 INTRODUCTION OF SOAP MAKING

Soap making is the process of creating soap from a combination of fats or oils
and an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process
is also known as saponification, and it involves a chemical reaction between
the fats or oils and the alkali to create soap.

Traditionally, soap making was done by mixing animal fats or vegetable oils
with lye, a strong solution of sodium hydroxide, and allowing the mixture to
cure for several weeks before using. Nowadays, modern methods and
ingredients are often used, such as synthetic detergents and fragrances.

Soap making can be done at home or in a commercial setting, and there are
many different methods and recipes available. The basic steps involve melting
the fats or oils, adding the alkali solution, mixing thoroughly, and then pouring
the mixture into molds to set. The soap is then cut into bars or other shapes and
allowed to cure for several weeks to harden and mellow.
 OBJECTIVE OF SOAP MAKING

 ENVIRONMENT FACTORS
i. Location of the factory
ii. Location of materials for soap making
iii. Ware house for chemical and equipment of soap making
iv. Nearby market to get ingredients
v. Closeness to water
vi. Consumer demands

 INGRIDENT OF MAKING SOAP

The ingredients needed to make liquid soap can vary depending on the recipe,
but typically include the following:
For Liquid Soap
 Combining a potassium hydroxide solution with various carrier oils and
cosmetic butters makes liquid soap. Some carrier oils do better in liquid soap
and some are best if left out or used in smaller quantities.

 Potassium hydroxide (KOH) - KOH is the caustic substance used to turn skin-
loving oils and butters into soap.

 Water - Water is used to dissolve the caustic to make soap.

  Clear Liquid Oils - Olive oil, rice bran oil, apricot kernel oil, sunflower oil,
safflower oil, avocado oil, sweet almond oil, etc. are all wonderfully
nourishing oils to use in liquid soap. A combination of these oils should make
up the bulk of a liquid soap formulation. All of these oils contribute to a clear
liquid soap.

 Castor Oil - Castor oil is great in liquid soap because it is also a solvent. This
means that it can help with the clarity of your liquid soap.

 Coconut Oil - Coconut oil adds bubbling and cleansing action to liquid soap.
Coconut oil makes a clear liquid soap.

 Cosmetic Butters - Palm oil and cosmetic butters such as shea butter, cocoa
butter, mango butter, etc. are great in liquid soap in smaller percentages. They
tend to have higher amounts of stearic acid or other non-saponifiable material
that can cloud liquid soap or contribute to sediment. Keep them to 3-7% of
your formulation.

 PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP

The process of making soap typically involves the following steps:
a) Add caustic soda solution into the texapon and stir till the whole salt is fully
dissolved. Caustic soda is very corrosive, make sure you are careful.
b) Add the sulphonic acid little at a time till all is added to it. Stir gently as the
product may foam heavily.
c) Continually add water to it and stir until the mixture turns whitish Add the
dissolved STPP and keep stirring Add the dissolved SLS to the content and
stir Add soda ash and stir Turn the mixture into the bowl containing the
Antisol or Nitrosol and keep stirring till the solution thickens.
d) Stirring should be very slowly because vigorous turning may lead to excess
foaming Add the dissolved colourant. If the foaming is excessive, stop
stirring till the foaming disappears and turn again. You can as well dilute the
mixture with water if it is too thick.
e) Add fragrance and preservative and stir. When all the chemicals are well
mixed, leave the mixture to stay for some hours, and finally package into
bottles.
 EQUIPMENTS NEED FOR MAKING SOAP
Weighing Balance device, Measure cups, Calibrated bucket, Automatic Failing
machine, Bucket mixer, Blender, Hand gloves, Nose mask, Turning machine,
Water
 DIFFERENT UNIT IN THE SOAP MAKING COMPANY
Quality Control Unit: To Test the quality of the product of soap produced
 Control unit: This is the main unit where the processes of soap making are being
used.
Engineering Unit: This unit setup the machines used in the company, and if there
are any fault on the machine, they handled the repair.
 UNIQUE SELLING POINT
 ECONOMIC VALUES
 FACTORS THE AFFECT SOAP MAKING
i. It is really expansive to get good quality materials for making good quality
soap.
ii. Expansive equipment
iii.