A PAPER

“ CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT THEORY “

Arranged by:

1. Haratiul Lisan (210203044)

2. Adib Arkan Hakim (210203134)

Supporting lecturer::

Chamisah, S. Ag., M.Ed

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI AR – RANIRY

T.A 1444 H / 2023 M

 PREFACE

Praise be given to the presence of Allah SWT for all His blessings so that
this paper can be finished. We do not forget to express our gratitude for the
assistance of those who have contributed by contributing both thoughts and
materials.
The author really hopes that this paper can add knowledge and experience
to readers. In fact, we hope even further that this paper can readers practice in
everyday life.
For us as the authors feel that there are still many shortcomings in the
preparation of this paper due to our limited knowledge and experience. For this
reason, we really hope for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for
the perfection of this paper.

Authors

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE..........................................................................................................i
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................ii
LIST OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................iii
CHATPER I............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1
1.1 Background ..............................................................................................1
1.2 Formulation of the Problem .....................................................................2
1.3 Objective ..................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II..........................................................................................................3
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................3
2.1 Definition...................................................................................................3
2.2 Classical Theory of Management .............................................................3
2.3 The Advantages and Advantages .............................................................4
2.4 The Evaluation of Classical Management Theory....................................5
CHAPTER III......................................................................................................17
CLOSING ............................................................................................................17
3.1 Conclusion ..............................................................................................17
3.2 Suggestion...............................................................................................17
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................18

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
As is known, the science of management continues to grow today.
Management science provides us with an understanding of important approaches
or procedures in researching, analyzing and solving problems related to managers.
Classical Management Theory was first introduced by Frederick W. Taylor. In
essence, classical management theory emphasizes the importance of the process
and production approach.

Classical theorists stressed the importance of the "chain of command" and

the use of discipline, rules and strict supervision to change organizations to
operate more efficiently. Classical theory provides rigid structural "mechanistic"
clues, not creativity.

Likewise with a counselor, the counselor must carry out management with
strict discipline and supervision so that it becomes well coordinated. With the use
of a structured mechanism, it is hoped that the counselor's performance will be
clearer and more focused. Therefore counselors need to study classical
management theory.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem

1. Who pioneered the classical management theory?
2. What are the main points of classical management theory?
3. What are the advantages and limitations of classical management theory?
4. To find out the evaluation of classical management theory

1.3 Objective
1. To know the classic management theory
2. As an assignment from the course "Leadership and Management"

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 3. What is the history of the development of classical management theory
4. To know the branches of classical management theory

BAB II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition
The classical management theory was introduced during the Industrial
Revolution to improve factory productivity and other businesses. While less
common in today's society, this management type may still benefit some
organizations.

Classical management theory is a management approach that focuses on

increasing efficiency and productivity by organizing the workplace and dividing
tasks into smaller, more specialized components. This theory emerged in the late
19th and early 20th centuries and was developed by several influential thinkers,
including Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber.

2.2 Classical Theory of Management

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 Pioneer of Classical Management Science
The following are figures who have contributed greatly to laying the
foundations of management as a science.

1. Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)

Taylor was the first to develop scientific management. He was a
mechanic who started his job at the Midvale Steel Company Philadelphia (USA)
steel mill as an ordinary worker for six years. In 1886, he researched efforts to
increase work productivity based on time and motion. He believes that the
company's efficiency is low because there is a lot of unproductive labor time and
movement. The results of his research were presented before the American
Bachelor of Engineering congress, then written in his book entitled, The
Principles of Scientific Management. The book was so important for workers and
managers that in 1911 it was published by a publishing house. Since then, Taylor
is known as the Father of Scientific Management.
2.    Henry Fayol (1841-1925)
Fayol became the main manager at a very famous mining and
metallurgical plant in Europe. Fayol believes that his success is a skill of
developing experience and introspection. He authored the book "General and
Industrial management". In 1916, with the title of classical management theory
which was very concerned with the productivity of factories and workers, besides
paying attention to management for a complex organization, so he presented a
more complete management teaching method in the form of a blueprint. Fayol
believes that the success of managers is not only determined by personal qualities,
but by the use of appropriate management methods.

