Photovoltaic systems

I. Définitions :

1. Photovoltaic mounting system :

Also called solar module racking, a solar racking system is used to safely fix solar panels to various surfaces such as
roofs, building facades, or the ground. The system is designed to easily be retrofitted to existing rooftops and structures.

2. Photovoltaic panels :
Phtovoltaic panels ar used to convert sun’s energy to electrical energy . PV panels consist of a number of individual
cells connected together to produce electricity of a desired voltage, most of them are made from crystalline silicon and
designed to absord as much sunlight as possible.

3. Inverter :
Is a system designed to convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternatif Current (AC), generaly 2 types are used in PV
sytems :
 String inverter : is connected to a series or “string” of solar panels, it will usually be located a short distance
away from the array1 in a sheltered location between the solar array and the switchboard. This is the most
common type of inverter used in residential and small / medium commercial systems.
 Central inverter : is a high capacity inverter designed for use with large commercial or utility (power
station) sized solar systems. It is like large string inverter designed to handle more power and offer
efficiencies / economies of scale. Central inverters are not used for residential solar systems.

4. Electric Transformer :
A transformer is a device that is used to either raise or lower voltages and currents in an electrical circuit. In modern
electrical distribution systems, transformers are used to boost voltage levels so as to decrease line losses during
transmission.
5. Grid :
Is a network of conductors for distribution of electric power.

II. Explanation of the installation in series and in parallel of PV panels :

1. IN SERIES :
For series connected panels we connect the positive terminal
to the negative terminal of each panel until you are left with
a single positive and negative connection.
When connecting solar panels together in series we increas
The voltage of the system, so two panels connected in series
Will produce double the voltage as compared to juste one,
However the amperage of each panels stays the same.

2. IN PARALLEL :
When PV panels are wired electricaly in parallel, the positive
terminals of all panels are connected together, same for all the
negative terminals, and we left with one single positive terminal
and one single negative terminal to attach to our regulator and
batteries.
Connecting solar panels in parallel increases the available
current of the system, so the output current becomes the sum
of the amperage of each panel, but the voltage stays the same .

(1)Array : is a system of PV panels.