MAHAMAYA PUBLIC SCHOOL, PAIKMAL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
“PREPARATION OF TOILET SOAP”

GUIDED BY:
MRS. SUSMITA PRIYADARSINI PANI
(PGT CHEMISTRY)

PREPARED BY:
NAME: ______________________
CBSE ROLL NO:______________
 CERTIFICATE

THIS TO CERTIFY THAT _____________________________ OF

CLASS-XII HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT ON THE TOPIC “PREPARATION OF TOILET SOAP” UNDER THE

GUIDANCE OF MRS. SUSMITA PRIYADARSINI PANI (PGT CHEMISTRY)

AND THANKFUL TO OUR SCHOOL PRINCIPAL MR. SHUBHENDU

KUMAR MEHER.

THE ORIGINAL AND GENUINE INVESTIGATION, WORK HAS

BEEN OUT TO INVESTIGATE ABOUT THR SUBJECT MATTER AND THE

RELATED DATA.

EXAMINER SIGNATURE TEACHER INCHARGE

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEGMENT

IT WOULD MY OUTMOST PLEASURE TO EXPRESS MY

SINCERE THANKS TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER MRS. SUSMITA

PRIYADARSINI PANI PROVIDING HELPING HAND IN THIS PROJECT AND

EVEN THANKS TO MY SCHOOL.

PRINCIPAL MR. SHUBHENDU KUMAR MEHER HIS

VALUABLE GUIDANCE, SUPPORT AND SUPERVISION ALL THROUGH

THIS PROJECT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ATTAINING ITS PRESENT FROM

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANKS MY FRIENDS AS THEY HELPED ME

OUT TO PUT.

FORWARD MY PROJECT

NAME: __________________________

DATE:___________________________
ABSTRACT:
Preparation of Toilet Soap

THEORY:
Soaps are water soluble sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids.
Soaps are made from fats, oils by treating them chemically with a strong alkali. The
fats and oils used in soaps coming from animals or plants sources. Each fat or oil is
made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglyceride molecule, three
fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerine

There are many types of trigycerides, each type consists of its own
particular combination of fatty acids. Fatty acids are the components of fats and oils
that are uses in making soap. They are weak acids are composed of two parts. A
carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen atom, two oxygen atom and one
carbon atom with a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylix acid group. The
alkali used in soap making was obtained from ashes of plants but they are now made
commercially.
Today the term alkali describes a substance that chemically is a base
and netralizes an acid. Thr coomon alakali used in soap making are sodium
hydroxide, also called caustic soda and potassium hydroxide also called caustic
potash. When soaps is shaken it produces foam which is responsible for removal of
dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective in cleaning. So a best soap
among a group of much soap can be identified by comparing their foaming
capacities. More the time taken for the disappreance of foam more is its foaming
capacity and more efficient it is , in its cleansing action .
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecule of
soap constitutes sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. In the
case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in oil and the ionic end dissolves in water.
Thus, the soap molecules form structures called micelles. In micelles, one end is
towards the oil droplet and the other end which is the ionic faces outside. Therefore,
it forms an emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we wash our
clothes.
Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have different properties.

 Hydrophilic end
 Hydrophobic end
The first one is the hydrophilic end which dissolves water and is attracted to it
whereas the second one is the hydrophobic end that is dissolved in hydrocarbons
and is water repulsive in nature. If on the surface of the water, soap is present then
the hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water will align along the water surface.

REQUIRED MATERIALS:
 Coconut oil: 1200ml
 Stone powder: 200gm
 Caustic soda: 100gm
 Perfume: 10ml
 Water: 600ml
 Colour : 200gm
PROCRDURE:

 First of all, NaOH is added to 600ml of water and kept aside for 5 hours.
 To another container containing 200 ml oil and colour added and stirred well.
 To this oil-colour mixture, then added the stone powder and stirred till no
precipitate or solid component exists.
 Then add 1ltr of oil and mixed well.
 Now add the dilute NaOH solution prepared to the initial step to the oil colour
mixture.
 Then the solution is stirred in the clockwise direction for 35-45 minutes in a
medium speed.
 To this perfume is added and stirred well for 5 minutes.
 It is then transferred in to the mould.
 Next day, the mould is removed and the soap is converted with wrapper.

RESULT:

 Toilet soaps of 30 numbers oval in shape and 150 curved is prepared.

 By preparing the soap it is possible to find the contents of it.
 The soap thus obtained will contain less impurities as it made under our
presence
 In short, this project is the humble contribution to the quest for knowledge
exploration.
BIBILOGRAPHY:

 World bibliography of saponification, volume 1, volume 2 , kofan

 The blue book, holzner, New Delhi
 www.google.com
 www.practicalchemistry.org