3.    Max Weber (1864-1920)

The concept of the bureaucratic model comes from the German
sociologist Max Weber, who produced many papers in 1900-1920 which later
became known as the father of bureaucracy. This bureaucratic theory emerged
around World War I where there were often conflicts between workers. The term
bureaucracy comes from the French bureau which means table. This

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understanding of the table develops into powers that are authorized at office
desks.

2.3 Sejarah Perkembangan Filsafat Modern

*Scientific management* is a branch of classical management theory
developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the early 20th century. Taylor's
scientific management approach emphasizes the use of scientific methods to
analyze and improve work processes, with the goal of increasing efficiency and
productivity in the workplace.

According to Taylor, workers were often not using the most efficient
methods to perform their tasks, which resulted in wasted time and effort. He
believed that by analyzing work processes, breaking them down into smaller
components, and optimizing each component for maximum efficiency, workers
could be more productive.

Taylor's scientific management approach included several key principles,

including:

1) Time and motion studies: This involved breaking down work processes
into individual tasks and measuring the time required to complete each task. By
analyzing these times, managers could identify inefficiencies and develop more
efficient work methods.

2) Standardization: Taylor believed that standardizing work processes and

tools would lead to increased efficiency and productivity. This included
standardizing tools, equipment, and procedures, as well as establishing clear
guidelines and procedures for workers to follow.

3) Training and development: Taylor believed that workers needed to be

trained in the most efficient work methods and motivated to perform their tasks

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effectively. He believed that workers could be motivated by financial incentives,
such as pay for performance, as well as by providing opportunities for personal
growth and development.

Administrative management* is another branch of classical management

theory, developed by Henri Fayol in the early 20th century. This approach focuses
on the overall management of organizations, with an emphasis on planning,
organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling activities.

Fayol believed that management was a universal activity that applied to all
organizations and industries. He identified five basic functions of management:
planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. These functions
were seen as interrelated and essential to the successful management of any
organization.

Fayol also identified 14 principles of management that he believed were

necessary for effective management. These principles include division of work,
authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction,
subordination of individual interests to the common good, remuneration,
centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel,
initiative, and esprit de corps.

One of the key contributions of administrative management was the

identification of the importance of management as a distinct and necessary
function in organizations. Fayol's principles of management have been widely
adopted and continue to influence modern management practices, particularly in
the areas of planning, organizing, and controlling.

However, administrative management has also been criticized for its

emphasis on hierarchical structures and formalized procedures, which may not be
suitable for all organizations or industries. Additionally, some critics have argued

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that the principles of administrative management may be too rigid and inflexible,
and may not adequately account for the complexities and uncertainties of modern
business environments.

*Bureaucratic management* is another branch of classical management

theory, developed by Max Weber in the early 20th century. This approach
emphasizes the importance of clearly defined roles, rules, and procedures in
achieving efficiency and effectiveness in organizations.

Weber believed that bureaucracies were the most efficient and rational
form of organization. He identified several key characteristics of bureaucracies,
including:

1. Division of labor: Work is divided into specialized roles and tasks.

2. Hierarchy of authority: There is a clear chain of command and each
person has a specific level of authority.
3. Rules and procedures: There are clearly defined rules and
procedures that guide behavior and decision-making.
4. Impersonality: Decisions are made based on objective criteria
rather than personal relationships or preferences.
5. Formalization: There are formal procedures for communication
and decision-making.

Weber believed that these characteristics allowed bureaucracies to operate

in a rational and efficient manner, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities,
standardized procedures, and objective decision-making.

While bureaucratic management has been successful in achieving

efficiency and standardization, it has also been criticized for being rigid and
inflexible. Critics argue that bureaucracies can be slow to adapt to changing

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circumstances, and that the emphasis on rules and procedures can stifle creativity
and innovation.

Despite these criticisms, bureaucratic management has had a significant

influence on modern management practices, particularly in government and large
organizations. Many organizations continue to use bureaucratic structures and
procedures to ensure standardization and consistency in their operations.

2.3 The Advantages and The Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages of Classical Management Theory
1. Advantages of Classical Management Theory

In classical management the scientific method can be applied to a wide variety of

organizational activities, not just industrial organizations. Here are some of the
advantages of classic management.

