NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

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CE 323-18 (TIMBER DESIGN)

Topic: MOMENTS OF INERTIA, BENDING AND SHEARING STRESS, DEFLECTION

Section / Schedule: 3CE-2 / TH 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM

NAME: _______________________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________________ SCORE: ________ /100

ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: Two (2) DEADLINE OF ASSIGNMENT: February 16, 2023

INSTRUCTIONS: Solve the following problems completely and neatly. Write your solution in a clean sheet of A4 bond paper.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED.

1) CE Problem2 3) CE Problem2
A timber beam having a span of 4.0 m is subjected to a uniform A timber square beam having a span of 6.0 m is vertically
load of 10 kN/m. It has a triangular cross section having a base loaded symmetrically in diagonal direction with triangular load
width of 140 mm and altitude of 300 mm. of 6.0 kN/m. It has a cross section having a D1 = D2 = 350 mm.

Figure 1: Triangular Timber Beam

Figure 3: Square Diagonal Timber Beam
Properties of Apitong:
Properties of Agoho:
Bending and tension parallel to grain, Fb = 16.5 MPa
Shear parallel to grain, fv = 1.75 MPa Bending and tension parallel to grain, Fb = 26.3 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending, Ew = 7.31 MPa Shear parallel to grain, fv = 2.95 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending, Ew = 8.22 MPa
Compute the following:
Compute the following:
1. Moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.
2. Maximum flexural stress of the beam. 1. Moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.
3. Maximum shearing stress of the beam. 2. Maximum flexural stress of the beam.
4. Maximum deflection of the beam. 3. Maximum shearing stress of the beam.
4. Maximum deflection of the beam.
2) CE Problem2
A cantilever beam of isosceles trapezoidal cross section has a 4) CE Problem2
length L = 0.80 m, dimensions b1 = 80 mm, b2 = 90 mm, and The diameter of a circular cross section of timber beam is 18 cm.
height h = 110 mm. The beam is made of timber and is subjected As illustrated in Figure shown, it is simply supported at both ends
to a uniform load of 10 kN/m. and loaded by two concentrated loads of 80 kN each that are
applied 90 cm from the ends of the beam.

Figure 2: Isosceles trapezoidal Timber Beam

Properties of Apitong:

Bending and tension parallel to grain, Fb = 16.5 MPa

Shear parallel to grain, fv = 1.75 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending, Ew = 7.31 MPa

Compute the following: Figure 4: Circular Timber Beam

1. Moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis. Compute the following:
2. Maximum flexural stress of the beam.
3. Maximum shearing stress of the beam. 1. Moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.
4. Maximum deflection of the beam. 2. Maximum flexural stress of the beam.
3. Maximum shearing stress of the beam.
4. Maximum deflection of the beam.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

5) CE Board Exam Problem2 8) CE Board Exam Problem2

A temporary earth retaining wall consists of planks driven Wood planks are used to retain 3.0 m height of backfill. The
vertically into the ground. The wall is designed to resist 2.40 m active earth pressure increases from zero at the free end to 14.5
height of soil. kPa at the fixed end.

Given: Given:
Plank dimension: 300 mm wide x 75 mm thick
Plank allowable stresses: Plank dimensions:
Bending, Fb = 10.4 MPa Thickness = 100 m
Shear, Fv = 0.80 MPa Modulus of elasticity = 8.5 x 103 MPa
Unit weight of soil = 17.3 kN/m3
Active earth pressure coefficient, Ka = 1/3 1. Which of the following gives the lateral rection (kN) at the
End if the planks propped at the free end?
1. Which of the following gives the maximum flexural stress? 2. If the wood planks are supported by a strut at mid-height,
2. Find the maximum shear stress. what pulling force (kN) should be applied at the strut to
3. What should be the thickness (mm) of the planks to prevent the free end from deflecting?
prevent failure? 3. Which of the following gives the maximum bending stress
4. Compute the moment of inertia with respect to the in the cantilevered wood planks?
neutral axis.
9) CE Board Exam Problem2
6) CE Problem2 A timber barge shown, diagrammatically supports the load W1
Three different dimensions of timber were connected so that it and W2 for every one-meter strip along the longitudinal section.
can form an unsymmetrical T-section and used to support the
loading below. Using the given figure below W1 = 145 kN/m
W2 = 290 kN/m
L1 = 3 m
L2 = 6 m
L3 = 3 m

Figure 6: Timber Barge

1) Find the total length “L” so that the upward pressure is uniform
Figure 5: Built-Up Section (All dimensions are in mm) and that the barge remains horizontal.

