

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2

JALAHALLI EAST

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY :
Gautam Paul
………………………….
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master/Miss Gautam Paul

of Class XII A, roll number ………….. has
successfully completed the investigatory project
titled QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COCONUT
WATER for the academic year 2020-21 in partial
fulfilment of credit for the Chemistry Practical
Evaluation of AISSCE.

…………………….. …………………….
Signature of external Signature of internal
examiner examiner

………………………
Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without mentioning the name of those
persons who helped to make it possible. I take
this opportunity to express my gratitude in a few
words and respect to all those who helped me in
the completion of this project.

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep

sense of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, Mrs.
P.Mangeshwari for her valuable support, constant
help and guidance at each and every stage,
without which this project would not have come
forth.

I also register my sense of gratitude to our

principal, Mr. Sunil Kumar VS for his immense
encouragement that has made this project
successful.
 INTRODUCTION

SOAP

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of

cleansing and lubricating products. In a domestic
setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for
washing, bathing, and other types of
housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are
used as thickeners, components of some
lubricants, and precursors to catalysts.

When used for cleaning, soap solubilizes particles

and grime, which can then be separated from the
article being cleaned. In hand washing, as a
surfactant, when lathered with a little water, soap
kills microorganisms by disorganizing their
membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their
proteins. It also emulsifies oils, enabling them to
be carried away by running water.

Soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a

base, as opposed to detergent which is created by
combining chemical compounds in a mixer.
DETERGENTS

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of

surfactants with cleansing properties in dilute
solutions. These substances are usually
alkylbenzene sulfonates, a family of compounds that
are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard
water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is
less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to
bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
 CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP & DETERGENTS

 The cleansing action of both soaps and detergents results

from their ability to lower the surface tension of water, to
emulsify oil or grease and to hold them in a suspension in
 This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergents.
 In water, a sodium soap dissolves to form soap anions and
sodium cations. For example, the following chemical
equation shows

Sodium Palmitate
(Soap)

 A soap anion consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a

carboxylate group on one end. The hydrocarbon chain,
which is hydrophobic, is soluble in oils or grease.
 The ionic part is the carboxylate group, which is hydrophilic,
is soluble in water.
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 C( )Na^ + CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14
COO+Na^ *

Sodium palmitate

(soap)

(soap anion)

ion

Palmitate ion Sodium