 Efficiency techniques and time and motion studies can increase labor
efficiency and productivity.
 The method of owning and developing a workforce demonstrates the
importance of training and education to increase work effectivenes
 This method is also able to provide a work plan and encourage managers
to find the best alternative in carrying out a job.
 Classical management provides many techniques and approaches to
management that are still relevant today for example understanding
thoroughly the nature of the work being performed, selecting the right
people to do the work, and approaching decisions rationally are all useful
ideas and each developed during this period.
 Some of the core concepts of the bureaucratic model can still be used in
modern organizational design as long as their limitations are recognized.
Managers should recognize that efficiency and productivity can be
measured and controlled in many situations.

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 2.     Disadvantages of Classical Management Theory

In addition to having advantages, classical management is also

recognized as having several limitations, while these limitations include
the following:

1) Classical management pays little attention to the human aspects

of workers, such as motives, goals, behavior, and so on.

2) In a complex modern organization like now, classical

management is considered too common. In modern management,
sometimes the lines of authority are a bit blurred. Currently, sometimes
technicians can receive orders from the factory manager (superior from the
technician's supervisor (foreman). This creates a conflict between the
principle of division of labor and unity of command.

3)      Increased productivity allows increased yields, but often

results in laying off workers or changing wages.

4)     This theory does not look at the social needs of workers and
never sees the tensions that occur because these needs are not met. This
happens because managers who follow this flow only pay attention to
material and physical aspects.

5)     Managers must also acknowledge the limitations of the

classical perspective and avoid the narrow focus on efficiency from other
important perspectives. The drawback of classical management is that this
perspective underestimates the role of the individual in the organization.

2.4 The Evolution of Classical Management Theory

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Daft (2003 in Krisnandi et al, 2019, p. 18) states that a historical perspective on
management reflects a perspective or environment to translate opportunities and
problems that arise. Nevertheless, history not only arranges events in a
chronological order, but also develops an understanding of the impact of a social
force on an organization.

Studying history is a way to create strategic thinking, see the big and true picture,
and improve conceptual skills. Social power itself refers to various aspects of
culture that also influence relations between people. This power of people forms
what is known as a social contract, which is the unwritten rules and general
perceptions regarding the relationship between people and between employees
and management.
The theory itself is assumptions that are interconnected and expressed in order to
describe a relationship between various observable facts. For example, if the
weather is overcast in the afternoon, then at night or soon it will rain. This
sentence is a hypothesis or provisional conjecture, and if based on research it
supports the hypothesis made, then the hypothesis becomes a theory.
The scientific management movement actually started around the end of the last
century, where American and European engineers searched for and developed
new ways to manage a company. Some of the variables considered in scientific
management are as follows.
The importance of the role of managers in driving and increasing the productivity
of the company.
Appointment and utilization of labor with the requirements.
Employee/employee welfare responsibility.
Sufficient conditions to increase work productivity.
Various activities in the historical track record, in which the above variables are
considered can be said to be management activities. For more details, here are
some historical chronologies of the development of management science
according to its pioneers

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Based on the discussion in the previous chapter, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1.   Classical management theory is divided into two, namely scientific
management theory and classical organizational theory. The central figure of
scientific management theory is Frederick W. Taylor while the central figure of
classical organization theory is Henry Fayol.
2.   Scientific management theory assumes that humans at work must be
supervised by supervisors effectively and efficiently. The role of the supervisor

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must be implemented to the maximum. The target in this approach is prosperity
for employers and employees. And classical organizational theory has succeeded
in making management a systematic one. This theory assumes that management
practices have certain patterns that can be identified and analyzed. From this
basic understanding will help in making a design for a compact management
doctrine.
3.   Classical management theory assumes that humans are rational, think
logically, and work is something that is expected. Therefore, classical theory
departs from the premise that organizations work in a logical and rational process
with a scientific approach and take place according to the structure or anatomy of
the organization.
3.2 Suggestion
Knowledge of classical management theory is important. Our hope, after
discussing the classic management theory, we can develop it through guidance
and counseling services in schools. So that in the end the counselor is able to
optimally help the counselee achieve optimal development

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Pidarta, Made. 1988. Manajemen Pendidikan Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Bina Aksara.
Siswanto, H.B. 2007. Pengantar Manajemen. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

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Sugiyo. 2013. Manajemen Bimbingan dan Konseling di Sekolah. Semarang:
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http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/pengantar_manajemen_umum/
Bab_2.pdf diakses pada tanggal 12 September 2016.

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