Determine the following: A. 13 m

B. 14 m
1. Location of centroid, C. 15 m
2. Moment of inertia, I D. 16 m
3. Maximum positive moment, +Mmax
4. Maximum negative moment, -Mmax 2) If the upward pressure is 72 kN/m, what is the shear at 3 m
5. Maximum compressive flexural stress, from the left end.
6. Maximum tensile flexural stress
7. Maximum horizontal shearing stress A. 519 kN
B. 419 kN
7) CE Board Exam Problem2 C. 219 kN
A wooden log is to be used as a foot bridge to a span a 2.0 m D. 319 kN
gap. The log is to support a concentrated load of 27 kN.
3) If the upward pressure is 87 kN/m, at what distance from the
Allowable shear stress, fv = 1.2 MPa left end will the shear in the barge be equal to zero?
Allowable bending stress, Fb = 6.3 MPa
A. 3 m
1. What is the diameter of the log needed for a maximum B. 4 m
shear? C. 5 m
2. Find the diameter of the log needed so that the allowable D. 6 m
bending stress is not exceeded.
3. A 150 mm wide rectangular log is to be used instead of
the circular log. What is the required minimum depth of
the log so as not to exceed the allowable bending stress.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

10) CE Board Exam Problem2

A timber beam has a circular cross section having a diameter
of 250 mm. It has a simple span of 4.0 m. NSCP specs. States that
in a circular beam the strength is equal to the strength of square
section having the same area.

Figure 7: circular beam the strength is equal to the strength of

square section having the same area.

Allowable stresses of wood are as follows:

Shear parallel to grain, fv = 1.73 MPa
Bending and tension parallel to grain, Fb = 16.5 MPa
Allowable deflection 1/240 of span
Modulus of elasticity in bending, Ew = 7.31 GPa

1. Which of the following gives the maximum uniform load so

that the allowable shear stress parallel to the grain is not
exceeded.
2. Which of the following gives the maximum uniform load so
that the allowable bending stress is not exceeded.
3. Which of the following gives the maximum uniform load so
that the allowable deflection is not exceeded.

“For with God nothing shall be impossible – Luke 1:37”

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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CENTROID OF AN AREA

The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a homogeneous body. The centroid is often
described as the point at which a thin homogenous plate would balance.

The location of the centroid of an area bounded by the x- and y-axes and the function
y = f(x) can be found by integration using the following equations:

= . .

= . .

The centroid of a complex area can be found by dividing the area into basic shapes (rectangles, triangles,
circles, etc..).

= = + + +. . . . .

= = + + +. . . . .

MOMENT OF INERTIA (SECOND MOMENT OF AREA)

The moment of inertia, I, of an area is a very helpful property in mechanics problems. The moment of inertia
of a beam’s cross section measures the ability of the beam to resist bending. The moment of inertia about x-
and y-axes and the function of y = f(x) can be found by integration using the following equations:

= . .

= . .
= ( ) = ( ) . .

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

BEAM DESIGN
The design of wood beams follows the same basic overall procedure used in the design of beams of other
structural materials. The criteria that need to consider are:

a) Bending
b) Shear
c) Deflection

BENDING
The wood is relatively weak in tension perpendicular to grain. This is true whether the cross-grain tension stress
is caused by a direct tension force perpendicular to grain or by loading that causes cross-grain bending.
Cross-grain tension should be generally avoided.

The check for bending stress in wood beams uses the familiar formula from strength of materials.

= = ≤ ( )

= ( )

= ( ℎ )

= ( ℎ ℎ )

where:

= actual bending stress

= moment of the beam

= distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibers

= moment of inertia of beam cross-section about axis of bending

= Section Modulus

′ = adjusted bending design value

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

SHEAR
The shear stress in a beam is often referred to as horizontal shear. From strength of materials, it will be recalled
that the shear at any point in the cross-section of a beam can be computed by the formula:

For Rectangular Section:

=( )

= =
( )

where:

= shearing stress

= maximum vertical shear

= statical moment of area

= moment of inertia ant neutral axis

= width at critical shear

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

For Triangular Section:

= =

where:

= shearing stress

= maximum vertical shear

= statical moment of area

= moment of inertia ant neutral axis

= width at critical shear

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

For Circular Section:

= =
( )

where:

where:

= shearing stress

= maximum vertical shear

= statical moment of area

= moment of inertia ant neutral axis

= width at critical shear

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DEFLECTION
Deflection may be determined from a traditional deflection analysis.

