1.0 Safety measures, Precautions

1) A long sleeved jacked lab coat must be worn

2) During preparation of caustic soda solution its necessary to wear well-fitting
or rubber gloves
3) Wear face mask when dissolving and mixing to prevent inhalation of toxic
or irritating smells
4) Protective glasses must be worn during the saponification process

1.1.1 Result and discussion

Result
1) The reaction was exothermic upon
addition of sulphonic acid
2)A liquid soap with deep pink
coloration was formed
3)A more smote more sooty soap
produced
4)Soap slightly irritating
DISCUSSION
-This is due to the fact that the
arrangement of hydrogen in hydronium
is more stable than in the bond with the
sulfate ion, so energy is released.
-This is due to the fact that the colorant
was added in excess and it had a
staining effect when dropped on clean
cloth without immediate wash
-THIS IS due to the addition of the
lemon juice and aloe Vera additive a
more smote more grease removing
soap was produced
-It should be noted that when using
lemon and aloe Vera extracts care
should be taken when adding colorant
since an excese might make soap
irritating and sticky to the hand

Page | 28
1.1.2 Conclusion

The objective for the synthesis was met and a fully function irritating and skin
sensitive free liquid soap was produced as all the CMC was completely dissolved
providing a homogeneous mixture and all components added in their respective
quantities yielding a good product essential to our day to day living as cleansing
agent for household use. This liquid Soap produced can be improved by using
deferent proportions of oil and additives such as the fragrance and quantity of
colorant . Oils with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids produce soaps with good
lathering properties.

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