NAME: ASUENIMHENRE DESTINY

CLASS: SS2A
SUBJECT OF PROJECT: CHEMISTRY
PROJECT TOPIC: NATURE OF SOAP

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DEDICATION
I DEDICATE THIS PROJECT TO GOD ALMIGHTY FOR MAKING MY
PROJECT A SUCCESS AND ALOS MY PARENT FOR SUPPORTING
ME ALL THE WAY.

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 CERTIFICATION
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ASUENIMHENRE
DESTINY OF CLASS SS2A HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED HIS PROJECT ON THE TOPIC
NATURE OF SOAP AS GIVEN BY HIS
CHEMISTRY TEACHER.

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 INTRODUCTION TO NATURE OF SOAP
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing
and lubricating products. In a domestic setting, soaps
are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and
other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps
are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants,
and precursors to catalysts.
When used for cleaning, soap solubilizes particles and
grime, which can then be separated from the article
being cleaned. In hand washing, as a surfactant, when
lathered with a little water, soap kills microorganisms by
disorganizing their membrane lipid
bilayer and denaturing their proteins. It
also emulsifies oils, enabling them to be carried away by
running water.
Soap is created by mixing fats and oils with a base.

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Saponification is the chemical reaction involved in
making soap. An acid (the oil or fat) reacts with an alkali,
or base (the lye) to form a salt (the soap – not table salt,
but a chemical salt nonetheless). Soap works in two
ways. First, soap molecules are long chains with a water-
loving end and a water-repelling end. The water-repelling
ends push up through the surface of water droplets (to
try and get away from the water), and the combined
effect of millions of soap molecules pushing through the
water’s surface is to break the usual surface tension of
water and allow it to spread, and ‘wet’ the objects to be
cleaned more. Secondly, the water-repelling ends of the
molecules attract dirt, and the water-loving end pulls the
molecule into suspension in water. After rinsing, the soap
molecules and the dirt are washed away.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication………………………………………………..2
Certification……………………………………………….3
Introduction……………………………………………….4-5

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 History of soap……………………………………..6

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