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Beam Formulas

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

Properties of Geometric Sections: Tension, Compression, and Bending Structures

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
#9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City

1.1 Sample Problems

1. CE Board Problem May 2006

A timber beam 4.0 m long is simply supported at both ends. It carries a uniform load of 10 kN/m including its
own weight. The wooden section has a width of 200 mm and a depth of 260 mm and is made up of 80%
grade Apitong. Use dressed dimension by reducing its dimensions by 10 mm.

Properties of Apitong:

Bending and tension parallel to grain, Fb = 16.5 MPa

Shear parallel to grain, fv = 1.75 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending, Ew = 7.31 MPa

5. Compute the moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.

6. Compute the maximum flexural stress of the beam.
7. Compute the maximum shearing stress of the beam.
8. Compute the maximum deflection of the beam.

Solution 1

Part 1: Moment of Inertia

= ( )
12

(190 )(250 )
= = = .
12 12

Part 2: Maximum flexural stress

= ( )
8

(10 / )(4 )
= = 20 . .
8

In order to obtain a maximum bending stress, you should use the maximum moment, then

= ( )

(20 10 . )(250 /2)

= = = . < = 16.5
247.396 10

Therefore, OK

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Solution 1 cont..

Part 3: Maximum shearing stress

3
= ( ℎ − )
2

= ( ℎ )

= ( )
2

(10 / )(4 )
= = 20 . .
2

In order to obtain a maximum shearing stress, you should use the maximum shear, then

3 3(20,000 )
= = = . < = 1.73
2 2(190 )(250 )

Therefore, OK

Part 4: Maximum deflection

5
= ( , )
384

In order to obtain a maximum deflection, you should use the moment of inertia, modulus of
elasticity of timber, then

5 5(10 / )(4 ) (1000)

= = = .
384 384 (7310 / )(247.396 10 )

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2. CE Problem
A trapezoidal beam having a dimension shown has a span of 6.0 m. The beam carries a concentrated load
of 50 kN at a midspan. Neglecting the weight of the beam.

1. Compute the moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.

2. Compute the maximum flexural stress of the beam.
3. Compute the maximum shearing stress of the beam.
4. Compute the maximum deflection of the beam. Ew = 7380 MPa

Solution 2

Part 1: Moment of Inertia

ℎ +2
= ( ℎ ℎ )
3 +

ℎ +2 100 600 + 2(100 )

= =
3 + 3 600 + 100

= 114.286

ℎ ℎ ℎ
= + ℎ( ) + + ( ) (2)
2 36 2

= 1/2 (300 ) − 114.286 = 35.71

= 114.286 − (1/3)(300 ) = 14.29

100 (300 ) 250 (300 ) (250 )(300 )

= + 100 (300 )(35.71 ) + + (14.29 ) (2)
2 36 2

= .

Part 2: Maximum flexural stress

= ( )
4

(50 )(6 )_
= = 75 . .
4

In order to obtain a maximum bending stress, you should use the maximum moment, then

= ( )

(75 10 . )(300 − 114.29 )

= =
1403.6 10

= .

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Solution 2 cont..

Part 3: Maximum shearing stress

[2 + ] [2 + ]
= ( ℎ )
3 [ + 4 + ][ + + ]

= ( ℎ )

= ( )
2

(150 / )(6.0 )
= = 150 150,000
2

( + )
= (ℎ) ( )
2

(100 + 600 )
= (300 ) = 105,000
2

In order to obtain a maximum shearing stress, you should use the maximum shear, then

[2 + ] [2 + ]
=
3 [ + 4 + ][ + + ]

150,000 [2(100 ) + 600 ] [2(600 ) + 100 ]

=
3( [(100 ) + 4(600 )(100 ) + (600 ) ][(100 ) + (600 )(100 ) + (600 ) ]

= .

Part 4: Maximum deflection

= ( , )
48

In order to obtain a maximum deflection, you should use the moment of inertia, modulus of
elasticity of timber, then

(50,000 )(6,000 )
= =
48 48 (7380 / )(1403.6 10 )

= .

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